tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36871689647635333282024-03-05T20:39:30.651-05:00The Historical DilettanteSue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.comBlogger62125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-70385958864785568552023-01-29T01:15:00.002-05:002023-01-29T01:15:13.105-05:00My Pittsburgh Stories<p> An alphabetical linked index to the stories about Pittsburgh history on this blog.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2013/02/abraham-lincolns-valentine-to-pittsburgh_14.html" target="_blank">Abraham Lincoln's Valentine to Pittsburgh</a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2012/09/forgotten-history-allegheny-arsenal.html" target="_blank">Allegheny Arsenal Explosion, 1862</a> <br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2019/04/bearing-witness-to-beldam-mother-finch.html" target="_blank">Bearing Witness to a Beldam: Mother Finch of Homestead</a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2017/10/historical-amuse-bouche-captain-bill.html">Captain Bill Jones </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2020/12/exciting-north-side-booze-raids.html" target="_blank">Exciting North Side Booze Raids!</a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2013/05/fake-out-original-reproductions.html" target="_blank">Fake Out: Original Reproductions in Pittsburgh </a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2012/06/forgotten-history-albert-gallatin-and.html" target="_blank">Forgotten History: Albert Gallatin and Fort Lafayette </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2021/02/forgotten-history-dookers-hollow.html" target="_blank">Forgotten History: Dooker's Hollow </a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2013/09/forgotten-history-father-james-renshaw_2.html" target="_blank">Forgotten History: Father James Renshaw Cox </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2012/06/the-latrobe-family.html" target="_blank">Forgotten History: The Latrobe Family </a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2016/12/forgotten-history-montooth-house-on-hill.html" target="_blank">Forgotten History: The Montooth House on the Hill </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2015/11/forgotten-history-pittsburghs-first.html" target="_blank">Forgotten History: Pittsburgh's First Museum </a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2019/02/forgotten-history-pittsburghs-natatorium.html" target="_blank">Forgotten History: Pittsburgh's Natatorium</a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2020/12/forgotten-history-police-brutality-in.html" target="_blank">Forgotten History: Police Brutality in Pittsburgh's Hill District, 1925</a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2019/02/forgotten-history-samuel-and-luella.html" target="_blank">Forgotten History: Samuel and Luella Coleman, in a class by themselves</a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2013/01/giving-flu-respect-it-is-due.html" target="_blank">Giving the Flu the Respect it is Due: Pittsburgh 1918 </a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2019/01/a-pittsburgh-story-adventures-of.html" target="_blank">Grimesey: Adventures in 19th Century Pittsburgh Policing </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2021/08/gusky-story-of-pittsburghs-first.html" target="_blank">Gusky: The Story of Pittsburgh's First Elephant </a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2013/04/keepers-of-eternal-flame.html" target="_blank">Keepers of the Eternal Flame: Pittsburgh and Natural Gas </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2012/08/things-that-arent-there-any-more-lower.html" target="_blank">The Lower Hill District and Civic Arena </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2012/07/marly-horses-and-pittsburgh-horses.html" target="_blank">Marly Horses and Pittsburgh Horses </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="http://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2021/05/may-day-story-about-work-worry-and.html" target="_blank">May Day: A Story about Worry, Work, and Profanity </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2020/05/of-pittsburgh-vice-and-three-legged-dog.html" target="_blank">Of Pittsburgh Vice and a Three-Legged Dog </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2012/07/oh-give-me-home-case-of-unlikely-buffalo.html" target="_blank">Oh Give me a Home: the case of the unlikely Pittsburgh buffalo </a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2019/07/pittsburgh-and-its-alligators.html" target="_blank">Pittsburgh, Alligator County </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2019/02/pittsburgh-and-japanese-american.html" target="_blank">Pittsburgh and Japanese-American Internment Camp Refugees</a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2017/03/things-that-arent-there-any-more.html" target="_blank">Pittsburgh's Central High School </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2012/08/eat-your-heart-out-ponce-de-leon.html" target="_blank">Pittsburgh's Fountain of Youth. (Too bad, Ponce de León). </a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2016/05/things-that-arent-there-any-more.html" target="_blank">Pittsburgh's Lost Islands</a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2014/05/looking-for-art-andrew-carnegie-and-art.html" target="_blank">Pittsburgh Remembers Andrew Carnegie, The Great Showman </a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2022/12/the-pittsburgh-society-scandal-of.html" target="_blank">The Pittsburgh Society Scandal of 1907...That Wasn't</a> <br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2015/05/sarah-jane-negley-mellon-quiet-pleasant.html" target="_blank">Quiet, pleasant and self-possessed: Sarah Jane Negley Mellon</a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2018/04/quo-vadis-guiseppe-morettis-moveable.html" target="_blank">Quo Vadis? Guiseppe Moretti's Moveable Pittsburgh Monuments </a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2018/05/rollin-on-river-pittsburgh-houseboat.html" target="_blank">Rollin' on the River: Pittsburgh Shanty Boat Life</a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2018/03/the-short-flight-of-pennsylvanias-first.html" target="_blank">The Short Flight of Pennsylvania's First Licensed Female Pilot </a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2019/01/transitions-pittsburgh-after-wwi.html" target="_blank">Transitions: Pittsburgh After World War I</a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2012/12/forgotten-history-john-brashear.html" target="_blank">Uncle John Brashear </a><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2020/12/unsolved-pittsburgh-mysteries-hell-be.html" target="_blank">Unsolved Pittsburgh Mysteries: He'll Be a Dead One Tonight</a></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2013/05/the-virago-of-virgin-alley.html" target="_blank">The Virago of Virgin Alley </a></p><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2023/01/wild-orgy-sunday-night-in-homestead.html" target="_blank">Wild Orgy Sunday Night in Homestead </a></div><p> </p>Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-10487393160452683562023-01-29T01:09:00.034-05:002023-01-29T11:19:34.473-05:00Wild Orgy Sunday Night in Homestead<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD3AK31FOkgJVc5seZzLLw4MIW3cEpTJzeusACi_Pq-l6hbt1bhGawtQSfBEq8pOp1E7ab2NKAtPdhA3bscOgl1_14aiDBEYpXAIUwJ1MGoUCg-Mfev8Ys0XtxJe5e2LRYMXVrk53V0VvXeyojMzdkf39Q8KPimbYXkYqGx94ZKS6UJVcWEy1Pg5hLMQ/s729/Press%20headline.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="729" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD3AK31FOkgJVc5seZzLLw4MIW3cEpTJzeusACi_Pq-l6hbt1bhGawtQSfBEq8pOp1E7ab2NKAtPdhA3bscOgl1_14aiDBEYpXAIUwJ1MGoUCg-Mfev8Ys0XtxJe5e2LRYMXVrk53V0VvXeyojMzdkf39Q8KPimbYXkYqGx94ZKS6UJVcWEy1Pg5hLMQ/w400-h189/Press%20headline.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="color: red;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This salacious headline appeared one hundred years ago on the front page of the <i>Pittsburgh Press</i>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao">That word, orgy? It didn't quite have the same impact that it does today. I mean, it’s always been used to conjure associations of excessive, frenzied, debauched behavior. But the sexual connotations weren’t as automatic in the 1920s. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao">Still, this headline got attention. It was meant to. It appeared on 24 January 1923, the same day that a Homestead mother and her three children were buried. The family had immigrated from Scotland’s Glasgow region in September 1922, only to perish barely four months later in a Homestead hotel fire. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"><b><u>The Winnie Family</u></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">On 22 January 1923, 26-year-old Margaret Miller Magowan Winnie died with her sons David (5) and William (7) Magowan and her step-daughter Catherine (Katie) Winnie, age 17. Margaret’s husband James Guighan Winnie, age 47, escaped the flames by crawling from their room onto a window ledge. He had awakened first and rushed to another part of the building to alert daughter Katie about the fire. He then tried to usher his family to safety on the roof, but they were unable to follow him through fire and smoke. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“Winnie was found hanging to a window ledge outside of the bedroom,” recounted Homestead newspaper <i>The Daily Messenger</i>. “Taken to the ground on a ladder he dashed around the building and attempted to rush into the flaming front hallway, but was restrained by firemen.” </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What the papers didn’t know in 1923, but what the availability of modern genealogical records reveals, is that this was a family well-acquainted with tragic loss. Margaret’s first husband Samuel Magowan was
only 31 when he died in 1918, possibly during the influenza pandemic. Maggie was left with two small sons, and was newly pregnant. Another son born seven months later did not survive infancy. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In July 1920 Maggie married James Guighan Winnie, a widower 24 years her senior who had six young adult children. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYuZiIMNmOhJQmA8SZ6pkiBuKxjEmrUOp48jSYaUoqJkr98z1UGhbG1bFgirchncOtQH_2qUHLnRwtymbSKC9gYSu7--8UHAFwRTGBttLtKu2z-3-Pq_dCkBgejao0zR_nuYTPE6H2_FAcZpEmWcvBBBvalNsEQgAq3KzC-U8npPyRW94u4wvB5GMjmA/s901/Winnis%20fam%201st%20marriage.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="901" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYuZiIMNmOhJQmA8SZ6pkiBuKxjEmrUOp48jSYaUoqJkr98z1UGhbG1bFgirchncOtQH_2qUHLnRwtymbSKC9gYSu7--8UHAFwRTGBttLtKu2z-3-Pq_dCkBgejao0zR_nuYTPE6H2_FAcZpEmWcvBBBvalNsEQgAq3KzC-U8npPyRW94u4wvB5GMjmA/w400-h263/Winnis%20fam%201st%20marriage.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">James Guighan Winnie is pictured here with his first wife, Annie Traynor. <br />From left, their children are: Peter, James Jr, William, Nellie, Katie and Annie.<br /> Photo from Ancestry.com family history files</span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></b><p class="MsoNormal">James and Margaret had a son who lived less than a year. They gathered five of their children a few months later for a new start in America, stating at immigration that they planned to settle here permanently.<i> </i>Three other children remained in Scotland. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Winnies lived for a while in East Pittsburgh, but James got work as an engine oiler at Homestead Steel. The family moved into the 22 room hotel at 513 Dickson Street in early January, likely hoping to find better lodgings once James was situated in his job. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Pittsburgh</i> <i>Daily Post</i> described how the Winnie
family began to settle into the community: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>When their father brought them to Homestead, little William and David Winnie were happy because they were to go to school together. Their mother took them one day to St. Mary Magdelene’s school in Tenth street. But David was too little. He wasn’t big enough to go to school, the sisters said. He had to stay at home while William sat in a front seat in room No.1. They were separated for the first time in their lives. They died together.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Peter (19) and Annie (25) were the other family members living in the area. Peter had been the first to arrive in the United States in July 1922, settling in Braddock. He signed a declaration of intent to become a naturalized citizen of the United States on 2 October 1922. Annie was an unwed mother, having had a son in February 1922 whom she left behind in Scotland. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In December, Peter and his younger sister Katie posed for a photo taken for Christmas at a Pittsburgh studio.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_SNn1RofClEScoEVpbj7_jBL0wozH9hrmFIJsQ888yFzx808e6JKdOWsV5-u-0GfaJ-9_pWGKs-6-RvGch4pjdX4vqMk5ilL0d00Gqj7-dIEOuSLwZNrHZdtaoJR3stKijVDqsNMVpvoYsvfxJzDqliFJLsC4mHQwgaW_FEDPnLxej_mjSsTXcoa-Zg/s696/Peter%20&%20Catherine%20Winnie%20December%202022.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="696" data-original-width="392" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_SNn1RofClEScoEVpbj7_jBL0wozH9hrmFIJsQ888yFzx808e6JKdOWsV5-u-0GfaJ-9_pWGKs-6-RvGch4pjdX4vqMk5ilL0d00Gqj7-dIEOuSLwZNrHZdtaoJR3stKijVDqsNMVpvoYsvfxJzDqliFJLsC4mHQwgaW_FEDPnLxej_mjSsTXcoa-Zg/w225-h400/Peter%20&%20Catherine%20Winnie%20December%202022.jpg" width="225" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Siblings Peter and Catherine Winnie, Pittsburgh PA, December 1922. <br />Photo from Ancestry.com family history files.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal">Peter was working a night shift at Homestead Steel when the fire occurred. Annie was said to be “visiting friends in Pittsburgh” according to some press accounts. Later reports indicated that she was employed and did not live with her family at the Dickson Street hotel. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Peter was the one who had to tell his father that the rest of the family had perished. After identifying the remains, the two men informed Annie. Some papers claimed that two additional Winnie children had recently sailed from Scotland to join the family, unaware of the tragedy that awaited them. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Maggie, her boys, and Katie were laid out at Gillen-Coulter undertakers in Homestead. Pittsburgh papers noted that hundreds of people “visited the undertaking establishment at 322 Eighth avenue and looked at the little burned bodies.” As barbaric as this sounds to us today, it was not uncommon following gruesome deaths for people to flock like tourists to public visitations. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Perhaps local authorities even approved of this pathetic display with good intent, hoping it might arouse sympathies and thereby help with fundraising for burial expenses. Borough Burgess John Cavanaugh had appealed to his Homestead community for donations since “the husband and father was in no circumstances to pay the funeral expenses as the fire….had left him practically penniless. Burgess Cavanaugh considers the cause a worthy one….”<i> </i>Thus endorsed, various papers noted that contributions could be made directly at the mayor’s office or to his wife, at the <i>Daily Messenger</i> office, or to any Homestead police officer.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A tally published on 31 January indicated that the community gave generously: $934.53 was raised, of which $357.50 was used for funeral expenses. Inflation calculators rarely give all-encompassing views of historical vs. current valuation, but this generally would have amounted to $17,000 today, a significant
sum to collect from a working-class community. Considerable disagreement was reported about whether the remainder after funeral expenses should be donated to the Winnie family, or kept in a community trust for future tragedies. Burgess Cavanaugh emphatically informed the community about his decision in the<i> Messenger:
</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Since the only dependents in the family met death in the fire, since the youngest left is 19 and is working every day in the mill, since the father has steady employment and the sister is likewise employed and since the two members of the family on their way from Scotland are aged 21 and 25 years it does not seem advisable to help those who can and are helping themselves. It was specifically stated at all times that the money was to be used for burial expenses. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Such adamant sentiments may seem harsh a hundred years on, but were in keeping with the charitable philosophy of the times which held that aid should only be extended to those “worthy poor” unable to help themselves. Collected money would be refunded should donors so request. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Maggie Winnie, her boys, and stepdaughter Katie were buried in St. Mary Magdalene Cemetery. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"><b><u>Thomas Davies</u></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao">Hotel owner Thomas W. Davies, age 43, also perished in the fire. Known to friends by the nickname “Goat,” Davies had worked variously as a bartender and hotel clerk in the area. He rented and managed the hotel that locals referred to as the “Murphy place,” owned by a Bridget Murphy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao">Davies lived on the second floor of the hotel. According to the<i> Messenger</i>, he awoke to smoke “pouring into his room in the central part of the hotel.” He said he first ran to awaken the Winnies one floor above in the rear, then found himself trapped as fire climbed the building walls. Firemen described how he “burst down the stairs and through a wall of flame. He rolled to the bottom of the stairs and fell unconscious on the hall floor.” Homestead Fire Chief Bryce sustained burns as he and another fireman dragged Thomas Davies from the building. Davies was taken to Homestead Hospital, where despite enormous pain he remained conscious and able to speak with friends and family. He died within a few hours. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijGRwNRrAma757JFytRCcEQrykbHjn3l4_t2tRQNWosRGNuOB4Dv98UmNhQSdM4_ynbMMTo5ORnPmnd6HD6MnXmYwwmNzWCtIs_-dbpUbk-AIZ6WkW1nU1C9rA-W9aeRqLUaLJJwLrM35H5vsiYjRbrcRMJYV0j638B5NRwMvyBG-RmTgrpbKMFLC8JQ/s706/Dickson%20st%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="682" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijGRwNRrAma757JFytRCcEQrykbHjn3l4_t2tRQNWosRGNuOB4Dv98UmNhQSdM4_ynbMMTo5ORnPmnd6HD6MnXmYwwmNzWCtIs_-dbpUbk-AIZ6WkW1nU1C9rA-W9aeRqLUaLJJwLrM35H5vsiYjRbrcRMJYV0j638B5NRwMvyBG-RmTgrpbKMFLC8JQ/w386-h400/Dickson%20st%202.jpg" width="386" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Caption: <br />Upper - Showing the rear of the hotel of Thomas W. Davies, <br />513 Dickson street, Homestead after<br />fire had virtually destroyed the building yesterday <br />causing the death of five persons and injuries to a fireman. <br />Lower - Mr. Davies, proprietor of the hotel, who died of burns. <br /><i>Pittsburgh Gazette Times</i>, 23 January 1923</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="css-901oao"><br />The Davies family immigrated from
Wales in 1893, and like the Winnies had known hardship and tragedy. Mother Mary
died 16 years earlier when a fire destroyed the family home on Tenth Avenue in
Homestead. One paper hinted at the trauma that Davies’ father must have
experienced after losing yet another family member to a fire; his father “would not
be consoled” and “would not leave the place where the body of his boy lay.”</span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Davies’ wife of 15 years “had
gone to Los Angeles….a week ago to regain her health.” Whatever the circumstance this implied, Davies was able to
relay her contact information to his mother-in-law. Frances Bitner Davies did
not make it back in time to see her husband buried, and she was not named as a
survivor in Thomas’ public obituary, but she remained on record as executrix of
his will. The couple had no children.</span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Arrangements for Davies’
funeral were made by the Homestead Elks, where he was a member. The<i> Messenger</i>
noted that the extensive Welsh community of Homestead turned out to pay respect
to one of their own and support the surviving family. Thomas Davies was laid to
rest in a family plot in Homestead Cemetery.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao"><b><u>County Detectives Investigate</u></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao">Amid such unremitting tragedy, what possessed
the <i>Pittsburgh Press</i> to lede with a headline about an orgy at the hotel?
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao">According to various articles, proprietor
Davies got a party rolling on Sunday night by “inviting several women and men
to come to his establishment." The hotel porter said this party stretched
into the wee hours, with a phonograph blaring until 1 AM. The next-door
neighbors claimed they “were unable to sleep owing to the boisterousness and
disorder of the guests attending the party” which went on until 2 AM. The porter
claimed he witnessed lit matches and cigarettes tossed around the hotel kitchen,
where the fire was believed to have originated. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="css-901oao">The Winnie rooms were right above the
kitchen, marked by a cross scratched into the center of this newspaper photo.</span> </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJtAtmT4ylYwnAei0Qo3U_BWBY0XWOiUvOb1W5ejYMy8_fXV0F5gWbh0pJ-I2KMyVYg0U8nTanh_l09peQ0GdzgQcvBX_NWOEVB8r_ymjL0rZt0_OA-hYpDE8w1MLwg-Q4Lr1a1aPhtpp1QwEyYWCp3L575dsbXcC9vVOfYKNQby0ZcwVUGySatXYFjQ/s465/Dickson%20street%20fire.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="460" data-original-width="465" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJtAtmT4ylYwnAei0Qo3U_BWBY0XWOiUvOb1W5ejYMy8_fXV0F5gWbh0pJ-I2KMyVYg0U8nTanh_l09peQ0GdzgQcvBX_NWOEVB8r_ymjL0rZt0_OA-hYpDE8w1MLwg-Q4Lr1a1aPhtpp1QwEyYWCp3L575dsbXcC9vVOfYKNQby0ZcwVUGySatXYFjQ/w400-h396/Dickson%20street%20fire.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>The Daily Messenger</i>, Homestead, 24 January 1923<br /></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br />The fire’s origins were initially declared accidental, but tales
about a wild party raised suspicions that had to be investigated to rule out
other incendiary causes. “I have reasons that lead me to believe that the
Murphy hotel in Homestead was set afire,”<i> </i>announced the Allegheny County
Fire Marshall on the pages of the<i> Messenger </i>on 23 January. By the time that <i>Press </i>orgy
headline was published, Allegheny County authorities had already spent nearly
two days trying to identify party-goers at the hotel, possibly including
“three women from Hazelwood.” A phone number connected to that location had been retrieved somewhere, giving the investigation focus.</p><p>It was a blurry focus, at best.<br /></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Using a high-octane word like "orgy" certainly
would have focused eyeballs on this story. Authorities likely hoped press
coverage could help them find the partiers they wanted to question, and the <i>Press</i>
was glad to cooperate. After all, a titillating front page headline would have helped sell
newspapers! But such a story also reflected moralistic attitudes of the times,
since readers intuitively understood that it was a cautionary tale about the
dangers of excess and carelessness.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp9fUofw6crIY9-kf5Qqam8QmXkQfpXUOIXRkNp5Axg5wqZaEtAjl9zxc7VCP0Fy8n9fDMNbznx_f8vwPT-UUyPhAf0EvwFJqXlwH5KlXbwvVwB_lFmkB_xBA-uydec4UGNx97KIICmoTHluuWfyGMMkbXbkSivy1GRoMrKxKQlQiXXTFnlBwAAsmdfg/s1473/Press%20headline%202.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="154" data-original-width="1473" height="41" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp9fUofw6crIY9-kf5Qqam8QmXkQfpXUOIXRkNp5Axg5wqZaEtAjl9zxc7VCP0Fy8n9fDMNbznx_f8vwPT-UUyPhAf0EvwFJqXlwH5KlXbwvVwB_lFmkB_xBA-uydec4UGNx97KIICmoTHluuWfyGMMkbXbkSivy1GRoMrKxKQlQiXXTFnlBwAAsmdfg/w400-h41/Press%20headline%202.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Front page headline, <i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 24 January 1923</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Never mind that there may not have been a party. James Guighan
Winnie said he went to bed early that night, and he denied hearing any partying,
phonograph music, women from Hazelwood, or (presumably) orgiastic shenanigans
in the hotel. The Chief of County Detectives admitted he had “no concrete
evidence” about any of the allegations. Still, all the local newspapers
speculated about that “gay midnight party” (another word that hits differently
today) and "lighted matches and partially smoked cigarets, carelessly
discarded by women and men guests." <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One month later when a coroner’s jury on 23 February reviewed
evidence and testimony from seventeen witnesses, the deaths of the five victims
of the Dickson Street fire were declared accidental. The Allegheny County coroner’s
jury stated that the fire probably resulted from a gas stove "left burning
in the kitchen." The Winnies had likely died of asphyxiation before the flames
came near. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNBaqiso_1PR8P3i9RQpRsKPNmXC_DpUGJ47RszykLbJ4DanGNgl2gh5rMJU8IWUhoZ7v01PdeyredCvjBBCwpMYBOGYfVjwhLcUuWi-_olvLlGNxz6_06cE4VYCWStg72YaKlM8kQd7gFsgvY286ZnRCEhx7vNd-z3VeNvE8lGFfeGcSHx3bqhsH23A/s691/headline%20Messenger%202-23-23.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="691" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNBaqiso_1PR8P3i9RQpRsKPNmXC_DpUGJ47RszykLbJ4DanGNgl2gh5rMJU8IWUhoZ7v01PdeyredCvjBBCwpMYBOGYfVjwhLcUuWi-_olvLlGNxz6_06cE4VYCWStg72YaKlM8kQd7gFsgvY286ZnRCEhx7vNd-z3VeNvE8lGFfeGcSHx3bqhsH23A/w400-h161/headline%20Messenger%202-23-23.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Headline, Homestead<i> Daily Messenger</i>, 23 February 1923</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />What changed? <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">No partiers showed up to testify. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Perhaps they never existed. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to the <i>Daily Messenger</i>, “Sensational testimony by
persons who are alleged to have been participants in a joy party which took
place in the hotel previous to the burning, failed to develop when no one
appeared on the carpet to give evidence.” With no witnesses and no evidence, the
“general opinion that a joy party the night of the fire was responsible” could
not be substantiated.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Several other revelations from the inquest were noteworthy. According
to the local fire marshal, Thomas Davies had inquired a week earlier about
legal requirements to build a fire escape on his three-story property. He never
got the chance to follow through.<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> It was believed
by all that a fire escape would have saved five lives that night.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Rumors had floated that complaints had been submitted
about certain fireman. Testimony before the coroner’s jury disclosed that a
fight occurred at the fire scene between responding Homestead
and Munhall fire departments. “Rivalry between the two companies when either of
the departments go into each other’s respective territory was given as the
reason. The chief declared the trouble did not start till the fire had been
practically extinguished.”<i> </i>Regardless of whether it interfered with
their duties, the Allegheny County coroner was not best pleased to learn that
these fireman had acted like jagoffs. He rebuked Homestead Fire Chief Bryce.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For his part, Bryce, who had suffered burns when rescuing
Davies, admitted in his testimony that he and his men did not search the
premises once they removed Davies from the building. He claimed they learned
about the presence of Mrs. Winnie and the children "too late" to do
anything, as there was no way to access the family trapped by smoke, a burning
staircase, and locked door on the third floor. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In light of departmental rivalry and overall unprofessional
behavior, the coroner called for a reorganization to place Homestead’s “fire
department on a plane that will be consistent with the practice of modern
protection.”<i> </i>Chief Bryce later responded with a statement agreeing with that recommendation.
He complained that he had twelve firefighters working three companies in a borough
that could use nearly twice as much manpower. He also stressed the need for a
hook-and-ladder truck but claimed that since Homestead council had done nothing
with that request to date, the department was making do with an antiquated hose
wagon. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Bryce nonetheless defended the work of his poorly staffed and
equipped department, and claimed that “out of one hundred runs before the hotel
fire the damage by fires was only $4,470.” </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">He did not mention anything about fatalities.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Homestead newspaper seemed embarrassed on behalf of the
community by the Allegheny Coroner's rebuke. The <i>Messenger</i> defensively noted that “attempts seem to have been made to make
Fire Chief Bryce the “goat” in the matter.” The paper was also sympathetic to
the obstacles Bryce faced in dealing with an incompetent and ineffective town council
that operated with “rank indifference to the best interests of the community
(and) utter disregard for the safety and comfort of the citizens.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But the paper insinuated that a better man could
rise above the politics that handicapped his department to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>find solutions, noting that “….Chief Bryce may
not be up to the mark held by his father as a Fire Chief.” The senior Bryce, revered in the community as founder of Homestead glass works, established the first independent fire company in Homestead in 1880 when the<span class="ILfuVd" lang="en"><span class="hgKElc"> Borough incorporated as a municipality. </span></span><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Lost in all of this? The Dickson Street hotel fire was
chalked up as just one of those sad, sad things.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>Coda</u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">James Winnie, Jr. left Glasgow on January 27<sup>th</sup> to
join his family in Homestead. He traveled alone, arriving at Ellis Island on 5
February 1923. His reunion with remaining family members, possibly prior to the
coroner’s inquest, was not covered by any press. Reporters were done with
the Winnies. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But so, too, was the Winnie family mostly done with
Pittsburgh. Three months later, James Guighan Winnie and his daughter Annie left New York to return
to Scotland. James would marry for a third
time and spend the rest of his life in Scotland. Annie, reunited with her firstborn,
married in Scotland then briefly returned to Homestead a few years later, where a second son
was born. Her branch of the family stayed in the United States. Although
brothers James and Peter traveled back and forth to the USA and Canada, they made
permanent homes in the United Kingdom. The USA seemingly held no attraction for two other Winnie siblings.</p><p class="MsoNormal">The building at 513 Dickson Street was demolished. Modern Allegheny County Housing Authority high rises stand there today.</p>Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-22770549152712378462022-12-31T23:58:00.070-05:002023-01-06T11:40:35.923-05:00The Pittsburgh Society Scandal of 1907...That Wasn't<p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgskim8pQXiyshA7PfoniVtbxSkkoGRftWg0ueV85wn-GL7gZ7uzGSS3UR47Gz7VrFZt1Sogd-E5YgYkmPx-tK4cns9TNDJAYYYx_kv6Jz3IzfKfCCzFc0lEUr-N3EDRZqUb_INcIhGnz3qkciORhvqyIUl5UpPkL9FKI7B2xqAzvtNcdacEeeyoDz-pw/s720/Three%20Elegant%20Seated%20Ladies%20Alice%20Barber%20Stevens.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="720" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgskim8pQXiyshA7PfoniVtbxSkkoGRftWg0ueV85wn-GL7gZ7uzGSS3UR47Gz7VrFZt1Sogd-E5YgYkmPx-tK4cns9TNDJAYYYx_kv6Jz3IzfKfCCzFc0lEUr-N3EDRZqUb_INcIhGnz3qkciORhvqyIUl5UpPkL9FKI7B2xqAzvtNcdacEeeyoDz-pw/w320-h249/Three%20Elegant%20Seated%20Ladies%20Alice%20Barber%20Stevens.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Three Elegant Ladies, Alice Barber Stevens, private collection</b></span><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="color: red;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Gossip. Scold. Scandalmonger. Talebearer. Busybody.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">History has given us plenty of words to describe someone who talks about
somebody else. Most of those words are weighted with judgement, especially
against women. Extreme measures and regulations have even been designed historically to shut
women up. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">But guess what – restrictions never work. People will always talk about
other people. That’s because at its most basic, gossip is about communicating
and connecting. Sharing information about other people creates a bond.</span></span><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> Everyone talks about everyone else, in some way, at some
time. We simply find each another too interesting not to do so. </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimD-gnfDMzVuJf1f3LMrG746D2EN3wSZGCzyFlAr4bGmwd6OgxLSgSy7R5zEnfwVpClfPTjNlPhqL6VQ-M8ZWRjNcNfqW6dt2uXOUFlSXsPWAevwCV-LBUBx0wcnBWtcTK99_ZvISLJrLB7hnBqqBtD8tvS0Bm8Fl4eziylKX-j97B4ZmlEpt2e4eD9w/s545/gosisp2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="545" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimD-gnfDMzVuJf1f3LMrG746D2EN3wSZGCzyFlAr4bGmwd6OgxLSgSy7R5zEnfwVpClfPTjNlPhqL6VQ-M8ZWRjNcNfqW6dt2uXOUFlSXsPWAevwCV-LBUBx0wcnBWtcTK99_ZvISLJrLB7hnBqqBtD8tvS0Bm8Fl4eziylKX-j97B4ZmlEpt2e4eD9w/w400-h320/gosisp2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Gossip by Randolph Caldecott in "North Italian Folk" by Mrs. Comys Carr, 1878 </b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;"> </span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">If knowledge is power, gossip is high voltage. And the Tesla coil of
social currency is gossip revealing human behavior outside of accepted
norms. <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">In late 18<sup>th</sup> and early 19<sup>th</sup> century America, an era
known to us as the Gilded Age, society was thought to function best as a well-oiled machine operating
according to complex social rules. It didn't always work that way, of course, given that this was an era characterized by extremes of both wealth and poverty.</span></span></p><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN;">Gilded Age rituals of female upper class Society (yes, with a capital S, for
Self-importance) were especially conducive to telling tales on each other. And the more scandalous the story, the better!</span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>The Débutante Season</u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">“It’s odd, if you think of it,” pondered a syndicated
columnist writing for the <i>New York Tribune</i> in November 1898: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii66PiBgp2GLNOxKYla-gMFNNsKH-CnE4twxHO_0BPeCVsGPGiLm053ReKxHh72NJ5_d2tb3IL16ZscVb97NrYO3bwSxdBSl7Rx9kTToQybWJn7q1X7N1VJ5z9z3vvXbfKU3J1UCMznMxK-CE5LOtr7dJVeQAxssScyDNy9hIaT5t1fbA92bZd1yclnw/s649/vintage%20postcard.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="649" data-original-width="355" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii66PiBgp2GLNOxKYla-gMFNNsKH-CnE4twxHO_0BPeCVsGPGiLm053ReKxHh72NJ5_d2tb3IL16ZscVb97NrYO3bwSxdBSl7Rx9kTToQybWJn7q1X7N1VJ5z9z3vvXbfKU3J1UCMznMxK-CE5LOtr7dJVeQAxssScyDNy9hIaT5t1fbA92bZd1yclnw/w219-h400/vintage%20postcard.jpg" width="219" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Image from vintage postcard</span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><i>“….that December should be the
buds’ month – that the death of the old year should herald the beginning of the
new life of the young girl. But so it has been for generations of buds and
blossoms. From the 1<sup>st</sup> of December to the 1<sup>st</sup> of January
the older women step back, postpone their entertainments and hold themselves in
readiness to welcome the buds, that find in the chill of early winter the
atmosphere to coax their flowering.” </i></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the 19<sup>th</sup> and early 20<sup>th</sup> century,
when such things mattered to the self-defined People Who Mattered, the December
holiday season was <a name="_Hlk123236112">known as the débutante season</a>. Young
ladies of standing emerged from private life to be planted in the hothouses of
Society, where they were expected to bloom. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">America’s wealthiest were borrowing from British upper-class tradition in pushing their nubile daughters to make formal entrance into Gilded Age Society. The “bud” emerged after years of genteel schooling in which she learned enough to hold her own in polite, cosmopolitan conversation (though not enough
to make her an unwedable intellectual). Once she was deemed to have mastered the era’s etiquette and manners, acquired householding and entertaining skills, and manifested the qualities of pure, chaste, refined and modest womanhood, a young lady was ready to “come out” and be fêted at myriad events throughout the winter
holiday season. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thus the bud was displayed, a blossoming rose in a crystal vase positioned to catch the light. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Which is to say: appearances mattered very, very much. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A débutante’s preparations began months in advance, for a glow-up of epic proportions. Her life was all about dress fittings, accessory purchases, and fastidious grooming. The era's standard of beauty centered around the glory of a woman's luxuriant long hair, dressed just so. She should also be blessed with bright eyes and clear pale skin, with the flush of youth upon her face (ideally tinted with innocence but, oh, let’s be honest. Subtle powders and cosmetic blushes were sometimes necessary). Rosy lips were only just pinked, as if bitten in tender excitement. Eyebrows were plucked to enhance a natural shape, and shapewear of the day manipulated
figures to accentuate curves (or create them where none existed).</p>
<p>The “coming out” for a daughter of Society started with an event orchestrated by her parents or guardians in December. This was her official debut, but she then would be honored guest (either on her own or with other debs of that season) at myriad débutante galas, dinners, house parties, balls, Christmas cotillions, private club dinners, and at afternoon card and tea parties. There were also mixed group visits (chaperoned, of
course) to the theater, opera, and art galleries. <br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3DkYJ4wYaZk7q8Xh72q3Q57s-xgcyxJWfzThRLbb1Hk_jMB2wHgTNKdBV8Nt7V97iXPfTTOgmXcCfUxko45Emqvpnnu6783ycCR9hgedKWJX8LYt5I0U97Q-VrghTdIIHuh0xibkaHXU9UjtjgM6n46tHkO5pudCrJZ6Whe2GVQiCB2518Xmo1ZtBZQ/s689/Alice%20Barber%20Stevens%20The%20Ladies'%20Home%20Journal.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="689" data-original-width="648" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3DkYJ4wYaZk7q8Xh72q3Q57s-xgcyxJWfzThRLbb1Hk_jMB2wHgTNKdBV8Nt7V97iXPfTTOgmXcCfUxko45Emqvpnnu6783ycCR9hgedKWJX8LYt5I0U97Q-VrghTdIIHuh0xibkaHXU9UjtjgM6n46tHkO5pudCrJZ6Whe2GVQiCB2518Xmo1ZtBZQ/w376-h400/Alice%20Barber%20Stevens%20The%20Ladies'%20Home%20Journal.jpg" width="376" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ballroom illustration by Alice Barber Stevens, <i>The Ladies' Home Journal,</i> January 1899 <br /></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Not only was the young lady on display at such events but so,
too, was her family demonstrating its wealth and social status within the community. With a daughter’s public emergence, the family signaled that the next generation was prepared to take up its gauntlet of pedigree and privilege.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So, yes, December was Débutante season. And it was one, long, exhausting
performance. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> <br /></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjloCA2oNaFHoXwkECqVlN4X5xcI1-oL9T5KtaL_JG6xun6Fdx_puzJM399MJN0R-i4QBS5C1PypC-tdxyXde7exQOQquAcZzjdwhZmKbmZ_udWnmPzX03g3ilHEU4eiYCrG0WqEfmP4gIKqQzaeUwaXshlONgMh06fXf1SRt6FAjCcjHU_S_d0k5795A/s594/weary%20debutante%20%20THE%20CLOSE%20OF%20THE%20SEASON%20Charles%20J.%20Taylor%20by%20Puck%201890.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="594" data-original-width="518" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjloCA2oNaFHoXwkECqVlN4X5xcI1-oL9T5KtaL_JG6xun6Fdx_puzJM399MJN0R-i4QBS5C1PypC-tdxyXde7exQOQquAcZzjdwhZmKbmZ_udWnmPzX03g3ilHEU4eiYCrG0WqEfmP4gIKqQzaeUwaXshlONgMh06fXf1SRt6FAjCcjHU_S_d0k5795A/w349-h400/weary%20debutante%20%20THE%20CLOSE%20OF%20THE%20SEASON%20Charles%20J.%20Taylor%20by%20Puck%201890.jpg" width="349" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Weary debutante in The Close of the Season, Charles J. Taylor for<i> Puck Magazine</i>, 1890</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Marriage was a hoped-for goal of the process, to be sure. The coming-out season showcased a young lady's readiness to take on the tasks of true
womanhood, even by those buds for whom no proposals were forthcoming, or who
wished to be left alone to bloom as they chose. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>A Bud Emerges</u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Gilded Age cities glittered with wealthy people flitting from one invitation-only event to another, from December through New Year’s week, all centered around the newest debutantes and encompassing their families and friends. On winter breaks from school, young ladies traveled to attend their friends’ débutante events, placing themselves on display in the process. Eligible gentlemen also home from school for the holidays were especially welcome at these gatherings, often scoring last-minute invitations with ease. Wealthy families made note of debuts elsewhere even if they did not
attend, scouring the marriage markets for suitable prospects for their
darlings. Top tier cities like Boston and New York were the renowned centers of American Gilded Age society, but Pittsburgh had its own close-knit social circle. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Probably more than one Pittsburgh family perused society column mentions in 1905 and read about a New York City débutante, Katherine Varnum Kendall. She came out in style on 27 December of that year, shining at an
afternoon reception hosted at her family’s elegant brick townhouse at the southern edge of Manhattan’s posh Gramercy Park neighborhood. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_1Iq_wz-VGPJ6Hx15Q48SC_MdL_4s6uo-0hjB0e5foh_Yj8pHAukQX6_CD2DTDQKHpIKfNa3Nr8EiaEiv3EC9WnKtdIFfMMm8dJMQMMLEXtV6r-GHysAPs6ZhCI3IJTW95sqJpEehQTDteuuRt9lBUVU7E57n8bRbNEbNWjUai_CFU2p1pdx16FY4dQ/s377/section%20of%20street%20containing%20house%20as%20it%20looked%20in%201847,%20remodeled%20by%201870s%20when%20Kendalls%20live%20there.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="348" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_1Iq_wz-VGPJ6Hx15Q48SC_MdL_4s6uo-0hjB0e5foh_Yj8pHAukQX6_CD2DTDQKHpIKfNa3Nr8EiaEiv3EC9WnKtdIFfMMm8dJMQMMLEXtV6r-GHysAPs6ZhCI3IJTW95sqJpEehQTDteuuRt9lBUVU7E57n8bRbNEbNWjUai_CFU2p1pdx16FY4dQ/w369-h400/section%20of%20street%20containing%20house%20as%20it%20looked%20in%201847,%20remodeled%20by%201870s%20when%20Kendalls%20live%20there.jpg" width="369" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Block of Gramercy Park containing Kendall home, mid-1870s, later remodeled. <br />New York Public Library, Miriam & Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints & Photographs </b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br />As part of the festivities, invited guests attended a
theater party followed by dinner at the exclusive Sherry’s Restaurant at 44<sup>th</sup>
Street and Fifth Avenue. <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Seventeen-year-old Katherine was considered a “great belle.”
Her successful launch into society reflected well on her parents, Wall Street
broker William Beale Kendall and the former Kate Varnum Whitney, both of Boston
and both with impeccable pedigrees. </p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmdARWAPDP9ayB5xrxS2GstCA6hTaMGxcZMDx5rQd7nrkPXuDW39NmzE6IXCn1khs1AGPldF002x5saP8vSDhiAL9UsFMHfOOozruAQ6VLVWPzGv8nidZYKtFyQWFFl1h-0PJz6lVk6T4U6zDGyAWiEdfUrnDG7VonBh4p-z4V2Pc8EGFbj3YKiXyDqQ/s682/gown%20description.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmdARWAPDP9ayB5xrxS2GstCA6hTaMGxcZMDx5rQd7nrkPXuDW39NmzE6IXCn1khs1AGPldF002x5saP8vSDhiAL9UsFMHfOOozruAQ6VLVWPzGv8nidZYKtFyQWFFl1h-0PJz6lVk6T4U6zDGyAWiEdfUrnDG7VonBh4p-z4V2Pc8EGFbj3YKiXyDqQ/s16000/gown%20description.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>New York Times, February 1907</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">In looking back on the season just completed in January 1906,
the <i>New York Times</i> singled out Katherine’s debut reception gown. It was described as an appropriately
innocent frock made of “especially girlish white chiffon cloth.” The paper
couldn’t let it go at that, however, devoting considerable space to Katherine’s fashionable confection:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Both the skirt and the bodice were
so fashioned as to suggest the petals of a flower. The bodice had a
round-necked, unlined yoke of Duchess lace, and from this a plain, ungathered
flounce of white chiffon cloth, cut in deep, almost pointed scallops, drooped
over the shirred bodice three-fourths of the way to the girdle, which was of
white satin. Each of the scallops had an edge of white silk ribbon braid, and
in the centre of each point a white rose was embroidered in silk. The sleeves
were short, gathered puffs of the chiffon cloth, and over each drooped three of
the embroidered, bordered, petal-shaped points of the cloth.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Not enough detail? Here’s more!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>The skirt is shirred at the top
every inch till it gets below the widest part of the hips. It is of round
length, and opens at the side, to show a series of five lace flounces, varying
from seven to four inches in width, set on to the yellow liberty silk
foundation. At the sides of the skirt openings the yellow chiffon cloth is embroidered
in silver scallops. The lower lace flounce runs all the way around the skirt.
On the chiffon cloth front near the bottom is embroidered a cluster of roses
and leaves in silver. There are yellow velvet roses, dewdropped with crystals,
for the coiffure. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Katherine’s wardrobe created quite the sensation.
In February 1907 the <i>Times</i> published a column about “Miss Kendall’s Silver-Spangled
Frock” and another about her younger sister Marjorie’s golden gown. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The Kendall girls
had drip. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>An Uncomfortable <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Distraction</u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Kendall family likely breathed a sigh of relief at
this favorable, if over-the-top, publicity. Two years earlier the family had
been tainted by association by gossip surrounding the tragic demise of the
fiancé of Katherine’s aunt, Helen Whitney. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If that sounds convoluted, well, it was. But remember: even hints
of impropriety could affect social standing. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Katherine’s aunt was Helen Whitney, sister of her mother, Kate
Varnum Whitney. Helen didn't find love until her advanced years, becoming engaged at
the ripe old age of 47. Her fiancé, 55-year-old Frank Griswold Tefft, was a
divorced scion of a dry goods empire who had an adult son from his previous
marriage. Frank divided his time between the Tefft family home in Gramercy
Park and Griswold Lodge, a summer estate in the Berkshires. He was especially
devoted to that country home inherited two years earlier from a
brother. Spinster Helen mostly lived with the Kendall family in Gramercy Park
but she took summer lodgings near Frank. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Alas for true love: like his brother before him, Frank Tefft
had diabetes and Bright’s disease (an archaic term for what we know today as
various kidney conditions). According to published accounts, Frank died at the
Berkshire home in November 1903 on the day he was to announce his engagement to
Helen. She had been with Frank in his final illness, and his will named her as
executor and primary beneficiary. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That was a problem. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Adult son Erastus T. Tefft contested his father’s will,
alleging that Helen Whitney’s “undue influence” had essentially disinherited
him. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">After the funeral Helen was comforted at Griswold Lodge by
her Kendall sister and brother-in-law, all garbed in the era’s requisite
mourning attire to honor their various tenuous relationships with Frank Tefft. But
Erastus’ legal challenges allowed him to take possession of his father’s home. Helen,
evicted, returned with the Kendalls to Gramercy Park. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Over the next 18 months the Tefft case was thoroughly covered
in Massachusetts and New York newspapers. Matters were initially settled in
Helen’s favor owing to revelations of long-time estrangement between father and
son. Erastus appealed, and high-powered attorneys argued Frank’s mental
competency before the Massachusetts Supreme Court. Frank’s mental status was
dissected as Erastus’ attorneys argued that he was not “of sound and disposing
mind” due to his failing health. Long-winded testimony from Frank’s personal
valet even brought Katherine’s mother, Kate Kendall, into the fray with hints
of possible inappropriate influence as a witness to Frank’s revised final will and
testament. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Finally in May 1905 Helen Whitney prevailed, having been “a
cool and businesslike witness for her case”. Frank’s finances had always been a mess,
however, and there would not be much left from his estate once creditors made
their claims. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Helen did little to sort matters before suddenly dying in November
1906. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Griswold Lodge was destroyed by fire in March 1907. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And that was the end of that.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Well, not quite. Society has the collective memory of an
elephant. As it unfolded, this saga would have been passed from gossip to
gossip, each probing and savoring the details with the intensity of a sommelier
sloshing his wine. It wasn’t the kind of tale that could tank a family’s
prospects, but it would have provided an uncomfortable distraction. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Unrelated but positive attention to Katherine Kendall’s debut restored
luster to the family name and was a welcome return to sober respectability. Younger
sister Marjorie Kendall’s debut came a year later in 1907, slightly delayed owing to a
social pause for the requisite mourning following Aunt Helen’s untimely
passing. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And in the midst of all that came the announcement of Katherine’s
engagement to a Pittsburgh boy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>A Son of the
well-known Pittsburg family of that name</u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Like every Gilded Age metropolis, Pittsburgh’s distribution
of wealth was disproportionate to its population, even if not on the scale of
New York or Boston. The upper echelon of Pittsburgh’s Society was smaller, but it
hummed along to a tune with predictable rhythms, rules, and hierarchies. As in
other cities, there was Old Money and New Money here – quite a lot of money,
actually. While not ranged in opposition, with Old Money “silk hat millionaires”
looking down upon New “shirt sleeve millionaires,” there were occasional
side-eyes cast at the pretensions of Pittsburgh’s nouveau riche. Mostly, though,
Pittsburgh’s monied class got around its differences through intermarriage, Old to New,
thereby replenishing itself with cash-rich local blood. Everyone knew everyone, because everyone was
pretty much related. If some of the Old blue blood was tinged with iron and steel from the fortunes of New money, well, that's what unspoken social hierarchies were for.<br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-N9LwOZw1uD-WrhY25vWBmrXwfkFzvXJrcbBsvsgY-5Xs7WvG8ZQUCq9Y3BAmPVx9CYFsNIe8NsBKDqnHSM1oTkxcXXTts6btaFRkA4EWoy8-1QCjl0FUZty_dFOwjILSfqILYztbm4tPWvIVGjBEiloTGU2gNaTPdpeccGgrWMxfLVWwgs1xcXtPA/s340/Ebenezer%20Denny.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="233" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7-N9LwOZw1uD-WrhY25vWBmrXwfkFzvXJrcbBsvsgY-5Xs7WvG8ZQUCq9Y3BAmPVx9CYFsNIe8NsBKDqnHSM1oTkxcXXTts6btaFRkA4EWoy8-1QCjl0FUZty_dFOwjILSfqILYztbm4tPWvIVGjBEiloTGU2gNaTPdpeccGgrWMxfLVWwgs1xcXtPA/w137-h200/Ebenezer%20Denny.jpg" width="137" /></a></div><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6yTuKMSH1geH3uoCGmZnBlpc2YNN9NuqALBJkxTsgX9OR5H0v3IYYORIQh5-optnsrfuLQ7fMnV9SCi5Qf-DR2ue0Qc0Xu8RQGP3Ev9NPpUpDlakcf_akMt8iW8GK88wPEZciBwwjRIKSsZwr9htMXkZZvvlY8RfaAQKsmzrIfm6XUQR7vQRK12zTXQ/s466/James%20Ohara.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="466" data-original-width="318" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6yTuKMSH1geH3uoCGmZnBlpc2YNN9NuqALBJkxTsgX9OR5H0v3IYYORIQh5-optnsrfuLQ7fMnV9SCi5Qf-DR2ue0Qc0Xu8RQGP3Ev9NPpUpDlakcf_akMt8iW8GK88wPEZciBwwjRIKSsZwr9htMXkZZvvlY8RfaAQKsmzrIfm6XUQR7vQRK12zTXQ/w136-h200/James%20Ohara.jpg" width="136" /></a>Founding families like Denny and O'Hara dominated Pittsburgh’s social hierarchy. Both descended from patriarchs who made
names and fortunes during colonial frontier and
Revolutionary eras, became major landowners, and took on civic, charitable, and
business leadership roles in early Pittsburgh. Politics figured into this mix, but although James O’Hara was chief burgess of Pittsburgh in 1803 and Ebenezer
Denny the newly incorporated city’s first mayor in 1816, political office
was the least important ingredient in their recipes for success. </p><p>Simply put,
Pittsburgh would not have developed into a 19<sup>th</sup> century powerhouse
of industry without the foundational influence of Denny and O’Hara visions,
fortunes, and connections.</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">These two families were united in 1817 by the marriage of Ebenezer’s
son Harmar Denny and James’ daughter Elizabeth O'Hara. While not all their dozen
children survived into adulthood, those who did perpetuated family standing,
both in deed and progeny. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">They also reused names, in that charmingly confusing 19<sup>th</sup>
century way, which is how in subsequent generations one of Harmar’s grandsons was
graced with the name Harmar Denny Denny (perhaps to distinguish him from an
uncle, Harmar Denny, although that hardly seemed necessary since said uncle had
become a Jesuit priest). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We will assume the reduplicated names did no
lasting psychic harm, since Harmar Denny Denny named his eldest son Harmar Denny Denny, Jr. (The name
lapsed in the next generation after infant Harmar Denny Denny III died).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">His other son was mercifully called after his
mother’s side of the family, named Archibald Marshall Denny. This was the
lad who would win Katherine Varney Kendall’s heart. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Denny boys were brought up in an atmosphere of privilege
in a home on Ridge Avenue, which was the “millionaire’s row” of old Allegheny
City, twin to Pittsburgh before it was annexed in 1907. A description of
Archibald Marshall Denny’s catered third birthday party from Pittsburgh society
columns gives a hint of his doted-upon upbringing:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>….the children’s party will be a
very pleasant affair for the little people. Archibald’s brother, Harmar, who is
4½ years old, also comes in for a share of the honor. A room full of
interesting toys will be at the disposal of the little guests and a fish pond
will furnish them a happy amusement. Each child has a hook and line and fishes
over a screen for a toy. Supper will be served by Hagan at 6 o’clock. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Harmar D. Denny, Sr.’s lineage and assets were as
representative of Old Money in 19<sup>th</sup> century Pittsburgh as one could get. He
spent his life managing family wealth and real estate holdings and serving
various pillar-of-the-community roles. The Denny boys attended
Allegheny Preparatory School, a short-lived private school for the monied set
that their father was instrumental in founding. Both boys were active in sports, including swimming and diving. </p><p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicSv2nyzHh8PdzxC75VqZdLjpACdBv5Gw195gtd3_wgGnjx_fQ-K5i1ALtcFTKV65vmb_e_QKLKmmIiIwxZvaqweKB_lP-aTnnOl9MuD-wwdFfo8bHrl5R7R2XQ7R91tyF9LIkg20xdIAbT4Mqu3TXwVd5udBf2bgcIafu-xeVMVJdawqKa1b5_T3hlg/s357/Allegheny%20Prep%20edit.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="357" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicSv2nyzHh8PdzxC75VqZdLjpACdBv5Gw195gtd3_wgGnjx_fQ-K5i1ALtcFTKV65vmb_e_QKLKmmIiIwxZvaqweKB_lP-aTnnOl9MuD-wwdFfo8bHrl5R7R2XQ7R91tyF9LIkg20xdIAbT4Mqu3TXwVd5udBf2bgcIafu-xeVMVJdawqKa1b5_T3hlg/w400-h288/Allegheny%20Prep%20edit.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Allegheny Preparatory Academy from 1904 yearbook</span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Each boy then boarded at the exclusive St. Paul’s School
for Boys in Concord, New Hampshire. Harmar, Sr. had attended Pennsylvania
Military Academy and actively served in the National Guard, which was
sufficient in his era to give him respectable credentials. But as the world
required more of young men in the waning years of the 19<sup>th</sup> century,
he and wife Elizabeth wanted their sons to received top notch educations according
to East Coast Society standards. Oldest son Harmar was a stellar student at Yale, and younger
son Archibald Marshall was expected to follow in his footsteps. <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Various newspapers noted that in 1906 the Denny family
summered in Maine. Coincidentally,
the Kendall family also summered on the Maine coast's fashionable Gilded Age
retreats for the wealthy. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB9crJuYYyrVPFQZ-ERCixAl1u5RVMtslP8c2sXRtJ22aNsg5kB84apEkWqly2-P-2zh_NCYdQB61jEgAdqhpQqM06La2T9omX_VhPfydMQnTEkukguCOUkqyQM1di_o270ZDCMViH8KdtDwRP2y1PhUetj7Ze-gXcwKAgrwhIhO76x4G9pthE_QgTzw/s1280/York%20Main%20postcard%201907.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="809" data-original-width="1280" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB9crJuYYyrVPFQZ-ERCixAl1u5RVMtslP8c2sXRtJ22aNsg5kB84apEkWqly2-P-2zh_NCYdQB61jEgAdqhpQqM06La2T9omX_VhPfydMQnTEkukguCOUkqyQM1di_o270ZDCMViH8KdtDwRP2y1PhUetj7Ze-gXcwKAgrwhIhO76x4G9pthE_QgTzw/w400-h253/York%20Main%20postcard%201907.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7q6MiCqRSxi61-7EcnOpF65r6dLkOIB-IZ7rRKy-0Xn6Lzhy8t2eozCAz4pbz6zjYtTZNSM8P0rBzQU62RB8j9C3Q1fnxB8qZ7_5fs8_maUx9WlStS_D9fNB7JvW-qX3Z0kfee_d07rlrDZGxaxIc5csIpgDUoJkJWwviVFhnpG_ybnHe54P4G-axAQ/s1002/The_Marshall_House,_York_Harbor,_ME.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="641" data-original-width="1002" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7q6MiCqRSxi61-7EcnOpF65r6dLkOIB-IZ7rRKy-0Xn6Lzhy8t2eozCAz4pbz6zjYtTZNSM8P0rBzQU62RB8j9C3Q1fnxB8qZ7_5fs8_maUx9WlStS_D9fNB7JvW-qX3Z0kfee_d07rlrDZGxaxIc5csIpgDUoJkJWwviVFhnpG_ybnHe54P4G-axAQ/w400-h256/The_Marshall_House,_York_Harbor,_ME.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">At some point a summer romance bloomed
between the girl from New York and the boy from Pittsburgh. Marshall, as he seems to
have been familiarly called, was a tall, slender young man with
grey eyes and brown hair. Katherine was described as a “vivacious girl, full of
laughter and high spirits.” </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">On 12 December 1906, <i>New York Times</i> announced
their engagement, publishing Katherine’s photograph a few weeks later in its pictorial supplement. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-ve4jnmHvTFqp_4EyP-0mxX2UlJDloKsCC1mDv89V9CruII2kLRs-nyGeQphZSL7tKs4HBw9NPp7NC99J_78k65cxwfYL8gA03Xc91njr7mCVAUXXpzJUgl-r-F9PcvVbcPuOpBItKdquz2LY9gPNBu0HxrLfuPHwCpYkb234_kykJzy8q4kc_OUvPA/s728/23%20Dec%201906%20NYT.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="728" data-original-width="705" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-ve4jnmHvTFqp_4EyP-0mxX2UlJDloKsCC1mDv89V9CruII2kLRs-nyGeQphZSL7tKs4HBw9NPp7NC99J_78k65cxwfYL8gA03Xc91njr7mCVAUXXpzJUgl-r-F9PcvVbcPuOpBItKdquz2LY9gPNBu0HxrLfuPHwCpYkb234_kykJzy8q4kc_OUvPA/w310-h320/23%20Dec%201906%20NYT.jpg" width="310" /></a></div><br />The announcement added that there were no immediate plans for marriage since Marshall
was still a student at St Paul’s School, and that "he will probably finish at Yale before the wedding.” <p></p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Pittsburgh papers made no mention of the engagement but, no matter, New York had spoken. A suitable match had been
made between two young people from respectable families. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Marriage, thought the
parents, could wait. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>Miss Kendall and Mr. Denny Thought Differently</u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Even after the <i>Times</i> announced his engagement, nothing
seemed to interrupt Marshall’s fun in Pittsburgh. Local Pittsburgh papers still
included him in attendance at holiday parties, charity balls, and other events for the “younger set” throughout the 1906-7 season. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx3Z58XOT7-eZbCONeP898M3NlQBP4zgk7EroA85OTgnRLS6iLFEUanf6MepWe_eg6f9N74yqB13PLFLwnGiydQn0W6MbUY8x3Idum7vksP57Lt5hoDjX44HzYTgBc_KVpyymDeRoOpgX60TRQyUsyDlCAGP3pwFfqim9HnEQFSoTD50gmY1QA37qdng/s1757/jan%201907%20Fashionable%20Ice%20Cotillion%20at%20Duquesne%20Garden.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1757" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx3Z58XOT7-eZbCONeP898M3NlQBP4zgk7EroA85OTgnRLS6iLFEUanf6MepWe_eg6f9N74yqB13PLFLwnGiydQn0W6MbUY8x3Idum7vksP57Lt5hoDjX44HzYTgBc_KVpyymDeRoOpgX60TRQyUsyDlCAGP3pwFfqim9HnEQFSoTD50gmY1QA37qdng/w400-h155/jan%201907%20Fashionable%20Ice%20Cotillion%20at%20Duquesne%20Garden.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Marshall attended this January 1907 "Fashionable Ice Cotillion" at Duquesne Garden, 5 January 1907. <i>Pittsburgh Post</i>. </b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>He went back to school at St. Paul’s in mid-January 1907. The Kendall family launched younger daughter Marjorie as a late season débutante. Papers in their respective cities announced that the Dennys and the Kendalls were spending their summers in Maine again. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And then, on 28 September 1907, the <i>New York Herald</i>
breathlessly announced a (gasp!) secret marriage. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><b><i>New York, September 28</i></b><i>
– New York society will be greatly surprised to learn of the secret marriage
yesterday of Miss Katherine V. Kendall, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. William Beale Kendall,
of No 12 Gramercy park, to Mr. Archibald M. Denny, the son of Mrs. and Mrs. Harmar
D. Denny, and a member of a prominent and wealthy family of Allegheny, Pa.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>To intimate friends of the
families only Miss Kendall and Mrs. Denny announced their engagement more than
a year ago, but it was not made publicly, and their parents had not favored an
early marriage on account of the youth of both, Miss Kendall having been
introduced to society only recently. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>But Miss Kendall and Mr. Denny
thought differently, and after a summer spent at York Harbor, Me., they could
not bear the thought of a separation even for another winter. Mr. Denny only
returned from Maine a few days ago and joined his parents, who are stopping at
a New York hotel. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>A member of the bride’s family
said tonight that they would have preferred a handsome wedding for Miss
Kendall, but that the more conventional way the young people had chosen was
entirely satisfactory. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thing is, there was nothing conventional about this, nothing
at all. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Why would two young people with everything in their favor rush a marriage that would have united Pittsburgh and New York society like nothing previously? </p><p class="MsoNormal">Unless...unless...they HAD to get married....<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Of course, nothing like that could be speculated upon in public. But the press scented a story and pursed it like bloodhounds at the chase, outdoing each other in reports about what was known and not known. Every article made sure to include some statement about the wealth and lineage of the families involved. If they didn't quite get the facts straight, well, that was all right. Readers were still hooked. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><i>New York Tribune</i> fleshed out the story a few days after it broke:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Miss Katharine Kendall and
Archibald M. Denny were married on Saturday at the Church of St. Mary the
Virgin, in West 46<sup>th</sup> street, shortly after the departure of the
bride’s parents….for Lenox. Mrs. and Mrs. Kendall had wished to delay the
wedding until the spring, owing to the youth of the bride, but the latter was
unwilling to wait so long, and on Saturday evening dispatched a telegram to
Lenox informing her parents that she had been married in the afternoon,
receiving their forgiveness and blessing over the wire. Miss Annie Livingston
Best and her fiancé, Elizur Yale-Smith, who are to be married on November 6,
officiated as witnesses of the ceremony and as bridesmaid and best man. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i>Philadelphia Inquirer</i> weighed in reprovingly (and misspellingly):</p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsWG52QuL0HBABzilwsQf7KzLVaQRVPNryJlE4-X1ewWgNj-_p-j2aVNlDTeH7Lxxu6xxZQmctEIOyXwqbyWNIoS4ukqCe65xNWBC8hxORIpxQUTXwW5uiVQHVeKKWnQBxItdi0W1T3vB5GU02oZI2sL07BfW-yb4hTSS_20gxWgQuxOV1rtDVqrk1Rw/s522/Inquirer%20headline.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="97" data-original-width="522" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsWG52QuL0HBABzilwsQf7KzLVaQRVPNryJlE4-X1ewWgNj-_p-j2aVNlDTeH7Lxxu6xxZQmctEIOyXwqbyWNIoS4ukqCe65xNWBC8hxORIpxQUTXwW5uiVQHVeKKWnQBxItdi0W1T3vB5GU02oZI2sL07BfW-yb4hTSS_20gxWgQuxOV1rtDVqrk1Rw/s16000/Inquirer%20headline.jpg" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><b><i>Special to The Inquirer</i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><b><i>PITTSBURGH, Sept. 30.</i></b><i>
– Instead of going back to his studies, at Yale College, as he was supposed to
do, Archibald M. Denny, son of Harmer Denny, of this city, eloped....Young Denny is 19 years of age, his bride, Catharine, is about
the same age. They were married at a parsonage. The Dennys own the greater part
of the lower section of Pittsburg. It has been announced that the young couple
will take a wedding trip and have been forgiven. Young Denny had a military
career cut out for himself, for his paternal grandfather, Major Harmer Denny,
was a great soldier against the British and Indians in 1812. His entry into
West Point as a student is blocked.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What did Yale think? Well, New Haven's<i> Morning Journal-Courier </i>tsk'd over the groom's rejection of a Yale education, and implicated stalwart brother Harmar, Jr. by association. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWRl61Q0-QR2u8_Qxc4Lj6E4cCnxRu21kbSH95wuMGYLRsd8ufiQpBa9AYDBFV0sNc0GeF7iYy3Kq3ZDl0rAD6El0p36gftcyVJE1AoPh9mP6sHpsjsyfkSd-O7BZNJgSRRotom-PGpTf3vO6aLUvNlv4JrK4yhmjISZx_P_Fk5vrDvf2m9b0H-guTQw/s549/Yale.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="169" data-original-width="549" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWRl61Q0-QR2u8_Qxc4Lj6E4cCnxRu21kbSH95wuMGYLRsd8ufiQpBa9AYDBFV0sNc0GeF7iYy3Kq3ZDl0rAD6El0p36gftcyVJE1AoPh9mP6sHpsjsyfkSd-O7BZNJgSRRotom-PGpTf3vO6aLUvNlv4JrK4yhmjISZx_P_Fk5vrDvf2m9b0H-guTQw/s16000/Yale.jpg" /></a></div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px;"><i>Archibald M. Denny of Allegheny, PA., will not follow in the
footsteps of his brother, Harmar Denny Denny, who is a prominent member of the
academic senior class at Yale, for yesterday the news of his elopement with
Miss Katherine V. Kendall of New York leaked out. Young Denny has given up the
idea of coming to college, and will go to work in Pittsburg. He is only
nineteen years old, and his bride a year younger.</i></p><i>
</i><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><i>Fearing that they could not obtain their parents' consent to
their marriage on account of their youth, the young couple slipped out of Miss
Kendall’s home in New York last Saturday and were married by the Rev. Dr.
Wilson of the Church of St. Mary the Virgin. </i></p><i>
</i><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><i>A telegram to the bride’s parents, announcing the marriage,
brought a reply with the parental forgiveness. When Miss Kendall made her debut
last winter Mr. Denny was studying at St. Paul’s school preparatory to entering
Yale. </i></p><i>
</i><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><i>Mr. Denny is descended from one of the wealthiest and most
famous families of Pittsburg. His ancestors went to Pittsburg when the place
was a wilderness and acquired great tracts of real estate, much of which the
family still holds. </i></p>
<p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Everyone loves a scandal. News traveled far and wide, with extra-value drama like <i>Meadville
Evening Republican</i>'s attention-grabbing headline and get-away vehicle:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_2q8TJ-XdKqQrAiqM_EIO1T7k-su4JGFOX78eG2QWfrTq4qaYuCPeibZ4iU8dmQoCPXkFS_0mYDK5y-FVnxig-vGHpk-O29rhghM5iDzqytHkZ2PACJvB4r--oUKkvRbPcQXBehtpnQvnsJcT1_tE_OdnV6gzOB6jIeyrD3osdTxuZ7vSTrMykOeMMQ/s542/meadville.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="542" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_2q8TJ-XdKqQrAiqM_EIO1T7k-su4JGFOX78eG2QWfrTq4qaYuCPeibZ4iU8dmQoCPXkFS_0mYDK5y-FVnxig-vGHpk-O29rhghM5iDzqytHkZ2PACJvB4r--oUKkvRbPcQXBehtpnQvnsJcT1_tE_OdnV6gzOB6jIeyrD3osdTxuZ7vSTrMykOeMMQ/w400-h328/meadville.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"><i>Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct 1. – All
efforts of the parents on both sides to check the courtship of Archibald M.
Denny, of Pittsburg, and Miss Katherine V. Kendall, of New York, proved
unavailing as it is given out here at the home of the wealthy young groom that
the couple eloped in an automobile to the residence of a minister last Saturday
afternoon in New York and were married instead of going to school as had been
ordered. Young Denny is heir to a vast fortune and a Yale student with a career
at West Point ahead. The young lady was the daughter of William Beals Kendall,
of No. 12 Gramaroy [sic] Place, New York, and it was in the absence of her parents
Saturday afternoon that Denny in his big touring car came and took her away.</i></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Even the <i>Washington Post</i> got in on the action, albeit with a more sympathetic report: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>The marriages in society that
have resulted most unhapily [sic] were those performed with the greatest pomp.
Without wedding cake, stiff satin, and the reception ordeal, Miss Katherine
Varnum Kendall and Mr. Archibald Marshall Denny were married on Saturday
afternoon with two sympathetic witnesses, Miss Annie Best and Mr. Elizur Yale
Smith, whose wedding will take place on November 6. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Miss Kendall is a daughter of
Mr. and Mrs. W. Beals Kendall, of Gramercy Park. Her great-great-uncle was Ger.
James Varnum, of revolutionary fame. On the paternal side she is a
granddaughter of the late Isaac Kendall and a great granddaughter of the late
William Beals, owner and editor of the Boston Post for about forty years. Her
mother, Mrs. Kendall, was Miss Kate Varnum Whitney, of Boston. Mr. Denny is the
younger son of Mr. and Mrs. Harmar D. Denny, and a member of one of the oldest
and wealthiest families in Pittsburg. The Denny home is on Ridge avenue, the
fashionable residence district of Allegheny. They have a country residence at
York Harbor, Me., where Mr. and Mrs. Kendall also spend their summers. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There was certainly no way Pittsburgh papers could ignore
all this. On 29 September 1907, headlines blaring, the <i>Press</i> reprinted the <i>Tribune’s</i> breaking
story. By contrast, the <i>Post</i> printed
a sedate version on 1 October, the day the Denny parents were
expected back in Pittsburgh:</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj2B4k4E-O7ALmeGxd5UTjJc4CMMp0N91giJAOeG6usZHa2TLglJeQlNqOKH-LoSfshmvoYXmc_xy6pcmaKNq-kUjKJGJ1EDa_MKTEGW_oi2F23kyXuDVGFh8WRAkvSlHj4gsZvnBQayfqkgqrKfDNZ0R6Ykn4XqwPdCJgaqBNV-Rf1_YSVDAygoV4aA/s855/Press%2029%20September%201907.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="855" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj2B4k4E-O7ALmeGxd5UTjJc4CMMp0N91giJAOeG6usZHa2TLglJeQlNqOKH-LoSfshmvoYXmc_xy6pcmaKNq-kUjKJGJ1EDa_MKTEGW_oi2F23kyXuDVGFh8WRAkvSlHj4gsZvnBQayfqkgqrKfDNZ0R6Ykn4XqwPdCJgaqBNV-Rf1_YSVDAygoV4aA/w400-h276/Press%2029%20September%201907.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 29 September 1907</b></span> <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><u>Putting Out Fires of Inflamed Passion</u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal">So how do you get ahead of such drama? </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Well, first you hide. If indeed the newlyweds took an impromptu
wedding trip, they did so discreetly. It was probably a relief to their families to have them out of sight for a while. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Meanwhile, New York papers officially published the marriage notice.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7kFxudpGeiz2e7sBZrAP5isPvIggcYkHwh3GssJddWOJSW8UL3FvUFuBC4BK_OCxFmcz93bjU6Ykpgjipv8P-COlHZLCxNAcnO9sVSQ_Wg3ksQjTyol0F23-PSrPzlqpIBSPdM7uGZ7X-4XrZYh_IhJBQbwh4Hy6MfFET3kTbeNTPqOMlcVxEFuT92Q/s396/announcement%20NYT%201%20Oct%201907.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="116" data-original-width="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7kFxudpGeiz2e7sBZrAP5isPvIggcYkHwh3GssJddWOJSW8UL3FvUFuBC4BK_OCxFmcz93bjU6Ykpgjipv8P-COlHZLCxNAcnO9sVSQ_Wg3ksQjTyol0F23-PSrPzlqpIBSPdM7uGZ7X-4XrZYh_IhJBQbwh4Hy6MfFET3kTbeNTPqOMlcVxEFuT92Q/s16000/announcement%20NYT%201%20Oct%201907.jpg" /></a></div><br />Someone from one of the
families, presumably in New York, poured their version of the truth into a
sympathetic ear at the <i>New York Times</i> in an attempt to take control of the
story. The following was accordingly published in a <i>Times</i> column
on 13 October 1907:<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Mrs. Archibald Marshall Denny….was
Miss Katherine Beals Kendall, and her romantic elopement with Mr. Denny was
told in THE TIMES of the morning after it occurred. A lot of nonsense was
written about this elopement. As a matter of fact, the couple, who were very
young, had been engaged three years, and, while their engagement was mentioned
in these columns about a year ago, no formal announcement was to have been made
by the Kendalls until much later. Mr. Denny had left St. Paul’s School to go
into business, and, being tired of waiting for parental consent to an early
wedding, the two seized the opportunity afforded them by the absence of Mr. and
Mrs. W. Beals Kendall from the city to get Miss Annie Livingston Best and her fiancé,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elizur Yale-Smith, who are to be wed
Nov. 6, to accompany them to the church, where they were married. This was at 5
o’clock in the afternoon, and a dinner followed, telegrams announcing their
wedding having been sent to Pittsfield, Mass., where the Kendalls were, and to
Allegheny, Penn., where Mr. Denny’s parents reside, and forgiveness having been
wired back, all went well. There was no running away from school, as Mrs. Denny
had made her debut eighteen months before. The Dennys are among the best-known
and richest people of Western Pennsylvania, and had no more objection to the
match than the W. Beals Kendalls had, both, however, thinking the two too
young. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Mrs. Denny, through her father,
is a granddaughter of the late Isaac Kendall, a prominent shipping merchant of
Boston, and a great granddaughter of the last William Beals, for many years
publisher of The Boston Post. Her mother, before her marriage, was Miss Kate
Whitney of Boston. She is about nineteen and Mr. Denny is about twenty-one. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">Taking control of the narrative was critical as another débutante season loomed. Its myriad Society gatherings could mean a potentially unchecked wildfire of gossip raging about both families. Newspapers around the country were still publishing wire service reports well into December 1907 about how the "son of Horner Denny" engaged in a "furious automobile drive" for his "runaway wedding", detailing how "young Denny dashed up in an automobile to the school his sweetheart attended in New York. In a jiffy she was out and speeding away with him. Before the spin was finished they were man and wife." </p><p class="MsoNormal">The families did not dignify any of that with responses, choosing to ignore rather than protest. The newlyweds quietly moved into the Denny family home on Ridge Avenue, far from sister Marjorie Kendall's upcoming Christmas season in Manhattan. It was bad enough that Marjorie's debut had been postponed due to Aunt Helen's untimely death. Having the unconventional Denny bride crossing paths in New York with her sister the budding deb simply wouldn't do!</p><p class="MsoNormal">With the newlyweds on a wedding trip (or at the very least hiding out from Society), controlling the narrative meant holding heads high. It must have been decided that to douse the flames of gossip, Katherine needed to be boldly and conspicuously present. So the Dennys closed ranks and likely called in favors. By December, a concerted effort was underway to introduce and welcome young Katherine as the newest member of this storied Pittsburgh family. There were daily press mentions throughout the 1907 Pittsburgh débutante season showcasing luncheons, card parties, receptions, and galas, all organized for the new Denny bride. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Pity the poor Pittsburgh débutante of 1907, forced to compete with Katherine Kendall Denny, whose presence would have sucked up all the oxygen in the room! Anyone who was anyone in Pittsburgh society turned out to meet and greet Katherine, driven as much by solidarity with the Denny clan as their own curiosity. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxVjOTNZQryiewBmOpx3cnxcm3zAx70m46gaovsF7v2aBEgdr_lLmizT1SbdFEefCJjrSIihx9zv5PjKaBzL1NLy0QBJzrmkkL-tjXiL-EY7ddQIGEMImIhlTyHz6KJYTlWeV8m1nx7p57pbFj8CPsv2XGtwn9fLq769lpXiNxHoCIlhvKLoxA8r5YoA/s951/receptions%20Pgh%20GT%2022%20December%201907.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="951" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxVjOTNZQryiewBmOpx3cnxcm3zAx70m46gaovsF7v2aBEgdr_lLmizT1SbdFEefCJjrSIihx9zv5PjKaBzL1NLy0QBJzrmkkL-tjXiL-EY7ddQIGEMImIhlTyHz6KJYTlWeV8m1nx7p57pbFj8CPsv2XGtwn9fLq769lpXiNxHoCIlhvKLoxA8r5YoA/w400-h190/receptions%20Pgh%20GT%2022%20December%201907.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>The grandest event among dozens was a high profile reception given by Katherine's new mother-in-law, <span>doyenne of Pittsburgh </span>society Elizabeth Marshall Denny. This was a "charmingly appointed" and "very beautiful affair...with the environment of one of the most attractive homes on the North Side" where "all society stirred itself to make her welcome and to do honor to the new member of one of Pittsburg's oldest families."</p><p>Finally, after a whirlwind introduction to Pittsburgh, in February 1908 Katherine went back to New York to visit her family. She came back a few weeks later but since the Pittsburgh social scene was always quiet in spring, she remained out of the news. The couple then joined Katherine's family to get away in early summer, not in Maine per usual but at a resort town on the New Jersey shore. <br /></p><p>And then in August came the announcement that everyone must have been waiting for.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxr0yogkTo4epXTEc8k0FOrpZUHGFMx0Ln-ZeMOUeyBk9uu-Cia_zyQFigPbhmz5T84UznOaJYeyn3XNvJAGzC5Launfc220XOPhbwgNRpausI5CMXkFG976aluHx-cwJUOexEBIPWyRtbGYiE_pQLryNWqPhbZ_NzQz-zyej5NBp-ibN9o21cbUTSoA/s541/baby.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="373" data-original-width="541" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxr0yogkTo4epXTEc8k0FOrpZUHGFMx0Ln-ZeMOUeyBk9uu-Cia_zyQFigPbhmz5T84UznOaJYeyn3XNvJAGzC5Launfc220XOPhbwgNRpausI5CMXkFG976aluHx-cwJUOexEBIPWyRtbGYiE_pQLryNWqPhbZ_NzQz-zyej5NBp-ibN9o21cbUTSoA/w320-h221/baby.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>Did you do the math? You can bet everyone else did. </p><p>According to the birth announcement, baby Archibald Marshall Denny, Jr. was born fully eleven months after his parents eloped. </p><p>So...they didn't HAVE to get married? <br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">For all the tongues that wagged in multiple cities, for all the scrutiny that must have been directed at Katherine's waistline when she walked into those endless social events in Pittsburgh, for all the whispered suspicions about, well, just how old was that baby REALLY (because honestly, who knew for sure?)....nothing happened. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">So there's no real kicker to this story. We can wonder if Marshall and Katherine had regrets about their early start, about their impetuous courtship
and marriage, but the public record is silent about that. It does reveal
that their 43 years together seem evenly divided between, first, Pittsburgh, and
then, Massachusetts. While Marshall may have intended to enter business
when he disdained college, it's not clear that he ever really settled on
what that was supposed to mean. Katherine, at least, maneuvered and bloomed in Society circles wherever
she was planted. Two more children would
follow: Katherine in 1910 and son Kendall in 1912. The couple watched their children grow, tragically lost their youngest son at 25, and knew their grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Descendants of all three children are alive today. </p><p class="MsoNormal">That unconventional marriage decision, whether for love or necessity or a little of both, paused Society for the briefest of moments. It was a scandal, and then...it wasn't. Society continued to spin smoothly on its axis, at least for a while longer. The
challenges of the modern era fragmented those old world values
and ways of reacting.</p><p class="MsoNormal">But one thing hasn't changed. We still like to talk about each other. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC2mFPoiw6K_cfEukPlm4B4NTokwA8RewPuOLMruwaP6NRCBhYE1hhxxplwwRyzZUIrt38RsXAbay_640pbEmUyq4tACSc6W8bEnA2LtWKvPIPfhNG5NB1nyAzZ2xc3CNgIrj8jbRHS0cjMwLHeKxurQe33ImWsf8TFYFpShDewtR_iCjwFg0WbfcJ2w/s855/Delphin_Enjolras_-_High_Tea_and_Gossip.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="687" data-original-width="855" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC2mFPoiw6K_cfEukPlm4B4NTokwA8RewPuOLMruwaP6NRCBhYE1hhxxplwwRyzZUIrt38RsXAbay_640pbEmUyq4tACSc6W8bEnA2LtWKvPIPfhNG5NB1nyAzZ2xc3CNgIrj8jbRHS0cjMwLHeKxurQe33ImWsf8TFYFpShDewtR_iCjwFg0WbfcJ2w/w400-h321/Delphin_Enjolras_-_High_Tea_and_Gossip.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="language en" title="English"><b> </b></span> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>High Tea and Gossip</i>, Delphin Enjolras, before 1945, private collection</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-85824055804996213782021-08-28T23:24:00.030-04:002023-04-18T13:04:03.011-04:00Gusky: The Story of Pittsburgh's First Elephant<div style="text-align: right;"></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUeVxvREd6OtAB1YeNcWt8Iq14EzmN3c3mNz1QHCS2AhxD7jt0uQxN0lDPG28t0oSRd5gDUjbAiUlyyLCWYfC21WHcxipZCqokwfvQ_XOAvtdC6Di-dP037BekFoKVqgl_OeFonIhgjCQw/s2048/Elephant+Met+Museum+The+Jefferson+R.+Burdick+Collection%252C+Gift+of+Jefferson+R.+Burdick.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1104" data-original-width="2048" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUeVxvREd6OtAB1YeNcWt8Iq14EzmN3c3mNz1QHCS2AhxD7jt0uQxN0lDPG28t0oSRd5gDUjbAiUlyyLCWYfC21WHcxipZCqokwfvQ_XOAvtdC6Di-dP037BekFoKVqgl_OeFonIhgjCQw/w400-h216/Elephant+Met+Museum+The+Jefferson+R.+Burdick+Collection%252C+Gift+of+Jefferson+R.+Burdick.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Elephant trade card issued for Allen & Ginter brand cigarettes, 1890.<br />The Jefferson R. Burdick Collection, Gift of Jefferson R. Burdick, Metropolitan Museum of New York.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></b><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Edward Manning Bigelow wanted an elephant for Pittsburgh like a little girl wants a pony. He dreamed about it, imagined himself riding it, drew pictures of it in his notebooks, and created lists of names for it.
<p class="MsoNormal">Okay, I’m exaggerating. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But Edward Bigelow really did want an elephant. And what
Edward Bigelow wanted, Edward Bigelow usually found a way to get.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b><span><span><u>_______________________________________________________________ </u></span></span></b></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Someone told me it's all happening at the zoo...</b></span></i></p></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9PhBmXAQmXo/YSqxWiiYyFI/AAAAAAAAJpU/H4Cspiko5rswuITIoCiYIxxB-Z120j-egCLcBGAsYHQ/s613/Bigleow%2BPalmer%2527s%2BPictorial.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="613" data-original-width="438" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9PhBmXAQmXo/YSqxWiiYyFI/AAAAAAAAJpU/H4Cspiko5rswuITIoCiYIxxB-Z120j-egCLcBGAsYHQ/w143-h200/Bigleow%2BPalmer%2527s%2BPictorial.jpg" width="143" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Edward Bigelow<br /><u>Palmer's Pictorial Pittsburgh</u>, 1905</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><b></b><div style="text-align: left;">Bigelow began serving Pittsburgh in 1880 as its Chief Engineer. In 1888 he was appointed by his cousin, politician Christopher Lyman Magee, as Director of Pittsburgh’s new Department of Public Works. Bigelow wielded power in that position for the next 25+ years. His lasting legacy was the establishment of the city’s public park system, which earned him the unofficial title of “Father of Pittsburgh Parks.”</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;">A believer in the era’s City Beautiful philosophy that sought to not only aesthetically but morally improve the lives of 19<sup>th</sup> century urban dwellers, Bigelow wrote in his 1889 Annual Report that public parks could persuade "….men of all grades of life to forsake the saloons in favor of more healthful and innocent relaxation."
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">These parks got poppin’ in 1889 when Bigelow outmaneuvered a real estate developer by convincing Pittsburgh heiress and expatriate Mary Schenley to use her family’s land to create a city park. She agreed to donate 300 acres of land from her family’s estate for that purpose, with an option for the city to buy 120 more. She also included a stipulation that the property could never be resold, and that the resulting park was to be named for her. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It had taken nearly two decades of roundabout discussions to
get to this point and the <i>Pittsburg Press</i> rejoiced on behalf of Pittsburghers: “It is the place of all places in this city for a park, and if Chief Bigelow gets half a show, he will make a breathing spot of which Pittsburg may be proud.”<i> </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Indeed, Bigelow set to work immediately to shape that
“breathing spot.” He hired crews to blast, grade, plant, and create bridle and
walking paths through the “rugged, airy place.” </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZGoRN68Stp8/YSqoJdMTqUI/AAAAAAAAJok/MyAJrD7jQQovg0bVSUwSxMPiWMiFOlonACLcBGAsYHQ/s1044/Schenley%2BPark%2Bcreating%2Bbridle%2BPath%2BPCP%2BMarch%2B21%252C%2B1908%2B.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="782" data-original-width="1044" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZGoRN68Stp8/YSqoJdMTqUI/AAAAAAAAJok/MyAJrD7jQQovg0bVSUwSxMPiWMiFOlonACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h300/Schenley%2BPark%2Bcreating%2Bbridle%2BPath%2BPCP%2BMarch%2B21%252C%2B1908%2B.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Workers creating a bridle path in Schenley Park, March 1908 <br />Pittsburgh City Photographers Collection, University of Pittsburgh.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></b></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Such work would continue well into the new century, criss-crossing Schenley Park with roads, rustic bridges, and trails. The park would
eventually boast a horseracing track, lakes, ponds, picnic areas, a music
pavilion, sporting fields, and a golf course. And within a few years,
industrialists Henry Phipps and Andrew Carnegie added value to the area by
building their eponymously named plant conservatory and library/museum complex
on the park fringes. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But in the beginning, Bigelow needed to find a way to
encourage the public to visit this barely tamed wilderness. So…why not build a
zoo? </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TP74LPeOpr4/YSqozINW8WI/AAAAAAAAJos/e7RKRpwEKcY_SlNWaRDR80lFQZIR3yAZQCLcBGAsYHQ/s555/Bigelow%2Bcartoon%2BPress%2B27%2BApril%2B1890.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="555" data-original-width="546" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TP74LPeOpr4/YSqozINW8WI/AAAAAAAAJos/e7RKRpwEKcY_SlNWaRDR80lFQZIR3yAZQCLcBGAsYHQ/w394-h400/Bigelow%2Bcartoon%2BPress%2B27%2BApril%2B1890.jpg" width="394" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Cartoon showing Bigelow imagining his Schenley Park zoo.<br /><i>Pittsburg Press</i>, 27 April 1890<br /></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Pittsburghers responded by enthusiastically donating
critters. By August 1890, nine months after securing the land for Schenley
Park, Bigelow found himself in possession of quite a menagerie. The inventory
included two bear cubs, various red foxes and raccoons, a covey of prairie
chickens, two “diminutive” donkeys, some bald eagles, and a “family of
chameleons.” He also had a flock of South Down sheep on order, for that all-important pastoral aesthetic (and lawn maintenance). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Still, when it came to funding the new zoological park,
Bigelow’s ambitions outstretched his resources. He didn’t exactly have a line-item
appropriation to house and feed these animals (although that prairie
chicken flock may have taken care of the foxes’ needs). </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Bigelow also did not have an elephant for his zoo. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And he really wanted an elephant. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This obsession with getting an elephant wasn’t unusual for
the time. Variety indicated a superior menagerie, and captive elephants were the pinnacle animal to have in a 19<sup>th</sup> century zoological collection. Pittsburgh’s local papers teased that the owner of a traveling circus was willing to sell his older male pachyderm for $3000 (about $60,000 today). Who knows if that was the going rate for an elephant, but it was apparently too spendy for Bigelow or his potential donors. <i>Pittsburgh Daily Post</i> claimed in July 1890 that a “certain gentleman” was willing to shell out less than half that amount, some $1200, for an elephant for Pittsburgh.
</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">That gentleman was most certainly a Pittsburgher named Levi DeWolf. He had placed what amounted to an
elephant want ad in the <i>New York Clipper</i>, whose masthead proclaimed it
the “oldest American theatrical and sporting journal.” DeWolf’s ad was placed in late June 1890 and ran for two weeks.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Aoo8rePk18E/YSqr-sEPfXI/AAAAAAAAJo0/7Rg18vI9CwYDB10dEDUutKqPg7LbdUx_gCLcBGAsYHQ/s459/New%2BYork%2BClipper%2Bad%2B5%2BJuly%2B1890.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="213" data-original-width="459" height="148" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Aoo8rePk18E/YSqr-sEPfXI/AAAAAAAAJo0/7Rg18vI9CwYDB10dEDUutKqPg7LbdUx_gCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/New%2BYork%2BClipper%2Bad%2B5%2BJuly%2B1890.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Elephant want ad for Pittsburgh's new zoo.<br /> <i>New York Clipper</i>, 5 July 1890</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Although he was not identified as such in the newspapers, DeWolf was the brother of Esther Gusky, the widow of <a href="https://dollar.bank/about/our-history/fascinating-early-dollar-bank-customers/notable-dollar-bank-customers-from-the-past/jacob-m-gusky">Jacob Gusky</a> of local department store fame. Gusky’s Department Store was one of the first modern retail mega-successes of its kind in Pittsburgh, and it had made founder Jacob a wealthy man. Jacob was also a very generous man, and the city benefited from his hands-on philanthropy to the poor and working classes. He was particularly beloved for sponsoring toy-laden Santa visits to all the local orphanages on Christmas Day. When Jacob died at the age of 41 in 1886, his wife Esther vowed to continue his acts of public and private generosity. So her brother Levi DeWolf was acting as her agent in seeking an elephant for Pittsburgh’s zoo. <br /></p><p></p></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-54UmUOpPxPU/YSq7oa-VkRI/AAAAAAAAJps/iWGYKWbt_YEuu5iwOn9lD6nM_ckydnp3ACLcBGAsYHQ/s951/The%2BGuskys.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="951" data-original-width="939" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-54UmUOpPxPU/YSq7oa-VkRI/AAAAAAAAJps/iWGYKWbt_YEuu5iwOn9lD6nM_ckydnp3ACLcBGAsYHQ/w395-h400/The%2BGuskys.jpg" width="395" /></a></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">But newspapers cautioned Pittsburgh not to get its hopes up
about the possibilities:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>It is a very easy thing to
promise an elephant to the park, but it is no means easy to buy one. Good
elephants are not plentiful in this country, and people who own those that are
here want enormous prices for them. One or two answers to the Clipper’s
advertisement have already come in, but as yet nothing has been found that is
satisfactory. Something will be found eventually, however, and ere the summer
is over an elephant, tall and stately, will hobnob with the bears and burros
and foxes of the Schenley park zoo. ~Pittsburg Press</i>, 7 July 1890</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Lo and behold, the ad worked! It was announced in August
1890 that DeWolf had procured a “baby” elephant for the Pittsburgh zoological
garden from a New York animal dealer named Donald Barnes. DeWolf explained to
the <i>Commercial Gazette</i>: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>I had wanted a baby, believing
the changes of climate would not affect a young one as much as an old one, and
that he would gradually become acclimated. Another reason was that a young one
would be tame and could be trained to ride the children around the garden, as
is done in the Philadelphia “Zoo,” and by changing five cents for a ride there
might be a source of income to help if not entirely bear the expense of keeping
up the garden. The idea in purchasing so expensive an animal as an elephant was
that by starting the ball rolling other business houses might be stimulated to
contribute an animal or two, and thus the city could have a collection of
animals without it costing the taxpayers a cent. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">No one knew how much of his sister’s money DeWolf spent for
this elephant. One paper said $3500, while another said $2200. But, really, what
price could be put on the joy an elephant would bring to Pittsburgh?</p><p class="MsoNormal">And
anyway, good elephants were hard to find.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This one was initially described as a five-year-old male
from India. An Asian elephant of that age is basically an early elementary school
child, only just transitioning from dependency on its mother. The <i>Press</i> assured readers that this elephant was “…thoroughly tame. He had been used for a year or two as a beast of burden and is said to be as gentle and kind as a kitten.” The <i>Pittsburg Dispatch</i> concurred, noting that the elephant was “….5½ feet high and is well trained. He is said to be very gentle, and his last owner on the “coral strands” recommends him as docile and very fond of children.”</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jFTwXGL4mQA/YSq71D_xrpI/AAAAAAAAJpw/6dyPJAKmMCohnL1H6iFoAxq25VPxI0MLgCLcBGAsYHQ/s448/Schenley%2BZoo%2BBulletin%2Bv22%2Bno%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="448" height="209" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-jFTwXGL4mQA/YSq71D_xrpI/AAAAAAAAJpw/6dyPJAKmMCohnL1H6iFoAxq25VPxI0MLgCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h209/Schenley%2BZoo%2BBulletin%2Bv22%2Bno%2B2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Illustration of rugged Schenley Park in 1890, including free range sheep. <br /><i>Pittsburg Bulletin</i>, 8 November 1890</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p><p class="MsoNormal">Pittsburgh would have to wait several months for its “tame” elephant to arrive from India. Meanwhile, despite Bigelow’s ambitions, Schenley Park remained a rugged tract. Lasting improvements to make the park accessible were expensive and time-consuming, but local papers still encouraged people to visit.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It was a hard sell. But hey, at least there was a zoo!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sort of. The <i>Press</i> damned with faint praise: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i> </i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>You can visit the zoo, Chief
Bigelow’s happy family. To be sure, the elephant hasn’t arrived yet, and the
tigers and lions are still roaming about the wilds of Africa, but the two cub
bears are there. So are the two diminutive donkeys and the big eagle that
stands majestically on a fence rail and screeches for liberty and the land of
the free every time anybody approaches. These are there already, and the
presence is a guarantee of good faith that the rest will show up in good time. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">You could visit the zoo, sure, but what you'd see was a ramshackle assortment
of wooden shacks populated by random animals. Society newspaper <i>The
Bulletin </i>laid it out:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>In fact</i> <i>the zeal of
Pittsburghers to contribute some strange bird or quadruped to the Schenley Park
“zoo” has been embarrassing to Mr. Bigelow and his assistants. There are as yet
no adequate or suitable buildings for the housing, even in the summer, of the
animals provided, and until this is the case, the Schenley Park collection must
retain its rudimentary and somewhat melancholy form. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">According to a <a href="https://documenting.pitt.edu/islandora/object/pitt%3A00awn7880m">1943 history of Pittsburgh’s public parks</a>, the zoo was at the top of Panther Hollow across from the merry-go-round, which would put it somewhere in the vicinity of today’s Bartlett Playground. It was so unimpressive in 1890 that some scoffed at its pretensions, as per this mocking piece in the <i>Pittsburg Press</i>:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>So the ruler of the department
of public works….waxed great and his heart was lifted up within him. And he
said within himself, I will build a zoo, and it shall be called Chief Bigelow’s
zoo, and shall contain beasts and birds and reptiles, both wild and tame… So
the word went forth and the friends of the people gave gifts. And the same were
valuable, and some were duplicates, and some were suffered to escape. And those
that remained were taken and placed in the middle of a wide desert waste called
Schenley park, and people took horses and carriages and risked their necks
crossing the railroad to go and see them. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">By mid-October 1890, with the promised elephant nowhere yet in
sight, the other zoo animals were moved from their shacks in Schenley Park across
town to “winter quarters” in the former Fifth Avenue Market House. This was a
long, one-story, wooden multi-purpose building on the corner of Fifth and
Miltenberger streets (destined to be demolished a few years later so Fifth
Avenue High School could be built).</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xA_601LRbdM/YSrASaGxP6I/AAAAAAAAJqA/nOyzr2mQ2a89AgAfBSYaeZwxUDqd09F_ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1023/winter%2Bquarters.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="241" data-original-width="1023" height="94" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xA_601LRbdM/YSrASaGxP6I/AAAAAAAAJqA/nOyzr2mQ2a89AgAfBSYaeZwxUDqd09F_ACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h94/winter%2Bquarters.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Post</i>, 15 October 1890</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><blockquote><i>The apartment to be occupied in the old market house has been suitably arranged for the animals, cages having been built in tiers along the east wall. Conveniences for cleansing the cages and apparatus for heating the room have been put in, and the animals will have excellent winter quarters. There is at present no suitable place in the park for taking care of the zoological collection….The elephant donated by Mrs. Gusky is expected to arrive within a few days. Mr. Bigelow was notified that it is on the way, and he is expecting its arrival daily. When the elephant comes he will at once be housed in the market house for the winter. Chief Bigelow will probably make arrangements to have the new menagerie open to the public between certain hours on certain days of the week. </i><br /><i></i></blockquote></div></div><p class="MsoNormal">One month later on 16 November 1890, Levi DeWolf traveled to New York City to fetch his sister’s elephant, fresh off the steamer ship Delcorno. </p><p class="MsoNormal">DeWolf soon realized that bringing the beast back to Pittsburgh was going to be more complicated than anticipated. A custom-fitted howdah, or canopied carriage, was needed so Pittsburghers could ride on the back of their new elephant. There were no expert howdah makers in Pittsburgh, so DeWolf had to arrange for his new elephant to be fitted in Manhattan before bringing it home. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Mfn9LgRaFXg/YSrJ1Bx5D8I/AAAAAAAAJqY/UDzriDItdzETvi9Vyr2x1zWzZVT4GFKlQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1180/Levi%2BDeWolf%2B%2BNotable%2Bmen%2Bof%2BPittsburgh%2Band%2Bvicinity%2B1901.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1180" data-original-width="916" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Mfn9LgRaFXg/YSrJ1Bx5D8I/AAAAAAAAJqY/UDzriDItdzETvi9Vyr2x1zWzZVT4GFKlQCLcBGAsYHQ/w156-h200/Levi%2BDeWolf%2B%2BNotable%2Bmen%2Bof%2BPittsburgh%2Band%2Bvicinity%2B1901.jpg" width="156" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Levi DeWolf, 1858-1915<br /><u>Notable Men of Pittsburgh and vicinity</u>, 1901</span></b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Let us pause for a moment to consider the beleaguered Levi
DeWolf: a nice, Jewish guy from New York, baby of his family, never married, active in the local Elks, transplanted to Pittsburgh with his other siblings who’d all followed Esther here when she married Jacob Gusky. Levi had spent his
adult life as assistant manager for his late brother-in-law’s department store…and
in doing his widowed sister’s bidding. He arranged excursions and donations for
the many orphanages that Esther Gusky supported. He distributed freshly
killed turkeys every November to the city’s poor for their Thanksgiving dinners.
But it was surely next-level filial devotion to travel to Manhattan to
close a deal on an elephant, fit it for accoutrements, and see it safely off to
Pittsburgh on a train.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Levi may have wearied of all things elephant by this point,
but the newspapers were having fun. The <i>Commercial Gazette</i> let
Pittsburgh know what awaited the new elephant at the zoo: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>….the whole establishment was stirring with the progressing preparations for the reception of the Gusky elephant, which will arrive from New York this evening. A room was being fitted up and the pachyderm will have an exclusive apartment entirely separated from the
fierce sheep and donkeys. He will not be inducted into his new home, however, until the latter part of the week. In addition to the other furnishings of his apartment he will be provided with a stove, and efforts will be made to keep him comfortable with the semblance of an Indian temperature. The many attentions the elephant will receive from all indications will tend to make him conceited unless he possesses strong Democratic ideas. The latest importation from farther India is five feet six inches in height and weighs 5,600 pounds. He is eight years of age, and is still only an infant as elephants go. When he has had time to expand and rise he is expected to become great in proportions as well as in fame.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Yes. You read that right: in these newspaper accounts, the
elephant had aged from 5 to 8 years in a matter of months. Who knows if any of
the reporters had their facts straight? Then again, perhaps a different
elephant had been sent. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Or maybe no one really knew anything about what they were
doing.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9ykJzq9ElOg/YSrJ_XecqKI/AAAAAAAAJqc/qL3emcw6YBsMEgkmxGSZwPBXTINilbViACLcBGAsYHQ/s377/cartoon%2B26%2BOctober%2B1890.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="283" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9ykJzq9ElOg/YSrJ_XecqKI/AAAAAAAAJqc/qL3emcw6YBsMEgkmxGSZwPBXTINilbViACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/cartoon%2B26%2BOctober%2B1890.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Cartoon in <i>Pittsburg Press</i>, 26 October 1890</span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">This maybe five-year-old, maybe eight-year-old elephant traveled on a
freight train from Manhattan to Pittsburgh on 19 November 1890. Somewhere along
the way the elephant officially acquired a name: Gusky. After being unloaded at
the Duquesne freight station located at the Point, Gusky immediately became the star attraction
in a parade, led by a brass band. This parade snaked through Downtown and detoured
past Gusky’s Department Store at Third and Market Streets (where the PPG glass castle complex is today), then marched straight up Fifth Avenue for about a mile to the old market house. The <i>Press</i> commented on the “diminutiveness” of the elephant, which was referred to as a “baby.” The paper assured concerned readers that “Comfortable quarters have been prepared there, and a long winter’s rest with plenty of food will probably overcome the bad effects of the ocean voyage.” </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Bigelow got his elephant. All of Pittsburgh rejoiced. And Gusky the elephant lived happily ever after. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Right? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Right??? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">You can stop reading here if
that’s what you’d like to believe.</span></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R4NyJOdMIa8/YSrOia3dsOI/AAAAAAAAJqo/ld0au2TmJNcv8Fp4jS8m0UK_wW4ClSewQCLcBGAsYHQ/s727/Gusky%2Barrival%2BPittsburgh%2BPost%2B20%2BNov%2B1890.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="727" data-original-width="517" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R4NyJOdMIa8/YSrOia3dsOI/AAAAAAAAJqo/ld0au2TmJNcv8Fp4jS8m0UK_wW4ClSewQCLcBGAsYHQ/w285-h400/Gusky%2Barrival%2BPittsburgh%2BPost%2B20%2BNov%2B1890.jpg" width="285" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Excerpts from article welcoming Gusky in <i>Pittsburgh Post</i>, 20 November 1890<br />(Note illustrator's artistic license giving Gusky tusks. Only some male adult Asian elephants have tusks).</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b><span><span><u>_______________________________________________________________ <br /></u></span></span></b></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b><span><span>It's a light and tumble journey f</span><span>rom the east side to the park...</span></span></b></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The first elephant to arrive in the United States was the
Crowninshield elephant in 1796, named for the ship captain who brought him from
India to Massachusetts. Less than a decade later in 1804, a female Asian
elephant arrived. She was purchased a year later by New York farmer Hachaliah
Bailey, who named her Old Bet. Bailey made Old Bet the star of a traveling
menagerie that toured the East Coast. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Such captive displays of these enormous
creatures were, well, enormously popular. Decades later, Hachaliah’s distant nephew James A. Bailey partnered with a fellow named P.T. Barnum to add performing
elephants to a traveling circus.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhiFEYq7SIO-c8HNfsp5Te_0upuZaQ65HxAAAxKeSc6uGgFF4s6L2CX9iyeag45A2_3Ryycf0yjrrGp_FSd1__YsrdHdifaaLh73p59b1Ylm5xp70-EGGPqywfEwa3ZQTt_gtMramfxu7B/s544/captive+elephant+Commercial+Gazette+29+Nov+1890.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="292" data-original-width="544" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhiFEYq7SIO-c8HNfsp5Te_0upuZaQ65HxAAAxKeSc6uGgFF4s6L2CX9iyeag45A2_3Ryycf0yjrrGp_FSd1__YsrdHdifaaLh73p59b1Ylm5xp70-EGGPqywfEwa3ZQTt_gtMramfxu7B/w400-h215/captive+elephant+Commercial+Gazette+29+Nov+1890.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Captive elephant illustration, <i>Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette</i>, 29 November 1890</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Getting an elephant across the mountains of Pennsylvania would have been a daunting task. The first elephant thought to have visited Greensburg and Pittsburgh was a male named Columbus, also owned by Hachaliah Bailey, in 1819. </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GzJ1YFOAFUU/YSrRpeqyZGI/AAAAAAAAJrI/dzFxRt4fwjs2we9FVq-atz3XxgRhr49TQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1278/Columbus%2BWkly%2BGazette%2BJune%2B1819.jpg" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1278" data-original-width="546" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GzJ1YFOAFUU/YSrRpeqyZGI/AAAAAAAAJrI/dzFxRt4fwjs2we9FVq-atz3XxgRhr49TQCLcBGAsYHQ/w274-h640/Columbus%2BWkly%2BGazette%2BJune%2B1819.jpg" width="274" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">An 1819 advertisement for the first elephant to visit western Pennsylvania. <br /><i>Pittsburgh Gazette</i></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal">Today we understand that elephants are self-aware,
emotionally complex creatures who form intense familial and community bonds.
Female elephants in the wild live their entire lives within close-knit family
groups, and males can stay with their herds into their second decade of life
before embarking on solo bachelorhood. Elephant herds can contain more than 50
animals, and the creatures are nomadic by nature. </p><p class="MsoNormal">And today we recognize that placing elephants in captivity results in significant
mental and emotional harm for the animals. Restricted space and limited
opportunities for exercise, constant stimuli of visitors and noises, and wooden, metal and concrete man-made housing can cause
debilitating stress. The resulting trauma is manifested
in what is called stereotypic behavior that includes rocking, swaying, pacing, weaving,
and head-bobbing. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mahouts are the traditional handlers who work with captive Asian elephants. Most forge deep emotional bonds with the animals under their care. Their
informed relationships with elephants help mitigate damage from living in
captivity, and their expertise is often based on generations of traditional
familial knowledge passed down from fathers to sons (and occasional females).
For centuries, mahouts accompanied elephants given as gifts to
European rulers.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wTqe9k_fjfw/YSrTEKvptCI/AAAAAAAAJrQ/nb6uzZeNJdEtf_m7sHK7GVELPZc3G05pACLcBGAsYHQ/s800/Royal%2Belephant%2Bwith%2Bmahout%2Bc.%2B1660%2BAshmolean%2BMuseum%2BUniversity%2Bof%2BOxford.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="678" data-original-width="800" height="339" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wTqe9k_fjfw/YSrTEKvptCI/AAAAAAAAJrQ/nb6uzZeNJdEtf_m7sHK7GVELPZc3G05pACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h339/Royal%2Belephant%2Bwith%2Bmahout%2Bc.%2B1660%2BAshmolean%2BMuseum%2BUniversity%2Bof%2BOxford.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Royal elephant with mahout c. 1660. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There was no mahout accompanying Gusky the elephant to
Pittsburgh in 1890. If there had been, the mahout could have immediately set
Pittsburgh straight about one important detail: contrary to all published reports,
Gusky was a girl. You wouldn’t think it would be that difficult to figure this
out once Pittsburghers laid eyes on the elephant. But for decades afterwards, even though
the city realized it had a “lady elephant”, local newspapers would still refer to Gusky as a male. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Workers at Pittsburgh’s Schenley Zoo in
1890 had never handled an elephant before, but no one seemed worried about the
lack of experience. The philosophy was that elephants were basically really big
cows who had appendages of unusual size and if you could handle livestock, you
could handle an elephant. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Boy or girl, baby or juvenile, the city was nonetheless wildly excited about its elephant’s arrival. Pittsburgh City Council adopted an
official resolution on 8 December 1890 to thank Mrs. Gusky for gifting an
elephant for the Schenley Park zoo. </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5OsVC30jLNw/YSrTaM9ytzI/AAAAAAAAJrY/9ZIsM9iEWdgrlmfDUMbFhTroxiDj1ES4gCLcBGAsYHQ/s501/Pittsburgh%2BMunicipal%2BRecord%252C%2B1890%252C%2Bno%2B724%2BGusky%2Bcommendation.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="501" height="309" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5OsVC30jLNw/YSrTaM9ytzI/AAAAAAAAJrY/9ZIsM9iEWdgrlmfDUMbFhTroxiDj1ES4gCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h309/Pittsburgh%2BMunicipal%2BRecord%252C%2B1890%252C%2Bno%2B724%2BGusky%2Bcommendation.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Pittsburgh City Council resolution from Pittsburgh Municipal Record, 1890, no. 724</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Gusky managed to survive the stress of marching through the city behind a brass band and was made to feel at home (according to 19th centuiry Pittsburgh standards) at the old Fifth Avenue Market House. She remained there for
nearly six months, during which time visitors came from far and wide to gawk
and marvel. On 2 May 1891 it was announced that she would be moved soon
to the newly refurbished Schenley Park zoo. Workmen had made considerable progress
at building roads and otherwise civilizing the park -- or at least enough progress
that it was deemed suitable for an elephant. Gusky’s transfer was accomplished
quietly later that month in the early morning hours, without a street parade to
mark the occasion. By mid-June, she was keeping cool in the city heat by flapping
her ears and tossing hay around, much to the amusement of visitors. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">At Bigelow’s suggestion, a likeness of Gusky was featured in
the gala July Fourth fireworks display at Schenley Park. Pittsburgh would have
oohed and ahhhed as the twinkly elephant moved her ears and trunk “in process
of combustion” in the night sky. </p><p class="MsoNormal">You know you’re famous when you’re included in
a Pittsburgh fireworks display. But let’s face it, major pyrotechnics aren't an elephant's choice of a good time. We can assume Gusky wasn’t at all impressed by
the explosions in her backyard, and in fact was probably terrified by the noise.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It’s not clear whether Gusky earned her keep by giving rides
in the new Schenley digs right away, but in 1894 the <i>Pittsburgh Post</i>
announced that Esther Gusky had donated a “fine big saddle” for Gusky that
could carry eight children. She also donated livery for the elephant’s keeper
so everyone looked spiffy. Rides on Gusky cost 5¢ each. </p><p class="MsoNormal">In these early years,
Gusky was also occasionally taken from the zoo to participate in community
street parades. On one occasion in 1896 she bore two riders dressed like clowns,
who may have regretted that particular life decision: “They looked anything but
jocular, and the expression of fear made it extremely ridiculous,” wrote the <i>Commercial
Gazette</i>. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In September 1895 another elephant was loaned to the
Schenley Zoo. This was a mature female circus performer with the undignified name of Miss Dazzle who was allegedly 80 years old. Given the shortened life spans of captive elephants, Miss Dazzle was most certainly not 80 years of age. But at the time conventional wisdom held that elephants lived to be 100 years old, so it was assumed that Miss Dazzle was quite the grand dame. </p><p class="MsoNormal">What was indisputable was that Dazzle dwarfed Gusky in size. Gusky was still described as a “baby” and her diminutive size charmed rather than awed Pittsburghers. The press was fascinated by the “monstrous” Dazzle and speculated that she was the largest elephant currently in captivity. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Although it’s possible that Gusky may have “met” other
elephants passing through Pittsburgh in circuses, it’s more likely that Dazzle
was the first of her species that the little elephant had a chance to engage
with since coming to Pittsburgh. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These headlines and <i>Pittsburg Post</i> excerpts set the
elephants up for conflict that didn’t exist:</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T7xpCEqZa_w/YSrTvS_GlUI/AAAAAAAAJrg/SocFzrs4WP0fsLeiZ3OtqTT0cNKE06FGwCLcBGAsYHQ/s366/Gusky%2527s%2BRival%2Bheadline%2BPost%2B30%2BSeptember1895.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="214" data-original-width="366" height="187" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T7xpCEqZa_w/YSrTvS_GlUI/AAAAAAAAJrg/SocFzrs4WP0fsLeiZ3OtqTT0cNKE06FGwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Gusky%2527s%2BRival%2Bheadline%2BPost%2B30%2BSeptember1895.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Post </i>headline excerpt, 30 September 1895</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Miss Dazzle was introduced to
Miss Gusky without any formalities, and the two great brutes behaved very
becomingly. Each displayed more or less of the curiosity characteristic of the
sex, Gusky being particularly inquisitive in the matter of sizing up her guest,
but without any unmannerly demonstrations. Last night the keeper said they were
apparently well satisfied with each other’s society, and no trouble is
anticipated if discretion is shown by the attendants in not rousing Miss
Gusky’s jealousy by undue attention to the monstrous Miss Dazzle. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dazzle, thought to weigh some 9,000 pounds, immediately became a star attraction. Reporting a week after her arrival, the <i>Post</i> seemed bemused that the elephants were actually getting along:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Gusky was the queen of the zoo
until the arrival of Dazzle, but the latter seems to absorb the major share of
attention, and the strange part of it is that Gusky isn’t showing the least
symptom of that jealousy, which carping and ill-natured critics always ascribe
to the sex. She has, in fact, taken quite a liking to the dazzling creature
that shares her lodging, and Superintendent Burke says that the “baby” shows a
great deal of uneasiness when Dazzle is led out for a promenade or to get a
drink of a few tubfuls of water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What we’ve since learned about elephant behavior explains that the isolated juvenile Gusky recognized the older Dazzle as a
dominant matriarch. Having been on her own for nearly five years, she seems to have been content and even happy to hang out with Dazzle. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The elephants were moved into a large, heated barn at
Schenley Park for the winter months. It must have been close quarters since the
barn also housed the zoo’s lions. While Schenley Park continued to expand,
Gusky’s living circumstances were not part of the overall improvement plan. For
instance, in April 1896 the <i>Commercial Gazette</i> published a feature story
about Sunday afternoon in the parks. It included a haunting description of what
life was like for the now 11-year-old elephant. Despite free peanuts and apples tossed by visitors, living conditions
for Gusky and Dazzle (misnamed Basil) were hardly ideal: </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VxP1U8En7HU/YSrUIE-hTBI/AAAAAAAAJro/A4huQaXWUC4izVAlgKNBcwhx3x6Kf8Q0ACLcBGAsYHQ/s841/Headline%2B13%2BApril%2B1896%2BCommercial%2BGazette.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="841" height="90" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VxP1U8En7HU/YSrUIE-hTBI/AAAAAAAAJro/A4huQaXWUC4izVAlgKNBcwhx3x6Kf8Q0ACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h90/Headline%2B13%2BApril%2B1896%2BCommercial%2BGazette.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette</i> headline, 13 April 1896</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>But poor Gusky, the elephant
that delights the hearts and elevates the minds as well as the bodies of
children, was almost neglected. She is stationed in a low, dingy shed -- a good home in everything but the distance from her visitors. She was too far away from the chain to be fed with peanuts or apples, but Basil, the huge elephant loaned the park, had every opportunity to get filled to repletion. She was too stingy, however, to save anything for Gusky and the latter is still hungry. Next Sunday Gusky will be taken from the shed, surmounted by a howdah and given a chance to gain the appreciation of boys and girls by carrying them on her back. The other elephant has no howdah, nor is it likely she will get one. This is where Gusky gets square.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">An elephant was usually held captive by means of a chain around one of her legs that was in turn connected to the ground. The Schenley elephants were thusly tethered and displayed in a pen, separated from the public by a barrier chain. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It's not clear how long Dazzle remained with Gusky. They may
have only been together for a few months, until circus season started again in
the spring. At that point Dazzle would have been reclaimed by her owners and taken on the road to dazzle audiences, leaving Gusky alone and isoalted once again. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Gusky did occasionally get relief from the confines of her pen and tether. An
April 1897 <i>Daily Post</i> article described how she was led on
daily walks along trails in Schenley Park. </p><p class="MsoNormal">That's right: Gusky took a daily constitutional in Schenley Park. </p><p class="MsoNormal">She didn't seem terribly enthused about the stroll, however, and kept twisting her head to look around nervously. Eventually it was determined that Gusky's hypervigilance was due to being stalked by a fierce free-range billy goat from the Four Mile Run area. </p><p class="MsoNormal">This goat had an agenda:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>….the goat would slip up the
hill behind Gusky and butt her on the legs. This happened daily for a long
time, and every effort of the elephant and her keepers to stop the nuisance was
of no use. But Thursday morning the culprit was captured. Gusky turned around
just as the goat was breaking for her. The buck had a good start and was advancing
at full speed. The speed was so fast that the animal could not stop and the
victim ran right into Gusky’s trunk. The elephant lifted its tormentor into the
air and, with a great swing, threw the goat far down the hillside into the
ravine. As yet no one has ever taken the trouble to learn whether the goat was
killed or not.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Gusky was, seriously, the G.O.A.T.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b><span><span>_______________________________________________________________ </span></span></b></i></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Just a fine and fancy ramble to the zoo....</b></span></i><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In 1895 Bigelow's coustin and local Republican political boss Christopher Lyman
Magee made the first of two donations ultimately totaling $125,000 to create
an expanded, modern zoo. “No more interesting or instructive institutions
can be found in the great cities of the world than the Zoological Garden,”
wrote Magee when he announced his donation. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This zoo was to be built across town from the old zoo at Bigelow’s pet project, the new
Highland Park. Bigelow needed to attract people to the park, which not co-incidentally was at the terminus of new trolley lines that his cousin Magee owned major interests in. There was thus certainly personal incentive at play, since creating destinations of public interest like parks and zoos would encourage Pittsburghers to use the revenue-generating transportation infrastucture. Bigelow also recognized that to hold its own among other 19th century urban centers, Pittsburgh
needed something grander than the shabby old Schenley Zoo. </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QcO9liSmiIw/YSrYnq4SDxI/AAAAAAAAJr4/RV2EFJmWpKErcKdaozqEAJPHIXUey0zGgCLcBGAsYHQ/s831/Schenley%2BZoo%2B%2Bfrom%2BAnnual%2Bexhibition.%2B1894%2BWestern%2BPennsylvania%2BExposition%2BSociety%2B.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="695" data-original-width="831" height="335" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QcO9liSmiIw/YSrYnq4SDxI/AAAAAAAAJr4/RV2EFJmWpKErcKdaozqEAJPHIXUey0zGgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h335/Schenley%2BZoo%2B%2Bfrom%2BAnnual%2Bexhibition.%2B1894%2BWestern%2BPennsylvania%2BExposition%2BSociety%2B.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Schenley Zoo from <u>Pittsburgh Exposition, 1894</u>. Western Pennsylvania Exposition Society. </span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Reports about the condition of Schenley’s elephant house illustrated how
horrible things had become. Despite the best efforts of cats kept on the premises for rodent population control, and copious application of poisons, rats had overrun the place. A rat colony nested in the sawdust insulation layer between the double walls of the wooden frame buildings. They emerged at night to steal food from the animals -- and to torture Gusky. “Several times they caused Gusky to become panic-stricken,” wrote the <i>Pittsburg Post</i> in May 1898. “The big elephant refused to lie down at night out of fear of their attacks. On one occasion they chewed the calloused skin from her feet.” </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3Csp2w47i64/YSrZTQH9cGI/AAAAAAAAJsA/Vsg3fU8qRSsrcAHuCZjzWXC2g137fGF8QCLcBGAsYHQ/s553/schenley%2Belephant%2Bhouse%2B12%2BJune%2B1898%2BPgh%2BPost.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="553" height="305" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3Csp2w47i64/YSrZTQH9cGI/AAAAAAAAJsA/Vsg3fU8qRSsrcAHuCZjzWXC2g137fGF8QCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h305/schenley%2Belephant%2Bhouse%2B12%2BJune%2B1898%2BPgh%2BPost.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Schenley Zoo elephant house. <i>Pittsburg Post</i>, 12 June 1898</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thankfully for Gusky's toes, a new and improved zoo was planned consisting of a long, tall, imposing one-story building with two wings, to be designed by Chicago architect J.L. Silsbee. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q03h4BACiIs/YSriHT3KpQI/AAAAAAAAJto/YfT_qbpQzXw1SF3PvIv_1w6Q0ZKVmpxoQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1000/HP%2BZoo%2Bpostcard.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="1000" height="248" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q03h4BACiIs/YSriHT3KpQI/AAAAAAAAJto/YfT_qbpQzXw1SF3PvIv_1w6Q0ZKVmpxoQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h248/HP%2BZoo%2Bpostcard.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Highland Park Zoo postcard, c. 1903</span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Sitting atop a denuded
hillside in Highland Park, the building was reached via a 120-foot terraced
staircase. The elephant room to the left of the eastern entrance was a “great,
airy, well-lighted and well-ventilated” room 80 x 45 feet and 12 feet high,
with skylights, cement floors, and enameled tile wainscotting. Pipe rails
divided the room, marking space for three elephants on one side and other large
animals yet to arrive on the other, possibly including a giraffe. The lions
lived one room over. <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IAIc8EjVbEg/YSrZ1YOXv9I/AAAAAAAAJsI/1S2NsI_ns6Ed-bPS2VFUixY7rTTd1JzSQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1208/HP%2BZoo%2Bc.%2B1900%2BCarnegie%2BMuseum%2Bof%2BArt%2BCollection%2Bof%2BPhotographs.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="937" data-original-width="1208" height="310" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IAIc8EjVbEg/YSrZ1YOXv9I/AAAAAAAAJsI/1S2NsI_ns6Ed-bPS2VFUixY7rTTd1JzSQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h310/HP%2BZoo%2Bc.%2B1900%2BCarnegie%2BMuseum%2Bof%2BArt%2BCollection%2Bof%2BPhotographs.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Highland Park Zoo c. 1900. Carnegie Museum of Art Collection of Photographs.</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">On opening day 14 June 1898, Gusky was the zoo’s sole
pachyderm. That would soon change. Four months later in October, two more
elephants and two elephant specialists arrived at the new zoo. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OnnH8SxaFOI/YSraP8SwiuI/AAAAAAAAJsQ/j6ROFILVIBEcAQE4iTNu8PCAiCEaRpScgCLcBGAsYHQ/s546/Tretow%2B3%2BNovember%2B1930%2BPPG.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="326" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OnnH8SxaFOI/YSraP8SwiuI/AAAAAAAAJsQ/j6ROFILVIBEcAQE4iTNu8PCAiCEaRpScgCLcBGAsYHQ/w119-h200/Tretow%2B3%2BNovember%2B1930%2BPPG.jpg" width="119" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>, 3 November 1930</span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table>Ernest Tretow was only 27 years old when he came to
Pittsburgh, but he’d already spent half his life an animal trainer. His career
path was set at age 14 when he began working with world famous exotic animal
dealer Carl Hagenbeck in their native Hamburg, Germany. When Tretow accepted
the head trainer position at the new Pittsburgh Zoo, he contracted with
Hagenbeck to supply the zoo with animals.<br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">An interview Tretow gave to the <i>Press</i> upon assuming
his duties in October 1898 revealed his philosophy about working with elephants,
his favorite animal:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>The elephant even in it haunts
is not a fierce beast, unless he is injured, and he then becomes very savage.
In training all animals we always try kindness first, using all sorts of
inducements to get the beasts to obey you. When this fails we are compelled to
bring the whip into play. The latter, however, is not a good thing, as it often
angers the subject and he is then less likely to do your bidding. It is not
difficult to train an elephant, and although they are very large and heavy,
they can be trained to almost anything. The native is the best adapted to train
the beasts, as the animals seem to understand their speech better than that of
any other person. In the training of the elephant all that is needed is a
little patience and the result will be pleasing. The animals really display
intelligence.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">With Tretow came Cetoua (sometimes written as Cetona). He who
was described as a “cornack,” which was another term for mahout. The papers
described Centona as Cingalese, from Ceylon. Today we understand that he was a
native of Sri Lanka, an island south of India. But to 19<sup>th</sup> century
Pittsburghers, Cetona was so exotic that he might as well have come from another
planet. </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RshrG4vxZ64/YSra-Q9QwGI/AAAAAAAAJsY/BhiocbetTuA5MOYaifXJV8pE_gnloe-2gCLcBGAsYHQ/s975/Cetoua%2B28%2BOctober%2B1898%2BPittsburg%2BPress.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="975" data-original-width="528" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RshrG4vxZ64/YSra-Q9QwGI/AAAAAAAAJsY/BhiocbetTuA5MOYaifXJV8pE_gnloe-2gCLcBGAsYHQ/w346-h640/Cetoua%2B28%2BOctober%2B1898%2BPittsburg%2BPress.jpg" width="346" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The mahout Cetoua, <i>Pittsburg Press</i>, 28 October 1898</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Pittsburgh papers were as fascinated by Cetoua as they were
by the new elephants, and were especially bemused by his fashion and footwear
preferences. Readers were treated to regular updates about whether Cetoua wore shoes or stockings, and one paper shared his assertion that
“shoes gave him corns.” This excerpt from a <i>Press</i> article is typical of the
wonder and 19th century judgement that Cetoua faced upon arriving in Pittsburgh:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Mr. Tretow took the Cornack to
his hotel, but the man attracted so much attention that the proprietor put him
out of the house. The only English word that he knows is money. He smokes
cigarettes almost constantly, and rice is his principal article of food. He
puts a handful of cayenne pepper and a handful of salt into his rice. He is
averse to wearing shoes and stockings. A pair of shoes and stockings were
purchased for him yesterday afternoon, but when they were handed to him he
threw them out of the building. He became homesick as soon as he arrived in the
city and wanted to start for his home yesterday afternoon. However, when he was
taken to the zoo he became contented. He was informed that his photograph would
be taken. He went into the zoo building and arranged his toilet by washing his
feet. He did not put any water on his face.</i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ernest Tretow and Cetoua took charge of an expanded
Pittsburgh elephant collection that included Gusky and newcomers Punchy and Phoebe. </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I3QACBuNQcY/YSr8Jan5H9I/AAAAAAAAJuA/s_LMEIkyBsIUlJcoR0DI0yntR-l7-2ldwCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Gusky%252C%2BPhoebe%252C%2BPunchy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1352" data-original-width="2048" height="264" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I3QACBuNQcY/YSr8Jan5H9I/AAAAAAAAJuA/s_LMEIkyBsIUlJcoR0DI0yntR-l7-2ldwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h264/Gusky%252C%2BPhoebe%252C%2BPunchy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Elephants identified as Punchy (left), Phoebe (center) and Gusky (right) by zoo.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />Image from <u>The Pittsburgh Zoo: A 100-Year History</u>, 1998.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Punchy was described as a large female weighing 6,000 pounds who was
nearly two feet taller than Gusky. She was thought to be near 50 years of age.</p><p class="MsoNormal">Cetoua met Punchy’s train at the East Liberty rail station and startled
the neighborhood when he jumped on the elephant’s back and rode her two miles to the new zoo. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5tS01Fjk5ZE/YSr8zFV57kI/AAAAAAAAJuI/zxI20Cu6AJsuH8B0jYEp5N__ljGOMwpCgCLcBGAsYHQ/s567/Cetoua%2B30%2BOctober%2B1898%2BPress.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="493" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5tS01Fjk5ZE/YSr8zFV57kI/AAAAAAAAJuI/zxI20Cu6AJsuH8B0jYEp5N__ljGOMwpCgCLcBGAsYHQ/w348-h400/Cetoua%2B30%2BOctober%2B1898%2BPress.jpg" width="348" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Illustration of Cetoua riding Punchy through East Liberty and Highland Park.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /><i>Pittsburg Press</i>, 30 October 1898. </span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Punchy came to Pittsburgh via Hamburg from her native India,
where she was a beast of burden and hard labor. A 1900 <i>Pittsburg Post</i> article described conditions in her native land: “There they work elephants in
the rivers moving lumber. They wade into the water and handle great logs with
their trunks. Punchy served an apprenticeship at this. Her growth has been
stunted by her early hardships.” We can’t know if Punchy’s growth had been stunted, but Tretow had no qualms about continuing to use her for labor. The same article detailed how Punchy helped workmen by yanking out multiple zoo fence posts sunk six feet into the ground: “Punchy cleared the whole ground of
posts last week, and never said a word. There was no bossing of a gang of men
with profuse profanity. She just wrapped her trunk around a post, and yanked it
out….” <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Punchy was the gift of Christopher Lyman Magee and wife
Eleanor. The other new elephant was named Phoebe, although she was sometimes listed as Bebe. Like
Punchy she arrived in October 1898, but received much less press coverage so archival information about her is limited and, frankly, conflicted. For instance, in photos from this period (see below), the elephant identified by the Pittsburgh Zoo as Phoebe has pronounced tusks. That's typical only for some male Asian elephants, not female ones. It's possible this identification was a mistake, and perhaps there was actually another male elephant present around this time who was either an Asian male or even an African elephant. It was once thought acceptable to mix Asian with African breeds, although this is no longer done due to concerns about <span class="CssComponent__CssInlineComponent-sc-1oskqb9-1 UserSelectableText___StyledCssInlineComponent-lsmoq4-0 kghFzc"><span class="q-box qu-userSelect--text" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="background: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">EEHV</span></span></span> virus transmission. </p><p class="MsoNormal">On the other hand, maybe Phoebe was renamed Bebe upon arrival when it became apparent that she was a he! According to limited contemporary press coverage, Phoebe was smaller and presumably
younger than Gusky. In some sources she (he?) was also noted has having been a donation from the
Magees. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In the way that elephants do, these three may have
formed a family unit at the zoo, sharing close quarters in the new
building. There were no press reports of conflict -- and since elephant fights
made for good copy, we have to assume they sorted out any relationship
difficulties. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x_NExdHXz9I/YSrz7eTawFI/AAAAAAAAJtw/vY6RL7CKDTov7lDiITdWsRMA-giXNIt4gCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Tretow%2B1900.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1297" data-original-width="2048" height="254" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-x_NExdHXz9I/YSrz7eTawFI/AAAAAAAAJtw/vY6RL7CKDTov7lDiITdWsRMA-giXNIt4gCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h254/Tretow%2B1900.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ernest Tretow poses with three elephants, c. 1900. Possibly Punchy is to the right, Gusky lying down at center, Phoebe on left.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />Image from <u>The Pittsburgh Zoo: A 100-Year History</u>, 1998.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The elephants were brought out to perform stunts and tricks
for visitors at 2 PM each day. Punchy was the most skilled, but Gusky was a
fast learner and Phoebe seemed eager to try.</p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TZr7J1pRVe8/YSr50d2DF5I/AAAAAAAAJt4/84LMlqJz3cQJnVP5CAvJ4wUOk7qMOqN0ACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Tretow%2BPunchy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1734" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TZr7J1pRVe8/YSr50d2DF5I/AAAAAAAAJt4/84LMlqJz3cQJnVP5CAvJ4wUOk7qMOqN0ACLcBGAsYHQ/w339-h400/Tretow%2BPunchy.jpg" width="339" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ernest Tretow with a trained elephant, c. 1900, probably Punchy.</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />Image from <u>The Pittsburgh Zoo: A 100-Year History</u>, 1998.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But this family unit didn’t last long. Phoebe or Bebe died of “acute
stomach trouble” in November 1900. Her (his?) hide was donated to the Carnegie Museum.
Punchy died two years later in March 1902 of what was termed “old age.” The newspapers recounted the challenging task of removing her remains from the elephant house, and spared no detail about dismemberment for preservation and display at the Carnegie Museum. There were even pictures! </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pp5yYpTkFUY/YSrb1w-VA4I/AAAAAAAAJso/25sgFuZK-NwoFtbu14SSYnB3jGSikI1IQCLcBGAsYHQ/s849/Punchy%2Bskinning%2BPittsburg%2BPost%2B16%2BMar%2B1902.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="562" data-original-width="849" height="265" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pp5yYpTkFUY/YSrb1w-VA4I/AAAAAAAAJso/25sgFuZK-NwoFtbu14SSYnB3jGSikI1IQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h265/Punchy%2Bskinning%2BPittsburg%2BPost%2B16%2BMar%2B1902.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">RIP, Punchy. Elephant being skinned for Carnegie Museum collection. <i>Pittsburg Post</i>, 16 March 1902</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Were the elephants assassinated? As wild as that seems, the turn of the century was an unsettled time at the zoo. Querulous Superintendent Bigelow, always primed to go public with grievances should he feel slighted, made a sensational claim in 1904 that an unnamed city employee
critical of his policies had embarked upon a campaign of poisoning various zoo
animals -- including the two elephants! However, that assertion soon faded without evidence.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But then Cetoua left. Claiming homesickness, he returned to his
home in Ceylon in 1899. The papers claimed he had a contract and was going to return to settle in Pittsburgh with his family, but he was never seen again. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Our girl Gusky was on her own once more. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b><span><span>_______________________________________________________________ </span></span></b></i></span></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>And the elephants are kindly but they're dumb..... </b></span></i><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">After Punchy’s death, the newspapers began remarking on
Gusky’s behavior. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><i>So Gusky remains the only resident of elephantine
proportions in the parks. </i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><i> </i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><i>Gusky, who was first to come and who was thought at
one time not long for this world. Visitors to the zoo have noticed the envious
weaving motions Gusky makes with her head. It gets on one’s nerves to watch
her, and it is a nervous affliction common to many elephants. Weaves is the
popular name and chorea the scientific. </i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><i> </i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><i>When E.M. Bigelow was director of public works Gusky developed the complaint. Mr. Bigelow was disappointed in the animal, and, fearing that she might not stay long within our midst, consulted the animal trainer of Barnum’s circus. The trainer made a trip to Schenley park, where Gusky was then domiciled, and after examining her elephantship pronounced her sound in every other respect, predicted a long lease of life, and said that many circus
elephants had this same complaint in a much more aggravated form, stamping one
foot in unison with the head motions. So it is comforting to know that in spite
of Gusky’s nervousness she bids fair to “remain in our midst” for some time to
come. ~Pittsburg Post</i>, 16 March 1902</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What the above excerpt makes clear is that those manifestations of anxiety -- what animal specialists today would recognize as stereotypic captive behavior -- began when Gusky was still a very young elephant living at the Schenley Park Zoo between 1891-1898. By the time the <i>Post </i>article was written in 1902, Gusky was thought to be 15 years of age. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Her vigorous head-swinging was commented upon again by the <i>Post</i> in 1907:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Gusky, the lone elephant of the
zoo, continues to move her head to and fro as if rolling with the waves. It is
a well-known fact that practically all animals in captivity indulge in some
kind of perpetual movement. The theory has been advanced that Gusky’s movement
was acquired while she was crossing the ocean in a ship. </i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6aVoskP4bpI/YSrcMxLhLsI/AAAAAAAAJsw/e7dtz5k2Zas8sO4Va9umS4UVJgF0ND99ACLcBGAsYHQ/s737/Gusky%2Bconditions%2B1915.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="737" data-original-width="411" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6aVoskP4bpI/YSrcMxLhLsI/AAAAAAAAJsw/e7dtz5k2Zas8sO4Va9umS4UVJgF0ND99ACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Gusky%2Bconditions%2B1915.png" width="178" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette</i>, 16 November 1915</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Although they could not explain the causes, experts of the
era recognized that even in an otherwise healthy animal, such repetitive
behaviors persisted unless circumstances improved. Even if additional
stimulation was added, it would be difficult to completely extinguish the
behaviors once they’d become as habitual as Gusky’s had. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Gusky's steady deterioration
in captivity was painful for Pittsburgh to observe. In 1915 when potential
appropriations to improve the zoo were discussed, Gusky’s situation was
specifically cited, but nothing was done to consistently and effectively improve
her situation. </p><p class="MsoNormal">The Director of Public Works in 1918 told the zoo to put Gusky
to work by harnessing her to a plow in the city’s war gardens. To their credit,
zoo officials insisted this could not be done. The <i>Post </i>report further detailed how untenable her situation had become, noting that Gusky “…is tethered closely four ways, and this is the only way they can keep her, the keepers say. For years the Pittsburgh public has viewed the elephant—always tied up tight.” </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For better or worse, Ernest Tretow was at least a constant presence as Gusky’s keeper. He remained with the zoo until resigning in 1922 over a salary dispute (although he would later return). He did his best to care for
Gusky, but his methods were primitive by today’s veterinary standards. The papers would occasionally inform readers about Gusky’s corn removals, callus trimming, and biannual manicures done with chisels and hammers. The elephant’s podiatry woes were likely made worse because of limited freedom of movement and the cement flooring. </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lSpW5zDe9_Y/YSrcnBpyuiI/AAAAAAAAJs4/_xttxL9b9zEpP3XkMoX3ck0djsCJepOSgCLcBGAsYHQ/s670/Gusky%2Bmanicure%2BPgh%2BGazette%2BTimes%2B22%2BApr%2B1915%2BIn%2Bthe%2BManicure%2BParlor%2Bat%2BHighland%2BPark%2BZoo.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="354" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lSpW5zDe9_Y/YSrcnBpyuiI/AAAAAAAAJs4/_xttxL9b9zEpP3XkMoX3ck0djsCJepOSgCLcBGAsYHQ/w211-h400/Gusky%2Bmanicure%2BPgh%2BGazette%2BTimes%2B22%2BApr%2B1915%2BIn%2Bthe%2BManicure%2BParlor%2Bat%2BHighland%2BPark%2BZoo.jpg" width="211" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>"In the Manicure Parlor at the Highland Park Zoo." <i>Pittsburgh Gazette Times</i>, 22 April 1915</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There was also considerable interest in how much Gusky
ate and drank. </p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPcR1b3i4r3YqnwDz3xQuVwQf9vsPW16QGmpi0e7L8qTXM7m1iGiody5M_Pp5WcFTUTK8SRuxeRz6qaCQS5BbF1GSrvcInR7JXW8eA3UPYXu_ipssgyB3QJZ6CAqwvN6SCO97_CT5WjRNA/s880/Gusky+at+dinner+Pittsburgh+Gazette+17+Nov+1901.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="880" height="323" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPcR1b3i4r3YqnwDz3xQuVwQf9vsPW16QGmpi0e7L8qTXM7m1iGiody5M_Pp5WcFTUTK8SRuxeRz6qaCQS5BbF1GSrvcInR7JXW8eA3UPYXu_ipssgyB3QJZ6CAqwvN6SCO97_CT5WjRNA/w400-h323/Gusky+at+dinner+Pittsburgh+Gazette+17+Nov+1901.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span>"Gusky at dinner." She was apparently so well-fed that she grew tusks...<br /></span><i>Pittsburg Gazette</i>, 17 Nov 1901</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uxzueJNCSys/YSre9QtcDxI/AAAAAAAAJtI/vaUdLfIyq4MdFicK_a9n_N-sjHycanATQCLcBGAsYHQ/s803/straw%2Bhats%2BThe%2BPlain%2BSpeaker%2BHazelton%2B26%2BSeptember%2B1922.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="803" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uxzueJNCSys/YSre9QtcDxI/AAAAAAAAJtI/vaUdLfIyq4MdFicK_a9n_N-sjHycanATQCLcBGAsYHQ/w218-h320/straw%2Bhats%2BThe%2BPlain%2BSpeaker%2BHazelton%2B26%2BSeptember%2B1922.jpg" width="218" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>The Plain Speaker, </i>26 September 1922</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table>Gusky was made to perform tricks that included posing on
command, operating a see-saw, and blowing on a mouth organ. There was also the
odd story like one that appeared via wire services in 1922 claiming Gusky had developed a taste for eating straw hats. The article appeared some months after Tretow left the zoo.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There were unsuccessful attempts to permanently expand
Pittsburgh’s elephant collection after Phoebe and Punchy died. But other than an occasional loaner elephant housed at the zoo, it appears that Gusky suffered alone in captivity for over twenty years. </p><p class="MsoNormal">In July 1923, a new three-year-old female Asian elephant was brought to the zoo. The occasion prompted a <i>Pittsburgh Post</i> editorial chiding officials to make good on the obvious needed improvements to the facility:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>Gusky, the big elephant, has
stood long enough tethered to a single spot of cement floor to establish a
strong indictment against Pa Pitt as an animal keeper. Grownups can look back
to their childhood when they saw Gusky tied to the same stake. The proper
enclosure to allow her greater freedom and an opportunity to exhibit more as
she chose, should have been provided long ago. Nothing tied to a stake can
remain interesting for any length of time. The young elephant to cross the sea
to live at the zoo should not be permitted to enter a career such as Gusky has
endured. </i></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">One paper speculated that Gusky was now a “motherly old
elephant” who could take the new baby - named Gloria Swanson for the <span class="ILfuVd NA6bn c3biWd"><span class="hgKElc">glamorous 1920s Hollywood movie star</span></span> - “in charge, teaching
it the etiquette of zoo life.” </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AwR6qw_II0o/YSsBAcsTfNI/AAAAAAAAJuQ/nLyDTfhEPaEQN4KYTJUYticVWBCYx05QACLcBGAsYHQ/s576/new%2Belephant%2BPIttsburgh%2BPost%2B11%2BJuly%2B1923.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="546" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AwR6qw_II0o/YSsBAcsTfNI/AAAAAAAAJuQ/nLyDTfhEPaEQN4KYTJUYticVWBCYx05QACLcBGAsYHQ/w379-h400/new%2Belephant%2BPIttsburgh%2BPost%2B11%2BJuly%2B1923.jpg" width="379" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>A new elephant arrives at the Highland Park Zoo, to be named Gloria. <i>Pittsburgh Post</i>, 11 July 1923</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">It wouldn't be surprising if decades of solitary captivity had impaired Gusky’s ability to bond with other elephants, but newspapers reported that she and Gloria “would stand for hours with their heads together and their trunks interlocked in demonstration of their close affection.” Perhaps Gusky finally found comfort in matriarchal love with little Gloria. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But it was not to last. Three years later on 17 May 1926, the zoo announced that Gusky had died in the
night. She had been suffering for nearly a week after paralysis of the trunk robbed her
of the ability to take in nourishment. While keepers hand-fed her as best they
could, she was too enfeebled to rally. She finally fell over “with a terrifying
cry” and the end came in a matter of hours. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Gloria was reported to be “almost unmanageable” when Gusky fell, for she “trumpeted plaintively and tried desperately to reach her old
companion." Gloria then exhibited decreased appetite and agitation, tossing straw and bedding and straining at her chain. The zoo staff thought these were signs of grief -- and they were probably right given what we’ve since learned about how elephants mourn and honor their dead. The most poignant commentary came from a headline in the <i>New York World</i>: “Gusky lies in 12-foot grave, Gloria grieves alone.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Gloria wasn’t the only one who grieved, as local papers devoted considerable space to telling Gusky’s story. But the press never could get
things right about Gusky, even at the end. To be fair, there was no
easy fact-checking access to digital archives in 1926. But the inconsistencies
in reporting Gusky’s age are nonetheless startling. Locally, the <i>Press</i>
said she was 85 while the <i>Post </i>and <i>Gazette-Times</i> claimed she was 65
years old. The story was subsequently picked up by wire services and newspapers from Miami to Missouri split the difference, reporting that Gusky was 75 years old. The <i>Press</i> even claimed
that Gusky had been around in “Civil War times” and was subsequently presented to
the Schenley Zoo by Esther Gusky in 1888! </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If Gusky was 5 years old when she came to the Schenley Zoo
in 1890, she would have been about 40 years of age when she died in 1926. That is
entirely consistent with the life span of an Asian elephant in captivity today
-- and surprisingly so back then, when conditions were much worse for
captives. Gusky truly was the G.O.A.T., with fierce survival instincts and staying power. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Some interesting tidbits emerged in the newspapers
obituaries. A fellow named James O’Neele was identified as Gusky’s keeper “ever
since she became city property.” There were also mentions of a “bewildered”
Gusky being brought into the Gusky department store as an advertising stunt in
her earliest days. A <i>Press </i>anecdote
recounted her strength and likely frustration with captivity: “Gusky got loose
from her chain several years ago, pulled the posts of the strong iron fence
around her big stall up out of the concrete and twisted heavy iron pipe rails
into knots.” And while never renowned for purposeful exertions like Punchy, Gusky was apparently called upon at least once as a laboring
beast: “Another time a heavy load of lumber, horse-drawn, stuck in the mud on
its way to the zoo. Gusky was led out to the load, put her big head against the
rear of the load and pushed it out apparently without effort.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Unlike her predecessors at the turn of the century, Gusky’s
remains were not turned over to the Carnegie Museum. Her five-ton carcass was
moved by workers from the John Eichleay Jr. Company (an <a href="https://www.eichleay.com/heritage">engineering company</a>
still in existence today) onto a truck
trailer. “Burying an elephant is largely a matter of mechanics,” <i>Press</i>
readers were told. “Chains and cables, ropes, pulleys and a powerful gasoline
motor were used to pull and tug and twist and turn the massive weight across
the floor, through two doors and out to the trailer. Moving a building would
have been a simple matter compared with this task.” Perhaps this last bit came
straight from the source, for in fact the Eichleay Company <i>had</i> moved its
fair share of buildings. </p><p class="MsoNormal">It took workers two days to dig the 12 x 12 foot grave
behind the zoo, somewhere off Stanton Avenue on a wooded hillside near Carnegie
Lake and an old bandstand, overlooking Washington Boulevard. “Some future generation may unearth her bones and startle the world with the information that elephants once roamed western Pennyslvania,” joked the <i>Press</i>. “This is possible unless Gusky’s human friends mark her last resting place with a permanent tablet, that will pass her history down to their descendants.”</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So far as I know, there is no such tablet marking Gusky’s
grave in Highland Park. Save for reminiscences like this one, she’s been long forgotten, or conflated in memory with the many elephants that came after her at the Pittsburgh Zoo. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But for 35 years, Gusky was a constant presence for
generations of Pittsburgh kids who fed her peanuts (or straw hats) and rode on
her back. Her life bridged the old-fashioned gay ‘90s with the early decades of
a new century shaped by the Great War and social change; her life ended in the
raucous 1920s. She outlived Edward Manning Bigelow, Esther Gusky and her brother Levi DeWolf, and all of her companions save little Gloria. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Gusky passed in Pittsburgh’s collective consciousness from a diminutive “baby” to a wise old maternal elephant. Pittsburgh parents remembered her from their childhoods, and they took their own kids to visit her. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y1aLVS6gDFQ/YSrhFVNg2hI/AAAAAAAAJtg/pbOMQB9qjls1GxqfVVK512OGg2iVEN2AACLcBGAsYHQ/s492/Gusky%2BPittsburgh%2BPost%2B7%2BJanuary%2B1903.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="362" data-original-width="492" height="294" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y1aLVS6gDFQ/YSrhFVNg2hI/AAAAAAAAJtg/pbOMQB9qjls1GxqfVVK512OGg2iVEN2AACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h294/Gusky%2BPittsburgh%2BPost%2B7%2BJanuary%2B1903.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i> Pittsburgh Post,</i> 7 January 1903</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br />It should be a cautionary lesson to us that Gusky’s life was spent in a captivity so lonely and traumatizing that equally abiding collective memory centered her
self-comforting repetitive behaviors. </p><p>Modern debates about approaches to elephant conservation are powerful and
passionate. Gusky's life serves as a reminder to always do better, and to be intentionally kinder
to the animals whose lives we are stewards of. </p><p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SS-Y72eK1-Y/YSrgS3af3YI/AAAAAAAAJtY/oUbqSvksz_Ql8hrLNhtiJWBIld8Ny_kmACLcBGAsYHQ/s343/Gusky%2BPress%2B17%2BMay%2B1926%2B3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="343" data-original-width="314" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SS-Y72eK1-Y/YSrgS3af3YI/AAAAAAAAJtY/oUbqSvksz_Ql8hrLNhtiJWBIld8Ny_kmACLcBGAsYHQ/w366-h400/Gusky%2BPress%2B17%2BMay%2B1926%2B3.jpg" width="366" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gusky, c. 1886 -1926<br /><i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 17 May 1926 <br /></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><p style="text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-size: medium;"><i><b><span><span>_______________________________________________________________ </span></span></b></i></span></u></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqymI4UELvKkEuS3-vuhizFCJCMGroD8Rxt1ntvFtfX3k_hx9aLa6jf7yWN6U2ukOEOtBwMGzD-fzpkZ7nHfmF9TYSGN3iN2KLq_RM0EmaN7tzuH7bhVmIcYEzVLoYzHgpUjhSQBqfIwJi/s307/line+of+elephants.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="95" data-original-width="307" height="62" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqymI4UELvKkEuS3-vuhizFCJCMGroD8Rxt1ntvFtfX3k_hx9aLa6jf7yWN6U2ukOEOtBwMGzD-fzpkZ7nHfmF9TYSGN3iN2KLq_RM0EmaN7tzuH7bhVmIcYEzVLoYzHgpUjhSQBqfIwJi/w200-h62/line+of+elephants.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div><p></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Thanks to <a href="https://pittsburghpa.gov/clerk/records-management" target="_blank">Pittsburgh City Archives</a> for sleuthing the Gusky proclamation, and to Paul Simon for writing <a href="https://youtu.be/6xKLBne1CoI" target="_blank">At the Zoo</a>. </span></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">For more information about elephant rescue and conservation efforts, check out<a href="https://impactful.ninja/best-charities-for-helping-elephants/#8" target="_blank"> these charities</a>.<br /></span></p>Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-32879028755892114932021-05-01T23:59:00.014-04:002021-05-03T09:41:32.530-04:00May Day: A Story about Work, Worry, and Profanity<p>When I was young and (mostly) unencumbered with Stuff, moving day meant buying pizza and beer for my friends to thank them for helping me roll my mattress and boxes down the stairs. It was a small price to pay for dealing with the nuisances of moving.<br /></p><p>Thankfully I've not had to move house in over twenty years, but every May Day I think about the horrors of doing so. That's because as far back as American colonial times, May 1 was the traditional date when yearly rentals expired. </p><p>For generations in this nation's crowded urban centers, May Day meant Moving Day.<br /></p><p>It was...kind of chaotic<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zm2U2m5-bJo/YI1zCdmxjWI/AAAAAAAAJe0/8GWzEMn_DrcPWCcQi4DEXXczfxte4OXaQCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/moving%2Bday%2BMet%2B1827.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1532" data-original-width="2048" height="299" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zm2U2m5-bJo/YI1zCdmxjWI/AAAAAAAAJe0/8GWzEMn_DrcPWCcQi4DEXXczfxte4OXaQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h299/moving%2Bday%2BMet%2B1827.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Moving Day (in Little Old New York), c. 1827, unknown artist <br />Metropolitan Museum of Art</span></b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> In New York, the state legislature mandated that all
housing contracts were valid until the first of May. But lest you think this May Day Moving Day was only a Manhattan phenomenon, rest assured that even without a legislative mandate, it happened in Pittsburgh, too. </p><p>Well, eventually it did. </p><p>Throughout much of the 19th century, rental leases in the Pittsburgh
region actually ran through April 1. According to a <i>Pittsburgh Press</i> article in 1888, that April date
had been "adapted to the agriculturists, who thus may be on their new
farms in time for spring work."<br /><br />So while Manhattan played musical apartments on May 1, for a long time Pittsburgh flipped on April 1. </p><p></p><p>Regardless of the date, an entire city moving en masse was utter chaos. The <i>Pittsburgh</i> <i>Press</i> described moving day in 1888: "Everywhere to-day could be seen loads of household goods with their
suggestions of work, worry and profanity; cold meals and refractory
stovepipes; reckless draymen; and, in some cases, defrauded landlords." <br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MGYOuPkMVMY/YI4DE-TwKFI/AAAAAAAAJe8/ZCtDOvt8Ea03_aQEn09CAZX-3BA63tZ2QCLcBGAsYHQ/s624/moving%2Bday%2Bharpers%2Bwkly.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="624" height="259" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MGYOuPkMVMY/YI4DE-TwKFI/AAAAAAAAJe8/ZCtDOvt8Ea03_aQEn09CAZX-3BA63tZ2QCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h259/moving%2Bday%2Bharpers%2Bwkly.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Cartoon,<i> Harper's Weekly,</i> 186</b>9</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><blockquote></blockquote><p></p><p>Work, worry, and profanity? Yes, that about sums up the tedium of moving. </p><p>Even Pittsburgh's snobby society newspaper <i>The Bulletin</i> sympathized in 1890. Its wealthy readers could relate to upheaval and worries about moving one's Stuff, though not so much with anxieties about homelessness that many Pittsburghers experienced when searching for affordable housing. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4EcNGao2qbA/YI4yo30VNdI/AAAAAAAAJfc/Ns3AFkrKwfApZDZE8GgZ7phT3UlfHfT1gCLcBGAsYHQ/s228/moving%2Bday%2BBulletin.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="201" data-original-width="228" height="353" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4EcNGao2qbA/YI4yo30VNdI/AAAAAAAAJfc/Ns3AFkrKwfApZDZE8GgZ7phT3UlfHfT1gCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h353/moving%2Bday%2BBulletin.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>The Bulletin</i>, 29 March 1890</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Moving was even more fun when it rained, like it did in 1903. A <i>Pittsburgh Gazette</i> account captured the sights and sounds of that delightful day: <br /></p><p></p><blockquote><b><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql lr9zc1uh a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db gfeo3gy3 a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto">MOVING IN THE RAIN WAS HARD ON BOTH TEMPERS AND FURNITURE</span></b></blockquote><p></p><blockquote>Wet
and bedraggled, cold and hungry, with aching bones and tempers on edge,
several hundred families that claim Pittsburgh as their home, last
night pulled out enough damp bedding to make an excuse for a couch and
covers and lay down to dreams of warm, dry, cozy homes. They had moved,
in spite of the weather, for it was a case of must.<br /><br />Long after
the tired movers had retired, the steaming teams of the transfer
companies could be seen plodding along with empty cans and wagons which
had been to some distant street. Their covers had availed little to keep
out the furious storm of rain, and the heavy blankets that were used
for wrappers were plastered with mud. All in all, yesterday was the
nastiest moving day that Pittsburgh had seen for many a year.<br /><br />From
daylight till late in the evening a constant string of mishaps was
reported. Wagons stuck in the mud or turned over; people who had ordered
vans and wagons without covers and were furious in consequence; angry
women whose health or disposition forbade them going out in the rain,
screamed warning orders to the "hustlers" from upstairs windows;
drivers who were told the family at the other end of the route would be
out of the house found them still in possession and had to deposit the
newcomer's goods on the porch or in a shed.<br /><br />The telephones in the
transfer offices fairly buzzed with indignant inquiries or angry
complaints. Nobody knew or cared what part of the general inconvenience
the other fellow was sharing. It was enough for him that his goods were
not being moved in the manner and condition that he had expected.<br /></blockquote><p></p><p>Logistics could be tricky. Accompanying the article above, this <i>Pittsburgh Gazette</i> cartoon illustrated how renters were required to vacate by March 31 even though they couldn't
move into their new digs until April 1. With late March and early April weather being unpredictable and often inhospitable, folks looked toward the May Day Moving Day of other cities with longing.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sTFYKsmKeXc/YI4f2YShfQI/AAAAAAAAJfM/LyFDtkzn5BstYXJ9MAbQuV1FuCadkGRPwCLcBGAsYHQ/s474/moving%2Bday%2Bcartoon.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="466" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sTFYKsmKeXc/YI4f2YShfQI/AAAAAAAAJfM/LyFDtkzn5BstYXJ9MAbQuV1FuCadkGRPwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/moving%2Bday%2Bcartoon.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Gazette</i>, 31 March 1903</span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Eventually Pittsburgh residents would transition from an April 1 to May Day moving day like all the other cities, but it took a while. Pittsburgh's late 19th century urban economy was indisputably dominated
by industry, not agriculture, but old traditions die hard. </p><p>The city's last official communal April moving day was in 1906. The <i>Pittsburgh Post</i> marked the occasion with some photos and an accompanying article: <br /></p><p></p><div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iV_awzyJ17g/YI8du4pBfhI/AAAAAAAAJfo/JcEJceLf3_wOAAqtyeJekntvAnRYNpy1wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1150/moving%2Bheadline.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="108" data-original-width="1150" height="38" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iV_awzyJ17g/YI8du4pBfhI/AAAAAAAAJfo/JcEJceLf3_wOAAqtyeJekntvAnRYNpy1wCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h38/moving%2Bheadline.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><blockquote>Pity the poor housewife. </blockquote><p></p><blockquote>And the
tired husband, think of him with a sympathetic feeling. For this is the
day after moving-day when the troubles and the tribulations of domestic
life are multiplied by the arduous work of unpacking household goods and
getting things in shape. "Moving Day" passed off without incident,
beyond the usual confusion and trying times for the unfortunates who
were obliged to pack up and hike to other quarters. </blockquote><p></p><blockquote>Moving day began as
early as 4 o'clock yesterday morning with the rumblings of the great
vans heavily loaded with all sorts of furniture, to say nothing of the
pet dog or bird perched on the topmost point, could plainly be heard.
Anxious people awaited at the house for the arrival of the goods, and it
was not the most kindly words uttered by many over the tardiness of the
wagons in reaching their destination. </blockquote><p></p><blockquote>But it was moving day, and for
this a great deal had to be tolerated. </blockquote><p></p><blockquote>The streets presented interesting
sights all through the day and night. In the downtown section the
moving vans were quite conspicuous and people out for an afternoon
stroll found much delight watching the household goods from some family
in Allegheny being carted to East Liberty or some other distant point.
</blockquote><p></p><blockquote>Vehicles of every possible description were pressed into service
yesterday. It was a funny assortment. Even the dilapidated team of Uncle
Remus found its way into the great parade of moving vehicles. Ideal
weather also helped. </blockquote><p></p><blockquote>The transfer companies reaped a rich harvest
yesterday. Each load brought $15 and in some cases an even higher price
was asked. Less trouble is expected next year, for Moving Day will be
changed to May 1, which is shown by the fact that nearly all the leases
this year have been signed for 13 months. the big job will be spread
over a larger period of time and the work will be made much easier for
everybody. </blockquote><p></p><blockquote>There was much doing in the skyscrapers yesterday. Hundreds
of firms changed locations, and the directory man will be busier than ever
when he starts.<span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"> <br /></span></blockquote></div></div><div class="q9uorilb sf5mxxl7 pgctjfs5"><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"> </span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c7ft4gykRdo/YI8eADix6wI/AAAAAAAAJf0/BDt-MjEPEdY-j6wK_3mmpytcVdkK0asqACLcBGAsYHQ/s900/moving%2B1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="579" data-original-width="900" height="258" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c7ft4gykRdo/YI8eADix6wI/AAAAAAAAJf0/BDt-MjEPEdY-j6wK_3mmpytcVdkK0asqACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h258/moving%2B1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div></span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"></span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"></span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"></span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitASeEs5OopOKlcXjrleVz2LpQm0gOI0yt8xaiczcMvv_TSWl_HdliqpQUqdWYyprP2Mq8HUvBtpKqNJgs8mJKzEtxXkLhilmYxqeLf0wwGrMWZ4_F93cXyeMGXu33ySaWro39bBwYdmf4/s903/moving2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="903" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitASeEs5OopOKlcXjrleVz2LpQm0gOI0yt8xaiczcMvv_TSWl_HdliqpQUqdWYyprP2Mq8HUvBtpKqNJgs8mJKzEtxXkLhilmYxqeLf0wwGrMWZ4_F93cXyeMGXu33ySaWro39bBwYdmf4/w400-h254/moving2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /></span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eDKMfkkVt2k/YI8eQ9wWeZI/AAAAAAAAJgA/rLWcTtWIHyYQ8QYLIGr7FPzq-bOUkIjVwCLcBGAsYHQ/s861/moving3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="861" height="265" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eDKMfkkVt2k/YI8eQ9wWeZI/AAAAAAAAJgA/rLWcTtWIHyYQ8QYLIGr7FPzq-bOUkIjVwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h265/moving3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Images and story from<i> Pittsburgh Post</i>, 3 April 1906<br /></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"> </span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41">A Moving Day excuse at least got you off the hook for doing your civic duty, since judges often made concessions for jurors who had to move house. But Moving Day made no concession for the Lord's Day -- or maybe it was the other way around. May Day fell on a frigid, rainy Sunday in 1921 and the <i>Pittsburgh Post</i> explained that "In many cases the loads were discharged into bare houses and apartments that, because of the day being a Sunday, were without heat, and sometimes without light. The new tenants who had forgotten Saturday to fix things up with the light and gas people, as a rule, found that they faced a cold night in their new homes." Even with lousy weather and Sabbath-observing utility hook-ups, the papers reported a record number of moves in 1921 in the East End, Oakland and Wilkinsburg. <br /></span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"> </span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41">A decade later, this excerpt from</span><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"> a below-the-fold front-page column by </span><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette </i></span>staff writer James R. George entitled </span><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41">"World Just One Big Checkerboard Today" poked fun at the 1930 moving chaos.</span></div><blockquote><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41">Moving
Day, or Nervous Breakdown day, as it was called in the old Ptoemai
chronology, began early this morning and lasts until about sundown, or
approximately too long.</span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"><br />The day will be observed in Pittsburgh with
appropriate celebrations, including the smashing of 2,789 vases which
somebody gave Junior to carry to the new place. There will also be the
partial electrocution of 648 little darlings who will rub the loose
wires for the electric refrigerator together to see them spark. Having
things like this happen is sometimes loosely described as the joy of
parenthood.</span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"><br />In addition, approximately 7,000 members of the so-called
gentle sex will look out the window and inform their husbands, "Good
heavens, Sam, those ones moving next door have nine kids, and I don't
think she's washed their faces since Easter."</span></div><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"><br />There are not as many
people moving in Pittsburgh this Moving Day as last Moving Day, because
most of them have moved already. Moving companies have been hauling them
for less money the last couple of weeks so there wouldn't be a big rush
today. This way they managed to have a big rush every day for two
weeks. </span></div></blockquote><div class="no6464jc b5wmifdl"><span class="tojvnm2t a6sixzi8 abs2jz4q a8s20v7p t1p8iaqh k5wvi7nf q3lfd5jv pk4s997a bipmatt0 cebpdrjk qowsmv63 owwhemhu dp1hu0rb dhp61c6y iyyx5f41"></span></div></div><p><yinzers 1="" a="" and="" apartments="" at="" back="" by="" days="" digs="" div="" early="" exhibiting="" had="" have="" houses.="" leased="" looking="" may="" move.="" multitude="" new="" of="" profanity="" ready="" resumably="" spent="" spring="" still="" suggestions="" their="" they="" to="" we="" were="" when="" work="" worry="" would="" yesteryear=""><in 1930s="" and="" annual="" awareness="" business="" cited="" costs="" custom.="" div="" due="" during="" higher="" intra-yinzerland="" labor="" mass="" material="" migrations.="" of="" organizations="" pitfalls="" raise="" supply-and-demand="" the="" these="" they="" this="" to="" tried="">By the 1940s, motivation and ability to move on May 1 were on the wane. This was partly due to wartime Federal regulations that froze rents, thereby reducing an economic necessity to move. But the very act of moving was also more difficult during the war years due to a depleted male labor force. After all, most of those hottt, brawny moving men were away fighting overseas. </in></yinzers> </p><p>Post-WWII leases were more flexible, given the staggered return of so many soldiers seeking housing. The May Day Moving Day custom still held sway for some years to come. Bell Telephone reported between 11,000 to 12,000 phone number transfer requests for May 1 in the early 1950s, but Pittsburgh's tradition of May Day Moving Day mass migration ceased by the end of that decade.</p><p>But the work, worry, and profanity associated with moving? That never ends. </p><p><br /></p><p style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>A version of this article appeared on my <a href="https://www.facebook.com/historicaldilettante/">Facebook page</a> in May 2018.</i></span><br /></p><br /><br />Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-66757830030781604002021-02-19T21:43:00.024-05:002021-02-20T21:03:25.008-05:00Forgotten History: Dooker's Hollow<p class="MsoNormal">Dooker’s Hollow is an old section of North Braddock that was recently buried under debris when the bridge above was <a href="https://www.post-gazette.com/local/east/2021/02/13/A-single-boom-in-the-Mon-Valley-as-Dooker-s-Hollow-Bridge-falls-in-scheduled-implosion/stories/202102130045" target="_blank">demolished in February 2021</a>. It was the final indignity for a neighborhood that’s languished for decades and can boast few architectural witnesses to a colorful past.</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KFmbfbZM10A/YDBe_xIfZHI/AAAAAAAAJYc/MpPr1gJwua04fvZKOfM7Uu2PHi5z_N7EACLcBGAsYHQ/s1200/bridge%2Barcgis%2Bstorymap.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1200" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KFmbfbZM10A/YDBe_xIfZHI/AAAAAAAAJYc/MpPr1gJwua04fvZKOfM7Uu2PHi5z_N7EACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h300/bridge%2Barcgis%2Bstorymap.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Dooker's Hollow below the former bridge, <a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d5b505090d42482dbeb4f1853484521b" target="_blank">ArcGIS StoryMap image</a></span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>It wasn't always like this. Braddock was once bucolic farmland outside of Pittsburgh. Sure, matters got a bit messy in July 1755 at the Battle of the Monongahela, when British forces under General Edward Braddock were defeated by the French and their Native allies. But things were fairly quiet for decades after, until larger scale coal mining and railroads came to town.</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gTFPY0TOBGk/YDBkhA1L6gI/AAAAAAAAJYo/X250w1WOgWEvH25a3Dq-gCgyihw_GMUkgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1200/Braddock%2527s%2BField%2B1855%2BPaul%2BWeber%2BFort%2BLigonier%2Bcollection.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="806" data-original-width="1200" height="269" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gTFPY0TOBGk/YDBkhA1L6gI/AAAAAAAAJYo/X250w1WOgWEvH25a3Dq-gCgyihw_GMUkgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h269/Braddock%2527s%2BField%2B1855%2BPaul%2BWeber%2BFort%2BLigonier%2Bcollection.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Braddock's Field, Paul Weber, 1855. Fort Ligonier collection.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The area was still sparsely populated and undeveloped when Andrew Carnegie broke ground for his Edgar Thomson Steel Works in 1873. That soon changed.<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kfmSP-NAKak/YDBeV_POgdI/AAAAAAAAJYU/oF0lo5qU7pEi_KpNNowOAatYV2BPaV_3ACLcBGAsYHQ/s1126/bridge%2Bedgar%2Bthomson%2Bworks%2B.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="829" data-original-width="1126" height="295" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kfmSP-NAKak/YDBeV_POgdI/AAAAAAAAJYU/oF0lo5qU7pEi_KpNNowOAatYV2BPaV_3ACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h295/bridge%2Bedgar%2Bthomson%2Bworks%2B.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1875 view of Edgar Thomson works showing undeveloped surrounding area.<br />Allegheny Conference on Community Development Photographs<br />Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">According to Victoria Vargo, Executive Director of the Braddock Carnegie
Library Association, Dooker’s Hollow was named for a woman called
Granny Dooker who once lived in a log cabin at the turn of the road from
Braddock Avenue. While Granny Dooker’s origin story seems to be lost,
the development of Dooker’s Hollow is inextricably linked to the rise of
steel production in Braddock in the 1880s. Newspaper mentions and documentation of its main drag, Louis Street, on local maps pin the area's origins to the late 19<sup>th</sup> century. </p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Braddock grew as the mills did, stretching along the
Monongahela riverbank, framed by railroad tracks, bordered by guardian
hills, and straddling fresh water runs that were soon anything but fresh. Dooker’s Hollow flourished within a half mile from the Edgar Thomson plant, in the area that officially became the borough of North Braddock in 1897. It was a case study of a neighborhood whose immigrant residents traded poverty-stricken rural living for slightly less impoverished lives of industrial discipline governed by factory whistles. <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thomas Bell described the area in his 1941 novel <u>Out of This Furnace</u>: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>....Dooker's Hollow, an abysmal gorge in the hills to the east of Braddock, up near the foundries--its sewerlike entrance a black tunnel under the Pennsylvania tracks, its single street lined with shabby houses, and bare hills lifting steeply on either side, and, stalking from one height to another...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-43kbp6OjqhU/YDBpBMooTZI/AAAAAAAAJY0/skV0xgYd0ikxeTQ79jSsC-9YDjGisdT8wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1449/bridge%2BGoogle%2Bearth.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="893" data-original-width="1449" height="246" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-43kbp6OjqhU/YDBpBMooTZI/AAAAAAAAJY0/skV0xgYd0ikxeTQ79jSsC-9YDjGisdT8wCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h246/bridge%2BGoogle%2Bearth.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>That "black tunnel under the Pennsylvania tracks" is still the entrance to Dooker's Hollow.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The Hollow was frequently flooded when it rained, and occasionally homes along Louis Street were completely washed away. </p><p class="MsoNormal">A 1911 report from the office of the Pennsylvania health commissioner described sanitation in the area:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><i>The narrow valley known as Dooker Hollow is in the extreme eastern end of the borough. It starts at the Pennsylvania Railroad tracks about one eighth of a mile east of Bessemer Station and extends northeast for a distance of nearly half a mile to a point
where it divides, one small branch continuing on in the same direction for a short distance, and the other or main hollow swinging at right angles and running for about ¾ of a mile turning near its upper end to the north. The first collection of houses in Dooker Hollow is near the Pennsylvania Railroad, 45
in number, frame two-story inhabited by foreigners. General sanitary conditions are bad. All have privies and use as a rule the Pennsylvania Water Company water, though some wells are in use. At the forks in the hollow is located another small collection of dwellings frame but in slightly better sanitary condition than the ones farther down the hollow. Up the main valley for about ¼ of mile are 15 to 18 two-story frame houses lining the roadway and extending up over the hillside. There are sewers in this district, so privies are prevalent. One other settlement exists up Dooker's Hollow, this consisting of about 20 frame 2½-story dwellings near the head of the hollow. There are no sewers in this settlement. The second and third settlements mentioned all extend up over the hillside…. A small run flows down Dooker Hollow emptying into the borough sewer at the first cluster of houses above the railroad. A number of privies are placed near this stream, which also receives garbage at various points.</i> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The “foreigners” who inhabited these houses were primarily Eastern European immigrants for whom necessity dictated living in the shadow of the Edgar Thomson Works. The 1910 census named over 400 residents of what newspapers termed the “thickly settled” Hollow. Many of the two-story frame houses with sub-par sanitation were home to both sprawling families as well as multiple male boarders. Most Dooker’s Hollow
men worked as laborers at Edgar Thomson. Others did unspecified factory labor; there was a brick and tile works near-by, for example. A few worked for the railroads. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gjkEFmSvYvE/YDBpsjo0ZnI/AAAAAAAAJY8/mMGyXBY1YEAZZsWJTNjqxqkeF-tYefXZACLcBGAsYHQ/s887/bridge%2BSanborn%2BFire%2BInsurance%2BMaps%252C%2B1926%252C%2BPennsylvania%2BState%2BUniversity%2BLibraries.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="887" height="95" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gjkEFmSvYvE/YDBpsjo0ZnI/AAAAAAAAJY8/mMGyXBY1YEAZZsWJTNjqxqkeF-tYefXZACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h95/bridge%2BSanborn%2BFire%2BInsurance%2BMaps%252C%2B1926%252C%2BPennsylvania%2BState%2BUniversity%2BLibraries.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Dooker's Hollow homes shown below the bridge on 1926 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map, Pennsylvania State University Libraries</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The rest of Allegheny County, if it knew this mill neighborhood at all, would have connected it with stories of beatings, burglaries, and bloody encounters. There’s no romanticizing the sheer amount of murder, mayhem, and madness documented in the Hollow by Pittsburgh’s newspapers. Men had deadly knife fights, women and girls were assaulted, kids played on and fell off the bridge, people drowned in the swollen steam, and careening trolleys and cars plunged over low bridge guardrails to land in the Hollow below. Life could be irredeemably hard. There were likely many other events that didn't
merit a mention, that never came to the attention of authorities. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">But at least this black cat and stray dog got off easy in 1910: <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xMUrmQBmh4c/YDB1IVPpTnI/AAAAAAAAJak/1IN_ZHNE8iU3ZoXYxfaWfEuBeiJCTQqrQCLcBGAsYHQ/s546/brdige%2Bcat%2Bdog.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xMUrmQBmh4c/YDB1IVPpTnI/AAAAAAAAJak/1IN_ZHNE8iU3ZoXYxfaWfEuBeiJCTQqrQCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/brdige%2Bcat%2Bdog.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post,</i> 12 September 1910</span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>A long wooden bridge maintained by the Pittsburgh Railways Company spanned the hollow in 1892, used by people, horses, carriages, streetcars, and motor vehicles. </p><p>But bridges don't last forever.<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-79Zd6JugGCE/YDCDqQIvstI/AAAAAAAAJaw/05rNPIEfPnwyyTU-LVAvJZyDi1Q67KswwCLcBGAsYHQ/s545/bridge%2BPress%2B1939.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="404" data-original-width="545" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-79Zd6JugGCE/YDCDqQIvstI/AAAAAAAAJaw/05rNPIEfPnwyyTU-LVAvJZyDi1Q67KswwCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/bridge%2BPress%2B1939.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Dooker's Hollow wooden bridge, <i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 14 April 1939<br /></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <br /><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2OW3NQsJfec/YDBsEf659rI/AAAAAAAAJZI/OCOuC5QM8ew-NIer7oAe_CfEi0jAvHtpQCLcBGAsYHQ/s746/bridge%2Bwooden.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="695" data-original-width="746" height="373" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2OW3NQsJfec/YDBsEf659rI/AAAAAAAAJZI/OCOuC5QM8ew-NIer7oAe_CfEi0jAvHtpQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h373/bridge%2Bwooden.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span class="location">Dooker's Hollow wooden bridge,<i> Pittsburgh Press</i>, 3 August 1939</span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">After years of worry about its precarious, unsafe conditions, the wooden bridge was finally replaced in 1940 with a $500,000 modern four-lane structure built fifty yards away. Perhaps the spirit of Granny Dooker was behind the new construction. At the very least, there was one stalwart female bridge advocate:</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><i>This is a tale of determination--of an elderly woman who knew what she wanted and got it.</i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i>The woman--it might be well to let her remain unidentified in these paragraphs--is not only elderly but deaf. She carries a big old-fashioned ear trumpet. </i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i>Regularly, over a period of years, she appeared before the County Commissioners and other local governing bodies. During lulls in the proceedings she would shout,"How about Dooker's Hollow Bridge?" then clap her trumpet to her ear to hear any reply the officials might make.</i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i>It seemed that she owned some property near the old wooden bridge linking East Pittsburgh and North Braddock, and thought a new bridge over the ravine would increase its value.</i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i>Well, a fine new bridge was started a few months ago. The steel superstructure will meet across the ravine soon, and officials are thinking of having some sort of ceremony to mark the event. </i></p><p class="MsoNormal"><i>The one-woman campaign didn't cause the bridge to be built. The old wooden structure just got too old to be used much longer. But she got what she wanted, and her campaign is worth mentioning. </i>~Gilbert Love,<i> Pittsburgh Press</i>, 10 November 1940<i><br /></i></p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">The old wooden "bridge of sighs" over Dooker's Hollow was demolished in 1941 once its replacement was dedicated. Eighty years later, it was that 635 foot long, arched cantilever truss bridge's turn to be blown to smithereens. It all came down when explosives were detonated on 13 February 2021: <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzFoMln7qY6i0F6dwpULqOhSlxpoySbXc_GqFx1X-SPn_XF1ygkHw6_wuFvJMmalipnptLf9CYrECF1ugmomg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Video of Dooker's Hollow bridge explosion from <a href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/d5b505090d42482dbeb4f1853484521b" target="_blank">ArcGIS StoryMap</a></span></b></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The roadbed had been dismantled, so it was only 500 tons of steel that dropped onto the former Louis Street -- long since renamed O’Connell Boulevard during the WWI years. </p><p class="MsoNormal">And there wasn't much left in Dooker's Hollow for the steel skeleton to land on. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ha3DWzL4XSQ/YDBuEwxZmSI/AAAAAAAAJZY/P2JeUj1edqkxoNJB41LzPqQd6MnVXaTugCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/bridge%2BNorth%2BBraddock%2BNetwork%2BFB%2Bpage.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ha3DWzL4XSQ/YDBuEwxZmSI/AAAAAAAAJZY/P2JeUj1edqkxoNJB41LzPqQd6MnVXaTugCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h300/bridge%2BNorth%2BBraddock%2BNetwork%2BFB%2Bpage.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Dooker's Hollow, January 2021, from <a href="https://www.facebook.com/northbraddocknetwork">North Braddock Network Facebook Page</a></span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Although there are undeniably impressive differences of scale, this actually wasn’t the first time the street in Dooker’s Hollow was pelted with debris from on high. The infrastructure that so optimistically bridged the Hollow's past to a more promising future in 1940 was almost immediately designated a vantage point for the hurling of trash, eggs, tires, bricks and stones. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ty1U-7vxYfo/YDCLFwMULyI/AAAAAAAAJa8/HHq-7Wuz6XA0MZqaVoyssZP4km3TsxXdQCLcBGAsYHQ/s685/bridge%2B1945.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="685" data-original-width="546" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ty1U-7vxYfo/YDCLFwMULyI/AAAAAAAAJa8/HHq-7Wuz6XA0MZqaVoyssZP4km3TsxXdQCLcBGAsYHQ/w319-h400/bridge%2B1945.jpg" width="319" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph</i>, 5 December 1945</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">You scored big if your load landed on the rooftop of a house 175 feet below. Who could resist the challenge?<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal">Hollow residents repeatedly begged for mercy -- or at the very least for a high fence to stop the bombardment. They sent a petition to Allegheny County in 1955, and again in 1962. That's when the <i>Pittsburgh Press</i> got cute with its headline for an article about the 22 residents who'd once again petitioned the county to erect a high fence along the bridge to stem target practice. <br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SObHjYFt8Ls/YDBw07XTd6I/AAAAAAAAJZo/-GkHLHvSlqcbWiKuVV9pVO-6J5gXz9AAgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1170/bridge%2Bdookers%2B.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="150" data-original-width="1170" height="51" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SObHjYFt8Ls/YDBw07XTd6I/AAAAAAAAJZo/-GkHLHvSlqcbWiKuVV9pVO-6J5gXz9AAgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h51/bridge%2Bdookers%2B.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 23 May 1962</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Allegheny County Public Works director Levi Bird Duff habitually scoffed at the utility of such a safety screen. He opined that no fence would be high enough “to keep a strong-armed youngster from lobbing a stone over the railing.” Duff punted responsibility for catching the “rocktossers” to North Braddock police and, well, you can guess how much of a priority that was. Dooker’s Hollow continued to be pelted from above, although eventually at some point a safety fence was erected on the bridge. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While they dodged debris from above and were immortalized in local crime reports, Dooker’s Hollow families lived and loved and persevered and used their windshield wipers to clear away mill dirt from their cars. If you grew up there, you made memories like kids everywhere did. You embraced adventures, you played hide-and-seek and kickball in the street, you climbed trees and
built forts in the woods. You weren't supposed to drink water from the creek, but who was going to tell if you all dared each other to do it? The streetcars passing overhead on the bridge blew fine dust into the Hollow that glittered in the sun like diamonds, but housewives weren't pleased when such industrial fairy dust drifted through their open windows. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fnMgKWo063A/YDBza4MvfLI/AAAAAAAAJaU/tpHItdkvl3026OKSbZdlQDX9ZFbJqw95wCLcBGAsYHQ/s583/bridge%2Bdookers%2BHollow%2Bpostcard%2B1951.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="441" data-original-width="583" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fnMgKWo063A/YDBza4MvfLI/AAAAAAAAJaU/tpHItdkvl3026OKSbZdlQDX9ZFbJqw95wCLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/bridge%2Bdookers%2BHollow%2Bpostcard%2B1951.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Dooker's Hollow 1950s postcard image</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Mill town neighborhoods like Dooker’s Hollow flourished into the mid-1970s. They spectacularly collapsed in the 1980s, devastated by complicated economic and industrial forces that left them ghost towns. The lone road into Dooker’s Hollow heaved with polluted groundwater and became riddled with potholes perilous enough to test your car’s suspension every few feet. Houses fell to neglect, abandon, and eventual residential demolition. There were a few proud, colorful, isolated survivors
toward the far end of the street, but others were held together by little more than frameworks of memories. </p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gP55y_o-4wY/YDBxpbYaIWI/AAAAAAAAJZw/hGQK8UJiRHAiId7Ionq_tD4nT0miaubQACLcBGAsYHQ/s1073/Dookers%2BJack.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="603" data-original-width="1073" height="225" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gP55y_o-4wY/YDBxpbYaIWI/AAAAAAAAJZw/hGQK8UJiRHAiId7Ionq_tD4nT0miaubQACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h225/Dookers%2BJack.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Dooker's Hollow home, 2018, Jack Erdie<br /></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-anLfPUf8C3U/YDBxpZ63bpI/AAAAAAAAJZ0/AaO8NZjq8Okn31JU355J1lDMEXUVT8vWQCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/bridge%2Bmccardle.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="640" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-anLfPUf8C3U/YDBxpZ63bpI/AAAAAAAAJZ0/AaO8NZjq8Okn31JU355J1lDMEXUVT8vWQCLcBGAsYHQ/w320-h400/bridge%2Bmccardle.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Dooker's Hollow, 2017, Patrick McArdle</span></b><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qTPQgx0_3-Q/YDBxpQUmBPI/AAAAAAAAJZ4/67HoRGakL6MV9fZUo0XK2xbJCGwadUU-QCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/bridge%2BJack%2BErdie.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qTPQgx0_3-Q/YDBxpQUmBPI/AAAAAAAAJZ4/67HoRGakL6MV9fZUo0XK2xbJCGwadUU-QCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h400/bridge%2BJack%2BErdie.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Dooker's Hollow, 2018, Jack Erdie</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Once the old bridge scrap gets removed from Dooker’s Hollow, construction crews will start spending the allocated $9.95 million to build a new structure overhead to reconnect North Braddock and East Pittsburgh. </p><p class="MsoNormal">There’s no money allocated for Dooker’s Hollow itself. So long as the bridge above bears its name, Dooker’s Hollow will live on as a geographical entity, if not as a living
neighborhood. Even if the new bridge gets renamed, former residents still have tales to tell about life in the Hollow. They need to be recorded, because this neighborhood will live on only so long as there are people to talk about it. Once they're gone, Dooker's Hollow will join the scrap heap of forgotten history </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MJMHq8YOKYo/YDBzL-5vlvI/AAAAAAAAJaQ/CXfiaDHikqAu2nNMm1DXjjMba5_cb0RQACLcBGAsYHQ/s800/dookers%2BJack%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MJMHq8YOKYo/YDBzL-5vlvI/AAAAAAAAJaQ/CXfiaDHikqAu2nNMm1DXjjMba5_cb0RQACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/dookers%2BJack%2B2.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Dooker's Hollow, 2018, Jack Erdie</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><i>Preserve your stories!</i></p>If you've got tales to tell about life in Dooker's Hollow, please share in the comment section below.<br />
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com22tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-1373593301069943662020-12-31T19:18:00.002-05:002021-02-10T14:34:24.527-05:00Forgotten History: Police Brutality in Pittsburgh's Hill District, 1925<p><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db gfeo3gy3 a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></p><div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">In June 1925, ninety-five years ago, the head of Pittsburgh's City Council insisted its Public Safety director deal with consistent "police oppression" of black residents of the Hill District. This followed complaints of wrongful arrests, widespread police violence during “third degree” interrogations, and random fines. Specific incidents were described by Hill residents, including one case of wrongful arrest that resulted in a pregnant black Hill resident being forced to give birth at the station and denied medical care until her release the next morning. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Wrote the <i>Pittsburgh Post</i> 95 years ago: “The substance of the complaint was that the police, by making arrests of many Negroes and treating some of them in a brutal way at the Center avenue station, have brought terror to the hearts of most Negroes, with a tendency to incite race hatred and possibly riot.” The Hill’s magistrate was also described as biased against black residents, but he was beyond the reach of Council.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Ninety-five years ago, Council President addressed Public Safety Director: "You have heard this, director, and we know it is true. Go up there and clean up: throw out those responsible and put in new. You can do it over night."</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Ninety-five years ago, Public Safety Director responded "I'll investigate this."</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Ninety-five years ago, Council President snapped: "We don't want you to investigate it--we don't want reports, but we want this handled as it should be handled. You are the head of the police department. You have heard what these people said, and we all know that they have not come here just to hear themselves talk."</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">So 95 years ago, within hours of that meeting, Pittsburgh's Superintendent of Police transferred every one of the 42 white policemen of the Central precinct to other parts of the city. He then swapped in all of the city's black officers, a total of about 20, to staff the Central precinct in the Hill at Centre and Devilliers. <br /></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><br /><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"></div></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RyNZ9G-R2HA/YCQx0JzWnHI/AAAAAAAAJWY/zQ8_nLdyiT8PyL7bNAV7KDXfBKrDjzbGgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1492/Center%2BAvenue%2Bat%2BDinwiddie%2BStreet%2Bwith%2BCentral%2BPolice%2BStation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="730" data-original-width="1492" height="196" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RyNZ9G-R2HA/YCQx0JzWnHI/AAAAAAAAJWY/zQ8_nLdyiT8PyL7bNAV7KDXfBKrDjzbGgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h196/Center%2BAvenue%2Bat%2BDinwiddie%2BStreet%2Bwith%2BCentral%2BPolice%2BStation.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db gfeo3gy3 a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto">Center Avenue at Dinwiddie Street, with Central Police Station (#2) at immediate right<br />January 1933 <br />Pittsburgh City Photographers Collection, University of Pittsburgh</span></span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">But in so doing, he also noted that the situation was “a lot of hokum, pure and simple.”</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ChUPTiv6A5U/YCQ0H63wZwI/AAAAAAAAJWs/qRJlQMjfJvYkDzqsIs6Cq_C1uU1ysPCeACLcBGAsYHQ/s670/Gazette%2BTimes%252C%2B26%2BJune%2B1925%2Bheadline%2Band%2Bexcerpt.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ChUPTiv6A5U/YCQ0H63wZwI/AAAAAAAAJWs/qRJlQMjfJvYkDzqsIs6Cq_C1uU1ysPCeACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Gazette%2BTimes%252C%2B26%2BJune%2B1925%2Bheadline%2Band%2Bexcerpt.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Gazette Times</i>, 26 June 1925 headline and excerpt</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Politics was behind these allegations, he said, because his officers had refused to “take orders” from certain powerful city officials. Claiming he was only shifting policemen to prove a point, Pittsburgh's Police Superintendent asserted: “We will get the same results by the new officers at the station. There’s nothing to the brutality charges.” He further claimed that one of the complainants “worked in a politician’s office” and thus was presumably put up to testifying.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Hokum. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q">Case closed, 95 years ago. </div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"> </div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wee2Me-Q3lg/YCQyVqSYItI/AAAAAAAAJWg/w0QrSteROjwN3n8Yz8U9MOKyq-T4mwA9QCLcBGAsYHQ/s778/Headline%252C%2B25%2BJune%2B1925.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="547" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wee2Me-Q3lg/YCQyVqSYItI/AAAAAAAAJWg/w0QrSteROjwN3n8Yz8U9MOKyq-T4mwA9QCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Headline%252C%2B25%2BJune%2B1925.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db gfeo3gy3 a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto">Headline, 25 June 1925 <br /><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post</i></span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Consider: to spite the complainants and City Council, the Police Superintendent left the Hill with half of its police force contingent. The remaining officers were men of color who were left to negotiate and reconcile dual identities as black men and "blue" public servants together, without administrative support. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Putting black officers in charge of policing black neighborhoods became an accepted tactic, soon to be employed in a North Side vice neighborhood as well. The black community was essentially left to care for itself. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Although the <i>Pittsburgh Gazette Times</i> headlined an editorial <i>“A Good Start to End Police Abuses</i>” the paper acknowledged that the Superintendent’s action was a tacit admission that “the charges made by respectable residents of the Hill against police methods were well founded.” The 1925 editorial also detailed systemic problems that sound all too familiar in 2020: <br /></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><blockquote><i>A complete change is in order. Not only that, but every policeman--probably there are not many on the Pittsburgh force--who has been guilty of brutality to prisoners should be ferreted out and suitably punished. In the present instance specific complaint was made of ill treatment of colored people. This element of the population is entitled to justice equal to that accorded all others. And that means every one unfortunate enough to fall into the hands of the police should be treated fairly and humanely. Too often another course has been pursued by some members of the police force. The indefensible “third degree” has been used very recently, according to reports. Policemen who deem it necessary to resort to this unlawful practice expose their incompetence as well as their inhumanity. Shifting them about may have the necessary disciplinary effect. If it does not there should be no hesitancy about getting rid of them. </i></blockquote></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Today, 95 years later, at least the Black community now has public support in protesting brutality. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">But...it's 95 years later. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">And we’re still talking about the same old same old. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nUk0XkZWVOU/YCQ0kpkAW1I/AAAAAAAAJW0/4re12bDZ4MYVrBtkql8p3cOKTrjWw_GDACLcBGAsYHQ/s592/Pittsburgh%2BPress%252C%2B26%2BJune%2B1925..png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="228" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nUk0XkZWVOU/YCQ0kpkAW1I/AAAAAAAAJW0/4re12bDZ4MYVrBtkql8p3cOKTrjWw_GDACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Pittsburgh%2BPress%252C%2B26%2BJune%2B1925..png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db gfeo3gy3 a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Example of policing black <span>Pittsburghers</span>s experienced 95 yrs ago, as described in letter-to-editor, <i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 26 June 1925. </span></b></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><b> </b></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Compiled from Pittsburgh newspapers, 25-28 June 1925.</i></span></b></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>A version of this story appeared on my Facebook page on 7 June 2020.</b><br /></i></span></div></div> <br /><p></p>Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-6477380233797202632020-12-31T19:03:00.003-05:002021-02-10T14:13:58.151-05:00Exciting North Side Booze Raids!<p><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db gfeo3gy3 a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></p><div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">In case you were wishing for a time machine so you could learn what happened in Pittsburgh on 23 October 1920, well, here you go: </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WCZsaHZP5gU/YCQqoETE6zI/AAAAAAAAJV8/_pDIb3LrQiAW9xQ0yH_-8uJMAOcfJAOnQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1583/headline.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="151" data-original-width="1583" height="38" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WCZsaHZP5gU/YCQqoETE6zI/AAAAAAAAJV8/_pDIb3LrQiAW9xQ0yH_-8uJMAOcfJAOnQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h38/headline.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db gfeo3gy3 a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto">Headline, <i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 24 October 1920</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Prohibition officers assembled in three squads of three men each on the North Side, approaching their targets from different spots to heighten the element of surprise. If surprise there was, it was short-lived. Several thousand people - some accounts said up to 5000 - "swarmed the street" to watch the agents raid multiple establishments in the immediate vicinity of Reedsdale Street.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pykf82HtTsY/YCQrQfJ_i-I/AAAAAAAAJWE/hkcWyzDWCf8GQG_oKH1-2BIzk9fLN8bEACLcBGAsYHQ/s682/Pittsburgh%2BSunday%2BPost%252C%2B24%2BOctober%2B1920.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="682" data-original-width="426" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pykf82HtTsY/YCQrQfJ_i-I/AAAAAAAAJWE/hkcWyzDWCf8GQG_oKH1-2BIzk9fLN8bEACLcBGAsYHQ/s16000/Pittsburgh%2BSunday%2BPost%252C%2B24%2BOctober%2B1920.png" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Sunday Post</i>, 24 October 1920</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">After all, as the character of Eliot Ness was told in the 1987 movie The Untouchables: "Mr. Ness, everybody knows where the booze is."</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Successful raids at four North Side establishments yielded roughly 220 gallons of whiskey and wine plus 10 gallons of assorted liquors. But the officers left other raid locations empty-handed.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">For their troubles, one group headed by Special Agent Samuel Melvin Palmer of the Pittsburgh district had a ferocious encounter with an unnamed woman at the Star Hotel on Reedsdale. In defiance of Palmer's search warrant, the lady swung a chair over her head and "threatened the government officers until dissuaded by other members of the household and the agents." </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Perhaps she was lubricated with the elixir of righteous indignation, for no liquor was found on the premises of said Star Hotel. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Overall it really wasn't a good day for 48 year old Officer Palmer.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mDvb3zvZPHA/YCQry5AA3iI/AAAAAAAAJWM/ieqyif14LionhdryyvJknPWhM-KqaV57gCLcBGAsYHQ/s780/Federal%2BProhibition%2BAgent%2Bbadge%2Bof%2BSamuel%2BMelvin%2BPalmer%2Bof%2BWilkinsburg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="576" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mDvb3zvZPHA/YCQry5AA3iI/AAAAAAAAJWM/ieqyif14LionhdryyvJknPWhM-KqaV57gCLcBGAsYHQ/w472-h640/Federal%2BProhibition%2BAgent%2Bbadge%2Bof%2BSamuel%2BMelvin%2BPalmer%2Bof%2BWilkinsburg.png" width="472" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Federal Prohibition Agent badge of Samuel Melvin Palmer of Wilkinsburg</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">As he carried his first armful of liquor from a Reedsdale saloon owned by Joseph Foyzey and William Lutz, "a group of foreigners, perhaps unacquainted with "Volstead procedure," formed a human barricade on the steps, refusing to allow the officer to descend to the ground floor." Palmer's fellow agents had to explain how things worked to the "foreigners" in order for him to pass unmolested with his haul.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">As if that wasn't exciting enough, thievery was afoot amidst "mingled cheers and catcalls as several agents began carrying whisky and wine from the establishment to load it on an automobile truck." In the chaos a North Side youth "....aged about 17, suddenly snatched a quart of whisky from the overflowing truck and made off through the crowd with a yell." </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Gadzooks! What's a Yinzer dry agent to do when some young punk lams off with the juice?</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Faced with this dilemma, Agent Palmer had to think quickly. From his position standing guard on the other side of the vehicle, the Federal Prohibition Officer briefly considered the likely ramifications of leaving his truck unguarded "to the mercy of the crowd" while he chased down the thief. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">He thought about it good and hard.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">And then he stayed put. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">A few officers did take off after the lad but quickly realized the futility of a chase through the crowd. A description was sent round to local authorities, but presumably the North Side teen remained free to enjoy his quart of pilfered liquid joy. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">The rest of the hooch was hauled to prohibition headquarters at the Bowman Building at 304 Ross Street, Downtown, where it was stored in a vault. It remained in government storage under seal along with lots and lots of other seized liquor, and an impressive collection of stills ranging in size from a 2 gallon milk can to a 50-gallon specialty made contraption.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">The resistance of North Siders that day wasn't unusual. Truth is, many Pittsburghers of the era were either indifferent to or resented constitutional prohibition. There were certainly women who welcomed enforcement in hopes that it'd prevent their husbands from drinking away the family wages. But the "foreigners" on Reedsdale Avenue were part of an urban immigrant population for whom alcohol was a traditional social and cultural lubricant. <span data-offset-key="40s7b-0-0"><span data-text="true"> Nearly 2/3 of the city's industrial labor force had been born in another county, and for those North Side residents the English language and evolving American laws and traditions were indeed foreign. </span></span>For them, and indeed for most residents, Pittsburgh would never be dry. For the duration of constitutional prohibition from 1920 to 1933 Pittsburgh remained “wet enough for rubber boots,” as described by an unnamed prominent citizen in a 1923 edition of the <i>Literary Digest.</i></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">As for the intrepid federal agents, their frustration on the streets that day was probably palpable. Faced with the lack of coordination between federal, state, and local authorities to enforce the "noble experiment" ushered in by the Volstead Act that year, some officers would eventually quit out of frustration. Others were fired for abusing their positions in creative ways. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Samuel Melvin Palmer came to a different end. He joined the federal Bureau of Prohibition after a 20 year career as a veterinary dentist in Wilkinsburg. He seems to have stuck with the job for only two years, although during that time he was frequently mentioned in local newspapers for his assistance on raids. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Palmer died in 1926 after consuming an unnamed poison. This was described in some papers as a suicide attempt due to despondency from being in "ill-health for some time." But other reports asserted that Palmer died of an accidental ingestion of the "effects of poison he had taken the day before from a bottle he had mistaken as medicine." According to that account Palmer, "....without his glasses, searched in the bathroom and got the poison. No sooner had he swallowed it had he realized his mistake...." </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">The official death certificate recorded Palmer's death as a result of "unknown poison taken in mistake for gargle."</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">________________________________________________________________________________ <br /></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">NOTES: </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">--"Foyzey & Lutz" would make a great name for a saloon. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">-- Pittsburgh's Prohibition headquarters from 1920-1925 was in the building that now houses Mitchell's restaurant on Ross Street. They really should have capitalized on that history to sell more drinks. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">-- Please, just put me in charge of historical research for Pittsburgh's bars and pay me in Cabernet.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>A version of this story appeared on my Facebook page on 24 October 2020. </i></b></span><br /></div></div></div><p></p>Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-3915238784590573552020-12-31T18:49:00.007-05:002021-02-10T16:44:13.904-05:00Unsolved Pittsburgh Mysteries: He'll Be a Dead One Tonight<p><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db gfeo3gy3 a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto"></span></p><div class="kvgmc6g5 cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">In 1920 the widowed Ann Hoffstot lived with her two adult sons, Carl and Miller, on Susquehanna Street in Homewood. They lived in a modest house about a block south below the train tracks from Solitude, the late George Westinghouse's estate. Ann was the former Ann Rachel Shipley, widowed for at least 11 years. Her son, 33 year old Carl S. Hoffstot was known locally as an oil broker. His younger brother Miller Joseph Hoffstot was an accountant.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Ann answered a call at home on 21 February 1920 from an unidentified woman who asked to speak to one of the Hoffstot men, specifically the "one with the machine." </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Ann responded that both of her sons had cars, so the caller clarified that she wanted the one with the Ford. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">That would be Carl, Ann confirmed. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">The caller responded "Well he'll be a dead one by tonight."</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">And then she hung up.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Ann Hoffstot was alarmed. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">She called Carl, who wasn't available. So she called Miller, who reached Carl.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Carl didn't want to be a dead one, so he called the police. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">The coppers were able to confirm that the call had been placed locally, but that was the extent of phone line tracing in 1920. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Carl informed the police that just in case, he was going to get a permit to carry a revolver. <br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div dir="auto" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Now maybe Carl started packing heat from then on. Maybe he didn't. But he definitely placed an ad the next day in the Sunday edition of the <i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, offering a $1000 reward for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the mysterious person who threatened his life.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhE7taSEgGU_0YZPxY0sxB_fEGHJE7rLgJ7t9qPN9TcYvLrkdAmhbwvNG74Bp_hgU89hNg4N7DkKeunclz7TBv1CVnlL4tFCUGlEtY8tH0I06ixiyF5dMqMmxe0MJoXqPBDZSIZuFXZDyc/s580/Reward+notice+placed+by+Carl+S.+Hoffstot+in+Sundays+Pittsburgh+Press+22+February+1920.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="280" data-original-width="580" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhE7taSEgGU_0YZPxY0sxB_fEGHJE7rLgJ7t9qPN9TcYvLrkdAmhbwvNG74Bp_hgU89hNg4N7DkKeunclz7TBv1CVnlL4tFCUGlEtY8tH0I06ixiyF5dMqMmxe0MJoXqPBDZSIZuFXZDyc/w400-h193/Reward+notice+placed+by+Carl+S.+Hoffstot+in+Sundays+Pittsburgh+Press+22+February+1920.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Reward notice placed by Carl S. Hoffstot in Sundays <i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 22 February 1920</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /> That's what got this story on the front pages of the<i> Pittsburg Press</i> and the <i>Pittsburgh Sunday Post</i>.</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> <br /></div></div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J7rZGxZDRHQ/YCRMJLxYvAI/AAAAAAAAJXM/n3PxTZUUbZQZUSt6fOANBg5cnzeSRG5UACLcBGAsYHQ/s359/Pittsburgh%2BPress%2B22%2BFeb%2B1920.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="170" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-J7rZGxZDRHQ/YCRMJLxYvAI/AAAAAAAAJXM/n3PxTZUUbZQZUSt6fOANBg5cnzeSRG5UACLcBGAsYHQ/w303-h640/Pittsburgh%2BPress%2B22%2BFeb%2B1920.png" width="303" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db gfeo3gy3 a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id" dir="auto"></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press </i>22 Feb 1920.</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q-WKDnNRMZE/YCRTd_tfhtI/AAAAAAAAJX4/XndTEf0y7gEWdxFnQidXPIJcb4kfMdyWgCLcBGAsYHQ/s906/Pittsburgh%2BDaily%2BPost%2B22%2BFeb%2B1920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="906" data-original-width="520" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q-WKDnNRMZE/YCRTd_tfhtI/AAAAAAAAJX4/XndTEf0y7gEWdxFnQidXPIJcb4kfMdyWgCLcBGAsYHQ/w230-h400/Pittsburgh%2BDaily%2BPost%2B22%2BFeb%2B1920.jpg" width="230" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post</i>, 22 Feb 1920</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p></p><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q">The story was even picked up in the <i>Philadelphia Inquirer</i>, with Carl becoming a "wealthy oil and gas promoter" in the process. To be fair there were wealthy Hoffstots in Pittsburgh, but not <i>these </i>Hoffstots. </div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"> </div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fh9r05Loz_o/YCRNBL37mBI/AAAAAAAAJXg/_pfZdquf9GQNi8m5SwsUI3M86aPFuFgNACLcBGAsYHQ/s421/Headline%2Band%2Bexcerpt%2BPhiladelphia%2BInquirer%2B23%2BFebruary%2B1920.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="352" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Fh9r05Loz_o/YCRNBL37mBI/AAAAAAAAJXg/_pfZdquf9GQNi8m5SwsUI3M86aPFuFgNACLcBGAsYHQ/w536-h640/Headline%2Band%2Bexcerpt%2BPhiladelphia%2BInquirer%2B23%2BFebruary%2B1920.png" width="536" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Headline and excerpt, <i>Philadelphia Inquirer</i> 23 February 1920</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q">Death threats were Srs Bsns back in the day. Not like now, when a casual Twitter comment about, say, how often to wash one's towels can bring down the wrath of the masses. <div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Fortunately Carl lived to see another day, and many more after that. His fortunes did take a downward turn as the country spiraled into the Great Depression, and he spent the last decade of his adult life hanging wallpaper for a living. He was a dead one at age 46, passing in 1935 of acute rheumatic fever. His mother Ann lived five more years, dying in 1940 of natural causes. Brother Miller outlived them all to the ripe old age of 89. He died in 1980 in Florida, where he'd moved with his wife. (It is not known what kind of car Miller drove in 1920). </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">What all this newspaper coverage didn't mention, but what a dive into public records reveals, casts new light on the story. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">You see, Carl had an ex-wife. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">In 1911, Carl Hoffstot married divorced-then-widowed Cleveland native Maud Hill Schenermann. Maud's first marriage as a teenager ended early in divorce. He second marriage left her widowed with a son, Wallace. (Maud had three more husbands after Carl, apparently liking marriage in theory but not in practice. Or maybe she just needed more practice).</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> <br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Carl and Maud lived for some years in Cleveland with Maud's teenage boy from her second marriage, but they divorced in Pittsburgh in December 1919. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">That's two months before a mysterious phone call to the Hoffstot residence threatened Carl would be a "dead one tonight." <br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Now, Carl claimed he had no enemies. And who knows, maybe Carl was certain his ex-wife Maud and his stepson Wallace had nothing to do with this. He told the<i> Post</i> that "He knew of no woman...who had a grudge against him nor did he know of any other individual or group of them for whom she might have been calling." </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">Maybe the threat actually came from some babushka-clad bubba whom Carl had clipped with his Ford while she was crossing the street with a basket of turnips. </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">The <i>Press</i> speculated that the threat may have been a hoax. <br /></div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;">But Carl didn't take it as a joke. The incident had so shocked his mother that it "almost prostrated her" and Carl told the Philadelphia paper "I intend to run this thing down and will make it hot for the person responsible for causing my mother so much worry."</div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span class="d2edcug0 hpfvmrgz qv66sw1b c1et5uql rrkovp55 a8c37x1j keod5gw0 nxhoafnm aigsh9s9 d3f4x2em fe6kdd0r mau55g9w c8b282yb iv3no6db gfeo3gy3 a3bd9o3v knj5qynh oo9gr5id hzawbc8m" dir="auto">After the reward notice was published, the story died a quiet death, presumably for lack of further information. It was a dead one, for sure.<br /></span></div><div class="o9v6fnle cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql ii04i59q"> <br /><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"> </div><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>*A version of this story was posted to my Facebook page on 22 February 2020. </i></span><br /></div></div></div> <br /><p></p>Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-50234028371179005252020-05-14T03:31:00.060-04:002021-05-15T18:33:12.256-04:00Of Pittsburgh Vice and a Three-legged Dog<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Social media for <a href="https://www.facebook.com/newspaperscom/posts/2605905122848948:0">newspapers.com</a> dug into its archives in April 2020 to highlight a hundred year old article about a Pittsburgh dog who loved his prosthetic leg. </p><p>The story first appeared in the 1922 <i>Pittsburgh Post</i>. It really is a great quirky tale about a VERY GOOD BOY, and it got lots of likes and shares.<br />
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But I wanted to know more. <br />
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First things first, though. The dog’s name was Buster. He was a pit bull terrier, aged 5, who’d lost his leg under mysterious circumstances. I’ve taken the liberty of transcribing the article as it appeared, since the original is hard to read.<br />
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Here are the headlines and images that went with the 1922 story.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7W7kAjF_-XM/XryLIoPp3AI/AAAAAAAAJCI/szZZk0TJ9ggs7mVldxmmVxb2nQ7boKa7gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Buster.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="566" data-original-width="788" height="286" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7W7kAjF_-XM/XryLIoPp3AI/AAAAAAAAJCI/szZZk0TJ9ggs7mVldxmmVxb2nQ7boKa7gCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Buster.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post</i>, 22 April 1922</span></b></td></tr>
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And here’s Buster’s tale from the<i> Post</i>: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>One of the sights of the Northside is "Buster," a five-year-old bull terrier. "Buster" is the
only dog in Pittsburgh, and probably the only one in this part of the world,who sports an artificial leg.<br /><br />
The word "sports" is used correctly, for the leather limb, which he has worn more than two years, is his most favored possession. The proud air of being aware that he has something which never fails to attract attention from the passing humans, and in some way makes him different from other dogs, is always with him as he hobbles through the streets of the Northside.<br /><br />It was about 25 months ago that "Buster" lost his left foreleg. Just how the accident happened his master has never found out. One afternoon "Buster" was in the backyard of his home at 222 East General Robinson Street when suddenly he espied a cat or another dog passing down an alley. He sprang over the fence after the other animal. When he returned, 15 minutes later, his leg was gone. His master took him at once to the animal hospital at 2216 Forbes street, conducted by Dr. John C Gensburg, and there "Buster's" life was saved. At the suggestion of Dr. Gensburg the artificial leg was fitted.<br /><br />
"Buster didn't like it for the first few days, but soon he would not willingly leave his home without the small leather object strapped to him. Each morning, before he goes to his breakfast, "Buster" is at the side of his master, Edward Kane, with his leg in his mouth, indicating he wants it put on.<br /><br />
A few months ago, "Buster" disappeared one afternoon. A search started and along towards night,
"Buster" was found out in Soho, trying to get home as the best way he could on three legs, the artificial one in his mouth. </i></blockquote><p>
I’m not sure whether Buster was the “only” dog hereabouts who had an artificial leg, but it may have been true. No local challengers were reported to have laid claim to similar status, and unfortunately the veterinarian identified as having saved Buster wasn’t interviewed. Dr. John Gensburg could have at least clarified whether Buster’s fake leg was made of leather or wood, since details in the article and photo are contradictory.</p><p>
But the vet also would have been a good source regarding the incidence rate of regional dog prosthetics. If this 1925 story about Dr. Gensburg is any indication, he had a knack for saving good dogs in bad circumstances. Doc G is posing here with a wee pup named Brown Eyes, from whom he'd just removed a 7-inch long hat pin.
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tDVYYk9PFaA/XryOLgvSU5I/AAAAAAAAJCU/pRBK2XLf8yI12uJ3Cxz8yPnJjFxLT3-uACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/browneyes.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="546" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tDVYYk9PFaA/XryOLgvSU5I/AAAAAAAAJCU/pRBK2XLf8yI12uJ3Cxz8yPnJjFxLT3-uACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/browneyes.jpg" width="341" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 14 January 1925</b><br /><i><b>Dr. J.C. Gensberg [sic] and "Brown Eyes" </b><b>-- principals in the operation made necessary when the pup decided <br />if those funny things called men could drink moonshine liquor he could eat hatpins. <br />Dr. Gensberg removed a pin measuring seven inches from the dog<br />whose body is only nine inches itself. His head is three inches long.</b></i></span></td></tr>
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Seven inches long! Ouch.<br />
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I’m not sure that’s even anatomically possible. Even if it was, given the potential for internal injuries I have my doubts as to whether Brown Eyes’ story ultimately had a happy ending. (Dr. Gensburg's personal story certainly didn't: he died in 1928 at the age of 34 of an infection said to have been "obtained during an operation on a dog." His official cause of death was cellulitis of the face accompanied by septicemia. In this era before antibiotics, untreated facial cellulitis could indeed cause fatal bacterial meningitis).<br />
<br />Dr. Gensburg’s animal hospital was actually one block away from the location described in the <i>Post</i> article. His veterinary clinic operated from 2217 Fifth Avenue, near what was then the Brady Street Bridge (now the Birmingham Bridge).<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cRlFVXAB62s/XryTi5uwfZI/AAAAAAAAJCs/TzINr96BAesPAPDZOLv53sSpnEqZd4gqgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/dog%2Bhospital%2B13%2BApril%2B1923%2BPost.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="775" data-original-width="546" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cRlFVXAB62s/XryTi5uwfZI/AAAAAAAAJCs/TzINr96BAesPAPDZOLv53sSpnEqZd4gqgCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/dog%2Bhospital%2B13%2BApril%2B1923%2BPost.jpg" width="281" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post</i>, 13 April 1923</b></span></td></tr>
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Ten days after the <i>Post</i> article appeared, its competitor the <i>Pittsburgh Press</i> ran a short blurb with photo that was picked up by wire services and published in newspapers across the nation. That's the equivalent in 1922 of going virial on social media and soon everyone in the country learned that Buster was Pittsburgh’s VERY GOOD BOY.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YTH4MNbIV7I/YKAim81iGZI/AAAAAAAAJgo/aIZrlSP3tS4e_cSHhlGPQuLNq_45XGhEQCLcBGAsYHQ/s578/Buster%2Badjusted.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="530" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YTH4MNbIV7I/YKAim81iGZI/AAAAAAAAJgo/aIZrlSP3tS4e_cSHhlGPQuLNq_45XGhEQCLcBGAsYHQ/w366-h400/Buster%2Badjusted.jpg" width="366" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 14 April 1922, picked up by International News Reel</b></span>
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There are questions to be asked here.<br />
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Questions like “WTF happened to Buster’s leg?” <br />
<br />
The disappearance of Buster’s leg was explained so casually: doggo chases a passing cat or dog (like one does) out of his yard. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i> </i></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><i>"When he returned, 15 minutes later, his leg was gone.”</i><br />
<br />As if returning without a left leg was, you know, just one of those things. <br />
<br />
The lack of detail! How did this happen? Did anyone randomly come across a left canine forelimb later that day, specifically in the 200 block of East General Robinson Street, between Anderson and Sandusky, near Arbuckle Way? <br />
<br />
Because that’s where Buster’s owner lived. In this house, the one on the right:<br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ObwloMlKljw/XryUQn3NheI/AAAAAAAAJC8/zsLAf_VSgfE5cIXTYTEliysktdiJPuJjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Buster%2Bhouse%2BArbuckle%2BAlley%2Bat%2BRobinson%2Blooking%2Bnorth%2BJuly%2B31%2B1911%2BPCP.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="786" data-original-width="1176" height="265" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ObwloMlKljw/XryUQn3NheI/AAAAAAAAJC8/zsLAf_VSgfE5cIXTYTEliysktdiJPuJjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Buster%2Bhouse%2BArbuckle%2BAlley%2Bat%2BRobinson%2Blooking%2Bnorth%2BJuly%2B31%2B1911%2BPCP.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Buster's house to the right, East General Robinson Street at Arbuckle Way looking north, 1911 </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />The newspaper claimed that Edward Kane, owner of Buster (who really was a VERY GOOD BOY), lived at 222 East General Robinson Street. Perhaps that’s even the address Kane gave. But we’ve already seen that the <i>Post </i>article didn’t describe Buster’s prosthetic accurately, nor did it give the veterinarian’s correct address. It wouldn’t have been difficult to check on these things. Although reporters a century ago didn’t have today’s digital world at their fingertips, addresses would have been easy to confirm. A perusal of the 1922 Polk City Directory for Pittsburgh – or for any other year in the 1920s – confirms that Edward Kane’s home address was 212 East General Robinson Street, not 222. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Fact-checking wasn't really a journalistic priority. In this instance, the actual address wasn't important. The name Edward Kane was, though, at least to many Pittsburghers in 1922. <br />
<br />Edward Kane’s name doesn’t mean anything to us now. And today's General Robinson Street is little more than a nondescript stretch from the North Side sports arenas to the highway on-ramps. <br />
<br />
But if you knew that part of Pittsburgh in the 1920s, chances were you also knew Edward Kane. <br />
<br />
And if you knew, I mean, REALLY knew that part of Pittsburgh in the 1920s? <br />
<br />
Well. You thought vice was nice. <br />
<br />
<u><b>Allegheny City's Little Canada</b></u><br />
<br />
To understand who Edward Kane was, and to guess what happened to Buster's leg, it's important to understand the neighborhood where they lived.<br />
<br />
Their North Side neighborhood was known as “Little Canada.” That wasn’t because its location, due north of downtown Pittsburgh,
in what was once the separate city of Allegheny. No, Little Canada was so named because crooks perceived themselves as safe there from law enforcement as they would be in the far north of Canada. Crooks protected their own, so extradition for crimes committed in Pittsburgh didn’t happen once you made it to Little Canada on the North Side. <br />
<br />
Former Pittsburgh Police/Detective Superintendent Thomas A. McQuaide (1861-1925) recalled the safe-zone area as it was in the late 1890s:<br />
<blockquote>
<i>Those were the days before Pittsburgh and Allegheny were consolidated into one city, and a criminal could scoot across the bridge into lower Allegheny and be safe. That is why Robinson, Lacock, Isabella sts, and River ave. were called Little Canada. </i></blockquote>There was enough crime and mayhem back then to make Little Canada necessary. Speakeasies had been thriving since an 1887 Pennsylvania law made it prohibitively expensive to obtain saloon liquor licenses. Along with clandestine drinking establishments like speakeasies came the criminal element that profitted from them. So beginning sometime in the 1880s, crooks headed to the neighborhood east of Federal Street to lay low. They knew they’d be safe and protected in Little Canada so long as they didn’t make any moves on the locals.<br />
<br />
That was a low bar of conduct, really, since there were many satisfyingly illegal recreational activities to keep visitors to Little Canada occupied.<br />
<br />
Little Canada was in fact filled with speakeasies, bars, bordellos, gambling dens and general chaos, and all of it was protected by the machine government of the City of Allegheny. In 1904 the Assistant DA claimed some 207 <i>“gambling houses, speak-easies, and houses of ill repute</i>” were crammed into this section of Allegheny City. No catalogue of crimes was inclusive, but the papers regularly (and gleefully) reported on the neighborhood’s safe crackers, dips (aka pickpockets), bank robbers, short-change artists, counterfeiters, confidence men (or con-men) and thieves of every class.<br />
<br />
These were guys with delightfully descriptive names. Guys like Dick the Waltzer (a pickpocket who plied his trade in the city’s dance halls), Steamboat Murphy (former towboat deckhand who conned free drinks by imitating steamboat whistles) and Foley the Ghost (who robbed homes of the recently bereaved). Out-of-towners like Windy City Walsh, Sleepy City Jake and The Fort Wayne Kid were made welcome alongside locals like Peter “Hobnail” Riley, Sneg Cooper and Red Leary. Everyone knew Dice Box McGuire (have dice in box, will gamble), who may or may not have been related to Fingers McGuire. Shoe Box Miller was a legend for having escaped Western Penitentiary in 1882 by hiding in a crate that held shoes. There were safe-crackers named Big Swede and Fingers Sullivan (who actually issued a formal challenge to Fingers McGuire for sole use of the appellation). The One-Inch Jimmy Man was a thief who jimmied his way in windows using a small crowbar, which he was rumored to leave behind as his “tell.” There was also The One-Armed Bandit (because he…wait for it…had only one arm). And there were pickpockets like Sheeny Mike, English Bill and Three-Fingered Jack Coffey (go figure).<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o30cvWxwg1o/Xry-PvAw16I/AAAAAAAAJFQ/XvjOjYQ_AFYTQB0kpGyptgRp-afmpGsAgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Fainting%2BBertha%2B1926.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="331" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o30cvWxwg1o/Xry-PvAw16I/AAAAAAAAJFQ/XvjOjYQ_AFYTQB0kpGyptgRp-afmpGsAgCLcBGAsYHQ/s200/Fainting%2BBertha%2B1926.jpg" width="116" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Identified as Fainting Bertha<br /> <i>Pittsburgh Post</i> <br />22 February 1925</b></span></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rp--ahfCVmk/Xry8vDeABHI/AAAAAAAAJFE/hnfwQrN92msvQ7G2EfH0ISuwVnEY2zCEwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/pickpocket%2Bheadline.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="111" data-original-width="546" height="80" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rp--ahfCVmk/Xry8vDeABHI/AAAAAAAAJFE/hnfwQrN92msvQ7G2EfH0ISuwVnEY2zCEwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/pickpocket%2Bheadline.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press </i>headline<i><br /></i>16 September 1928</b></span></td></tr>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Little Canada was well-known for its women thieves and cons, too. These ladies had equally flamboyant names like Fainting Bertha (whose supposed faints distracted her victims from her crimes in action); Scissors Mary (who snipped purse straps from the arms of unsuspecting ladies); Praying Emma (a church pickpocket); and Weeping Mary and Weeping Agnes (who once engaged in a hair-pulling fight over who had rights to the weeping descriptor).<br />
<br />
And, of course, there were prostitutes. Lots and lots of prostitutes. In Little Canada, scores of anonymous women passed their days (and nights) identified only by the monetary worth of their bodies. Most had ordinary names -- Kate and Lizzie and Jennie –- just like ordinary girls from ordinary neighborhoods.<br />
<br />
Their lives were anything but ordinary.<br />
<br />
Take, for example, MaryAnn Quinn, who gave birth in the early 1880s to the first child said ot have been born in Allegheny Penitentiary (legend has it that she named her boy Grover Cleveland Quinn). Her husband was conveniently serving time in another part of that fine establishment, so at least the family was all together. Lizzie Gilson seemed to regularly find herself in the wrong place at the wrong time, making news in the 1890s as witness to two separate murders. And while Mollie Paradine had an impressive list of offenses, in 1890 she showed up at the <i>Pittsburgh Post</i> office to emphatically deny that she was a member of the infamous “Dirty Dozen” gang of street girls. A girl had to hold the line on the truth, after all.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KDWrvOlN5x4/XrycHxRkrzI/AAAAAAAAJDY/Tf7RButkK2IC32NsPY3z6rrcy4kPUHjaQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/hooker.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="406" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-KDWrvOlN5x4/XrycHxRkrzI/AAAAAAAAJDY/Tf7RButkK2IC32NsPY3z6rrcy4kPUHjaQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/hooker.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">A lady of questionable morals, circa 1890. Source unknown, public domain </span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Saloons and gambling places were sometimes called “Night Houses” because they stayed open all night long. Brothels were referred to variously as bawdy houses, disorderly houses, or resorts. These euphemisms spared delicate sensibilities from the offense of explicitly identifying the trade practiced within their walls.<br />
<br />There was an unofficial color line that ran through this land of vice. Heading west out of Little Canada, one crossed Federal street and could find brothels and speakeasies run exclusively by women of color in the vicinity of Kilbuck Street and western Lacock. That area was referred to as the “Blackberry Patch” well into the 1950s, a common name given to such segregated neighborhoods.<br />
<br />
According to a 1920 <i>Post</i> article about the early heyday of Little Canada, neighborhood residents knew the unwritten rules. If they transgressed, they were soon taught the error of their ways:
<br />
<blockquote>
<i>It was understood that they would be permitted to live in that section of the city unmolested as long as they did not break the rule of “Leave Allegheny Alone.” And this rule was violated only on several occasions. Then it was done by strangers who were soon brought to book and taught the rule of the district. Hundreds of the men pulled off big jobs on the Pittsburgh side and then rushed back home to “Little Canada,” where they were safe. The denizens were required to report to the Allegheny city hall once each week. All new arrivals were rushed to the front office. There a picture and their history were recorded. This information was kept for the use of the Allegheny city officials only and very rarely revealed. </i></blockquote>
In addition to this formal roll call of rogues, disorderly houses and booze-purveyors were protected by Allegheny’s machine government, if not actually run by it. Those in the vice trade paid graft, extortion, and bribes to Allegheny officials and were in turn permitted to flourish unmolested (much) by the law. Little Canada was home to all kinds of mean and nasty and ugly and horrible
crime-type guys.<br />
<br />
Looking back on this early organization of urban vice in designated neighborhoods, former Police
Superintendent McQuaide recalled <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>With a restricted, watched and guarded district, I do not believe there was nearly so much immorality as there is with no such community, but instead with the whole city open for the invasion of disreputable women. </i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
</blockquote>
In other words, corralling vice in re-light districts like Little Canada kept it from being a bigger problem.<br />
<br />
The larger community, however, was inclined to disagree with this philosophy. A first round of community protest occurred across the river in the city of Pittsburgh. In 1892, a moral crusade led by United Presbyterian ministers resulted in an order from Mayor Henry Gourley insisting that city police enforce existing laws against prostitution. City police interpreted this order literally and immediately by raiding brothels, evicting the inhabitants, and padlocking Pittsburgh’s 252 “<i>houses of immorality.”</i><br />
<br />
<i><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qyJpR7AcY4k/XryrrbuzcMI/AAAAAAAAJDo/S9aGRlVH7LgbcjypXnnfxvmzZiS6narDQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Degas%2Billustration.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="553" data-original-width="795" height="276" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qyJpR7AcY4k/XryrrbuzcMI/AAAAAAAAJDo/S9aGRlVH7LgbcjypXnnfxvmzZiS6narDQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Degas%2Billustration.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Evocative of the scene, this is one of artist Edgar Degas' monotypes of brothel life, c. 1876-78 </span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</i>
<br />
In a contemporary biography, Gourley was described as a man <i>“of strict integrity and sterling worth</i>.” His order made clear that while he found prostitution to be morally abhorrent, he also recognized the complex interplay of factors that went into managing urban vice. Unlike the complaining ministers, Gourley was under no illusion that dramatically stopping commerce in vice would cure the city’s social ills. <br />
<br />
Those sudden brothel closures in 1892 resulted in Pittsburgh’s 1200 prostitutes literally being cast out upon
the streets. Presumably some of the more nonplussed ladies decamped across the river to Allegheny City's Little Canada. But the newspapers also reported that dozens of irate homeless “<i>fallen women</i>” visited the homes of two leading reform ministers in noisy protest. Another contingent of 30-40 “<i>exceedingly well-dressed, but usually rather gaudily</i>” attired prostitutes descended upon Pittsburgh's City Hall to “<i>raise a mighty wail of protest</i>” to the Mayor, who supposedly listened sympathetically to their tales of woe. <br />
<br />
Lacking concrete plans to care for these women, Pittsburgh’s “<i>suppression of social evil”</i> through eviction was doomed to failure. It didn’t take long for that city's <i>“houses of ill fame”</i> to reopen. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mPhOxJgbtfs/XrysUOjmfTI/AAAAAAAAJDw/RpXc9j3wBzk32ts0ufxT1nq2VC0txJi_gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Deda%2Billustration.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="780" height="295" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mPhOxJgbtfs/XrysUOjmfTI/AAAAAAAAJDw/RpXc9j3wBzk32ts0ufxT1nq2VC0txJi_gCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Deda%2Billustration.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Another Degas brothel, monotype illustration</span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
After this episode the <i>Press</i> editorialized:<i> "Gambling drunkenness and prostitution are vices that go side by side, and none of them can be dealt with by merely repressive measures. …there is little hope of making people pure by city ordinance.</i>" <br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Allegheny City’s would-be reformers took lessons from Pittsburgh’s failed <i>“spasmodic attempt at eviction reform”. </i> Preservation of the moral city was also their goal, but they understood that the machine government foundational to maintaining their city's social ills needed to be the prime target of reform efforts.<br />
<br />
Thus when the Allegheny Federation of Churches organized in 1905 to campaign against alcohol consumption and prostitution, its ministers primarily directed their collective ire not at the prostitutes but at the capitalists of corruption who profited from and supported Little Canada’s vice. In 1906 the <i>Pittsburgh Post</i> reported the concerted sermonizing of Allegheny ministers, who lamented:
<br />
<blockquote>
<i>….Allegheny has been known far and wide as the town of graft, grafters and speakeasies, and where crooks of all kinds could find protections when chased out of other cities. “The Little Canada," the speakers said, was the name Allegheny is known by in the “Under World….” This is not a movement of the ministers….but a movement of all those on this side of the river who have the interests of the city at heart and want better and purer government.</i></blockquote>
And more pointedly:<br />
<blockquote>
<i>It is a sad commentary on our civic spirit that Allegheny, the city of churches, with its thousands of Christian voters, should have more than 200 disorderly houses and numerous speakeasies and gambling houses, all under police protection. These dens of vice and crime are allowed to flourish because they yield a large revenue to some of the city officials.</i></blockquote>
Although the ministers’ preferred reform candidate lost Allegheny’s mayoral election in 1905, the heat was on to reshape society. A year later, George Guthrie was elected across the river as Pittsburgh’s major on a reform, anti-machine platform. One year after that, in 1907, Allegheny was legally annexed (or as is still claimed, was forcibly annexed against residents' collective will) to the city of Pittsburgh and referred to collectively as the North Side (sometimes written as Northside). </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Mayor Guthrie’s moral reform movement drew a bullseye around Little Canada. By late 1907,
Allegheny’s village of vice had shut its doors. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-awkTsKNqLGI/XryWZvzngvI/AAAAAAAAJDI/iHLebPXB_Pg3Mb1duEn3IxtYskbgMq5iQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Guuns%2B%2526%2BYeggs%2B23%2BDec%2B1907%2BPost.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="524" data-original-width="546" height="307" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-awkTsKNqLGI/XryWZvzngvI/AAAAAAAAJDI/iHLebPXB_Pg3Mb1duEn3IxtYskbgMq5iQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Guuns%2B%2526%2BYeggs%2B23%2BDec%2B1907%2BPost.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post</i> headline, 23 December 1907</b></span></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Sort of. Those
doors didn’t lock. Little
Canada operated on a subdued scale during the first world war years. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
When the decade of the 1920s roared in, tethered to restrictions of constitutional Prohibition, Little
Canada roared back into business. Prohibition drove alcohol sales underground into the hands of racketeers. Their business operations also included gambling and prostitution, and all of it benefited from protection by Pittsburgh police just like it had under Allegheny City officials. <br />
<br />
Even with Prohibition as the law of the land, city administrators recognized that commerce in vice couldn't and wouldn't be stopped. It could, however, be controlled for the greater good, and confined to circumscribed areas like Little Canada. Enormous sums paid for "protection" were used for the personal benefit of those keeping things under control. <br />
<br />
And so it was that in the 1920s, the graft that fed the old Allegheny machine flowed into Pittsburgh City Hall. The game was the same, but a new generation of characters ruled the streets. Nettie Gordon was “queen of the underworld” in Little Canada. A savvy businesswoman, Nettie kept a firm reign on prostitution operations and was also a Republican committeewoman for her ward. Pittsburgh Police Lieutenant Charles Faulkner patrolled the streets of the North Side, enforcing the law in his own inimitable way. At the same time he enjoyed the considerable profits from skimming off the top for North Side vice den protection, along with earnings from his $33,000 pool room and bowling alley on Federal Street below the Kenyon Theater.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fhx2FppSsZg/XrzCmx1w8FI/AAAAAAAAJFc/wJl-dqKymHgrNKSuE8X7x5k-uduE1UxKQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/cartoon.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="319" data-original-width="534" height="237" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fhx2FppSsZg/XrzCmx1w8FI/AAAAAAAAJFc/wJl-dqKymHgrNKSuE8X7x5k-uduE1UxKQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/cartoon.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Illustration from a retrospective about Little Canada in <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>, 1949</b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
A few blocks away from Faulkner’s club was a joint owned and managed by Edward C. Kane. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Who had a three-legged dog named Buster.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Trouble in River City</b></u><br />
<br />
Edward Clinton Kane was born 5 August 1881 in Everson, Pennsylvania. His family had roots going back at least 50 years in the Laurel Mountain foothills, moving around towns in Fayette County and across the Jacob’s Creek border to Westmoreland County.<br />
<br />
A history of sorts can be pieced together from genealogical resources to tell us about his family. Edward’s parents were John Kane and Mary Ann Beckner. John may have been a Civil War veteran for the Union forces. Of their five children, Edward was the youngest. Eldest son Henry William Kane became a railroadman who raised his family in New Castle, where he was well-regarded. Second son Simon Fred Kane married in 1896 and had 3 sons. But by 1900 Simon was an inmate at Dixmont, the Western Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane. He seemingly spent his life in institutions, dying at age 69 at Wernersville State Hospital. There were two Kane daughters. The oldest, Emma Alice but known as Allie, was blind. Allie never married and lived variously with either her parent/s or sister. The younger girl, Minnie Maria Kane Snider, raised her large family in Westmoreland and Fayette counties. One of her daughters, Dessie, would be named as executrix of Edward’s will.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fudizKvCkjg/Xryx0r3EEOI/AAAAAAAAJEA/tFcNOA712_sS1sqbw58yZoGy-uQD20SWwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Kane%2Bfamily%2Bfrom%2Bfamilyoldphotos.com%2BLinda%2BSquires.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="482" height="302" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fudizKvCkjg/Xryx0r3EEOI/AAAAAAAAJEA/tFcNOA712_sS1sqbw58yZoGy-uQD20SWwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Kane%2Bfamily%2Bfrom%2Bfamilyoldphotos.com%2BLinda%2BSquires.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>John, Mary Ann, Allie and Simon Kane, date unknown </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>From<i> <a href="http://www.familyoldphotos.com/photo/pennsylvania/22648/john-f-and-mary-ann-beckner-kane-family">familyoldphotos.com</a> </i>uploaded by Linda Squires</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The records don’t tell us what patriarch John Kane did for a living, but we can make some educated guesses. The Kanes resided in an area rich with natural resources, where bituminous coal and iron ore seams ran for miles beneath the ground. Exploiting those resources brought wealth for men like JV Thompson and Henry Clay Frick, and manual labor employment for everyone else. <br />
<br />
In 1880 John Kane, his wife, and four of their eventual five children lived in Stonerville. This was one of the original farming communities of East Huntingdon Township in Westmoreland County. There were also five boarders living at the same address. <br />
<br />
John Kane and his 13 year old son Henry were categorized as laborers in that 1880 census. “Laborer” was this census-taker’s catch-all default occupation for hundreds of area men. A non-specific category, it encompassed any number of regional occupations affiliated with the ubiquitous coal and coke works, glass factories, ever-expanding railroads, or other supportive industries. That Henry was
working at age 13 would not have been unusual; before child labor laws were enacted, it was commonplace for boys to join their fathers in the mining industry. <br />
<br />
John Kane’s descendants moved within this region, following work opportunities, crossing county lines
to nearby towns of Alverton, New Haven and Everson. Nothing was easy and the Kanes surely didn’t lead lives of leisure. But at least and best, honest work could be had.<br />
<br />
It’s unlikely that John’s youngest son Edward Clinton Kane availed himself of opportunities for “honest”
work. <br />
<br />
Edward Kane doesn’t appear archivally until the 1910 census, when he can be found renting a home on
East Church Street in Masontown, Fayette County with his wife Stella and 8 year old son Walter. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8EZTnkRmQ3U/Xry3s19dvKI/AAAAAAAAJEQ/P_DclOrXu5cxkhbbQsqru-ZzxqG-X08KQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Masontown.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="741" data-original-width="1169" height="251" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8EZTnkRmQ3U/Xry3s19dvKI/AAAAAAAAJEQ/P_DclOrXu5cxkhbbQsqru-ZzxqG-X08KQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Masontown.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>RPPC of Main Street and Church Street, Masontown, Fayette County, PA, early 1900s</b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<br />
Masontown was at that time rebuilding after a fire had raged a year earlier through the downtown business district. The Kanes lived a block or so away from the main drag in town and the fancy Hotel Le Roy.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VV0_5PmM9dM/Xry528-Sf6I/AAAAAAAAJEs/An_h9WpQLZAFmqF5UH0VgUD205Y8-MdMACPcBGAYYCw/s1600/Hotel%2BLe%2BRoy.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="626" data-original-width="994" height="251" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VV0_5PmM9dM/Xry528-Sf6I/AAAAAAAAJEs/An_h9WpQLZAFmqF5UH0VgUD205Y8-MdMACPcBGAYYCw/s400/Hotel%2BLe%2BRoy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Postcard featuring Hotel Le Roy at corner of Church & Main, Masontown, Fayette County, PA</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Coal powered the area’s economy. While residents didn’t lack for jobs, their habitual pastimes took a toll. A column from a 1916 edition of <i>The Herald and the Prebytr</i>, a Presbyterian family publication, highlighted the “Bad Showing” of Masontown residents in the fight against intemperance:
<br />
<blockquote>
<i>A funeral director located at Masontown,Fayette County, Pa., in the midst of the coke regions, furnishes the following results of the work of two saloons in the community for a period of twelve years: thirty-four murders, eight suicides, nineteen accidental deaths, and thirty-six cases of acute alcoholism, showing a total of ninety-seven deaths, or an average of eight every year, in one small community as the fruit of the drunk traffic.</i></blockquote>
Although the census worker misrecorded information about the Kanes onto the wrong lines, some deciphering indicates that in 1910 Edward Kane made his living as the proprietor of a pool room. His 22 year old brother-in-law John Morris lived with the family, and was a laborer in the pool hall. <br />
<br />
Given what Edward’s subsequent business career, he was unlikely to have been associated with the town’s high-end Hotel Le Roy. But a town that can support fancy facilities also has its share of lower end amusements, like pool halls.<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ig1qMZRV3Vk/Xry4F9I4t5I/AAAAAAAAJEY/u1sP9coGiaEhSbfr58pbeijMncu3kR3XwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Masontown2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="824" data-original-width="1353" height="242" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ig1qMZRV3Vk/Xry4F9I4t5I/AAAAAAAAJEY/u1sP9coGiaEhSbfr58pbeijMncu3kR3XwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Masontown2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>RPPC of Masontown, Fayette County, PA <br />There was a pool hall in 4th building on the left. Hotel Le Roy is first building on right.</b></span></td></tr>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Pool halls were destinations of male escape, and there was a pool hall conveniently situated on Masontown’s Main Street that was perhaps the very one Edward managed. In 1910 pool playing still had a liminal reputation, something between a game of gentleman and a game of rogues.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B1RNb-7wo9I/Xry61GYsxTI/AAAAAAAAJE4/dpUiHc6IziwR3DB5aYyk7V1ldwgKx4TgQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/pool%2Broom%2BYesteryear%2BIn%2BMasontown%2BAnd%2BSurrounding%2BCommunities.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="1022" height="280" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B1RNb-7wo9I/Xry61GYsxTI/AAAAAAAAJE4/dpUiHc6IziwR3DB5aYyk7V1ldwgKx4TgQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/pool%2Broom%2BYesteryear%2BIn%2BMasontown%2BAnd%2BSurrounding%2BCommunities.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Main Street in Masontown with another view of the fifth building on the street that housed pool room and bowling alley. <br />From <u>Yesteryear In Masontown and Surrounding Communities</u></span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
Edward didn’t confine himself to the local pool hall, although it was likely a source of steady income for him. As hard as it is for us to imagine today, newspapers of a century ago frequently printed lists of people who’d checked into area hotels, since travelers were newsworthy. Such publications tell us that Masontown resident E.C. Kane regularly checked into hotels in Everson, Connellsville, Uniontown and Pittsburgh.<br />
<br />
Edward Clinton Kane traveled from Masontown because he was a gentleman of chance. A card sharp. A professional gambler. <br />
<br />
The 1847 Pennsylvania Act for the Suppressing of Gambling was still on the books in 1910. It defined the parameters and penalties for gambling. Subsequent legal wrangling over the language of the act yielded this statement about the professional bettor:
<br />
<blockquote>
<i>A class of persons have made their appearance in the country who practice gambling for a livelihood! Sometimes they are stationary, but in general they have no fixed habitation—they travel from place to place, attending for the purpose of preying upon the unwary, wherever the people are gathered together in large numbers. By artful allurements they ensnare men into their haunts of iniquity, in the hope of profit, thus reducing innocent and helpless families to beggary…It was against such evils that the act of 1847 was intended to operate, and it is the duty of every good citizen to enforce the law. <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>~An Abridgment of the
Criminal Law of the United States, 1848</i></b></span></i></blockquote>Even fifty years later at the start of the 20th century, nearly all gambling was legally prohibited
in the United States. But as with other attempts to legislate vice, the law didn’t actually deter it. Gambling occurred in neighborhoods like Little Canada, and it occurred in the bars of fancy hotels. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> <br />
Perhaps Edward Kane started out in a backroom poker den, hazy with the requisite atmosphere of dim lighting and clouds of cigar smoke. Once Kane was good enough to try his luck on the circuit, he’d maybe front as a traveling salesman and visit a hotel somewhere he wasn’t known. He’d initiate a friendly game with stakes just high enough to entice a fellow traveler, and keep his winnings low enough to douse suspicions of a con. Then he’d move onto his next mark.<br />
<br />
Being what the Pittsburgh papers euphemized as a <i>“sporty dressed man of leisure”</i> placed these kinds of men outside the boundaries of respectability, unless they were rich enough that financial losses from cards playing did not signify. <br />
<br />
That would not have been Edward Kane’s situation. Fortuna presumably smiled upon Kane often enough that he could keep sitting at the tables. Occasionally, though, she abandoned him to The Fates. <br />
<br />
It was a good thing that Eddie Kane was a man of many interests and talents. Some of the time he spent on the road was also related to his interest in breeding prize-winning bull terriers. <br />
<br />
Like Buster.<br />
<br />
<u><b>A Man and His Dog(s) </b></u><br />
<br />
No less a personage that Scottish author and historian Sir Walter Scott once wrote<i> “The wisest dog I ever had was what is called the Bull and Terrier.”</i> These leggy, muscular, active dogs had become enormously popular in the late 1800s.<br />
<br />
Kane and his contemporaries were particularly enamored of a breed refinement called the “White un” or “white cavalier” English bull terrier. The breed was recognized throughout the country as loyal, intelligent, sturdy, and especially adapted to urban life with keen rat-hunting and watchdog abilities.<br />
<br />
The most respected bull terrier breeder in Pittsburgh was a man named James Barbin, who flipped his last name backwards and called his facility Nibrab Kennels. Barbin's dogs were well-regarded as breed standards nationally.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2yPx3SQhUKY/XrzP-WDtptI/AAAAAAAAJFo/sfZg89Rg7UEC4dHk3GJo8acDouV3X8RHACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Dog%2BFancier%2Bad%2BVol%2B24%2B1915.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="511" data-original-width="612" height="333" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2yPx3SQhUKY/XrzP-WDtptI/AAAAAAAAJFo/sfZg89Rg7UEC4dHk3GJo8acDouV3X8RHACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Dog%2BFancier%2Bad%2BVol%2B24%2B1915.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Advertisement from Pittsburgh bull terrier breeder in <i>Dog Fancier </i>magazine, Vol 24, 1915</b></span></td></tr>
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Barbin’s pups all bore the Nibrab name. Champion lines came from his kennel, including a 1924 Westminster Kennel show winner with the charming show name of Nibrab Satan. <br />
<br />
There were other bull terrier breeders producing champions in Pittsburgh, too. In fact, this region had enough of a dog-loving population that the <i>Pittsburgh Post</i> even had its own dedicated dog columnist. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ycaefTrWoDs/XrzRCp51YAI/AAAAAAAAJF0/I3I2d05oupgIWEHYGT_YwVTTnSSpgT_5gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/dog%2Beditor.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="545" height="241" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ycaefTrWoDs/XrzRCp51YAI/AAAAAAAAJF0/I3I2d05oupgIWEHYGT_YwVTTnSSpgT_5gCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/dog%2Beditor.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post</i> Dog Column header, 1926</b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
In 1918 E.C.Kane made the news, not for losing at cards but for winning at puppies. Kane has a bull terrier puppy named The Outwood Sport who won best of breed at an Atlantic City dog show. According to AKC registries through the early 1920s, Kane bred The Outwood Sport as well as another male named Perfection Warrior, and a bitch named Lady Dell Lightfoot. <br />
<br />
Dog breeding incurred expenses but also provided side gig supplemental income for relatively little effort. The dogs did the necessary work, after all. Let’s assume that our good boy Buster was one of the studs in Kane’s breeding program. It’s even possible that Buster was a “pet name” for The Outwood Sport, who was born in 1917. That would make him 5 years old in 1922 -- Buster’s purported age. <br />
<br />
While genuine affection for Buster may have played into Kane’s decision to pay for life-saving
medical care and a prosthesis, practical matters would likely have figured into justifying the expense. The Outwood Sport seems to have been Kane’s first prize- winning dog. If that dog and Buster were one and the same, the dog was a money-maker. Kane would have wanted to preserve his winning dog for breeding purposes.<br />
<br />
And why not? After all, a three-legged dog can still mate. Awkwardly, yes, perhaps, but dog sex was never known for its balletic grace.<br />
<br />
While history can’t tell us how Buster lost his leg in 1922, piecing together this much about Kane’s life allows certain possibilities to come into focus. Edward Kane began to appear in Pittsburgh residential directories in 1917. By 1922 he was established as one of Little Canada’s best-known characters. His purebred bull terriers would have been well-known and recognized, even in the tough neighborhood of Little Canada where dogs ran loose on the streets.<br />
<br />
Kane's dogs, valuable though they were, may well have had a habit of getting loose. Buster ran at least twice, according to his famed newspaper history. According to another newspaper notice, one of Kane's female dogs went missing as well, a few years later. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiD3xeklRkqiEwCAU21X3aojlqP-JmczEmnyxtmmfBc3OCJy8vkGDgVoo8ojXO9yCPqngbSapWWbrK-eTEkUEZocb4_Qd0vnZtXwDk-IV81lyFITQPmAriOEKwXjeDKKMTJ7GtTqHfOWeG/s1600/lost+dog.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="114" data-original-width="544" height="83" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiD3xeklRkqiEwCAU21X3aojlqP-JmczEmnyxtmmfBc3OCJy8vkGDgVoo8ojXO9yCPqngbSapWWbrK-eTEkUEZocb4_Qd0vnZtXwDk-IV81lyFITQPmAriOEKwXjeDKKMTJ7GtTqHfOWeG/s400/lost+dog.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Lost and Found ad in <i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 22 February 1925</b></span></td></tr>
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Consider, too, that Kane probably had his share of enemies. One of those enemies may have impulsively seized an opportunity for revenge after some perceived offense. Imagine: inflict what could be a quick and mortal wound on Kane’s loose dog, and simultaneously inflict lasting damage to Kane’s wallet and feelings.<br />
<br />
Of course, it’s also entirely possible that Buster was hurt in a random accident. The papers told many sad tales of city dogs injured by trolleys and automobiles. But Edward Kane’s life lived on the edge meant Buster was consigned by Edward to live life on the edge, too.<br />
<br />
As were Edward’s wife and son. <br />
<br />
Well, sort of. <br />
<br />
You see, Edward wasn’t legally married to his wife, Stella. <br />
<br />
And Stella? Well, Stella was a prostitute.<br />
<br />
<b><u>Woman Keeper of Northside Dive</u></b><br />
<br />
Estella Catherine Morris was born on 26 January 1884, the second of two daughters born to John Morris and Fannie Hammers. Like Edward, Stella grew up in sight of the Laurel Mountains. Her family clustered in the town of Star Junction, about 14 miles west across the Youghiogheny River from Edward’s family, situated near some of the largest coke works in the nation.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JGSP1EhejWc/Xr2MZ5ap9DI/AAAAAAAAJJA/cozJi1ef6-wknHj2SxcUrW1qihu6bJdWQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Star%2BJunction%2BFHS.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1071" height="251" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JGSP1EhejWc/Xr2MZ5ap9DI/AAAAAAAAJJA/cozJi1ef6-wknHj2SxcUrW1qihu6bJdWQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Star%2BJunction%2BFHS.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Star Junction, undated. Fayette Historical Society.</b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
Stella’s father John was an illiterate “coke drawer” who worked until he was 70 years of age. John’s first wife was Stella’s mother Fannie, who died in 1898 in her mid-30s. John was left to raise six children ranging in age from 3 to 15: Nellie, Estella, John, James Oscar, Walter, and Edgar. Although it wouldn’t have been unusual for a widower with young children to soon remarry, John waited
until 1911. His second wife was 19 years his junior, and he had a second family of six more children with her. <br />
<br />
Perhaps John Morris didn’t feel the need to quickly remarry because his two oldest children, Nellie and Stella, were old enough to take on the role of running his house. No one in late 1890s Fayette County would have questioned the propriety of two girls, aged 15 and 12, taking over a household and the care of their four younger brothers. Poor families did what they had to do to survive. <br />
<br />
The Morris boys each followed their father into the coal industry when it was time. The eldest brother, John H. Morris, was at work in the coke fields by age 12, possibly sooner. He at least got some respite from breathing coal dust in 1910 while living with Edward and Stella in Masontown, working in Edward’s pool room. But John died of brain cancer three years later, aged 28. Walter served in the Great War with a regiment that fought in the Battle of Marne and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. He suffered severe wounds, and the military recognized in its precise way that Walter’s injuries constituted a 35% disability. He lived for less than a year after the war ended, some of which was spent with his sister Stella in Pittsburgh. In March 1919 aged 25, Walter succumbed to pneumonia, possibly secondary to the influenza pandemic. Stella’s brother Edgar never married, working in the Fayette coal fields all his life. He died age 53, suffering burns over most of his body after falling asleep in a coke oven. Only brother James Oscar Morris married, and he supported his family of nine children as a coke worker. <br />
<br />
The 1900 census found the Morris girls keeping house for their father and four brothers in Star Junction. But the two girls moved out soon enough to keep their own houses. <br />
<br />
Disorderly houses. <br />
<br />
Sentences were served in 1902 and 1905 in the Allegheny County Workhouse by a Nellie Morris, likely our Nellie, on charges of street-walking and disorderly housekeeping. Nellie did marry a fellow named Albert Smith in 1909, but the historical record is silent about the fate of that marriage. Using the last name of Smith and/or Kohler, Nellie died in the County Workhouse in 1914 at age 31. The cause of death was paretic dementia, which is an organic brain progression of untreated syphilis.<br />
<br />
Estella Catherine married before her sister Nellie did - but not to Edward Kane. Stella was 18 years old when she married Walter D. Stroud in Fayette County in 1902. She sought a divorce eight years later, citing grounds of spousal desertion after only two days of wedded bliss. It’s not clear whether a divorce was granted, but Stella occasionally used the last name Stroud throughout her life.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dAHOPzP2erc/XrzXdvSqBRI/AAAAAAAAJGk/gzROX_MbxNkPW1YZhh5_V2BsPlULDcyCwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/desertion%2Bclaim.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="546" height="210" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dAHOPzP2erc/XrzXdvSqBRI/AAAAAAAAJGk/gzROX_MbxNkPW1YZhh5_V2BsPlULDcyCwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/desertion%2Bclaim.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press, </i>13 July 1910</b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
Stroud wasn’t the only name she used. Public records give us our first glimpse of Edward and Stella as a couple in the 1910 census that placed them in Masonville with son Walter. They all used the Kane surname. Stella and Edward claimed to have been married 9 years earlier, and gave Walter’s age as 8 years old. That would place the Kane, uhm, union in 1901…a year before Stella married Walter D. Stroud. But on subsequent public records, an adult Walter listed his birthyear as 1905.<br />
<br />
Deciphering accurate info from such records can be difficult, because they are only filled with as much truth as the individuals being surveyed wished to share. Given such conflicting information, what scenarios make sense here? Nothing fits easily. Walter Stroud was not an alias for Edward Kane since census data confirms Stroud was a real person who grew up in Fayette County. Perhaps Walter Stroud discovered on his wedding night that his 18-year old bride Stella was pregnant by another man, prompting him to abandon her. Maybe Stella was even pregnant by Edward Kane, but named the baby Walter D. after her husband. Then again, Stella did have a brother named Walter. On the other hand, perhaps Walter D. Stroud actually was young Walter’s father and namesake, but Edward Kane served as stepfather once he and Stella got together. <br />
<br />
Or perhaps it wasn’t even clear to Stella who'd fathered her son. <br />
<br />
We’ll never know for sure. It's also hard to know when Stella and Edward made their move to Allegheny County. Best estimates indicate that it was sometime in 1910, since Estella Stroud filed for divorce from Walter Stroud in Allegheny County Common Pleas Court that year. Perhaps she was too well-known (perhaps even notorious) in Fayette County to try to dissolve the marriage there.<br />
<br />
Stella quickly became known--and notorious--in Allegheny County. As Edward’s putative wife, she went by Stella Kane, but her professional name was Stella Shaner. In a 1916 Polk Directory, Stella is listed as the widow of one John Shaner. Whether such a gentleman ever existed, or thought himself married to Stella Morris Stroud, cannot be determined. <br />
<br />
Stella’s relationship status would be defined as “complicated” on today’s social media platforms.<br />
<br />
Stella seems to have settled first in Pittsburgh, not the North Side’s Little Canada. She was arrested several times in late 1914 with other women for <i>“keeping houses of questionable character”</i> on First Avenue in downtown Pittsburgh, a known vice district. On one occasion she was ordered to pay a $50 fine for disorderliness or spend 30 days in jail. On another, men from the nearby No 19 Engine Company at Water and Short Street were implicated for trying to conceal departing visitors to Stella’s near-by establishment. The customers were nabbed when they came back for their coats. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ahvUuTjjYVg/XrzY6AIfrWI/AAAAAAAAJGw/eAEnbukues0DgXsy-3D-gQsG7oRDmzz6QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/fireman%2Bheadline.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="95" data-original-width="616" height="60" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ahvUuTjjYVg/XrzY6AIfrWI/AAAAAAAAJGw/eAEnbukues0DgXsy-3D-gQsG7oRDmzz6QCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/fireman%2Bheadline.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Gazette</i>, 17 May 1914</span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
At least Stella had friends in the neighborhood, but her legal troubles continued and the fines increased. A year-end 1914 raid netted Stella and some other women, each ordered to post $500 bail or be held for court. All of these ladies were in business on and around First Avenue. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">Their operations deeply offended the city’s Morals Efficiency Commission. <br />
<br />
This group was a direct descendant of the circa-1907 reformative zeal that had tried to extinguish the exuberance of Allegheny’s Little Canada during the Guthrie administration. But this new 1912 group was motivated by the city’s collective shame regarding its tarnished image following publication of the 1909-1914 Pittsburgh Survey. That groundbreaking sociological study enlightened the nation about the abuses of industrialization. It documented how intersecting urban social evils -- things like substandard housing, sanitation, and working conditions -- eroded and disrupted family life. Pittsburgh was ground zero for the study, meant to stand in for all other industrial cities. Having its problems publicly paraded before a scandalized nation shamed city residents and politicians. But instead of remediating underlying industrial inequities, the city-sanctioned Morals Bureau (as it was colloquially known) responded by turning its attention to symbolic and circumscribed
expressions of the immoral city: vice.<br />
<br />
The Morals Efficiency Commission was charged with investigating and eliminating social ills like
Sabbath degradation, drinking, gambling, prostitution, and to undercut the political graft supporting any commercialized vice. The 12 members of the Morals Bureau – which included women – took their jobs seriously. The committee chair declared to City Council in November 1914:
<br />
<blockquote>
<i>We have started out to eliminate sex vice in Pittsburg, and we are not going to let up. We are going through with the work. Disorderly houses can be closed and kept closed. If every policeman on his beat would do his duty there would be no need for a morals board.</i></blockquote>
The commission issued its share of sanctimonious declarations, but it had good intentions and was progressive in many ways. Its philosophy in combating vice was that <i>“the best remedies are economic and educational, rather than repressive</i>.” It intended to address related dangers like the venereal disease that killed Stella’s sister Nellie by setting up testing, tracking, and treatment programs (although on a less enlightened note, it also proposed to sterilize “<i>confirmed criminals and degenerates</i>”). <br />
<br />
The Commission undertook studies. It published reports detailing how prostitution was embedded in the economy and body politic. It made recommendations. It held public lectures, and even tried to have sex hygiene taught in public schools. It scolded the police into taking action against commercialized vice, doing so often and loudly enough that raids periodically swept up women like Stella. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qBfgd3u-pwA/XrzZ66wPtvI/AAAAAAAAJG8/ZSNTyC9-enwUw9TEWw37UtPsRLL8Gu6dgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Report%2Band%2Brecommendations%2Bof%2BMorals%2Befficiency%2Bcommission%2BPittsburgh%252C%2BPa%2B1913%2B%2BPitt.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="783" data-original-width="1002" height="249" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qBfgd3u-pwA/XrzZ66wPtvI/AAAAAAAAJG8/ZSNTyC9-enwUw9TEWw37UtPsRLL8Gu6dgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Report%2Band%2Brecommendations%2Bof%2BMorals%2Befficiency%2Bcommission%2BPittsburgh%252C%2BPa%2B1913%2B%2BPitt.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><u>Report and recommendations of Morals efficiency commission Pittsburgh, Pa,</u> 1913</span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
Pittsburgh’s Morals Efficiency Commission lasted little more than a year. In an ironic moral reversal, it was declared unconstitutional in 1914, having been financed through an illegal state tax scheme. But while it had power, the Morals Bureau drove women like Stella from practicing their trade.
<br />
<br />
But our girl Stella was not be deterred by a fussy city Morals Bureau. She just moved operations across the river to a different part of the city: Little Canada, to a house at 212 East General Robinson Street. <br />
<br />
Stella was first listed at that North Side address in 1916 as Stella Shaner, widow of the aforementioned and mysterious John. A year later Edward C. Kane (whose new occupation was “real estate”) was officially living there with her. After 1916 Stella Shaner did not identify as anyone’s widow, although there’s no evidence that she ever legally married Edward Kane. While the names she used can't be pinned down, it's clear that Stella Shaner/Estella Kane/Stella Stroud provided “furnished rooms” at the 212 East General Robinson Street address for the next decade.<br />
<br />
If you knew that address in the early 1920s, you knew what kind of “furnished room” such listings implied. A boarding house, yes, but with benefits. This 212 East General Robinson Street address in the heart of the North Side’s Little Canada had been associated with prostitution for years before the Kanes arrived. It was a 10-room brick house, likely built by a bar owner and low-key property developer named William Printy in the latter half of the 19<sup>th</sup> century. The building was inherited by one of his daughters, Sarah Hannel, and used as a rooming house -- with all that connotations that implied in Little Canada. </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">In 1924 Edward and Stella bought the property and an adjacent house, splitting possession between them. But initially they and son Walter were among the many boarders living
there.<br />
<br />
Edward Kane’s managerial and entrepreneurial skill-set made him enviably employable in Little Canada, although city directories record various above-board occupations for him like “salesman” or “restaurant.” In July 1926 we find Kane running his own popular, high-profile gambling joint at
118 Federal Street near the corner of Isabella, in a building variously occupied by a tailor named Nicholas Christ and the Crystal Restaurant. The William Penn Theater was his neighbor to the left, looking east toward the Sixth Street Bridge crossing the Allegheny to downtown Pittsburgh.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik5blyLmgfEHk4mVcXOILTOTrWllw__i6T4u3ygtzwGciRfily1wcCf87DUal75DJ6e1lBlFQwgGKUZBs-HCjaRKPTVTZUITbfMpz3IXmo_s_ll_GwmjXnIb3E9Ib6tWUMDlvaaQFg1Rzq/s1600/Wm+Penn+Theater+looking+south+from+118+Federal+St+toward+Isabella+St+%2526+Sixth+Street+Bridge+PCP+1936.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="876" data-original-width="1476" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik5blyLmgfEHk4mVcXOILTOTrWllw__i6T4u3ygtzwGciRfily1wcCf87DUal75DJ6e1lBlFQwgGKUZBs-HCjaRKPTVTZUITbfMpz3IXmo_s_ll_GwmjXnIb3E9Ib6tWUMDlvaaQFg1Rzq/s400/Wm+Penn+Theater+looking+south+from+118+Federal+St+toward+Isabella+St+%2526+Sixth+Street+Bridge+PCP+1936.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Wm Penn Theater on left, looking south from 118 Federal Street toward Isabella Street & Sixth Street Bridge. </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Kane's place, not pictured, was right before the theater. </span></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.3627539.CP">Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<i><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.</span></b></i>
<br />
This next photo from 1913 shows how densely packed and busy Federal Street was. The Girard Hotel and Grill, mid-right, was eventually replaced by the William Penn Theater. Edward's place would have been one building beyond it. These photos speak to the advantages of location, location, location for a successful business. Gotta be where the action is. Especially the vice action.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ynYymfQ5xZI/XrzeFY5IjJI/AAAAAAAAJHQ/-D4bmcbGaTUjoUTois_7JZ9UsN5IG2rJACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Federal%2BSt%2Bnorth%2Bfrom%2BSixth%2BSt%2BBridge%2BJan%2B1913%2BPCP.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="941" data-original-width="1433" height="262" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ynYymfQ5xZI/XrzeFY5IjJI/AAAAAAAAJHQ/-D4bmcbGaTUjoUTois_7JZ9UsN5IG2rJACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Federal%2BSt%2Bnorth%2Bfrom%2BSixth%2BSt%2BBridge%2BJan%2B1913%2BPCP.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Federal Street looking north from Sixth St Bridge, January 1913. Kane's place was directly beyond the Girard Hotel. </b></span><br />
<a href="https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.133106.CP"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</i></b></span></a></td></tr>
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<br />
After years of life lived on the edge making money through side gigs and hustles, Edward Kane had finally hit it steady on the North Side. Then again, during the Roaring Twenties he would have had to try to fail on purpose when it came to successfully peddling vice. Because of constitutional prohibition, commercial vice prospered, satisfying the demand for alcohol and its pleasurable accompaniments of gambling and prostitution. All of that was ostensibly underground, but in reality it was hidden in plain sight. <br />
<br />
Pittsburgh's vice flourished in the 1920s thanks to the protection of law enforcement under the administration of Pittsburgh’s mayor Charles H. Kline, whose political campaign was funded by vice money. Once he took office in 1926, Kline placed loyal bosses in various wards. It was expected that those bosses would collect protection money, and that they would profit from the bootlegging industry and gambling concessions. <br />
<br />
And it was expected that the police answered to the bosses. <br />
<br />
The Citizens League of Pittsburgh, successor to that earlier Morals Efficiency Commission, called loudly and often for reform in the 1920s. There were spasmodic responses and attempts to clean things up for appearances’ sake. For example in 1924 before he opened his own club, one paper reported that Edward Kane had been arrested in a raid as a “<i>gambler suspect</i>” who had <i>“visited</i>” the “<i>bawdy house</i>” kept by Stella Shaner. All of those things were true, strictly speaking, but the story didn’t get to the heart of the Kane/Shaner connection, which the press was still figuring out. Any kind of reform swirling around their businesses was bound to meet with limited success, anyway, since Pittsburgh political authority and vice were too intertwined.<br />
<br />
In 1926 the profile of Edward Kane’s gambling joint was raised in a <i>Pittsburgh Post</i> expose by none other than <a href="https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt:US-QQS-mss779">Ray Sprigle</a>, a Pittsburgh newspaper journalist famous for his investigative reporting on crime and injustice. In July 1926 Sprigle turned his attention to Pittsburgh's North Side.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QwDKAR29Ros/Xr2RxbCs2TI/AAAAAAAAJJM/_WzOps0Hpg8Spc02z8wR9YwhBmQXp-g0QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Sprigle1M.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="230" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-QwDKAR29Ros/Xr2RxbCs2TI/AAAAAAAAJJM/_WzOps0Hpg8Spc02z8wR9YwhBmQXp-g0QCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Sprigle1M.jpg" width="278" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Ray Sprigle at work.<i> Pittsburgh Post-Gazette </i>archives</b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
Sprigle's muckraking journalistic style retains its power across the decades. Here are excerpts from that <i>Post</i> piece:<i>
</i><br />
<blockquote>
<i>Pittsburgh’s Northside again has become Little Canada. The law of the state and the nation stop on the North banks of the Allegheny and the Ohio.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>The gambler, the bootlegger, the dive keeper and the masquereau rule.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>Gambling houses cluster so thick in the districts between the rivers and North avenue that certain nights are allotted to each group. </i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>Speakeasies and disorderly houses alternate for blocks on some of the streets of the lower Northside.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>From seven in the evening until after midnight doorways are filled with known gamblers and men in the bootleg game. Bookmakers and women of the streets ply their trades among the gamblers and their patrons alike. The old days of Little Canada of more than a quarter century are back. Here is all the color and lawlessness, all the vice and romance, all the sordidness and squalor…</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>But this time there is none of the free-and-easy, hit-or-miss vice of the old days. </i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>Vice on the Northside today is a business….Never was the partnership between crime and government as represented by the police so palpable…</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>“Get it while the getting’s good is an old motto of the underworld. The “getting” is good now under the regime of Inspector Charles Faulkner and the underworld is getting it. The little dirty back-street joints are there as of old—more of them than ever. But the underworld is stepping out. It is extending itself. It is coming out on the main streets.</i></blockquote>
Sprigle devoted generous column inches to Little Canada’s shenanigans and characters. He focused on a place owned by North Side Police Inspector Charles Faulkner, a toney bowling alley/poolroom/gambling
den in the basement of the Kenyon Theater on Federal Street. On the top floor of that building was an even swankier den of iniquity: <i>“one of the most elaborate and genteel gambling kennels the Northside ever has seen.”</i><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9PG65jAwbctLy_1w_5jUO3522gu90cECosBp58uG_RVnv0_P7Mja142nCMssztAyYq2H6scbKWjO2vvDpSBTQg4u1VeJ_TwDX6GMwrkiGVvMCUy5fHCDJ3aOb-wOnIr1YsLt_W50Z5JIE/s1600/Kenyon+Theater+1939+Federal+%2526+Erie+PCP.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="704" data-original-width="1600" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9PG65jAwbctLy_1w_5jUO3522gu90cECosBp58uG_RVnv0_P7Mja142nCMssztAyYq2H6scbKWjO2vvDpSBTQg4u1VeJ_TwDX6GMwrkiGVvMCUy5fHCDJ3aOb-wOnIr1YsLt_W50Z5JIE/s400/Kenyon+Theater+1939+Federal+%2526+Erie+PCP.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Kenyon Theater at Federal & Erie Sts, 1939. Pittsburgh Police Lieutenant Charlie Faulkner's place was in basement.</b></span><br />
<a href="https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.3950405.CP"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</i></b></span></a></td></tr>
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<br />
Sprigle’s spare, staccato prose elevated the most ordinary racketeer to celebrity stature. Of course Sprigle knew Edward and Stella. Here’s what he had to say about them:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>If the palatial blind pig above Inspector Faulkner’s pool room is the most luxurious place in the Northside,the gambling joint on the second floor of 118 Federal street is the busiest and the most crowded. This is the club owned by Edward Kane, most prominent of the masqueraux of the Northside. His wife is Stella Shaner, and when not engaged in rooking easy marks in his gambling house Kane helps her run her bawdy house at 212 East Robinson street. Kane’s partner is Paul Davis. A few months ago Kane
and Davis both were run out of Faulkner’s office in the Northside station with the threat following them that if they returned they’d be thrown out bodily. Evidently Faulkner became more reasonable because now they call on him in the manner of old friends.<br /><br />
OUT-TALK DOORMAN: Kane’s joint isn’t so easy to get into. Last Thursday the newspaper party was flatly turned down. But Friday night they managed to out-talk the door keeper and before he recovered from his daze at the flow of language, the reporters were inside. There they found about 75 gamblers crowded about a crap table. Rat-faced underworld figures clutched rolls containing hundreds of dollars and shrilly shouted their bets while one of the crowd rolled the dice. The game keeper who raked in ten per cent of all bets for the benefit of the house was Walter Kane, Stella’s and Ed’s son. He got a little of the limelight that his father and mother hitherto had monopolized when his wife, an actress, sued his mother for alienating Walter’s affections. The wife probably thinks more of Edward’s</i><i> [<i>sic</i>] affections than anyone else in the world for she valued them at $50,000 in the suit.<br /><br />
In the rear of the room five men sat at playing pinochle. It was anything but a friendly game for the stakes ran high and money changed hands rapidly. Three poker tables in the front of the room were vacant. These, it was learned, do not open until near midnight. Here come the proprietors of other gambling resorts to lose what they have just won from the amateur patrons. <br /><br />
But the small change is just as welcome to Ed as the big. A reporter’s bet of $2 was accepted without question at the dice table. The dice rolled once and the $2 changed hands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /><br />
As the newspapermen left the door keeper apologized for his tardiness in letting them in.<br /><br />
“You know,” he said , “we heard that a bunch of nosey newspapermen were making the rounds and we thought for a while you might be them. But I know now that you fellows couldn’t be newspapermen.”<br /><br />
The reporters are still trying to figure out if they were insulted or complimented.</span></i></blockquote>
Pittsburgh's (insulted) reporters - especially Sprigle - kept the spotlight trained on Little Canada and eventually Inspector Faulkner would be taken down by such investigative work. Faulkner was one of the highest-ranking public individuals indicted for bootlegging by federal and county grand juries, though he was able to dodge convictions. His gig was up in 1932 when he resigned from the police force after being bumped to patrolman by the successor of disgraced Mayor Kline, who was at that point cleaning house.
<br />
<br />
The Kanes had law enforcement targets on their backs, too. In December 1926 a North Side police lieutenant named Hook busted Edward’s joint. Lieutenant Hook perhaps thought himself the Pittsburgh version of Elliot Ness, in that his <i>“raiding proclivities have made him a thorn in the side of many police inspectors who prefer “listening to reason” to enforcing the law</i>." <br />
<br />
According to the <i>Post</i> report - no byline, but likely a Sprigle piece — Officer Hook responded to a desperate housewife’s plea to close down Kane’s place since she was being made destitute by the losses her gambling husband incurred. The description of the subsequent raid paints a vivid picture of Little Canada shenanigans and Eddie Kane’s aplomb:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c24xIv8yXUU/XrzhzqRzvTI/AAAAAAAAJHo/g6VPujP2Nh84_XVse0z067YEewICwkq-gCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/headline%2B1926.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="650" height="196" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c24xIv8yXUU/XrzhzqRzvTI/AAAAAAAAJHo/g6VPujP2Nh84_XVse0z067YEewICwkq-gCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/headline%2B1926.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Post</i> headlines, 21 December 1926 </b></span></td></tr>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>She appealed to him at 8:30 and two hours later the gambling joint that Kane and Davis boasted was “cop-proof” was smashed up and out of business…<br /><br />
ALL HOPE ABANDONED: When Lieutenant Hook and Patrolman John Sigmund stepped into the joint there was a scramble for hats and coats, but with the realization that there was only one avenue of escape, and that through the front door blocked by the impressive person of Hook, all thoughts turned toward the telephone. Use of this means of getting in touch with “influential friends” was denied the players, however, and they settled down to wait for the wagon.<br /><br />
A large crowd gathered in Federal street and patiently waited for the thrill of watching the raid.<br /><br />
The patrons of the place were led through an admiring crowd handcuffed in pairs and Eddie Kane, who, unaware that the place was being raided, had walked right into it, and was greeted by Hook
acting as doorkeeper, was the last to leave. He carefully turned out the lights, locked the door, and philosophically climbed into the waiting wagon containing a load of his erstwhile customers. Two trips of the wagon were required.</i></blockquote>
While most of the men were released on $30 bail, Edward was charged with keeping ye olde disorderly house. According to the report <i>“A number of prosperous looking gentlemen called the police station to learn what Eddie’s bail was set at and held whispered conversations with the officers in charge but until after midnight there was no indication of his being released.”</i><br />
<br />
Those whispered conversations by monied friends worked, as per the aftermath of the raid as reported in the <i>Press</i>:<br />
<blockquote>
<i>An alleged gambling house at 118 Federal st., which police said was operated by “Eddie” Kane and Paul Davis, was raided. The reputed proprietors were fined $25 each in Northside police court. Twenty visitors were fined $5 each.</i></blockquote>
Basically, a slap on the wrist. This wasn’t the first time Eddie got off easy, for he had friends in high places. According to the <i>Post</i>, Kane and his partner Davis had boasted they had the <i>“strongest kind of protection”</i> and <i>“had been conducting their joint openly since the
beginning of the Kline administration”</i> with full support of Pittsburgh public safety and law enforcement officials. Even with such friends, complaints had to be investigated, though that was usually done by, or on the orders of none other than Inspector Charles Faulkner. Since Faulkner was essentially a fixer for all things vice on the North Side, complaints amounted to a whole lot of nothing:
<br />
<blockquote>
<i>Faulkner, even while Eddie and Paul were rooking their dupes nightly, reported….that there was not the slightest sign of any gambling… “See, you’re all wrong. The Northside’s clean and there’s no gambling at Eddie Kane’s.”</i></blockquote><p>Poor Stella had worse luck, and she made the papers quite often for her disorderly housekeeping. During one vice crackdown in 1924, Stella and sixteen other “<i>madams</i>” were indicted after a series of <i>“sensational raids.”</i> An April 1926 Post article cited police records indicating she’d been <i>“arrested nearly 300 times during the last three years and has been held for court scores of times…At one point she’d been served with swift injunction papers and ordered closed. But the Northside political leaders stopped the proceedings.” </i><br />
<br />
Those helpful <i>“Northside political leaders”</i> did at least offer some personal protection for Stella. <br />
<br />
But, really, Stella was arrested THREE HUNDRED times? That averages one arrest every three days. AT that rate, Stella could have had her own bench and personal revolving door in lock-up. She’d pay up and wave goodbye until next time.<br />
<br />
Because for her, there would always be a next time. <br />
<br />
And if the next time came too soon, she’d forfeit bail from the last time during her court appearance. <br />
<br />
Usually these visits cost her around $100 each. Presumably she made more than that at her business, otherwise she’d never have gotten ahead. <br /></p><p>It's clear from these reports that there was a peculiar kind of gender inequity at play in law enforcement of Pittsburgh's vice trade. A gambling den run by a man might get busted every so often for appearance's sake, but female sex workers faced far more harassment since they were the physical vectors of immorality. There were enough people who believed that drinking and gambling were illegal but not implicitly illicit activities, but who held very complicated ideas regarding sex.<br />
<br />
<b><u>The Card Shuffling Son</u></b><br />
<br />
What of Walter Kane? Whatever his genetic parentage, Walter was raised by Edward and Stella against a backdrop of chaos that must have shaped his attitudes and relationships. It’s possible he tried to overcome those influences, pursuing a legit career trajectory in the early 1920s while still living with his parents at 212 General Robinson. He worked as a “helper” at age 15, according to city directories. Walter was listed as a “student” of 17 years of age in 1922, when his father’s three-legged dog Buster (that very good boy) made the national papers. Later public records indicate Walter claimed to have left school at the age of 15, or in sixth grade. Although no photos were available in public searches, he was documented to have stood 5 feet 9 inches tall, with blue eyes and brown hair.<br />
<br />
In 1923 Walter was working as a “clerk” somewhere. If the newspapers are to be believed, also in
1923, an 18 year old Walter found love. <br />
<br />
It didn’t end well.<br />
<br />
According to news stories, in 1923 young Walter allegedly married an actress named Lorrain who was an understudy in a traveling company for the hit comedy <i>Abie’s Irish Rose</i>. You’d be forgiven now if you’d never heard of it - but not back then. <i>Abie’s Irish Rose</i> was a wildly popular three-act comedy that debuted in 1922 with a simple plot premise: Jewish boy marries Irish Catholic girl, families protest, mayhem ensues. It was critically panned, but raked in the dough because it made people laugh. It yet endures: there have been multiple revivals, a radio show, and two film versions. The interfaith marriage conflict it enunciated would resonate decades later in modern entertainment - think wedded comedy duo Stiller and Meara, or television shows such as <i>Bridget Loves Bernie </i>and <i>Thirtysomething</i>.
<br />
<br />
In the 1920s <i>Abie’s Irish Rose</i> had what was then the longest run of any Broadway production. Its official touring companies went everywhere. Multi-ethnic Pittsburgh loved the play so much that the company was in residence from March to October 1923, for an unprecedented 29 week run.<br />
<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Lu3vT1QaKiM/XrziLdSi8vI/AAAAAAAAJH0/9K1FNoihckssJ9HFPGmqwpdHpcEHvr9CQCPcBGAYYCw/s1600/Abies%2Bad%2BPress%2B14%2BMar%2B1923.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="547" data-original-width="547" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Lu3vT1QaKiM/XrziLdSi8vI/AAAAAAAAJH0/9K1FNoihckssJ9HFPGmqwpdHpcEHvr9CQCPcBGAYYCw/s320/Abies%2Bad%2BPress%2B14%2BMar%2B1923.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press</i> advertisement for <i>Abie's Irish Rose</i>, 14 March 1923</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Three years later, while the play was still running on Broadway and touring the country, a related story made the round in the nation’s newspapers. It originated in Pittsburgh papers in March 1926. A young woman identifying herself as Lorrain L. Kane, former understudy in the Pittsburgh touring company of <i>Abie’s Irish Rose</i>, was said to have filed a $100,000 lawsuit in Common Pleas Court against none other than Stella Kane. The suit accused Stella of alienating the affections of Lorrain’s husband Walter Kane, thereby breaking up their marriage.
<br />
<br />
Let me repeat: Stella Shaner, described then as a “<i>notorious Northside underworld character, raided many times by the police,</i>” was in 1926 accused of successfully poisoning her son Walter’s mind against his wife Lorrain, to the point that Walter abandoned his marriage. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ltL8p6AhOa0/Xrzixfbrw_I/AAAAAAAAJH8/sXTnieNr3i8hqglUdxsMBDuf9i9d14liQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/balm%2Bheadline.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="181" data-original-width="642" height="112" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ltL8p6AhOa0/Xrzixfbrw_I/AAAAAAAAJH8/sXTnieNr3i8hqglUdxsMBDuf9i9d14liQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/balm%2Bheadline.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Gazette Times </i>headline, 4 March 1926 </b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
It sounds bizarre.<br />
<br />
Because it was bizarre. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_kohdtr6DLE/Xrzk2sKOBTI/AAAAAAAAJII/QkxbL9xCBecp9KpHVcqz_5q4mkSjbAxYACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/balm%2Bheadline%2B2%2BPost.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="667" height="237" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_kohdtr6DLE/Xrzk2sKOBTI/AAAAAAAAJII/QkxbL9xCBecp9KpHVcqz_5q4mkSjbAxYACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/balm%2Bheadline%2B2%2BPost.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post</i>, 4 March 1926</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote>
<i>Kane and his wife were married October 27, 1923, the wife having given up her role in the play. She alleges that they lived happily until her mother-in-law, the Shaner woman, took a dislike to her, and eventually brought about an estrangement. A reconciliation was effected, and the couple lived together until July 26, 1925, Mrs. Kane asserts, and then, through the mother-in-law, her marital life was broken up again. Mrs. Kane alleges that her home has been broken up and that she has been deprived of the society and comfort of her husband through the machinations of the Shaner woman. Kane is believed to be in Los Angeles at present. The plaintiff was represented yesterday by Assistant City Solicitor Charles P. Lang and Attorney Samuel Rosenberg.</i></blockquote>What happened? Well, possibly nothing. It’s a story that cannot be confirmed without more information.<br />
<br />
But perhaps, as according to one International Press Service report, Stella lowered the disapproving mother boom on Walter and "<i>sent
him to California and threatened to cut him out of her will if he lived with his wife.”</i><br />
<br />
What we can know for sure is that<i> Abie’s Irish Rose </i>enjoyed a popular run in Pittsburgh and received copious press coverage. It played at the Schubert Pitt Theater at Penn Avenue and 7th Street until August, then moved to the Lyceum for the rest of its record-breaking Pittsburgh run. Nowhere in any of the local press coverage was there mention of an understudy named Lorrain. That doesn’t mean she wasn’t there, of
course, just that she wasn't making the news.
It's impossible to confirm or deny this story without public record documentation of a marriage between 18 year old Walter Kane and actress Lorrain on the date claimed. Nor is there anything conclusive to be found about Walter living in California in 1926. If Walter was out west in March 1926 when this story broke, he came back soon enough, because Walter was prominently identified in the Ray Sprigle piece that July about Edward Kane’s gambling den. In fact, Walter was running games there. Sprigle even mentioned the divorce suit (although he got the amount and the guy wrong; see above).<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zlbc3GUt_4M/XrzowtkgQGI/AAAAAAAAJIU/XyURFmYqDLQ5NLq83TsAuf0dUtTBwZwGACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Lorrain.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="546" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Zlbc3GUt_4M/XrzowtkgQGI/AAAAAAAAJIU/XyURFmYqDLQ5NLq83TsAuf0dUtTBwZwGACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Lorrain.jpg" width="291" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Example of national wire services story about Lorrain and Walter; others were more detailed.</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The lawyers who allegedly filed suit were certainly real. One of them, Samuel Rosenberg, was regularly involved with cases connected to Pittsburgh’s vice element.<br />
<br />
There was no media follow-up about these allegations in Pittsburgh newspapers. But in July 1929, notice of a divorce suit pressed by one Walter J. Kane against Lorrain/e L. Kane was posted in the Pittsburgh paper. This is most certainly the same couple, although our Walter’s middle initial was usually listed as D (for Dell or sometimes Dale). His putative wife Lorrain seems to have vanished. A public notice was posted by Walter’s lawyer in November 1926 ordering her to appear in court by 6 January 1930 (the original subpoena could not be delivered). <br />
<br />
As entertaining as it might be to read Ray Sprigle’s writing in the <i>Post</i> about the Kane family, there’s an exploitative element about his coverage that is hard to get past for us as modern readers. It hints at a mini case-study of the law of unintended consequences, and a harbinger of the pitfalls of modern reality show voyeurism. Had Sprigle not been so attuned to Pittsburgh vice, and so tickled by the quirky alienation of affections lawsuit filed against Stella, the break-up of Lorrain and Walter’s marriage wouldn’t have made national news. Walter was somewhere between 18 and 23 when all of this
allegedly happened, and he was surely no innocent. But when your private business is splashed across the front pages of the nation's newspapers because of who your parents were, it surely made getting up from where you’d been knocked down more difficult.<br />
<br />
The truth behind this broken marriage eludes clarification, at least for now. Walter listed himself as <i>“single”</i> on official records for the rest of his life.<br />
<br />
<b><u>The Notorious Kanes</u></b><br />
<br />
Thanks to Sprigle’s reporting, readers could hardly open the paper in 1926 without running across the Kanes. There was the July profile of Edward’s place, a high-profile bust in December, various and sundry routine busts involving Edward and Stella, and Walter’s alienation of affection lawsuit.<br />
<br />
But wait, there’s more! Walter was cited by the <i>Post</i> for drunk driving in September 1926.
The article claimed that since his father’s gambling den was <i>“dark”</i> (probably after yet another raid), Walter had too much time on his hands since being temporarily <i>“out of his nightly job of game tender in the notorious gambling resort.”</i> He was seen speeding and driving recklessly on Penn Avenue, eluded arrest, and led the police on a chase. <br />
<br />
Walter cooled his heels overnight in jail and “<i>laughed things off</i>” at a hearing the next morning. It helped to have connections, for the magistrate also laughingly apologized for slapping Water with a $10 fine for disorderly conduct. The reckless driving charge stuck, though.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lVpXnglaTJM/XrzqeWH9yBI/AAAAAAAAJIg/hGI9wfMJFyM0idPg9fbsemoDSBr7-8RwgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Drunk%2BWalter.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="540" height="242" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lVpXnglaTJM/XrzqeWH9yBI/AAAAAAAAJIg/hGI9wfMJFyM0idPg9fbsemoDSBr7-8RwgCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Drunk%2BWalter.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post</i> headlines, 9 September 1926</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Six weeks later in October 1926, Walter was back in court on another reckless driving charge. This one didn’t stick, either, dismissed before the plaintiff completed her testimony. The write-up in the <i>Post</i> first established Walter’s credentials as a lowlife:
<br />
<blockquote>
<i>Walter Kane, 24, of 212 East General Robinson street, who dealt stud poker in the gambling dive of his father, Eddie Kane, until the place was closed, and whose mother, Stella Shaner, is a well known bawdy house keeper, had enough political pull, evidently, to cause Magistrate John A. Staley, Jr., in traffic court yesterday morning to discharge him for reckless driving because no policeman saw him operating a motor car dangerously for others Wednesday night.</i></blockquote>
(Yes, that was all one sentence).<br />
<br />
Then the article detailed Walter’s transgressions. As he drove on Federal Street with a young woman companion, Walter allegedly paced the plaintiff’s car, passed, and zig-zagged in front of it. The plaintiff, Elizabeth Crozier, was a Dormont woman who was <i>“driving home from the downtown district following a club meeting”</i> with her sister and two friends. Walter cut her car off several times so <i>“To avoid collision she swung her steering wheel quickly and nearly upset the car which shot into the path of an oncoming car.”</i> Fortunately, disaster was averted and no one was injured. But since Walter had pulled over to watch this action, Mrs. Crozier decided to approach him to demand accountability in a certain clubwoman-from-Dormont way. That encounter went about as well as you might expect: <br />
<blockquote>
<i>CARD-SHUFFLER INSULTING: She asked him what he meant and the reply of the son of Stella Shaner was: “If I had that tin can, I would drive it into the country and lose it.” This despite the fact that Mrs. Crozier was driving a new and expensive automobile while his own was an old model machine, a bit weatherbeaten.</i></blockquote>
And, oh dear, imagine this. According to Mrs. Crozier:
<br />
<blockquote>
<i>…."he smelled as though he had been drinking liquor,” so she took his license number and went to the Northside police station. A few hours later Kane was arrested for reckless driving. In traffic court he did not testify—the ex-card shuffling son of Eddie Kane, the gambler,and Stella Shaner, the house of ill-fame owner, simply stood by and heard Magistrate Staley make a new ruling in an automobile law violation case before Mrs. Crozier had finished talking. </i></blockquote>
Raids, national shame from bizarre divorce suits, and terroristic drunk driving splashed all over the newspapers meant the year 1926 was not a good one for the Kanes. They’d captured the attention of Ray Sprigle in the <i>Post</i>. Sprigle was like one of Ed Kane's pit bulls with a bone when it came to shaking down colorful characters in the vice world. Fortunately for the Kanes, Sprigle’s attention was diverted in 1927 by new responsibilities required of him as <i>Post</i> city editor. He was even more distracted when, in the flurry of multiple Pittsburgh newspaper consolidations, the <i>Post </i>was merged with William Randolph Hearst’s <i>Gazette Times</i> later that same year.<br />
<br />
The Kanes didn’t exactly fade into oblivion after that, but at least the press spotlight was off. They still did what they'd always done to make a living, which meant they still got caught in sporadic vice raids. But maybe Stella was slowing down. She came to court on accumulated charges in 1927 and paid a $300 fine. She might even have gone to prison that time, had she not presented a doctor’s excuse that amounted to a Get Out of Jail Free Card when her physician testified that he’d been treating her for “heart trouble” for the last two years. Stella cooperated with testimony a year later in a grand jury probe of the activities of North Side’s chief of graft, Lieutenant Charles Faulkner, with whom she and Edward had a long, complicated professional relationship. <br />
<br />
Stella died of secondary pneumonia related to influenza on 2 January 1929, aged 45. Her death certificate was filed as Mrs. Estella Kane but her estate belonged to Estella Catherine Stroud. Despite her notorious reputation, there was but a perfunctory obituary notice in the <i>Press</i> and <i>Post-Gazette</i>. Friends were invited to pay their respects at 212 East General Robinson, where funeral services were held a few days later. Internment was private, and Stella was laid to rest in a single grave in Section 38 of the Allegheny Cemetery. Edward and Walter published a personal note in the <i>Press</i> later that month.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8Wp4D1oWU5I/XrzqyLeEyiI/AAAAAAAAJIo/hJ6xVfMcc88Aegx8be_7Rxk-VJYbkj4ywCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/bereavement%2Bnote.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="518" height="98" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8Wp4D1oWU5I/XrzqyLeEyiI/AAAAAAAAJIo/hJ6xVfMcc88Aegx8be_7Rxk-VJYbkj4ywCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/bereavement%2Bnote.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 10 January 1929</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Edward was executor of Stella’s will. Throughout the Depression years he remained at 212 East General Robinson, advertising it and the adjacent building he and Stella had owned as boarding houses. By 1930 someone new had moved in to take charge of the disorderly side of things: Vera Martin, ten years Edward’s junior, born in Wisconsin. Edward’s life with Vera settled into familiar routines, with periodic raids and fines for disorderly housekeeping and gambling operations. A sensational case implicated both of them in 1937 when a 26 year old who worked elsewhere on East General Robinson attempted suicide, then publicly accused her husband of abuse and sex trafficking. The physical proximity of the operations run by Kane and Martin were noted and they suffered the usual charge of disorderly housekeeping. Occasionally Vera was referred to as Vera Kane, but there is no evidence that she and Edward married. As always Edward kept multiple sources of income: in 1935, he sold property he owned on Sandusky Avenue for a cool $15,000.<br />
<br />
By the time he was in his late 50s, Edward was spending time in the Mount Pleasant/Scottdale area of his birth. No one named Vera seemed to be around. He was counted in the 1940 census in Wooddale, a village not far from where he was born in the Connellsville coal country. Edward listed his occupation as “farmer” and shared his home with a 34 year old maid and a 64 year old male lodger.<br />
<br />
It requires imaginative thinking to picture Edward Kane, who’d lived his life profiting from urban vice, enjoying a quiet life on what may have been a family farm. He certainly wasn't taking care of farm business on his own; in 1941 he advertised for a dairy farmer to take it on.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lXMrOmj4-cU/Xrzr53WMZrI/AAAAAAAAJI0/2cR9x85a0lIpp1ouHd4itZ9K2xnQLwLPQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/dairy%2Bfarmer.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="109" data-original-width="542" height="63" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lXMrOmj4-cU/Xrzr53WMZrI/AAAAAAAAJI0/2cR9x85a0lIpp1ouHd4itZ9K2xnQLwLPQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/dairy%2Bfarmer.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i> ad, 18 July 1941</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Two years later after that, in 1943, Edward sold 152 acres for $20,000 to Isadore Bergstein, a grocery store proprietor in Monessen about 25 miles away.<br />
<br />
He must have moved back to Pittsburgh, for Edward died in 1946 in his East General Robinson Street house. His funeral took place at his sister Minnie’s Mount Pleasant home, and he was laid to rest in the family plot in Alverton Cemetery with his parents and siblings Allie and Simon. One of Minnie’s daughters was designated as Edward’s executor, not his son Walter. <br />
<br />
Thus it was that in 1946, Walter was the last Kane standing. He'd spent 30 days in the Allegheny County Workhouse a decade earlier in 1936 on a vagrancy charge. Also, he'd been charged in a vehicular hit-and-run crash in the North Side in 1937. But otherwise Walter seems to have stayed out of the scandal sheets -- a blessing for him even though it makes tracking his later life difficult. <br />
<br />
Walter was an unemployed boarder in 1930 at his 212 East General Robinson address. He claimed to be a "sweeper salesman" when living there in 1940. In 1942, 37 year old Walter Kane enlisted in the Army to answer the call of service during World War II. He listed his next-of-kin as his father, Edward. Walter served domestically in the Army Air Force Third Service Command in Baltimore Maryland for fourteen months and was honorably discharged with the rank of private in 1943. After the way he returned to what was essentially his childhood home, the boarding house on the North Side. Following his death in June 1957, Walter was buried in Highwood Cemetery in Allegheny County.<br />
<br />
To the very end, Walter maintained on his military and other public records that he had never been married.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Epilogue</b></u><br />
<br />
Bringing a 1900s Pittsburgh family into the spotlight was not my intent when I started to explore the story-behind-the-story of a three-legged dog. Whether one starts with a random story like this or begins a personal family history exploration, tracking people through their appearances in public historical documents is a dicey endeavor. Those records are only as informative as the individuals that they document, and the data is only meaningful when compassionately and carefully assessed in the context of the times reflected. <br />
<br />
Buster may have been a very good boy. I’m going to stick with that because, c’mon, just <span id="goog_114553646"></span>look at him!<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCEu1UHq21piR_GIQayyjaa3ACOToQKtz4msK4XMLhMyb2FBLSLpR5cSj6jWl-kTrV7AId4pg_3UHGb8m6sCgsbq5xVlEHsNX6q2kFRFGPVL8moz6ZjSLXkVOZCIP7q7RBzpK0TwFnSa4B/s1600/Buster+close-up.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="214" data-original-width="129" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCEu1UHq21piR_GIQayyjaa3ACOToQKtz4msK4XMLhMyb2FBLSLpR5cSj6jWl-kTrV7AId4pg_3UHGb8m6sCgsbq5xVlEHsNX6q2kFRFGPVL8moz6ZjSLXkVOZCIP7q7RBzpK0TwFnSa4B/s1600/Buster+close-up.jpg" /></a></div>
<span id="goog_114553645"></span><br />
But we do an injustice to close this story by concluding that his owners lived very bad lives.<br />
<br />
The research on this story is not complete. Maybe somewhere in a newspaper morgue or city police record archive are photos of these folks. There may be other non-digitized primary sources to explore that might add tone and nuance to their stories.
<br />
<br />
But I doubt any records I find will tell me why the Kanes made the choices they did.<br />
<br />
Edward, Stella, and Walter Kane lived out loud. They were born into the raw edges of society, not the comfortable folds. But even so, they had relatives who made choices that propelled their lives away from those edges. What was different for Edward, Stella and Walter? In a world conditioned to modify its vices, the Kanes seem to have reveled in the benefits they found by exploiting theirs. Certainly for some people, the uncertainty of a gambling life is its own reward. Or perhaps it was just habit, fueled by equal parts inertia and exhaustion. When all you’ve known is the struggle, it’s an act of self-preservation not to struggle against it. Dysfunction is functional in such cases. For so many people like the Kanes, at the end of the day there’s no energy left after the daily hustle to analyze, to
cultivate insight, or to change.<br />
<br />
Life simply IS. You keep on doing what you’re doing because it’s all you know how to do. <br />
<br />
Sometimes that means that when you chase a cat out of your yard, you come back with only three legs. At the end of the day, let’s hope the Kanes had people in their lives who cared enough to prop them up.
Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-24746474804642871962019-07-01T02:02:00.047-04:002023-01-26T18:47:51.869-05:00Pittsburgh, Alligator County<p>In 2019 Pittsburgh made national <a href="https://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2019/06/07/Alligator-Pittsburgh-Beechview-captured-police-city-reptile-Humane-shelter/stories/201906070094" target="_blank">news</a> when three alligators randomly appeared on various city streets within a month in South Side, Beechview and Carrick. By the time October rolled around, two more had been found: one in Shaler (because apparently the suburbs needed to be in on that hot gator action), and another in Lawrenceville. <br />
<br />
This is all kind of a big deal.
Alligators, you see, are not indigenous to Western Pennsylvania.<br />
<br />
These Yinzigators, dubbed Frankie, Chomp, and Gator Doe, were abandoned former pets. Only one was traced to its owner, a man whose stash of 32 exotic animals -- including three more alligators -- was subsequently confiscated by Animal Care Control. He was charged with multiple counts of animal neglect.<br />
<br />
Lost in all the subsequent wisecracks and commentary was historical perspective, because 2019 does not mark the first time Pittsburgh saw a proliferation of alligators. The reptiles were reported hereabouts beginning in the late 1800s. </p><p>Sure, alligators aren't indigenous to Pittsburgh. But they have been esteemed private and public residents of the region.<br />
<br />
<b><u>The Rise of the Reptile</u></b><br />
<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BOKwJQ_COEk/XRmeJATkXWI/AAAAAAAAI4M/RKwR9yHs6Qse7YXhItCt6UQGYdfHdfhFACLcBGAs/s1600/100_7757.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="889" data-original-width="1600" height="221" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BOKwJQ_COEk/XRmeJATkXWI/AAAAAAAAI4M/RKwR9yHs6Qse7YXhItCt6UQGYdfHdfhFACLcBGAs/s400/100_7757.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
<br />
The American alligator can naturally be found in parts of Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, North and South Carolina, Florida and New Orleans. It's the latter two places that are historically associated with popularizing the species as pets.<br />
<br />
A mid-1880s article in the <i>New York World</i> blamed a newfound popularity of pet alligators on the Cotton Centennial of 1884, a world's fair held in New Orleans. Exposure to the flora and fauna of that region <i>“.…taught Northern visitors to the French quarters to look with kindly eyes upon the lizards’ big brother.”</i> Alligators had hitherto been valued for their commercial possibilities, and thousands were slaughtered each year for their hides and to make an oil to grease steam locomotives and cotton mill machinery. But suddenly, thanks to New Orleans mega-tourism, they were regarded as, well, kinda cute. So much so that a<i>“little old bird store in the Rue Royale” </i>in New Orleans<i> </i>reportedly sold wee gators by the dozens at 50-75¢ each, complete with travel boxes.<br />
<br />
Many a baby NOLA gator found a home in northern United States, including in New York amongst <i>“….that growing class of people who are always on the lookout for something new to caress or talk about.”</i> One such person was a little girl living on Lexington Avenue who was said to keep her two year old, 14-inch alligator in a globe aquarium. She fitted with a silver collar and took it for walks on a leash.<br />
<br />
And then she did this. <br />
<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://jacquithurlowlippisch.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/img_6691.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Related image" border="0" class="irc_mi" data-iml="1561406655139" height="272" src="https://jacquithurlowlippisch.files.wordpress.com/2014/07/img_6691.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Vintage postcard from the <a href="https://jacquithurlowlippisch.com/tag/alligator-attacks/" target="_blank">Thurlow</a> collection, circa early 1900s</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
<br />
Okay, I'm lying. That's not the same girl. But I wouldn't reject a kiddie wagon pulled by a gator as a possibility, in New York or even Pittsburgh. Alligators inspired such whimsy.<br />
<br />
At the same time that New Orleans launched a reptile craze, Florida was also getting in on the gator trend. The latter half of the 19<sup>th</sup> century brought railroad expansion to the state, which had previously been too wild, untamed, and inaccessible. On those trains came wealthy northern tourists, enchanted by the region's exotic plant and wildlife. The tourists took home souvenirs like chameleons, palmetto fans, bird plumes to decorate their chapeaus, orange thorns to serve as toothpicks....and alligators.
<br />
<br />
If you’ve ever had the chance to hold a wee baby alligator, you’d understand the appeal. Than again, maybe that’s just me.
I once held a live baby alligator that had been plucked out of its nursery pod and passed around a Louisiana swamp boat. Doing so was most likely illegal, and was certainly unwise. I kept wondering where fierce Mama Gator was. She was probably
submerged nearby until we left. Her progeny was a little leather tube of air, bones and claws. Definitely cute: <br /></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FioU_FSIfFc/XRPkkp0YCtI/AAAAAAAAIzw/zsmKBYbr0aE2YAIyKdDn3l_4MGLhHm0LgCLcBGAs/s1600/gator%2Bhand.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="807" height="249" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FioU_FSIfFc/XRPkkp0YCtI/AAAAAAAAIzw/zsmKBYbr0aE2YAIyKdDn3l_4MGLhHm0LgCLcBGAs/w400-h249/gator%2Bhand.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Me, holding a baby gator in a Louisiana swamp</span><br /></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div><p><br />
To people in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, such a wee gator would have appealed as docilely exotic. The newspapers of the era described gators as <i>“easily tamed”</i> pets that could spend their days lounging around aquariums in one's personal conservatory or small pond. Feeding them every couple of days wasn’t a hardship. One 1878 Virginia newspaper recalled the writer's pet alligators had <i>"....a habit of eating any eatable thing that was given to them."</i> The same writer opined that <i>"....in their first or second year, gators are pleasant pets, and no more dangerous than kittens.</i><br />
<br />
Having a, uhm, kittenish pet alligator came to be associated with status, prestige, and fashionable quirkiness.<br />
</p><p><b><u>Conservation and Consumerism </u></b></p><p>
As reptile pets trended there was a growing recognition that alligators in the wild were rapidly diminishing, perhaps even nearing extinction level. Such environmental consciousness was not limited to gators, since similar observations were also being made in the late 1800s about polar bears, bison, grizzly bears, and pronghorn antelopes. But the pet trade was unique to alligators, and was cited
as a significant reason for gator population decline in the late 19th century. <i>Pittsburg Dispatch</i> reprinted a<i> London Standard </i> article, "<i>Danger of the Extinction of the Mammoth Reptile", </i>in March 1889 which warned:<br />
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i>The spread of settlement, the systematic hunting of the brute for the sake of its hide, teeth, oil and musk, the slaughter of it by the powder-burning visitor to Florida, and the extensive winter tourist
trade in little alligators as choice gifts for Northern friends, have all tended to thin the Southern swamps in an appreciable degree.</i></span></blockquote><p>Conservation did not extend to consumerism, however. There were no public calls to boycott purchases of alligator leather goods in hopes of curbing population decline. Quite the contrary, as evidenced by these ads from Pittsburgh publications: </p><p><br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6S-V1izaOxdONPhafkP0JWSgk97jb5xP7Iq0Lkg2TW0YGtusZkYywpN_7FD6rlk2VysgGDHw4KPCrMeQ-XkTkWZ_DQa4JjJllQMscGONHR8-7QT9pE11d04LgtRNg11DREXgmzFzCQzgy_CWaVISSAGrNqjYGralwt0WlAi7ALjbuuu-1fpcBYHlW5w/s324/Ad%20Weldins%20Commercial%20Gazette%2012%20Nov%201880.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="324" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6S-V1izaOxdONPhafkP0JWSgk97jb5xP7Iq0Lkg2TW0YGtusZkYywpN_7FD6rlk2VysgGDHw4KPCrMeQ-XkTkWZ_DQa4JjJllQMscGONHR8-7QT9pE11d04LgtRNg11DREXgmzFzCQzgy_CWaVISSAGrNqjYGralwt0WlAi7ALjbuuu-1fpcBYHlW5w/s320/Ad%20Weldins%20Commercial%20Gazette%2012%20Nov%201880.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Advertisement, Weldin's, <i>Commercial Gazette</i>, 12 November 1880 </b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TdRIaGGoxSs/XRpib3H70RI/AAAAAAAAI5E/XcqLcellfGE7O7FZN97TbIRr5KFQT6PLwCLcBGAs/s1600/ad%2Bshoes%2Bbulletin%2B1888.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1250" data-original-width="489" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TdRIaGGoxSs/XRpib3H70RI/AAAAAAAAI5E/XcqLcellfGE7O7FZN97TbIRr5KFQT6PLwCLcBGAs/s1600/ad%2Bshoes%2Bbulletin%2B1888.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Advertisement from R.Hay & Son, <i>The Bullletin, </i>29 December 1888</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-q0sVRmedM8Q/XRlvzYGj4hI/AAAAAAAAI10/Tflgz_EdGW8hXJrXjS2DdPa-ArO7S8qhgCEwYBhgL/s1600/ad%2BSolomon%2527s%2B%2526%2BRuben%2BPost%2B1893.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="545" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-q0sVRmedM8Q/XRlvzYGj4hI/AAAAAAAAI10/Tflgz_EdGW8hXJrXjS2DdPa-ArO7S8qhgCEwYBhgL/s1600/ad%2BSolomon%2527s%2B%2526%2BRuben%2BPost%2B1893.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Advertisement from<i> </i>Solomon & Ruben department store, <i>Pittsburg Post,</i> 11 August 1893</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pipcxsTW-uU/XRlvzJ4gpaI/AAAAAAAAI1w/cUEmy_Xj85UV0K_uSdit6Lq6c213lynxACEwYBhgL/s1600/Ad%2BGusky%2527s%2BPost%2B1896%2B.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pipcxsTW-uU/XRlvzJ4gpaI/AAAAAAAAI1w/cUEmy_Xj85UV0K_uSdit6Lq6c213lynxACEwYBhgL/s1600/Ad%2BGusky%2527s%2BPost%2B1896%2B.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Advertisement from Gusky's department store,<i> Pittsburg Post,</i> 1 May 1896</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-asIPo7UUgu0/XRlvzASHISI/AAAAAAAAI1s/8cIXmdA63NI48Ya9hYooFIjsQD-edSzRwCEwYBhgL/s1600/Ad%2BKaufmann%2527s%2B1897.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="545" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-asIPo7UUgu0/XRlvzASHISI/AAAAAAAAI1s/8cIXmdA63NI48Ya9hYooFIjsQD-edSzRwCEwYBhgL/s1600/Ad%2BKaufmann%2527s%2B1897.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>A</i>dvertisement from Kaufmann's department store, <i>Pittsburg Post, </i>5 December 1897 </b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<b><u>Presidential Alligators</u></b><br />
<br />
There were gators in high places. President and Mrs. Grover Cleveland were presented with two Florida alligators during a February 1888 campaign trip to that state. National newspapers joked that the animals were to be kept in White House reception rooms either to be <i>“trained to shake hands with visiting statesmen”</i> or <i>“taught to distinguish between statesmen and journalistic interviewers.” </i>The young Mrs. Cleveland was fond of animals, so it's possible she incorporated the reptiles into her existing menagerie.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1I15FYGZnE8/XRl1B0-evqI/AAAAAAAAI2E/_sUU9Sz6iX01yqHF0oRWbZ-qnwy0_NamwCLcBGAs/s1600/Cleveland%2B%2BIndian%2BRiver%2BHotel%2BTitusville%2BFL%2B1888.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="600" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1I15FYGZnE8/XRl1B0-evqI/AAAAAAAAI2E/_sUU9Sz6iX01yqHF0oRWbZ-qnwy0_NamwCLcBGAs/s1600/Cleveland%2B%2BIndian%2BRiver%2BHotel%2BTitusville%2BFL%2B1888.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://rayosborne.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">President & Mrs. Grover Cleveland outside Indian River Hotel, Titusville Florida, 1888</a><i> </i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
The Clevelands weren't the first occupants of the White House to be associated with alligators. Decades earlier, President John Quincy Adams was said to have received a spare alligator from the Marquis de Lafayette, who'd acquired plenty of such odd souvenirs during his 1824-25 victory lap of the United States. Adams was said to have kept his Lafeyette-regifted gator in a White House East Wing bathtub. As delightfully specific as this story seems to be, and as oft-repeated as it's been, it is sadly only <a href="https://www.ploddingthroughthepresidents.com/2018/02/john-quincy-adams-pet-alligator-is-crock.html" target="_blank">apocryphal.</a> There are no references to Adams' alligator in any diaries, nor in contemporary accounts about Adams, Lafayette, or White House bathtubs. Alas, without contemporary evidence of its existence, the Adams Alligator is but a mythical beast. <br />
<br />
There were also White House-adjacent alligators. In 1890, newspapers noted that President Benjamin Harrison’s son Russell had moved some gators gifted by the state of Florida into the White House conservatory, which was connected to the main floor of the mansion. These gators reportedly lived in tin foot-tubs in the White House. Decades later, President-elect Warren G. Harding was said to have accepted a <i>“fair sized ‘gator'”</i> from an unnamed Florida man, although that one probably never made it to the White House. President Herbert Hoover's son Allan donated his own pet alligators to the National Zoological Park in Washington a few years before Hoover was elected.<br />
<br />
With such celebrity-status gators, how could Pittsburgh resist the lure of the saurian?<br />
<br />
<b><u>Pittsburgh Alligators</u></b><br />
<br />
The first Pittsburgh alligator owners -- whomever they may have been -- were perhaps inspired to adopt after reading articles like this one about a pet alligator named Jim, published in 1888 in the <i>Pittsburg Dispatch</i>:<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j3R8-SqaP9E/XRE6jaUw8KI/AAAAAAAAIy0/FRaHF61imcETN_J5P0eM7p_nWmvTM9VbwCLcBGAs/s1600/Dispatch%2B1888.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1148" data-original-width="546" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j3R8-SqaP9E/XRE6jaUw8KI/AAAAAAAAIy0/FRaHF61imcETN_J5P0eM7p_nWmvTM9VbwCLcBGAs/w304-h640/Dispatch%2B1888.jpg" width="304" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburg Dispatch</i>, March 1888</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
We can't know when or why the first alligator came to Pittsburgh, or whether it had a relentlessly normcore name like Jim and wore doll clothing.<br />
<br />
It took Pittsburgh a while to work up to full gator. The first mentions of alligators in local papers referenced the creatures imported to grace Henry Phipps' aquatic garden. Second-in-command of Carnegie Steel, in 1886 Henry Phipps led the way in local Gilded Age philanthropy by proposing and establishing the area's first public plant conservatory.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t-L0UryKjHY/XRpbZQ-BZcI/AAAAAAAAI44/kWU2m_0UiqYvOds8xlp94g1XLfCF-FmQwCLcBGAs/s1600/Phipps%2BAllegheny%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="861" data-original-width="1176" height="292" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t-L0UryKjHY/XRpbZQ-BZcI/AAAAAAAAI44/kWU2m_0UiqYvOds8xlp94g1XLfCF-FmQwCLcBGAs/s400/Phipps%2BAllegheny%2B2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Phipps Conservatory in Allegheny Park, circa 1898. <br />From <u>Our cities, picturesque and commercial (Pittsburgh and Allegheny)</u></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Located in Allegheny City (today's North Side), that complex was expanded three years later in 1889 when Phipps funded the addition of an aquatic garden.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ymC8KDSoZMg/XRGi4KyxM9I/AAAAAAAAIzE/jTgQML58Fb4LU4AW6YrBdhSyW9S6pm3IQCEwYBhgL/s1600/phipps%2Baquarium%2B1889.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="416" data-original-width="534" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ymC8KDSoZMg/XRGi4KyxM9I/AAAAAAAAIzE/jTgQML58Fb4LU4AW6YrBdhSyW9S6pm3IQCEwYBhgL/s1600/phipps%2Baquarium%2B1889.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Illustration from<i> Pittsburg Dispatch,</i> 30 November 1890</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
The new addition included an aquarium room, although in the early 1890s the Phipps Allegheny Conservatory filled those tanks with mostly local fish. That might seem like a cheat, but think about it from the perspective of a century ago. The opportunity to see such creatures up close and personal, to observe their fishy ways? That was a novelty to Pittsburghers whose typical encounters with river life involved squiggly things dangling from the ends of hooks.<br />
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U4_Cnd40qqk/XRGkZkp80NI/AAAAAAAAIzM/bTCGL7FDFj0m-Gs9LCwRLLNZRXCnQJ4JwCLcBGAs/s1600/Aquarium%2BRoom%2B1890%2BDispatch.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="346" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U4_Cnd40qqk/XRGkZkp80NI/AAAAAAAAIzM/bTCGL7FDFj0m-Gs9LCwRLLNZRXCnQJ4JwCLcBGAs/s1600/Aquarium%2BRoom%2B1890%2BDispatch.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Illustration from Pittsburg Dispatch, 30 November 1890</i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
<br />
Certainly the opportunity to gaze upon two “Allegheny alligators” pulled from a Monongahela River lock was a draw for the new aquatic rooms. </p><p>That's right, Allegheny alligators. Well, sort of.<br />
<br />
Alligators from Pittsburgh's rivers don't mind if you refer to them as snot otters, devil dogs, mud-devils, mud dogs, grampus, or hellbenders. The Eastern Hellbender <i>Cryptobranchus alleganiensis</i>) is the largest form of salamander in North America, and was recently recognized as the Pennsylvania Official Amphibian. This creature could once be found in waterways throughout Western Pennsylvania, including Pittsburgh's three rivers. Today the dwindling population is of concern due to the hellbender's role as an indicator species. Its absence from the waterways signals poor water quality.<br />
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</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fCqzSsqqSBw/XRGlkBNuIcI/AAAAAAAAIzY/QkF9hzn66H0zY6nGSNiownHY1It6vncJACLcBGAs/s1600/Hellbender.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="1600" height="261" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fCqzSsqqSBw/XRGlkBNuIcI/AAAAAAAAIzY/QkF9hzn66H0zY6nGSNiownHY1It6vncJACLcBGAs/s400/Hellbender.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Photo from Wikipedia Commons</i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Hellbenders were Yinzer versions of real alligators, so popular distinctions weren't always made locally in the 19th century between amphibian "Allegheny Alligators" and southern reptilian alligators. <i>Pittsburg Dispatch</i> noted on 27 June 1889 that Allegheny City Detective John R. Murphy was <i>"presented with an alligator which was captured in the Ohio river by some of his friends. He will build a tank at his home and raise it." </i>While good Detective Murphy could have been gifted with a Southern stray, it's more likely that this story referenced a hellbender.<p>
Fact is, hellbenders are amphibians and as such are truly aquatic. Since they can't live out of
water, the hellbenders wouldn't make a cuddly pet. Here's another indisputable and objective truth: Allegheny Alligators were (and are) universally regarded as butt-ugly. Real baby alligators were (and are) cuter. </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">There was even trans-Pennsylvania beef about alligators. A <i>Pittsburg Dispatch</i> editorial from 16 May1890 responded to a <i>Philadelphia Press</i> article mourning the species' possible extinction. Pittsburgh apparently had no sentimental attachment to the creatures:</p><div align="center"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i></i></p><blockquote><i>Aside from the excellence of its hide for certain purposes,
its best friend would be puzzled to point out a single good quality in the
alligator. If the alligator is going – it is usually lying still in the mud –
we are glad to hear it. A few specimens of the amphibious reptile might be preserved
in the zoological gardens, if for no other reason to keep the ugly brute from
claiming, after the dodo’s fashion, fame for being extinct. As for the tears
the Press sheds over the departing saurian, we are inclined to believe that
they might have come from a crocodile. </i></blockquote><p></p><p>
Perhaps media speculation about alligator extinction
prompted Pittsburgh public officials to consider adding a southern gator
or two to the city's collection before it was too late? Regardless of whether the city fathers were inspired by species preservation efforts or being on-trend by adding exotic oddities, by the late 19th century Pittsburgh got its own (real) alligators. Pittsburgh stepped up its municipal reptile game just as Henry Phipps was providing a companion conservatory for the city of Pittsburgh in 1892.<br />
<br />
First, Highland Park got gators. Despite a man-made lake, its own conservatory, beautifully landscaped gardens, and eventually a zoo and two reservoirs, Highland Park struggled to overcome its status in the hierarchy of urban parks. Highland ranked lower in sentimental attachment when compared to Schenley's grandeur and the legacy status of Allegheny Commons park. It was also less centrally located, despite having streetcars stopping at its front entrance. Maybe gators would help raise its profile? In April 1892, a five foot alligator acquired in Georgia was accepted by city officials for Highland Park. The plan was to house the creature at the city zoo, which existed at Schenley Park at that time, until Highland was ready for it (Highland Park Zoo opened in 1898).<br />
<br />
It's unclear whether this 5-foot beast ever actually came to Pittsburgh, but in August 1892 two slightly smaller gators did arrive for Highland Park. Allegheny County state representative and local political boss William Flinn received notice from the East Liberty express office that a box was waiting for him. It had been sent by one of his former Highland Park neighbors who'd relocated to Florida. Hopefully it was a generously-sized container, because inside were two alligators measuring three and four feet long. <i>"The object was to have them put in Highland park"</i> stated the <i>Press</i>. </p><p>
History does not reveal whether these gators got dumped into Reservoir No. 1 (the only existing reservoir at the time) or were accommodated at the existing Highland Park conservatory. But their existence in Pittsburgh aggravated intra-park rivalry, because there was no way that Highland Park could get alligators and Schenley Park go without! The <i>Commercial Gazette </i>lamented on 9 August 1892 that <i>"The Schenley park zoo must look up or it will not be in it with Highland park. The latter was enriched yesterday by seven feet of alligators."</i></p><p></p><p>Later in the 1890s Schenley Park zoo would add gators in its collection.
But so, too, did the new Phipps Conservatory. That new plant palace underwritten by Henry Phipps opened its doors to the public at 9 AM on 7 December 1893.<br />
<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dHcLuIVw_Hg/XRpYpG25P6I/AAAAAAAAI4k/ECNgimm6PWMl0mZRjhQ1300Mu5xWxTnqACLcBGAs/s1600/Phipps%2B1893.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="833" data-original-width="1280" height="260" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dHcLuIVw_Hg/XRpYpG25P6I/AAAAAAAAI4k/ECNgimm6PWMl0mZRjhQ1300Mu5xWxTnqACLcBGAs/s400/Phipps%2B1893.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://www.phipps.conservatory.org/visit-and-explore/explore/phipps-history/eighteen-ninety-three" target="_blank">Phipps Conservatory in Schenley Park, circa 1893 </a></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
<br /><i> </i></p><p><i>Commercial Gazette</i> announced on 7 December 1893
that in addition to enjoying flora contributed by prominent citizens and a collection purchased by Phipps from the recently-closed World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, conservatory visitors would be greeted by reptilian fauna. <i>"Keeping company with the plants in this apartment are the
alligators, two of them, lazy and good-for-nothing, to be relegated to the “zoo”
at the first opportunity." </i><br />
<br />
Lazy, good-for-nothing reptilian fauna.<br />
<br />
Fine, maybe the <i>Gazette</i> didn't think alligators belonged at the fancy new conservatory. But according to the<i> Post</i>, the creatures were a hit with the thousands of visitors who thronged the aisles of the new complex.<br />
<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-41BvanS4Qd4/XRQjEGIkotI/AAAAAAAAI1A/ynLvAwq_TAgU4e8TFfc4U0SvjA9FqaylQCLcBGAs/s1600/Post%2B11%2BDecember%2B1893.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="434" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-41BvanS4Qd4/XRQjEGIkotI/AAAAAAAAI1A/ynLvAwq_TAgU4e8TFfc4U0SvjA9FqaylQCLcBGAs/s1600/Post%2B11%2BDecember%2B1893.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Headline,<i> Pittsburgh Post, </i>11 December 1893</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
And if the grown-ups couldn't name the plants, at least the kids could torment the alligators: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Children do not take much interest in plants and rare specimens of nature which are to be seen in hothouses, and those children who went along to the conservatory yesterday.....were well nigh tired out before the end of their journey through the maze of plants was over. But there was an attraction for them in the hothouse, although it was the last thing they reached. </i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>There were two pretty good sized alligators in one of the basins in the farthest building, and when the children got there they wanted to stop. The grown folks stooped, too, for everybody seemed to want to look at the scaly fellows and see what they would do. The 'gators did not care whether they were watched or not, apparently, for they did not perform any tricks for the delectation of the auditors, but lay perfectly still. The little boys and girls would throw clouds of mud, toothpicks, matches, pebbles and everything else they could get their hands on at the patient animals, who just kept the tops of their heads above the water for targets. Their heads were soon spotted with yellow mud, but they did not worry about that. They just continued to be still, and it appeared to be no job for them to do so. </i></blockquote><p>
Pity these poor alligators. There's a human sociological parallel to be drawn, what with these beasts being decried as lazy when all they were really doing was low-key existing - just trying to avoid mud-flinging and abuse.<br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FXIwsVMmFSU/XRmDRJ8VdfI/AAAAAAAAI2k/85F3M4D-Ejgynf34z5oBe6GdVuo6ZxU-ACLcBGAs/s1600/phipps%2Bgators.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="653" data-original-width="950" height="272" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FXIwsVMmFSU/XRmDRJ8VdfI/AAAAAAAAI2k/85F3M4D-Ejgynf34z5oBe6GdVuo6ZxU-ACLcBGAs/w400-h272/phipps%2Bgators.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div><p>The poor Phipps gator was probably trying to manage reptilian depression after being removed from its warm native habitat and forced to endure a Pittsburgh winter replete with indignities, including target practice by toothpick-wielding children. Its struggle was real.<br />
<br />
But perhaps there was another reason for alligator laziness.<br />
<br />Maybe the alligators were dead. </p><p>
According to the <i>Press, </i>within a month of its introduction to our fair city, one of the new conservatory alligators died. It was left floating in the tank, presumably to add interest to the new building. </p><p>Which led to an incident with That Guy. </p><p>You know That Guy. We've all met That Guy. Here's the 1894 version:<br />
</p><p></p><blockquote><i>There was a man, a few days ago, who went out to the Phipps conservatory...to see the alligators. Now as the world - or that part of it which goes to Schenley park - knows, the first alligator that was put into the tank was dead, and he floated around in a life-like manner until removed to make room for his successors. The man aforesaid had seen this dead alligator and had toyed with him in security, as he floated like a log on the water. Some days later the same man came out to the park with a friend of the other sex. He did not know that the defunct saurian had been replaced with a live one, and so he resolved to alarm the young lady by toying with the reptile. She begged him to desist, and he, with the sangfroid which comes of security, persisted. Suddenly the alligator's mouth expanded, just a second too soon to miss the man's finger. Moral....never fool with an alligator unless you know he is dead. <span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Pittsburg Press, 14 January 1894</b></span></i></blockquote><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b></b></span>
<p></p><p> Pro tip: getting your finger bitten when teasing an alligator will not impress your date. Really, it won't.<br />
<br />
Although the Schenley Zoo acquired an alligator of its own that same year, Phipps Conservatory continued to house gators for a while. In September, two additional two-foot gators were brought to Phipps to be housed in <i>"....a box containing warm water, with a raised platform of sand and gravel, upon which they can lie and sleep."</i> (and presumably dodge toothpick-wielding children).<br />
<br />
By 1900 the Highland Park Zoo boasted nine alligator residents. Their genders were unrecorded and were quite possibly unknown, since the requisite naughty bits are hidden inside a vent in the gator’s nether regions. (An adult gator isn't best pleased at being flipped over so curious humans can probe its cloaca). No alligator births at the zoo were as yet recorded so those Highland Park gators were likely all donated - they may even have been pets that grew out of the cute, kittenish stage. Two additional zoo gators died that year. (Nineteenth century life in Pittsburgh was harsh for everyone, including alligators).<br />
<br />
Not to be outdone by the city's institutions, the wealthiest private citizens of Pittsburgh acquired their own gators. Edith Darlington Ammon (known as "Darling") was the great-granddaughter of one of Pittsburgh’s earliest captains of industry, James
O’Hara, and the daughter of William Darlington, a successful attorney, historian, amateur botanist, and collector of maps and manuscripts (today housed at the University of Pittsburgh). She lived at a 235 acre estate situated between present-day Sharpsburg and Aspinwall called Guyasuta (after Seneca Indian Chief Guyasuta, original owner of the land). According to the memoirs of a family friend, Anne Hemphill Herbert, there were some pets at Guyasuta:<br />
</p><div style="text-align: left;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Darling [Edith Darlington] had two alligators which she had procured in the southern part of
Florida. She kept them in a low tank in one corner of the conservatory. At feeding time Darling would often hold them in her lap and let the dogs watch them eat. </i></blockquote>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">~ <u>Personal Memories of the Darlington Family at Guyasuta</u>, 1949<br /> Historic Pittsburgh Book Collection, University of Pittsburgh</span></blockquote>
</div>
</div>
Darling was fierce.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-If98w1_M4_g/XRmCTWGsa9I/AAAAAAAAI2Y/zMJw4QJarMAyN-uYeV1i59ypakA0kjYigCEwYBhgL/s1600/Darlington%2BConservatory.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="450" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-If98w1_M4_g/XRmCTWGsa9I/AAAAAAAAI2Y/zMJw4QJarMAyN-uYeV1i59ypakA0kjYigCEwYBhgL/s1600/Darlington%2BConservatory.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Samuel & Edith Darlington Ammon (and Smoke the Dog) outside the Guyasuta conservatory, 1889<br />Darlington Family Papers, University of Pittsburgh</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
<br />
Seriously, fierce. She became president of the local Daughters of the American Revolution and organized the preservation of the Fort Pitt Blockhouse, which had nearly been destroyed by Pennsylvania Railroad expansion. That same railroad ultimately seized and demolished the family's Guyasuta property for a through-way in 1918. Darling's attempts to save her family home and Pittsburgh’s blockhouse pitted her against one of the most powerful men in Pittsburgh, a man
who owned the land surrounding the Blockhouse and who was a major shareholder in the Pennsylvania Railroad: Henry Clay Frick.<br />
<br />
Whose son Childs and granddaughter Martha had pet alligators<br />
<br />According to descendant and family chronicler Martha Symington Sanger, young Childs Frick kept a menagerie at the family's Pittsburgh home of Clayton. It included dogs, kittens, a raccoon, guinea pigs, Angora bunnies...and an alligator. </p><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8ctC_QEG5AWadO6ZETM-Ixn7tZqK5zg0QyMcxeRmnchg1v5UilZy6rkdmfSAzFA4aMPLaSaUb7kh1cC6I-HzzOM_utd_fifodmWOZE8tJCktX-H8LSwDCk7KBowbvrVuRAaHpfhLoLMtaMWuUMwOcrRI7HnierExLqZExAdpG40tvVwLMRBSzDc9yYw/s707/Childs%20Frick%201892.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8ctC_QEG5AWadO6ZETM-Ixn7tZqK5zg0QyMcxeRmnchg1v5UilZy6rkdmfSAzFA4aMPLaSaUb7kh1cC6I-HzzOM_utd_fifodmWOZE8tJCktX-H8LSwDCk7KBowbvrVuRAaHpfhLoLMtaMWuUMwOcrRI7HnierExLqZExAdpG40tvVwLMRBSzDc9yYw/s320/Childs%20Frick%201892.jpg" width="247" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Childs Frick from a circa 1892 image.</span></b><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />Courtesy of The Frick Collection/Frick Art Reference Library Archives</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></span></b><p></p><p></p><p>Childs Frick grew up to become a naturalist and botanist. He maintained a research laboratory and small zoo as an adult at his own Long Island estate (which was called Clayton like his childhood home). </p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1354" data-original-width="800" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t7Q6U0xNRTM/XRmmljTkeWI/AAAAAAAAI4Y/WmknADfnuBEuRzHBvncChcsndCtBG2NtQCLcBGAs/w236-h400/CHilds%2BFrick.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="236" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Childs Frick, 1942<br /> Courtesy of The Frick Collection/Frick Art Reference Library Archives</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table> </p><p>In his granddaughter Martha Symington Sanger's book <u>The Henry Clay Frick Houses</u>, Childs Frick's zoo was said to have housed a bear, six-foot-long gouffer snakes, and alligators. His daughter (Sanger's mother) particularly enjoyed the swimming pool on the grounds, which was basically a Frick gator playground: <br />
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Three generations of the Frick family--and some of their pets--enjoyed this pool. Childs Frick's daughter, Martha, swam her alligator here and once rescued him from the bottom, fearing he had drowned.</i></blockquote><p>The Fricks and other wealthy Pittsburghs were Gilded Age snowbirds, annually traveling to Palm Beach in the 1890s during the winter months. Although there is no documentation that a young Childs Frick or younger sister Helen brought back pet alligators from Florida, many other Pittsburghers did so. <br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Some were just passing through, as per this story from the<i> Post</i> in October 1894 which adds a new level to the notion of alligator luggage. Dr. J.B. Des Roche and his wife were held by local police
due to a complaint by former partner Dr. Cecil Krause, who claimed Des Roche
had absconded after stealing money, medicine, and other items from their Cincinnati
practice. "<i>When Des Roche and his wife were arrested at Union station their luggage
was seized….It consisted of one small and three large trunks. Inside one of
them was a box containing three little alligators, pets of the doctor’s wife." </i>There was not enough evidence to press charges, so the Des Roches and their gators left town. <i><br /></i></p><p>
Others were permanent residents of the Pittsburgh region. The <i>Dispatch</i> alerted readers in May 1889 to the case of a weird gator situation: <i>"A young alligator in McKeesport show window tried to swallow a teacup. The excited owner barely saved its life by inverting it and vigorously thumping its system." </i><br />
</p><p>
And no matter what the press said about their "kittenish" qualities, alligators were definitely more dangerous than kittens. In fact, they were downright dangerous to kittens:</p><p></p><p>The <i>Dispatch</i> reported a gator-related Christmas cat-astrophe on 27 December 1889:<i></i></p><blockquote><i>John R. Johnston’s big alligator, sent to him by Captain Doddler, of New Orleans, has been playing sad havoc in the store at No. 94 Water street. The scaly gentleman from the South has been kept chained in his big tank, but he grew so frolicsome or hungry Christmas evening that he broke the chain and crawled out of the tank. There have always been kept in the store a number of cats and kittens. They are to be found, as rat destroyers, in all the grain commission houses along Water street. In that particular house there were four half grown kittens, as cute and sprightly as could be. Mr. Johnston used to love to lie in the middle of the floor and play with them all the afternoon. He will play with them no more. When the storehouse was opened yesterday morning, the alligator was found sleeping in one corner, puffed with eating. No kittens ran to greet the opening door, but the floor was strewn with cat-fur. </i></blockquote><br />
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">The local newspapers also helpfully printed articles about the care and keeping of alligators. One such piece appeared in May 1909 in the <i>Press</i> from </span>the Brooklyn
Institute Museum. It acknowledged that maintaining alligators outside of their natural environment was challenging at best: <p></p><blockquote><p><i>Every
winter and spring the museum receives a crop of unfortunate young alligators,
brought by unhappy owners, who, having purchased them for household pets while
in Florida, find that alligators are a serious disappointment. Instead of
eating, they refuse all food, they spend nearly all of their time in sleep, and,
worse than either, they pine away and die. “What shall I feed him?” is the
anxious query of nearly every alligator owner….
</i></p></blockquote><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The piece went on to describe the steady diet of its two young
alligators who were thriving on “<i>their regular rations of earthworms
and chopped beef”</i> in an aquarium habitat kept at
an even temperature in the mid-70s. Of course, keeping anything in the average Pittsburgh home at an even 70 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the year was a challenge.</p>
But people still tried. The <i>Post</i> in March 1912 offered this vignette about Living with Gator, who seemed to be the reptilian equivalent of a pocket pet: <span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><i><blockquote>The pet alligator is wrapped in a lace handkerchief when he is taken to teas. Liberated and placed on the tea table he is really coy and furnished no end of amusement. When in his owner's apartment his place is in the bathtub. Here he spends his time drawn up on a shoe tree, the only floatable object his mistress as a rule brings with her, basking in the rays of an electric light. Being an amphibious animal, when his mistress wishes to make use of the receptacle, it is easy to transfer him to the floor. Altogether he makes an admirable pet. <br /></blockquote></i></span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">F</span>or the child whose parents couldn't manage the acquisition of a coveted reptile, there were always paper dolls with reptile accessories to color and clip:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6krr0Br7QWs/XRmWgEv8SeI/AAAAAAAAI3Y/FbAmucR49aQyTORgg7of-NrEsV3hHbvlQCLcBGAs/s1600/paper%2Bdolls.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="610" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6krr0Br7QWs/XRmWgEv8SeI/AAAAAAAAI3Y/FbAmucR49aQyTORgg7of-NrEsV3hHbvlQCLcBGAs/s1600/paper%2Bdolls.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburg Press,</i> 28 January 1912</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p><br />Of course, not everyone had the time or inclination to tend to a live alligator (let alone an extra shoe tree to float in their tub). In September 1887, Pittsburgh's society newsweekly <i>The Bulletin</i> assured East End residents that they could remain on-trend with a small dead alligator, <i>"stuffed and mounted"</i> and artfully displayed on a small log in a cluster of Spanish moss. Such a vignette equaled a live pet in charm, since<i> "his chronic condition is one of absolute quiet, he loses none of his attractions when life is extinct."</i> To cinch the deal, the paper advised that this reptilian parlor ornament could serve not only as o<span class="st">bjet d'art but </span>as functional conversation piece<span class="st">: <i>"This same alligator can be made very effective upon lace draperies, where he seems to hold them in place."</i> </span><br />
</p><p>
But as Pittsburgh learned in 2019, gators are prone to wandering. <i>Daily Post</i> claimed that a 17 inch long dead alligator was found in the water pipes of Western Penitentiary on 28 March 1880 (although it's possible that was a hellbender). </p><p>Lawrenceville had a seven-foot long gator in 1881. Well, a dead seven-foot long gator. It was discovered floating in a box by boys swimming at the foot of Forty-first Street in the Allegheny River (which arguably is more dangerous than a live gator). <br /></p><p><i></i></p><blockquote><i>They pulled it in and found it to contain
a dead alligator, fully seven feet, in length. It was very much decomposed, and
emited an offensive odor. The boys dumped the corpse out on the shore, where it
still lies. A number of persons went to the river to see it, but only those
with strong nostrils would venture within half a square of where the dead
animal lay. The alligator was no doubt <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on
exhibition in some upriver towns when it died and was thrown in the river. <b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">~Pittsburg Post, 16 July 1881</span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></i></blockquote><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></i>
<p></p><p>A few years later in December 1883 the <i>Press</i> reminisced about a free-range gator who'd led a colorful life downtown in the old <a href="https://www.heinzhistorycenter.org/blog/pittsburghs-first-and-peculiar-park/" target="_blank">Second Avenue Park</a>: <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><blockquote><i>....it escaped from the Second avenue Park
fountain a few years ago. This alligator was somewhat dissipated. It had a
habit of leaving its native element after dark and spending the nights in
slumber on the door steps of adjacent dwellings, much to the terror of peaceful
domestics who encountered it in the early mornings when they went out to sweep
the pavements. It is not known that it was addicted to liquor, but it certainly
was accustomed to midnight rambles, which did not redound to its credit. But
rumor has it that it strolled off one night up Second avenue and met its death
beneath the cars at the Try street railroad crossing. </i></blockquote><p></p>
<p></p><p>In May 1894, an Allegheny City accountant named William Gordon found himself <i>"mourning the loss of the alligator which he received some time ago from the South."</i> Two weeks earlier the newspapers had reported on the arrival of this 15 inch gator who "<i>did not seem any the worse for the trip</i>" that lasted five weeks from New Orleans. The gator was intended for Allegheny Parks but unfortunately Mr. Gordon came into work one day to discover that someone had moved aside its frame enclosure on the third floor of the office warehouse. There was just enough room for an alligator to make a break for it. Fortunately for his warehouse co-workers, this story had a happy ending two weeks later:</p><p><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><i></i></span></p><blockquote><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><i>Often during the busy hours of the day, William would think he heard the pet romaing about and would rush frantically upstairs only to be diappointed. Thursday one of the men in moving some grain discovered the lost animal, but what a change! It was fully four feet long and twice as ugly as before. Gordon was called, and after some careful maneuvering the fellow was captured. Overjoyed at discovering his pet, Gordon secured a shawl strap and took it home, where it roams about at will, owning everything in sight. </i></span><i> <b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">~Pittsburg Dispatch, 7 June 1891</span></b></i></blockquote><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span>There was some editorial license taken with this story, because alligators can't grow from 1.5 to 4 feet in two weeks. (Then again, who knows what was in our rivers back then...). <br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">As with Pittsburgh's most recent reptilian wanderers, gator ownership couldn't always be established. Consider the Pittsburgh Sewer Gator of 1917:<br />
<br />
<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6tV_LlTvtrU/XRmbBuZFlWI/AAAAAAAAI34/_pHIjcs3ihEWxZ4GSm87qICskWsUXOTCQCLcBGAs/s1600/sewer%2Bjuly%2B1917.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="539" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6tV_LlTvtrU/XRmbBuZFlWI/AAAAAAAAI34/_pHIjcs3ihEWxZ4GSm87qICskWsUXOTCQCLcBGAs/s1600/sewer%2Bjuly%2B1917.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburg Post, </i>17 July 1917</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
<br />This 1917 Pittsburgh Sewer Gator story has everything. Not only does it fulfill one of the most enduring urban legends, that of sewer-dwelling gator in our midst, but it provides an intrepid (albeit unwise) hero. Sewer worker George Moul discovers an alligator during an inspection on the Northside, wrangles it, and walks it back to his place on Lockhart Street. All of t<span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">his prompted the <i>Gazette Times</i> to note: <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><blockquote><i><span face=""arial" , sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span>The North Side has been famed for many things, but not even
in the days when it was Allegheny City and had a distinction all its own did it
put forth such a claim to notice as being the habitat of the alligator. But
they have such things over there. </i></blockquote><p></p><p>
</p><p>
For all we know, a hundred years on perhaps some of the alligators that appeared during the 2019 Pittsburgh alligator plague were descendants of 1917 Sewer Gator. Too bad for them, though. The 2019 Yinzigators have been sent to Florida to establish an expatriate Pittsburgh reptile community (hopefully gated). </p><p></p><p>But such is the lure of the saurian that you know there will be more....<br /></p>Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-10420121040316156412019-04-17T15:40:00.016-04:002023-07-08T14:21:48.860-04:00Bearing Witness to a Beldam: Mother Finch of Homestead<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
You probably know Margaret Finch, even if you don't realize you do. <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimmcqneTQjOO9Q9vJPRmpzzhVIlJrOtAwZLTbS-msi-RvbIZz-KUReGLSLrWbLVaicQLad1QhcpWX3-672h7ON1fsps8xyZdX3x2zd9_fLNydfJoHctj0GwiCtAJajwUpuXoQjSc8iBceP/s1600/Frank+Leslie%2527s+Illustrated.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="417" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimmcqneTQjOO9Q9vJPRmpzzhVIlJrOtAwZLTbS-msi-RvbIZz-KUReGLSLrWbLVaicQLad1QhcpWX3-672h7ON1fsps8xyZdX3x2zd9_fLNydfJoHctj0GwiCtAJajwUpuXoQjSc8iBceP/s640/Frank+Leslie%2527s+Illustrated.jpg" width="416" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Cover,<i> Frank Leslie's Illustrated Weekly, </i>14 July 1892</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
That's her in the middle of the crowd, weighted club held high, facing down the Pinkertons during the Battle of Homestead.<br />
<br />
Well, it's maybe her.<br />
<br />
Maybe, inspired by her.<br />
<br />
For Mother Margaret Finch has always been one of the most inspiring and colorful characters made famous by the infamous Homestead Strike.<br />
<br />
<b><u>Mother Finch and the Homestead Strike</u></b><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OUH9Y184lvE/XKADF02RplI/AAAAAAAAIoA/HxfW0jMfWt8swzAZLB-kACJj6CMm3zSqgCLcBGAs/s1600/Frick.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="562" data-original-width="372" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-OUH9Y184lvE/XKADF02RplI/AAAAAAAAIoA/HxfW0jMfWt8swzAZLB-kACJj6CMm3zSqgCLcBGAs/s200/Frick.jpg" width="131" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Henry Clay Frick, early 1890s<br />Stowell's <u>Fort Frick</u></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
In 1892, a three-year contract between Carnegie Steel Company in Homestead and its unionized workers expired. Carnegie chairman Henry Clay Frick cut off negotiations and shut down the mill. Anticipating retaliation given years of managerial equivocation over wage negotiations, Frick fortified the massive site by building an 11 foot tall protective fence. He also called in armed reinforcements to protect the property, importing 300 Pinkerton guards whose military-for-hire presence would allow him to proceed with hiring non-union workers to re-open the mill.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sYTJXouhGis/XJ_l6Pr1LKI/AAAAAAAAIn0/M_iHZzXac8wHP3AK7nyzQFDy_Jmf9-GywCLcBGAs/s1600/Fort%2BFrick.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="264" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sYTJXouhGis/XJ_l6Pr1LKI/AAAAAAAAIn0/M_iHZzXac8wHP3AK7nyzQFDy_Jmf9-GywCLcBGAs/s200/Fort%2BFrick.jpg" width="146" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Fort Frick look-out tower</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://battleofhomestead.org/bhf/the-battle-of-homestead/" target="_blank">Battle of Homestead Foundation</a></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;">
<br />
Upwards of 10,000 people were then living in the borough of Homestead. They called the fence around the steel works "Fort Frick" and responded to its presence by preparing for armed conflict. </p><p style="text-align: left;">The mill, of course, was the legal property of the Carnegie Company. But the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers union and its supporters felt that they had a rightful
say in its operations, earned as a matter of painful sacrifice and sweat
equity. When the Pinkerton barges floated up the river in the early morning hours of 6 July 1892, nearly half the town's population was said to have shown up along the Monongahela River shoreline to assert its right to fair wages and good faith negotiations.<br />
<br />
The women in that crowd excited commentary. Among them, defiantly and prominently, was a lady identified as Margaret Finch. Since at least 1888, Margaret had operated the Rolling Mill House at the rear of her home on 524 Fourth Avenue, within a block of the great Carnegie Steel complex. For at least some of that time, it was a licensed saloon.<br />
<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-t_WqkNe9T3k/XJ-y_cXzFuI/AAAAAAAAInc/jfXIt4yuX_g5Cbqj7myj0nqitSlrcTHewCLcBGAs/s1600/42%2Binch%2Bmill%2BWilliam%2BJ%2BGaughan%2BCollection.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="914" data-original-width="1184" height="308" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-t_WqkNe9T3k/XJ-y_cXzFuI/AAAAAAAAInc/jfXIt4yuX_g5Cbqj7myj0nqitSlrcTHewCLcBGAs/s400/42%2Binch%2Bmill%2BWilliam%2BJ%2BGaughan%2BCollection.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Homestead Steel Works, 1890. William J. Gaughan Collection, University of Pittsburgh. </span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Margaret was described in various newspaper accounts of the Homestead Strike as "a white haired old beldam who has seen forty strikes in her long life" and "the leader of the Amazons whenever this dark Dahomey land of labor goes to war." While that latter description might puzzle us, it would have resonated with 19th century readers who were fascinated by the ruthless female combat corps of Dahomey, a small West African kingdom that rose to prominence as a result of its militaristic society and involvement in the Atlantic Slave Trade. Margaret's contemporaries would have understood the comparison: Mother Finch was a fierce and wild warrior.<br />
<br />
According to breathless multi-page coverage by the <i>Pittsburg Dispatch</i>, when the "great whistle at the electric light plant in the center of town" blew a general alarm before dawn on 6 July 1892, Margaret ran from her home on nearby Fourth Street "brandishing the hand billy she always kept around the house for just such emergencies"<i> </i>(like one does). She was described as one of the leaders of a phalanx of townspeople consisting of "5,000 men women and children" who raced to challenge 300 Pinkertons intent upon disembarking from barges along the Monongahela riverfront to enter the Carnegie works. The mob was "....a surging wild mass of human beings, rushing madly for the shore." <br />
<br />
In his 1893 book <u>Fort Frick</u>, Myron R. Stowell set the scene: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>The town was instantly in an uproar...not a soul was indoors. The streets were one surging, congested mass of human beings headed for the river bank, shouting, cursing, screaming and laughing. Some knew not why they were there and were amused. Others appreciated the gravity of the situation and took things very seriously. Many openly carried guns, rifles, revolvers and improvised firearms. Some had clubs which they had picked up on the street; others tore pickets from the fences as they passed along; others were empty-handed.</i></blockquote>
And so the Battle of Homestead commenced. At least ten men died, including three Pinkertons. Hundreds were wounded, on both sides.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GhpchDPk-08/XJ5hmUh9qOI/AAAAAAAAIm8/EAZXMB3zSAACz-FzdPkPiSX4Gacy8ze8gCLcBGAs/s1600/strike.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="408" data-original-width="642" height="254" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-GhpchDPk-08/XJ5hmUh9qOI/AAAAAAAAIm8/EAZXMB3zSAACz-FzdPkPiSX4Gacy8ze8gCLcBGAs/s400/strike.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"An Awful Battle at Homestead, Pa." Illustration from<i> National Police Gazette, </i>23 July 1892</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><br /></i>
We catch glimpses of Margaret throughout that bitter day. The same <i>Dispatch</i> account that described her as a beldam documented her leadership:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>"....The dirty black sheep, the dirty black sheep. Let me get at them. Let me get at them." High and shrill and strong for all her years as the lustiest fisherwoman who marched on Versailles, it rose in the night air and a hundred voices answered it. "Good for you, Mother Finch. Damn the black sheep. We'll send them home on stretchers."' </i></blockquote>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dhr87diPIWI/XJ_Xr1wEZYI/AAAAAAAAIno/XLea1-w-UXAbvrXWPTA-ZXt2RvQI-fAEQCLcBGAs/s1600/Leslies%2Bscreenshot.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="470" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dhr87diPIWI/XJ_Xr1wEZYI/AAAAAAAAIno/XLea1-w-UXAbvrXWPTA-ZXt2RvQI-fAEQCLcBGAs/s200/Leslies%2Bscreenshot.jpg" width="186" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Harper's Weekly </i>close-up of gauntlet from riverbank</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Bloodshed escalated when the Pinkertons surrendered. After disembarking from the besieged barges and surrendering their weapons, the Pinkertons were led by an armed escort from the river through town to their temporary jail at the Opera House. As the Pinkertons passed, Homestead let its displeasure be known with
rocks, bricks, brooms and fists. Some of the men were reportedly
bludgeoned into unconsciousness. None passed unscathed.<br />
<br />
If they were once an invading army, the Pinkertons were now effectively prisoners of war hemmed in by a gauntlet of enraged townspeople.<br />
<br />
The presence and involvement of women along the gauntlet made good newspaper copy in 1892, as descriptions of their violent words and deeds provided titillating affronts to norms of female behavior.
Stowell's 1893 book also documented eyewitness accounts describing these wild women:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Women, too, were in the line, and they plied clubs and stones as vigorously as did the men. They made more noise, for they were hooting and continually urging the men on to the fearful work... Women and girls ran out of the lines and with sticks and clubs beat the poor wretches. One woman had a stocking filled with iron, and with it she struck one of the Pinkerton men over the head.</i></blockquote>
<i><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GPK-7nQ0r8I/XKDoR9rB8pI/AAAAAAAAIpE/Ri4njDt-sKwKPbJmBjuqcGPoF2yPtHE_gCLcBGAs/s1600/Opera%2BHouse%2BHarpers.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="727" data-original-width="942" height="308" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GPK-7nQ0r8I/XKDoR9rB8pI/AAAAAAAAIpE/Ri4njDt-sKwKPbJmBjuqcGPoF2yPtHE_gCLcBGAs/s400/Opera%2BHouse%2BHarpers.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"The mob assailing the Pinkerton men on their way to the temporary prison."<br />Colorized illustration from <i>Harper's Weekly</i>, 6 July 1892 </span></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /><a href="https://battleofhomestead.org/bhf/the-battle-of-homestead/" target="_blank">Battle of Homestead Foundation</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</i><br />
The<i> Pittsburg Press</i> somberly informed readers that of the thirty Pinkertons taken to the town hall for medical treatment, "One of them had his eye punched out by an umbrella in the hands of a woman."<br />
<br />
The tone of all this coverage was not complimentary of the women's behavior. In his 1893 history of the strike, Arthur G. Burgoyne informed readers that "Women, converted for the nonce into vertible furies, belabored Mr. Frick's janizaries with bludgeons, stoned them and spat upon them."<i> </i>The Homestead <i>Local News, </i>while hardly sympathetic to the Pinkertons, condemned mob violence in its 9 July 1892 issue, and noted that the local police<i> </i>"....pushed the crowds aside, and threatened the women with arrest, but their efforts availed little."<br />
<br />
The <i>Dispatch</i> vividly described the gauntlet.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Women clad in everything from calico to silk had joined the crowed, and hooted and howled like the men....the women threw sand at them and the men spat on them...The women hit them with their umbrellas and threw whole handfuls of mud at them. Not satisfied with this, a number of brooms were taken from the boat and they struck the Pinkertons with these as they passed...</i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-g8-JhuOTyylu_Bc-6g9KnWNWmZPiHUwRQpeuMHED_0uHTQ1oemtICTD_GZWFty2M6_RrLUbCg1xNmyQAxAyxTY0hGo8AkDtmT6lOV4MGvWODBBaXsltMy-vyGDylQaZk8nfA8-jS7j3H/s1600/gauntlet+excerpt+1892+lithograph+of+Homestead+Battle+scenes.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="163" data-original-width="266" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-g8-JhuOTyylu_Bc-6g9KnWNWmZPiHUwRQpeuMHED_0uHTQ1oemtICTD_GZWFty2M6_RrLUbCg1xNmyQAxAyxTY0hGo8AkDtmT6lOV4MGvWODBBaXsltMy-vyGDylQaZk8nfA8-jS7j3H/s200/gauntlet+excerpt+1892+lithograph+of+Homestead+Battle+scenes.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Section, Great Battle of Homestead, Kurz & Allison<br />Colorized lithograph by Edwin Rowe<br />Heinz History Center collections</span></b></td></tr>
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<i>When the leaders turned the bend they were confronted by a veritable wall of excited humanity. In the front ranks of this new and unexpected obstacle were a group of women armed with brooms and clubs. It looked as though no human power could prevent a collision. But thanks to the quick wit of one of the leaders, the danger was averted and what bid fair to be a bloody tragedy was transformed into comedy. It happened this way:</i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>One woman, who appeared to be the queen of the battle, raised her broom, and in a shrill voice said "Where are the dirty blacksheep? Let's have them, boys." At this critical juncture the leader shouted.... "Why, my good woman, we want our shirts laundered and we are going to make these tramps do the job at cut rates."</i> </blockquote><p style="text-align: left;">
Humor doesn't translate well over the decades but we can assume that in 1892 a laundry joke went over well with the mob.<br />
<br />In addition to widespread disapproval of the women in the crowd, there was widespread public and press condemnation of the mob's treatment of the Pinkertons. The mass violence was perceived as harming and discrediting union supporters as it reinforced perceptions that these workers couldn't be trusted. They'd badly misbehaved, after all, and thus were not worthy of negotiation. In many contemporary descriptions the mob's violence was attributed to the presence of "Slavs" or "Hungarian" laborers and their women. Since Eastern European laborers were at the bottom of the immigrant pecking order, it was inferred that these foreigners were not bound by rules of civilized behavior.</p><p style="text-align: left;">But the women who was described by the Dispatch as the <i>"queen of the battle" </i>-- was it Margaret? <br />
</p><p style="text-align: left;">
Historians and playwrights have attributed much to the woman known as Mother Finch. Modern dramas written about the strike invariably cast her as a rabble-rousing Irishwoman, sometimes the widow of a steelworker, always a no-nonsense weapon-carrying saloon-keeper. She's been cast as the leader of the Homestead women, and perhaps for good reason. Margaret may indeed have been present at every turn. Perhaps she was the "very determined old lady" on guard duty two nights before the Pinkerton invasion, as described in this <i>Dispatch</i> account of an old lady spoiling for a fight and armed with a black-jack <span class="st">(aka sap or billy club, all words for some kind of heavy club, covered with leather, used as a weapon).</span></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span class="st"> </span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ezZxDfrZdTo/XKAoBUprxpI/AAAAAAAAIoY/ARIscOb9JU0d5hao9iUh6TsaHy0v6K2jACEwYBhgL/s1600/Dispatch%2B7_5_92%2Brumors.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="510" data-original-width="546" height="298" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ezZxDfrZdTo/XKAoBUprxpI/AAAAAAAAIoY/ARIscOb9JU0d5hao9iUh6TsaHy0v6K2jACEwYBhgL/w320-h298/Dispatch%2B7_5_92%2Brumors.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Excerpt from <i>Pittsburg Dispatch</i>, 5 July 1892</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table>There's naught in the <i>Pittsburg Dispatch</i> article to identify the bent old lady as Margaret Finch, but it *could* have been her. The constant references to strikebreakers as "dirty blacksheep" is sonsistent language for Margaret. And the physical description matches a subsequent Homestead Strike trials story (transcribed below) describing Margaret as "all lamed up by rheumatism." Granted, however, a goodly number of women in Homestead likely fit the description of being "bent by the weight of gathered years."<br />
<br />It's all conjecture. But in the absence of definitive proof that Margaret was the "queen of the battle"<i> </i>skulking around town on guard duty, how is that she's become the archetype of female Pittsburgh labor resistance?<br />
<br />
<b><u>Will the Real Margaret Finch Please Stand Up</u></b><br />
<br />
The historical record is scant on details, but a careful search of available public records lifts Margaret off the pages into real life.<br />
<br />
According to published obituaries, Margaret was 55 when she died in 1894. That means she was 53 at the time of the Homestead Strike.
Let us pause for a moment to consider the type of life that at 53 would have left Margaret a bent, white-haired crone who'd allegedly witnessed a total of forty labor strikes in her lifetime....then work backwards to recreate her life. <br />
<br />
There are no Finches listed in the Village of Homestead in the 1880 census. Then again, there weren't a whole lot of people living in Homestead back then, period.
Established on the former Amity Homestead in 1872, at first the borough grew slowly. Its expansion, both in terms of land mass and population, corresponded with the two decade enlargement of Andrew Carnegie's steel empire. Steelworks were first established there in 1881. That small mill and what was originally the Village of Homestead flourished after Andrew Carnegie purchased the plant in 1883, transforming it from a
Bessemer rail mill to a highly mechanized, fully integrated heavy
products mill. <br />
<br />
<p style="text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MPgV4xI6Ic8/XLkjIRFxehI/AAAAAAAAIu8/5czEzUaTHiIi8DFTPprHabbJeHqrISxCQCLcBGAs/s1600/Homestead%2B1891%2BPress%2BShop%2BLoC.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="683" data-original-width="1024" height="266" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MPgV4xI6Ic8/XLkjIRFxehI/AAAAAAAAIu8/5czEzUaTHiIi8DFTPprHabbJeHqrISxCQCLcBGAs/s400/Homestead%2B1891%2BPress%2BShop%2BLoC.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Homestead Plan of Press Shop No.1, 1891. Library of Congress image.</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
According to census info, in the ten years between 1880 and 1890 the area's population increased from almost 600 to nearly 8000. The works were described in an 1891 directory as "....the chief cause of Homestead's prosperity." <br />
<br />
Where were the Finches in those years? We can't know for sure, and the 1890 census that would help was mostly destroyed by fire. But there are some clues. City directories record that Margaret was the widow of John Finch. While there was a John Finch who did prosperous business as a downtown Pittsburgh liquor wholesaler, there's no known connection and our lowly Homestead Finches would only have envied his success.<br />
<br />
The 1880 census recorded John and Margaret Finch in Larimer, Westmoreland County. Since 1854 the Larimer coal works had mined the Irwin Basin under the auspices of Westmoreland Coal Company (WCC), which thrived on the symbiotic relationship with developing natural gas companies. Although WCC enjoyed a near-monopoly of the gas coal market, when that market began to narrow in the 1880s the WCC was forced to compete with other companies supplying coke to the Pittsburgh steel market.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P8pGPgDeVn4/XKTtmpG4v0I/AAAAAAAAIqk/blRaS0s7KMYXESA5J03R_ZPkTr5o7x1kwCLcBGAs/s1600/Larimer%2BMine.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="235" data-original-width="630" height="147" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P8pGPgDeVn4/XKTtmpG4v0I/AAAAAAAAIqk/blRaS0s7KMYXESA5J03R_ZPkTr5o7x1kwCLcBGAs/s400/Larimer%2BMine.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Larimer Mine c. 1854, from <a href="http://westmoreland.com/about-us/our-timeline/" target="_blank">Westmoreland Mining LLC</a></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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That may have seemed as good a time as any for the Finches to make an 18 mile move up the near-by Monongahela River to explore possibilities in boomtown Homestead.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1qSziLdU8Bo/XKEUaUxOqXI/AAAAAAAAIpo/x-ZSZ3z60kEwr0gu9jIZ6GNOtlUxK9zaQCLcBGAs/s1600/1890%2BHOmestead%2Bdirectory.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="684" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1qSziLdU8Bo/XKEUaUxOqXI/AAAAAAAAIpo/x-ZSZ3z60kEwr0gu9jIZ6GNOtlUxK9zaQCLcBGAs/s200/1890%2BHOmestead%2Bdirectory.jpg" width="127" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1890 Directory of Homestead, et al<br />Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation<i><br /><br /> </i></span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This Margaret Finch of Larimer is close enough in age to be Margaret Finch of Homestead, making allowance for the discrepancies and fluidity of vital statistics found in such documents. The Larimer Finches also had two children whose names closely match two of three children identified in later records as Margaret's family: Ellen aka Nelly, and Robert.<br />
<br />
John Finch was born in England; Margaret was born in Wales of Welsh parents. John Finch made his living as a hotel keeper, while Margaret kept house. This makes an even stronger case for identification when paired with an 1890 <i>Dispatch </i>description of Margaret when she sought a Homestead liquor license renewal: "Mrs. Finch kept hotel for 8 years, part of the time with a bar license." <br />
<br />
It's likely, then, that the Finches lived their early married lives in the coal fields of nearby Westmoreland County, running a hotel, and that they moved to Homestead in the early to mid-1880s. Perhaps they didn't move willingly; perhaps it was John's death that prompted relocation. Whether widowed or not at the time of the move, Margaret was prosperous enough to own at least two properties: an eight-room double house on 524 Fourth Avenue (between Dickson and City Farm Lane and bordered by Elm Alley) along with a lot with a smaller building in the rear. At various points in her life, records indicate that Margaret ran the Rolling Mill House as a saloon and/or grocery and took in as many as five boarders to the larger home.<br />
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The photo below, although taken eighteen years after the Homestead Strike, shows what Margaret's neighborhood would have looked like in her day. Imagine Margaret's 1890s Homestead. Squint and mentally subtract the electrical power lines, a few buildings, and that dog on the tracks (although Margaret perhas chased his ancestor from her stoop).<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3oPAYm9-lTw/XKESa7z0-OI/AAAAAAAAIpc/ohbez3a3_zkcREqbnNo67TaRb6PSqCVQwCLcBGAs/s1600/City%2BFarm%2BLane%2B1908.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="913" data-original-width="1156" height="315" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3oPAYm9-lTw/XKESa7z0-OI/AAAAAAAAIpc/ohbez3a3_zkcREqbnNo67TaRb6PSqCVQwCLcBGAs/s400/City%2BFarm%2BLane%2B1908.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">City Farm Lane Crossing, October 1908</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad Company Records, University of Pittsburgh</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;">The Finch home sat in the shadow of a great industrial complex and adjacent to the region's rural poorhouse. The vantage point of this photo is the edge of the mill looking back toward Homestead, in the same block where Margaret resided. Two streets up, railroad tracks passed through the neighborhood at Sixth and City Farm Lane, which marked the edge of property originally occupied by the 150 acre City Poor Farm. Pittsburgh's indigent, consumptive and insane residents had been housed there from 1852 to 1894, outgrowing the once bucolic site<span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span>even as its valuable riverfront property was crowded and encroached upon by railroads and industries. The poor farm land near Margaret's home was sold in 1890 for a tidy $450,000 to Carnegie Steel, used for mill expansion and worker homes. It took four years to complete a new poorhouse facility so the last of the inmates at City Farm didn't leave Homestead until 1894; they witnessed the Battle of Homestead and were perhaps patrons of Margaret's Rolling Mill House.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WL4s6l6CHCs/XPhaYjepyWI/AAAAAAAAIyo/iClnSsrJA-IZ6as0MhHqqPRc6XHwar1-ACLcBGAs/s1600/Homestead%2BPoor%2BFarm%2BPittsburg%2BPost%2BJune%2B7%2B1890.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="762" height="188" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WL4s6l6CHCs/XPhaYjepyWI/AAAAAAAAIyo/iClnSsrJA-IZ6as0MhHqqPRc6XHwar1-ACLcBGAs/s400/Homestead%2BPoor%2BFarm%2BPittsburg%2BPost%2BJune%2B7%2B1890.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Illustration, <i>Pittsburgh Post,</i> 7 June 1890</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Margaret herself thus witnessed the transition of neighboring land from poorhouse property to steelworks, just as she witnessed the beginnings of the shift in Homestead from an independent workers' town to a post-1892 Carnegie company town. <br />
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Maps from 1890 and 1894 also provide an idea of the structures and lay-out of Margaret's Second Ward. <i>(Click to enlarge maps)</i>.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAXAvy5rgB9IBA5f51ZVivrXzt2b5ainNB2bZGyDOp__QhyphenhyphenPB0a65TPv2ek_HKKOuMbHqgzSOIjNP9bkbzmCTZxkstPh8ZyuP4iH57Pvi4HDg6mOt3IfmTCHsgaOcbhYPnsPeHoAj8fsix/s1600/Sanborn+Map+1891.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1141" data-original-width="992" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAXAvy5rgB9IBA5f51ZVivrXzt2b5ainNB2bZGyDOp__QhyphenhyphenPB0a65TPv2ek_HKKOuMbHqgzSOIjNP9bkbzmCTZxkstPh8ZyuP4iH57Pvi4HDg6mOt3IfmTCHsgaOcbhYPnsPeHoAj8fsix/s320/Sanborn+Map+1891.jpg" width="276" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1891 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Margaret's property is marked Gro, for Grocery.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Library of Congress collection</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZgsQo3Qucno/XKDx9JvGEGI/AAAAAAAAIpQ/LLWDfdUt7WQ7mryLjZdJKT0d7MGZ0M7cQCLcBGAs/s1600/Sanborn%2BMap%2B1896.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="878" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZgsQo3Qucno/XKDx9JvGEGI/AAAAAAAAIpQ/LLWDfdUt7WQ7mryLjZdJKT0d7MGZ0M7cQCLcBGAs/s400/Sanborn%2BMap%2B1896.jpg" width="216" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1896 Sanborn Fire Insurance Map.<br />Rolling Mill House precisely marked.<br />Library of Congress collection</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3Z00N4Jrc4E/XKLn3w5oAQI/AAAAAAAAIqM/M0Ph0fZKbUcuR8x85_iU-Ca0OVhium0owCLcBGAs/s1600/Hopkins%2B1890.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="781" data-original-width="1579" height="196" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3Z00N4Jrc4E/XKLn3w5oAQI/AAAAAAAAIqM/M0Ph0fZKbUcuR8x85_iU-Ca0OVhium0owCLcBGAs/s400/Hopkins%2B1890.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>324 Fourth Avenue marked in blue </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>G.M. Hopkins Company, Plan of Homestead, 1900</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>University of Pittsburgh</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Making Ends Meet in Homestead </b></u><br />
<br />
Margaret would have been legally required to manage her Homestead saloon in accordance with Pennsylvania's Brooks High License Act, a prohibition law enacted in 1888 as a state response to the growing national temperance movement. As a licensed provider Margaret was required by law to limit her alcohol sales to specific hours, and to close on Sundays. Her establishment was described in records as an "eating place" with license to serve alcohol as early as 1887.<br />
<br />
Records indicate that Margaret initially chose a prudent course as a
recognized, licensed purveyor even as a majority of other barowners chose a different course. By 1892, the year of the Homestead Strike, so many saloons proliferated in Homestead Borough that it had a well-earned reputation of ill repute. The irony of the Brooks prohibition law was that even as it sought to decrease licensed bars, it caused an increase in the number of illegally operated ones. Why take the risk of operating an unlicensed speakeasy and facing steep $50 fines? Because given the competition in mill towns like Homestead, obtaining licensure was not a sure thing, even for someone with a responsible track record. </p><p style="text-align: left;">Licensure was also expensive (between $200-500 annually, with average hovering at $100), and there was an inconvenient public ordeal involved. As per the Brooks law, every year beginning in March applicants were called before the county Licensing Court to testify to community need for their establishment that guaranteed enough custom to justify a license; prove a good record from the preceding year; and demonstrate good moral character. The latter requirement was particularly important since temperance advocates asserted that the mere temptation of alcohol in communities contributed to individual and societal degradation. Purveyors of liquor were automatically suspect, so had to be above reproach in order to obtain licenses to sell their devil's brew.<br />
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</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jVcV0C-fCtU/XKBTdIhNx0I/AAAAAAAAIow/vLxw8fnZGbcnq8BzfyTMVLj78iHXr6DmwCLcBGAs/s1600/Mill%2B%2526%2Bthe%2BStill.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="761" data-original-width="1084" height="280" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jVcV0C-fCtU/XKBTdIhNx0I/AAAAAAAAIow/vLxw8fnZGbcnq8BzfyTMVLj78iHXr6DmwCLcBGAs/s400/Mill%2B%2526%2Bthe%2BStill.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="first-half"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"</span></b><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Mill and the Still" <br />Engraving illustrating the evils of demon alcohol, by Jessie Shepherd.</span></b><i><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />Harper's Weekly, </span></b></i><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">August 1883</span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br />
Margaret made her first appearance before Allegheny County's Licensing Court to comply with Brooks on 13 April 1888, along with 33 other Homestead applicants. Her testimony was recorded in the <i>Pittsburg Press </i>and cited in Homestead's <i>Local News. </i>Public interest in these proceedings was widespread as anti-drink organizations were
formidable in their opposition to liquor sale licenses. They had
plenty to complain about in Homestead. According to the <i>Local News:</i> "The
map which the Homestead temperance people presented to the license
court looks as if it had the small-pox, so thickly is it marked with
black spots, indicating the location of the saloons." </p><p style="text-align: left;">Perhaps in her favor, Margaret's was the only saloon on Fourth Avenue. The Homestead paper supported saloon restriction as a result of limited licensure, moralizing in an editorial after the hearings: <br />
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>It is stated that at one time there was as high as fifty open saloons in this town...The presence of the saloon, open at midnight and on Sunday, created the enormous demand for drink, and stulted the moral sensibilities of the people and perverted the public conscience....All good citizens rejoice that the surplus saloons and low dives are wiped out....It is the best thing that has ever happened in the town, and it is the only thing that will redeem our reputation and save us from the disgrace which the saloons brought upon the fair name of our prospective city. </i> </blockquote>
Likely to the consternation of a watching gallery comprised of local pastors and virtuously grim temperance ladies, our Margaret held her own against the board's queries and accusations. The white-beribboned onlookers were described in the paper as "....Homestead's fairest flowers....a host of them....the looks of grim determination in their various colored eyes meant war right from the start. The applicants looked at them and trembled in their boots." <i> </i>But let's not assume that Margaret trembled in her boots. Here's the <i>Pittsburg Press</i> account of Margaret testifyiung before the License Court. As a widow with children, she cited need to support herself, which was a wise tactic since Judge Ewing had made it known he would never give a license to an unmarried woman. <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Margaret Finch, a motherly-looking little woman who had been all lamed up by rheumatism, came next. Her husband has been a cripple for years, and she has had to raise her family by her own work. She has always obeyed the law to the best of her ability. She only wanted a license for one year, so that she could pay for her property. Her earnestness impressed everybody in the court room, but Attorney Price and his right hand man Fisher were not to be downed by any fair story. Fisher didn't flinch as he looked the little legislator in the eye again and said "I have seen Mrs. Finch drunk several times."</i><br />
<i></i>
<i>Attorney Cox--You have seen her drunk?<br />
"Yes,sir. I have"<br />
"Does she go on the street when she is drunk?"<br />
"No. She usually isn't able. She lays about the house."<br />
"Now, look here, Mr. Fisher, isn't it a fact that Mrs. Finch became intemperate in your eyes since she refused to buy an organ from you?"<br />
"She was intemperate before that."<br />
"But isn't it a fact that you began work against her after she refused to buy that organ?"<br />
"Well, I tried to sell her an organ. That was business."<br />
Mrs. Finch--Yes, and that's the only reason he testifies against me.<br />
Judge Ewing--But is what he says true?<br />
"Before God, there is not a word of truth in it. I have not taken a drink of anything for months and months."<br />
"Do you ever get drunk?"<br />
"No sir; I do not. I never did."</i></blockquote>
The Homestead <i>Local News</i> likewise posted notes about Margaret's testimony:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Mrs. Linch (Finch) -- Saloon, three years $100 license; has 16-year-old girl who gets fits; sold whiskey, not on Sunday for a long time before Christmas; she eloquently pleads her case; five boarders; seven rooms; denies getting drunk. D. Fisher testified that he saw Mrs. Finch drunk different times eight or ten times, too drunk to get out; saw her on the floor drunk. Attorney Cox makes witness "fess" up. Judge Ewing to applicant--Did you not drunk some this morning?</i></blockquote>The <i>News</i> reported that Margaret was refused a license but the <i>Press</i> confirmed that she received one. The <i>Press </i>was likely correct since she received a reneal in the next year, with support from the community as per this 1889 hearing note in the<i> Post:</i> "Mrs. Finch, Fourth Avenue, is a widow and wants a license to help her get along. The neighbors would like to see her successful."<br />
<br />
There was little in the way of scandal when it came to women of a certain class in the alcohol trade, especially those of particular ethnic or geographic origins. This region's alcohol and beer businesses were dominated by people of German, Irish/English and Italian ancestry, all cultures comparatively tolerant of women involved in such trades. This was especially true for widows, who as a matter of survival often embraced the business by picking up where their dead husbands had left off. If, by necessity, the booze business provided them with a livelihood, these women in return provided their communities with gathering spaces to exchange information and ideas. Their establishments were often the birthplaces of social and political movements, like unionization.
Mother Finch's Rolling Mill House may well have served as a hub of networking and union organizing for members of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. It would have been far from the only such place in Homestead to have done so.<br />
<br />
Margaret did not appear on the list of applicants to renew her licensure application once it expired in 1890, and henceforth her address was associated with a grocery. She may well have continued to sell liquor, opting for the legally risky route of running a speakeasy or selling under the counter. Groceries were commonly regarded as fronts for such activities.<br />
<br />
As a licensed saloon-keeper, Margaret would have been required to follow orders. For instance, when Sheriff McCleary ordered all the saloons in Homestead and Mifflin Township closed for the duration of the 1892 unpleasantness, as a licensed provider she would have been required to shut down.
But Margaret doesn't seem to have been a licensed provider in 1892. What she did behind closed doors was her business -- so long as she didn't get caught.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y-FzS9lbtQ0/XKlTucfwv0I/AAAAAAAAIrI/a9Mm15G6-oQFBlK4BgLEEaqkRdWW3Hz_gCLcBGAs/s1600/Homestead%2BDabbs%2B93-95.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="988" data-original-width="1518" height="208" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Y-FzS9lbtQ0/XKlTucfwv0I/AAAAAAAAIrI/a9Mm15G6-oQFBlK4BgLEEaqkRdWW3Hz_gCLcBGAs/s320/Homestead%2BDabbs%2B93-95.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Homestead Steel Works, c. 1893-95. by B.H.L. Dabbs</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Carnegie Museum of Art Collection </span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;">
With neighborhood protection, an unlicensed Margaret may have suffered few consequences from the law. But that protection likely came at cost. She could have benefited from liquor sales no matter who worked for Carnegie Steel Company: union, non-union, or scab all could have been customers. But given her promient presence at the Battle of Homestead, Margaret may well have taken a principled and very public stand in favor of the workers.<br />
<br />
There may have been a personal reason for her alliance with workers. In the Homestead directories she is listed as sharing her home with children Nellie and Robert. Robert, born in 1875, was in his late teens at this point and his occupation was listed as "laborer."<br />
<br />
Whether or not Margaret was still selling booze at the time of the Homeswtead strike, the family was apparently making do with money from running a grocery out of their home, and from Robert's wages.<br />
<br />
Wages that possibly came from Carnegie Steel Company.<br />
<br />
Wages that in 1892 had been scaled back, for jobs that were threatened by Carnegie Steel management.<br />
<br />
Small wonder, then, that Margaret took to the streets in protest in July 1892: the issues underlying the labor-management conflagration touched on her wallet. </p><p style="text-align: left;">Such was the force of her personality, combined with circumstances of making ends meet in ways that the community could relate to, that the identity of every stooped, white-haired, blackjack-wielding beldam of a certain age on Homestead's streets in 1892 was became conflated with Margaret Finch.<br />
<br />
There surely were other women who fit her physical description (which tells you rather a lot about Homestead in 1892).<br />
<br />
But Margaret was apparently a worthy archetype. <br />
<br />
That Margaret has been so identified with the Homestead Strike that every elderly woman associated with the protest has been given her identity speaks to her character, resiliency, and visibility in the community as an ally.<br />
<br />
<b><u>After the Homestead Strike</u></b> <br />
<br />
Margaret was back in the newspapers as a defense witness in February 1893 when trials began for Homestead residents charged in the deaths of the Pinkertons, <br />
<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kcPuoCzXCIA/XLo9kCZgRsI/AAAAAAAAIv4/T5hK_69LamsrefJzS8WQNciX9djpsXtVwCLcBGAs/s1600/County%2BCourthouse.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="1158" height="252" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kcPuoCzXCIA/XLo9kCZgRsI/AAAAAAAAIv4/T5hK_69LamsrefJzS8WQNciX9djpsXtVwCLcBGAs/s400/County%2BCourthouse.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1889 back view of Allegheny County Courthouse & Jail, probably from Shingiss St. vantage point.<br />Margaret testified in courtrooms here during the Homestead Strike trials.<br />James Benney Photographs, Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center <br /></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;">
<br />
Her testimonies were clearly directed at proving murderous intent of Pinkertons, innocence of the Homestead community, and good faith efforts of the labor leaders on the citizens advisory committee<span class="st"> to prevent bloodshed.</span> </p><p style="text-align: left;">During one case, Margaret's summarized testimony fed the narrative that hapless Homestead residents were filled with anxiety about the barges, which they thought were filled with scabs sent to reopen the mill: <br />
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Mrs.M. Finch, Homestead, was examined by Mr. Erwin. She said she was a widow and had one son. On the morning of the trouble she arose at 4 o'clock. She went to the scene of the trouble, being attracted by the noise, and stood on the bank. She saw the boat land. She went to the barges and said to the men aboard: "For God's sake, if you are scabs, don't take our men's places!" One of them had a gun in his hand and witness asked him what he was going to do with it, and he replied: "I will let you see before night." Witness went up the bank, and she heard a shot and fell. She was not shot, but scared.</i></blockquote>
Margaret played the role of sweet, dear, curious lady, pleading with menacing Pinkertons. She went on to assert "The first shot came from the boat."<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BI2MfKXyRBg/XLpBaRUFqLI/AAAAAAAAIwE/w9XQbytgNeAXYfhYFDkw4Kc1Dp4zu2HzACLcBGAs/s1600/courtroom.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="991" data-original-width="1031" height="383" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BI2MfKXyRBg/XLpBaRUFqLI/AAAAAAAAIwE/w9XQbytgNeAXYfhYFDkw4Kc1Dp4zu2HzACLcBGAs/s400/courtroom.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Courtroom in Allegheny County Courthouse, 1889.</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">James Benney Photographs, Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center </span></b><br />
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
At another trial, Margaret stated she was warned away from the riverfront by concerned labor leaders O'Donnell and Coon, who were trying to stave off trouble:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Mrs. Margaret Finch, of Homestead, said she was in bed on the morning of July 6, and got up when the whistles blew, and went down to the river bank where the barges landed. O'Donnell passed her going to the bank. When she got there O'Donnell was trying to keep the people back. She heard him say, "If you go down there you will all be shot." On cross-examination she said that when O'Donnell passed her Capt. Coon was with him, and when she got there Capt. Coon was talking to the men on the barges. </i></blockquote>
Apparently no one from the prosecution had access to newspapers from six months earlier, where Margaret, beldam extraordinaire, black-jack in hand, was described as "the leader of the Amazons whenever this dark Dahomey land of labor goes to war." <br />
<br />
The next two years were comparatively quiet ones for Margaret. On 23 March 1894, her daughter Nellie was married to Isaac Bromwich(k) by Rev. W. J. White of St. Matthew's Protestant Episcopal Church. The wedding took place in the family home with a few friends present.<br />
<br />
A few months later, on 3 October 1894, Margaret Finch died.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VYNsaRifV0g/XKGabPMqLSI/AAAAAAAAIqA/66fSpUUOCo4Woi__y_FeInO1j-d6ugKzwCLcBGAs/s1600/obit.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="231" data-original-width="545" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VYNsaRifV0g/XKGabPMqLSI/AAAAAAAAIqA/66fSpUUOCo4Woi__y_FeInO1j-d6ugKzwCLcBGAs/s1600/obit.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburg Press, </i>4 October 1894</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Yes, in 1894, old was 55: stooped with rheumatism,<span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"> swollen with edema. The official cause of death on her burial record was asthma.</span><br />
<br />
And those "many children"? When Margaret's will was probated twenty days later, only three children were mentioned: Robert, Nellie, and Elizabeth. Of Elizabeth Finch, presumed daughter of John and Margaret, there is little discernible trace in the local historical record. <i>Homestead News </i>identified her as Elizabeth Gregory of Colorado; hence the "far away relative"<i> </i>waiting to be heard from. <br />
<br />
When she composed her will a year earlier in October 1893, Margaret had designated Robert recipient of all her worldly goods, including the rear building where she resided at 524 Fourth. The double house that Margaret owned fronting Fourth, which she had often rented out to boarders, was left equally to daughters Nellie and Elizabeth. However, Nellie's portion was left in trust to Margaret's "esteemed friend"<i> </i>Thomas Watkins, who was vested with the authority to manage or turn it over to Nellie as he saw fit. Watkins, close to Margaret's age and living nearby as the proprietor of a hotel on Heisel Street, was also named as Margaret's executor. She had sold property to him earlier in 1894, so the two presumably had at the very least mutual respect in business.<br />
<br />
The trust set-up is understandable when we consider that Nellie was 23 and unmarried when Margaret wrote her will. It would have been unusual to own and solely manage property as a single young woman, especially in a rough town like Homestead. As a married woman, the mysterious Elizabeth had no such strings attached to her bequeathment.<br />
<br />
However, there may have been other concerns which made Margaret doubt Nellie's capabilities. <br />
<br />
<u><b>Epilogue: Mother Finch's Children </b></u><br />
<br />
Six months after her mother's death, Nellie Finch made the newspapers.<br />
<br />
<span class="ILfuVd NA6bn"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ygt9BUq3cBM/XKOsxMdcCvI/AAAAAAAAIqY/WvbpfP8752svYOP0QXRa7Cj74gL9ih73gCLcBGAs/s1600/Nellie%2BFinch%2Bwrecked%2Blife%2B4-1-95.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="546" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ygt9BUq3cBM/XKOsxMdcCvI/AAAAAAAAIqY/WvbpfP8752svYOP0QXRa7Cj74gL9ih73gCLcBGAs/s1600/Nellie%2BFinch%2Bwrecked%2Blife%2B4-1-95.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburg Press,</i> 1 April 1895 </b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><br />
Indeed, what to do with Nellie Finch? Nellie, who was abandoned by her husband (misidentified above as Isaac Brumage), with an infant likely given up, plagued with a "troubled mind" and a stint in the county home already, and well-familiar with "bad company." It is perhaps a testament to the legacy of Margaret's prominence in the community that "kind-hearted ladies" took in her daughter...but such kindness wasn't enough to undo the "wreckage."<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TdpPkxUtn6Q/XKloKHmC9JI/AAAAAAAAIrg/MN9LppWP1hwBijpvWgZUU5TRpEMBYgOrACLcBGAs/s1600/Woodville%2B2.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="854" data-original-width="1600" height="170" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TdpPkxUtn6Q/XKloKHmC9JI/AAAAAAAAIrg/MN9LppWP1hwBijpvWgZUU5TRpEMBYgOrACLcBGAs/s320/Woodville%2B2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">RPPC Woodville County Home, c. 1890s </span></b><br />
<div class="attribution-info">
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a class="owner-name truncate no-outline" data-track="attributionNameClick" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/rschreff/" title="Go to Roy Schreffler's photostream">Roy Schreffler collection</a></span></b><br />
<div class="view follow-view clear-float photo-attribution" id="yui_3_16_0_1_1554603929120_19421">
<span class="relationship"></span></div>
</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;">
When Margaret testified in 1888 for her saloon license, she noted that her then-16 year old daughter "gets fits." Although that may indicate that Nellie had a seizure disorder, it might also have been a less specific way of referencing severe mood instability.<br />
<br />
Several months later the <i>Press</i> reported that Nellie, after being picked up "on the streets" again, had been remanded to the county home. The<i> Press</i> account is filled with inaccuracies and inconsistencies. Nellie, who was 26, was identified as 23. The County Home, aka Woodville was identified as "Woodbury." Nellie was described as having lost her mother when she was but"a mere girl." Her husband was once again misidentified, this time as "Brumigen." Her history was framed as shaped by loss, abandonment and charity, with a dead mother and a husband who "several years ago deserted her and went to Europe. Since then she has subsisted on the charity of the public."<br />
<br />
This hot mess of journalistic reporting was probably due to a combination of factors: Nellie as an unreliable narrator, either deliberately or as a result of underlying psychiatric issues; the dawning awareness of progressive thinking which tried to link environmental deprivation to social welfare; and poor fact-checking.<br />
<br />
Nellie had another short-lived marriage in March 1903 to Henry Orthwine/Orthwein, a widower some eight years older from South Side. The marriage record recorded that Ellen Finch, born in Larimer, had not been married previously. In an era before easy fact-checking, it was probably easier to claim this status than to prove divorce to a husband who'd abandoned her. The couple was married at Good Shepherd Lutheran Church in the South Hills and resided on South Side, where Henry worked as a laborer. Three years later on 26 January 1906, Henry was struck by a P&LE train at Lucas Station near Homestead. He died instantly of a fractured skull.<br />
<br />
Widowed Nellie settled into a life lived around the edges. Admission to institutes like Woodville and Marshalsea Poor Farm (later Mayview) in this era typically occurred due to some combination of indigence, illness (medical and/or psychiatric), and/or incompetence at self-care. <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSFSxWvX9JHZwHyGHNtBqHhD8srbU77F-W3bV7INeXPXX0GZVrZD0eylbwywahgDFFvLXeFmpIr5JcUIGbjYrXVGOM6TEOaLJKAcWEcOzNjjSdQ6RlpzSPoJiZ6cP84yBHgPb9uA_WiWFm/s1600/County+Workhouse.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="794" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSFSxWvX9JHZwHyGHNtBqHhD8srbU77F-W3bV7INeXPXX0GZVrZD0eylbwywahgDFFvLXeFmpIr5JcUIGbjYrXVGOM6TEOaLJKAcWEcOzNjjSdQ6RlpzSPoJiZ6cP84yBHgPb9uA_WiWFm/s320/County+Workhouse.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><span class="irc_su" dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;">Allegheny County Workhouse and Inebriate Asylum</span>, Blawnox. Postcard c.1910.</i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table> <p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;">People moved in and out of such facilities, and Nellie's life fits that chaotic pattern:</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">1. In 1909, the widowed Ellen Orthwein spent 30 days at the Allegheny County Workhouse on a vagrancy charge. The registry recorded this stay as her second admission.</p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
2. The 1910 census records her living at Marshalsea in a section designated for paupers, though she was soon transferred to the County Workhouse. Admitted under her maiden name of Ellen Finch, aka Ellen Orthwine, Nellie served a 30 day sentence at the Workhouse for her third conviction, this time as a "common prostitute." Vital statistics recorded at admission document that 40-year-old Nellie was 5'1", weighed 107 pounds, was dark-complected with brown hair and gray eyes. She allegedly left school at age 17 and had been orphaned by both parents before age 14.<br />
<br />
3. She was back in the Workhouse in February 1911 as Nellie Ortwein, weighing only 99 pounds at admission. She stayed sixty days on a "disorderly conduct" charge. All of Nellie's Workhouse registry entries ticked off a description of "moderate drinker" under habits.<br />
<br />
That last stay seems to have resulted from a lover's quarrel, as these articles from Febexplain. Despite this life lived around the edges, Nellie had clearly inherited some Mother Finch's spunk. <br />
<br />
</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: 40px; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzvrxDdViigdNufnjYUpMOmQblQ27rj8wD-iB3aN3WpOkjGkGTp_-c9Xgyssz8qcUINP6bJBFvA-ul_iOUEpWXJeKyeTe_pf7utU_dbK2IlZJocU3AestFVgWPkrazzpnUHBREeRnTf7kkcLFzVcfMLRJMyJxSm1qDSBcGpVUXlBtXFn12jOlKpK8tJg79/s546/undercut%20headline.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="266" data-original-width="546" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzvrxDdViigdNufnjYUpMOmQblQ27rj8wD-iB3aN3WpOkjGkGTp_-c9Xgyssz8qcUINP6bJBFvA-ul_iOUEpWXJeKyeTe_pf7utU_dbK2IlZJocU3AestFVgWPkrazzpnUHBREeRnTf7kkcLFzVcfMLRJMyJxSm1qDSBcGpVUXlBtXFn12jOlKpK8tJg79/w400-h195/undercut%20headline.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post</i>, 7 February 1911</span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: center;"></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
</p><p style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><i>After Nellie Ortwein, 42 years old, had been sentenced yesterday at Northside station to pay a fine of $25 or serve 30 days in the workhouse she turned to Magistrate Saam and exclaimed:“What—me?”</i>
<i> </i></p><p style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><i>“Yes, you,” said the court.</i>
<i> </i></p><p style="margin-left: 80px; text-align: left;"><i>Whereupon the woman turned on a man with whom she was arrested, put an uppercut to his jaw and tried to place a right swing on his face, but Sergeant Charles Faulkner intercepted the second blow.</i>
<i>The man was John Weir, 49 years old, who, with the Ortwein woman, has been living at 1407 Madison avenue, it was testified. He got a like sentence. They were arrested after an alleged quarrel. </i></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"> This second article about the kerfuffle is perhaps even more colorful.<br /></p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: 40px; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1r_Tm_K6txU/XLvSfVmPb8I/AAAAAAAAIxI/ZdLqErolvVU8_GU0FAUwqqd9cvEXfVQNgCLcBGAs/s1600/Nellie%2Bmeets%2B3rd%2Bhusband%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1146" data-original-width="546" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1r_Tm_K6txU/XLvSfVmPb8I/AAAAAAAAIxI/ZdLqErolvVU8_GU0FAUwqqd9cvEXfVQNgCLcBGAs/s1600/Nellie%2Bmeets%2B3rd%2Bhusband%2B2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburg Press, 6 February 1911</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">
<br />
4. Scientific, neat<i> </i>undercuts were seemingly no barrier to matrimony, for Nellie officially married for a third time in July 1912 to this fellow, John Weir/Weier/Weieier. They lived for nearly twenty years together in various places on the Northside, where she was a housewife and he worked a machinist/laborer. John died of pneumonia in 1937.<br />
<br />
5. Nellie made the news again in 1939 when hospitalized for a broken leg after being struck by a car. </p><p style="margin-left: 40px; text-align: left;">6. She died of pneumonia in 1957 at the age of 87, having spent her last 13 years at Mayview State Hospital.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;">
<br />
Robert's life in the aftermath of his mother's death was also characterized by chaos and misfortune. A week after Margaret died, the <i>Press</i> reported that their general notion and grocery store on Fourth had been burglarized. The <i>Press </i>misidentified Robert as Robert Sinch (since<i> </i>apparently fact-checking when it came to reporting on the Finches didn't exist), and did not make a connection to Margaret.<br />
<br />
But the story alone was sensational enough.
Upon gaining entry to the building through a back window, the bold burglars allegedly chloroformed the sleeping Robert and his companion Thomas Evans, who were sharing an upper room. It was noted that the rest of the family was not at home. In its very brief mention of the incident in the <i>Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette</i>, Evans was identified as Robert Finch's uncle.<br />
<br />
But a more sensationalized <i>Press</i> article did not stint on details: <i> </i><br />
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yi2ko--Spdw/XKYzzbpOCsI/AAAAAAAAIq0/xoYjQOcmbWo5_QuVdSaXwl4ESvsaKX48ACEwYBhgL/s1600/Robert%2BBurglary%2B1894.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1022" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yi2ko--Spdw/XKYzzbpOCsI/AAAAAAAAIq0/xoYjQOcmbWo5_QuVdSaXwl4ESvsaKX48ACEwYBhgL/s320/Robert%2BBurglary%2B1894.jpg" width="169" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Headline, Pittsburg Press 16 October 1894</i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>After the robbers had succeeded in placing the men under the influence of the drug, to make sure of their safety, they took the cap off an old gun which was standing in the corner of the bedroom and two revolvers that were lying on the dresser were thrown out the window, the thieves evidently not wanting to bother with them, as they were probably well supplied with weapons of their own. The house was then ransacked from top to bottom. The trunks and wardrobes were broken open and the contents strewn about the floor.</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i>While it was impossible to tell what had been taken, it was discovered that $50 in cash, a silver watch and numerous articles of wearing apparel were missing this morning from the room in which the men slept. The thieves overlooked a gold watch belonging to Sinch (sic). After confiscating everything they could find of value upstairs the burglars went to the store room below. They went from one end of the room to the other and made a careful selection of the stock of groceries and notions. They carried away with them an immense quantity of goods the value of which could not well be estimated.</i><br />
<br />
<i>The proprietor, with his companion, awoke this morning with aching heads and noticing the peculiar odor in the room became aware at once of what had happened. The entire house was in a terrible state of confusion, the burglars having been evidently determined to leave nothing that was worth carrying away. Sinch(sic) came to the city this morning and notified the police authorities of the case. </i> </blockquote>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bx0rzKJDOf0/XLkxugCCYFI/AAAAAAAAIvI/10ZLFYLLyv8Xc5kKJPms5z1sqBrNCnXhACLcBGAs/s1600/chloroform.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="374" data-original-width="235" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bx0rzKJDOf0/XLkxugCCYFI/AAAAAAAAIvI/10ZLFYLLyv8Xc5kKJPms5z1sqBrNCnXhACLcBGAs/w125-h200/chloroform.jpg" width="125" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>1900s chloroform bottle </b><br /><a href="http://curiousscience.com/2/Medical/Chloroform-Bottle-c1900-P542.html" target="_blank">Curious Science</a></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
<br />Chloroforming victims for robbery, kidnapping and assault was a popular crime fiction cliché. A cursory search of newspaper articles from the late 19th and early 20th century reveals frequent references to chloroform as an incapacitating agent by criminals. The substance was relatively easy to get or make, so its usage for nefarious purposes was certainly possible.
But unadulterated chloroform as an effective knock-out drug for criminals was also exaggerated and mythologized. Chloroform-induced sedation actually requires continuous and careful dosing to be effective and safe. There's more than a suspicious whiff of chloroform to this story. Slapping chloroform-drenched handkerchiefs over two sleeping men was unlikely to result in blissful unawareness for several hours while their house was ransacked. Perhaps, however, two very drunk men may have been dead to the world while their house was being robbed? <br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_GUfjr_GNW8/XLlZKkumclI/AAAAAAAAIvs/Wk9tteYYcZU-X2FSP7EfDTwxXi1GyLqOQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Pittsburgh%2BSurvey%2BFront%2BRoom%2BHine%2B1910.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="450" height="228" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_GUfjr_GNW8/XLlZKkumclI/AAAAAAAAIvs/Wk9tteYYcZU-X2FSP7EfDTwxXi1GyLqOQCEwYBhgL/s320/Pittsburgh%2BSurvey%2BFront%2BRoom%2BHine%2B1910.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo of front room in a comfortable home in Homestead, c. 1909, by documentary photographer Lewis Hine <br />From Margaret F. Byington's<i> </i><u>Homestead: The Households of a Mill Town</u><i> </i>of the Pittsburgh Survey </span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Luck wasn't with Robert after this incident, though at first things looked promising. In March 1895 the <i>Press</i> reported his marriage to Elizabeth Polask (Lizzie Rolash on their license), describing them as "two popular young people of the borough." The couple was married in the parsonage of the Homestead United Presbyterian Church by Reverend Samson in what was described as "a quiet wedding" in the <i>Homestead News</i>, with only Lizzie's sister for attendant and best man H. Healey.<br />
<br />
Their honeymoon didn't last. Six months later in September 1895, the Pittsburgh papers reported that Robert's wife had abandoned him in spectacular fashion.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nghyLQRgH9k/XKbW5JK3hmI/AAAAAAAAIq8/oMZ6yC6fQ9gltN5sqdoREAvo2gAwqjv0QCLcBGAs/s1600/Robert%2BFinch%2Brunaway.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="825" data-original-width="638" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nghyLQRgH9k/XKbW5JK3hmI/AAAAAAAAIq8/oMZ6yC6fQ9gltN5sqdoREAvo2gAwqjv0QCLcBGAs/s400/Robert%2BFinch%2Brunaway.jpg" width="308" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Headline, Pittsburg Press, 17 September 1895</i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Robert Finch, of Homestead, is on the warpath after a truant wife, and James Betz has joined him in the search for a runaway daughter. The women are alleged to have taken away $275 belonging to Mrs. Finch's husband and the Betz girl's father. They mysteriously disappeared from Homestead yesterday and have not been heard from since, although detectives are on their track.</i></blockquote>
A long article in the <i>Press</i> described how Elizabeth Finch left their home with $200 while Robert was at work at the mill. Learning that she had been seen in the company of Annie Betz, Robert and Annie's father joined forces. Neither man could account for how the women knew each another. Annie was a known offender, having absconded with family money twice in the last year. She first turned up in Allegheny City, secondly in Connecticut in the company an actor from a traveling circus. Motive for this latest "truancy" was unknown since Annie Betts had been behaving "splendidly until yesterday"<i> </i>and the Finches had "lived happily ever since their marriage." A particularly revealing bit in the <i>Press</i> account sheds light on Finch family life:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Mrs. Finch is a rather pretty blonde, about 25 years old. She has only been married about a year, and has no children. Her husband can assign no reason for her leaving him... Owing to the social standing of the Finch family in Homestead society is in confusion over the affair. By his mother's death about six months ago, Mr. Finch was left considerable money. </i></blockquote>
Mrs. Bessie Finch turned up in Braddock the next day. The <i>Press</i> reported that Robert had her arrested on a charge of desertion, but a day later withdrew the charge and "took her home."
But this story doesn't end happily ever after.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>It developed at the hearing that Mrs. Finch is matrimonially inclined. It was admitted that she two husbands living and would have had a third, but the man, after taking out a license, discovered the conditions of affairs and escaped. Mrs. Finch is a very comely-looking woman, about 24 years of age. Mr. Finch says he would be perfectly happy if he could only induce her to remain at home.</i></blockquote>
Oh, Robert. Dear, optimistic Robert. This won't end well. In fact, his relationship with Bessie/Lizzie was the beginning of a downward spiral that saw him losing everything he'd inherited from his mother Margaret.<br />
<br />
Ten months later in July 1896, as he attempted to board a train with his valuables in a trunk, Robert was apprehended by Constable Fagan and charged with assault and battery and desertion by his wife Lizzie Finch. The case went to trial in November, and the <i>Press</i> account further illuminated the Finch life: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>Finch was formerly a prosperous mill man in the Homestead steel works. He was economical, and although only 21 years old at the time of his marriage he was the possessor of an eight-roomed house on one of the principal streets of Homestead, valued at $2,500. Finch testified at the hearing that his wife induced him to sell his property, and that she spent the money buying rich clothes for herself. She had alleged that when all the money from the sale had been spent she was compelled to visit disorderly houses. Finch denied the allegation and said she went there from choice. She admitted that Finch bought her dresses that cost $85 and shoes at $12 a pair.<br /><br />
Magistrate McKenna told Finch he had a poor opinion of a man who would live on the money of a woman made in a disorderly house. He then sentenced Finch to pay a fine of $35 and costs or undergo an imprisonment of 60 days in the workhouse.</i></blockquote>Robert Finch laid out his defense, claiming that he couldn't possibly be charged with desertion since he was not even the lawful husband of Lizzie/Bessie Polask/Rolash. Robert explained that the matrimonially inclined Lizzie had been:<i> </i><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: left;">
<i>....previously married to an Italian named Gerelo, in Homestead. He said she and Gerelo lived together in Homestead and Braddock for some time. He met the woman at a ball and fell in love with her. He proposed marriage and she accepted the proposal. It was not until they had been married some time that Gerelo, the first husband, turned up. Finch says he was frightened nearly to death when the Italian claimed the woman.<br />
<br />Afterwards, according to the story told by Finch, Mrs. Finch fell in love with a man named Harry Kelsey and was wooed and won. The wedding day was set and everything put in readiness for the nuptials but just before the clergy arrived at the house Mrs. Finch told the prospective groom that she already had a husband living. Kelsey declared the match off, but is is said that he stayed late at the house and enjoyed the festivities.<br />
<br />
Mrs. Finch made no denial of the accusation that she has a husband living besides Finch. Finch caused his wife to take a hasty departure from the mayor's office by telling her that he would enter suit against her for bigamy. </i></blockquote>
The judge was unmoved. Robert apparently didn't have $35 to spare so he spent his sixty days in the County Workhouse on a disorderly conduct charge. He spent even more time there in 1907 for assault and battery. It's not clear what he did in the intervening years but we can hope that life stabilized a bit for Robert, for in 1900 he married (for real) a widow named Susanna Walker Evans. Thomas Evans had been described as Robert's uncle (and sleeping companion) at the time of the Finch home robbery; perhaps these families were connected. The English-born Susanna was some 15 years Robert's senior. She had immigrated in 1879 and by 1900 had six surviving children from her first marriage, ranging in age from young adulthood to age 9. During their subsequent 28 years together, the Finches moved around Pittsburgh and eventually settled in Ohio. Susanna passed away in 1928 and, along with several of her children and grandchildren, was buried in the Finch family plot in Homestead. Robert lived into the 1940s; of his burial there is no record.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Queen of Battle</b></u><br />
<br />
Although the people won the Battle of Homestead, they lost the war. The conflict dragged on for months. In November 1892 the mill started back up again with non-union workers under management's terms. The works at Homestead would not have union representation until 1937.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoIW9Hn6Jxwb4lzp3bMwa0qR95yKJDVw9FREOikspeHJp8eOGkA0C1Al2EKq_tEnWF7B3jMnZCtwa1yg5iq0PKCYmRO44PGmFDI8KptuTSinh44_Tl8POSEaRamm7OvJ0khrDw-OYPX9Ws/s1600/Homestead+pay+line+1907+LoC.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="430" data-original-width="399" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoIW9Hn6Jxwb4lzp3bMwa0qR95yKJDVw9FREOikspeHJp8eOGkA0C1Al2EKq_tEnWF7B3jMnZCtwa1yg5iq0PKCYmRO44PGmFDI8KptuTSinh44_Tl8POSEaRamm7OvJ0khrDw-OYPX9Ws/s1600/Homestead+pay+line+1907+LoC.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>"Pay line at the Homestead works, showing some of the steel corporation's stockholding employees"</i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Circa 1907, photographic print on stereo card </i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Library of Congress </i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Margaret Finch's life as documented in public records and histories reveals a woman who fought more than her share of battles. Whether as Leader of the Amazons patrolling the streets, armed with her trusty black-jack and engaging in mob violence, or as a widow doing her best to provide for her family, Margaret Finch was a force to be reckoned with. <br />
<br />
The personal was political for women like Margaret. Then as now, women who must work to support themselves don't have the luxury of entertaining philosophical debates about the performance of feminism. That Margaret Finch came to represent for Pittsburgh a kind of female archetype of labor resistance and solidarity was accidental, but Margaret as we have envisioned her wouldn't mind that association. <br />
<br />
At the end of her life, did Margaret feel she had won against the forces arrayed against her, losing some battles but winning the war? She was prosperous enough to have drawn up a will to distribute valuable property and to make considered provisions in the hopes of providing stability for her children. In that sense, Mother Finch was a matriarch of Biblical proportions. Her struggles were uniquely her own, but the battles she fought were also representative of working class struggles in an era with few safety nets. <br />
<br />
It likely wasn't a coincidence that Margaret's business was robbed within a week of her death. Criminals are opportunistic, and her death and funeral arrangements were well-publicized in both Pittsburgh and Homestead. It's tempting to imagine that no one would have dared try to rob the place when she was alive, black-jack at the ready.<br />
<br />
We can't know how much Margaret fretted about her children Nellie and Robert, but there are indications that young Nellie had issues that were cause for maternal concern. There's no telling whether Margaret's stalwart presence could have helped Nellie and Robert establish interpersonal stability in adulthood. Her absence had to have been keenly felt, however. Nellie's repeated claims to social welfare officials that she had been orphaned in childhood, while not literally true when it came to her mother, may have had foundations in a perceived sense of abandonment. Robert, while chronologically a young adult, floundered once Margaret was gone and at least in his early years was no stranger to scandal and law enforcement.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-El-np0jWtNs/XKlbldA-gWI/AAAAAAAAIrU/Z24GLMuYAjQimMP9QEtKBH8e7gRUzI4XQCLcBGAs/s1600/Dickson%2BSt%2B1941.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="631" data-original-width="1600" height="157" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-El-np0jWtNs/XKlbldA-gWI/AAAAAAAAIrU/Z24GLMuYAjQimMP9QEtKBH8e7gRUzI4XQCLcBGAs/s400/Dickson%2BSt%2B1941.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Corner of Dickson in soon-to-be demolished Bottoms area where the Finches once lived. There's even a small grocery at far right.</span></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Archives of Industrial Society Photograph Collection, University of Pittsburgh </span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
There's nothing left today of Margaret Finch's world. It changed relatively quickly, according to Margaret F. Byington in her exhaustively-researched <span class="st"><u>Homestead: The Households of a Mill Town</u> volume of the Pittsburgh Survey. Writing </span>in 1910, Byington noted that "....the Second Ward, except for those who owned homes there in earlier years, has been largely abandoned to the newer immigrants."<i> </i>Mother Finch's part of town, abandoned to the "Hunkies" of the day, was eventually part of the eight block "slum" razed in the early 1940s as the mill expanded to ramp up wartime production. Entire streets disappeared, including Fourth Avenue in its entirety. Little may have changed in terms of housing stock from Margaret's time until the 1940s, as one <i>Post-Gazette</i> report noted as justification for the demolition that over half of the area's 4,551 homes were substandard, many without bathtubs or toilets. The area by then known as "The Bottoms" included a vice belt that included "The Houses" of ill repute along Sixth Avenue.<br />
<br />
The great mill that dominated the lives of Homestead residents closed forever in 1986. Today you can park your car in a giant mall parking lot near the Waterworks open-air shopping plaza, which encompasses where 524 Fourth Avenue used to be.<br />
<br />
Margaret was laid to rest high above the town in Homestead Cemetery. If ever there was a grave marker erected for her in Section C, it has disappeared.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fk7wv207rKU/XLiy-OvDDyI/AAAAAAAAIuo/PLagFRpChM0yc5wAmZQ8YtZCFJbilhhEwCLcBGAs/s1600/Cemetery.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1255" data-original-width="1080" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fk7wv207rKU/XLiy-OvDDyI/AAAAAAAAIuo/PLagFRpChM0yc5wAmZQ8YtZCFJbilhhEwCLcBGAs/s640/Cemetery.jpg" width="550" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
There are no known photographs of Margaret Finch. Only her signature on the 1893 will is a reminder of her physical presence. But Mother Finch's place in the historical record assures that her struggles have not been forgotten.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JgHNGScmZ2A/XLixcc0VHjI/AAAAAAAAIuc/QqxXRSPOvgkwlB28z4YPEZfhAoBQdFKbQCLcBGAs/s1600/Finch%2Bsignature.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="187" data-original-width="411" height="145" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JgHNGScmZ2A/XLixcc0VHjI/AAAAAAAAIuc/QqxXRSPOvgkwlB28z4YPEZfhAoBQdFKbQCLcBGAs/s320/Finch%2Bsignature.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
____________________________________________________________<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u>A note about sources</u>: I've chosen to dispense with citations. Please contact me if you would like specific sources for any of the data or narrative presented herein. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Special thanks to researcher Daniel Ramseier for his support, fact-checking, and expert guidance in trolling local records and interpreting cemetery information. Thanks also to Homestead historians Mark Fallon and <a href="http://homesteadhebrews.com/author/tammy-hepps/" target="_blank">Tammy Hepps</a> and the Homestead Carnegie Library for assistance with resources.</span>Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-38924047656197494372019-04-15T22:20:00.001-04:002019-07-18T01:06:26.161-04:00Scourge of Fire at Notre-Dame<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are must-go places I visit time and again in certain
cities, no matter how often I've been before. Notre-Dame...I don't know, I
honestly don't know how many times I've been there, because I'd visit the
church more than once on some trips.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IBOtP18xLF0/XLU2IZUB71I/AAAAAAAAIt4/w_fkJrKy8wkpztFrMIHqpvGDudE77UjkwCEwYBhgL/s1600/P1011085%2B1202.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IBOtP18xLF0/XLU2IZUB71I/AAAAAAAAIt4/w_fkJrKy8wkpztFrMIHqpvGDudE77UjkwCEwYBhgL/s320/P1011085%2B1202.JPG" width="240" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Yeah, I've been lucky enough to spend weeks at a time,
several times, in France. I’m not saying that </div>
to humble-brag; I'm flat out
acknowledging how fortunate I am. And no lie, I'm not sad that our kids have picked up on
my Francophilia. Jack chose French as his high school language, and Julia will
be studying abroad in Paris next term.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For me, any cultural destruction hurts. Physically hurts.
Palmyra, the National Museums of Iraq and Brazil, the Buddhas of Bamiyan -- all
gone, and I mourn the losses. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I understand why such places are destroyed during wars:
destroy culture and you demoralize and defeat your enemies. I suppose the same
is true of the reasoning behind three recent Louisiana African-American church fires. Hate is hate is hate, after all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But this was not an act of hate; this fire was accidental. That
randomness, that feeling of it-didn’t-need-to-happen, gives it unique pain. There
are plenty of what-ifs and if-onlies that popped up immediately on social media
from people who claimed to Know Things, as if their special knowledge could
have prevented or minimized the loss. Perhaps it did, for them. It’s always that way -- and yes, there’s
always That Guy (Flying Water Tankers, my ass). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There were even complaints from some that the secular
world had no claim to mourn, that the sorrow should be solely religiously-focused.
Yes, of course, <span class="st">let us not forget that Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris</span> is a church, a house of worship. Its loss for the faithful is
another special pain.<br />
<br />
But the building is not even literally owned by the Church.
It is no disrespect to acknowledge that it is far more than church; it is cultural icon.<br />
<br />
Just look at your
feeds, look at the photos people are posting. It belongs to all who want it. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1Rgd31r1UDA/XLU2DvTnS2I/AAAAAAAAItw/kCeGHWuAvO4e1cUn7JbknQC1qNKPsW7jACEwYBhgL/s1600/IMG_2253%2B673.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1Rgd31r1UDA/XLU2DvTnS2I/AAAAAAAAItw/kCeGHWuAvO4e1cUn7JbknQC1qNKPsW7jACEwYBhgL/s400/IMG_2253%2B673.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rcxa4-g1ink/XLU2HWkgSsI/AAAAAAAAItw/zn2HAbn16nsPyYn3vnXKTBwdfJZm01E7ACEwYBhgL/s1600/P1011082%2B1199.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rcxa4-g1ink/XLU2HWkgSsI/AAAAAAAAItw/zn2HAbn16nsPyYn3vnXKTBwdfJZm01E7ACEwYBhgL/s400/P1011082%2B1199.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMd4_3fz2zqJ3vRcwqww0g5k9eZNx0zhH2uOtFRnt6EPFEEY-LioOjg6qKJ2R0Q4nNqm2pafKa2ones69J5QVF9q0gLDmTxyIZ4N6Ybs7qwM9jXiiUK0TjWhscJO_54HzcRDV9MB1e1_nl/s1600/IMG_6710+167.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMd4_3fz2zqJ3vRcwqww0g5k9eZNx0zhH2uOtFRnt6EPFEEY-LioOjg6qKJ2R0Q4nNqm2pafKa2ones69J5QVF9q0gLDmTxyIZ4N6Ybs7qwM9jXiiUK0TjWhscJO_54HzcRDV9MB1e1_nl/s640/IMG_6710+167.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
I’ve studied and written about medieval history, about Notre-Dame. Here, here's a writing: <a href="http://eleanorfootsteps.blogspot.com/2012/06/paris-monday-7-june-2011-cathedrale.html" target="_blank">LINK. </a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(It's an odd hobby, maybe, but it keeps me out of trouble). </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I thus know a fair amount about what parts are really old, what’s old-old, what’s kinda old, and what’s
comparatively newish. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It doesn’t matter, though. Because when that spire
collapsed, it pierced my heart. I cried like a banshee in my study and the dogs
came running to see if I’d skewered fresh meat for them. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
That spire was a quasi-modern
recreation. It wasn’t medieval; it was all 19<sup>th</sup> century Viollet-le-Duc
(a French architect I have a love-hate relationship with). <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oahvFZOxnbg/XLU1mG5B3RI/AAAAAAAAIsk/UlGkJANvoFAuK2N0CiUSIUfytLN_LzMAACEwYBhgL/s1600/IMG_2470.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1086" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oahvFZOxnbg/XLU1mG5B3RI/AAAAAAAAIsk/UlGkJANvoFAuK2N0CiUSIUfytLN_LzMAACEwYBhgL/s640/IMG_2470.jpg" width="434" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pOjIPmIaJ4Y/XLY9eAiSjwI/AAAAAAAAIuI/qFxjLQs6McM8ZLBt85C9NW3izOedDsG9gCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_2613.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pOjIPmIaJ4Y/XLY9eAiSjwI/AAAAAAAAIuI/qFxjLQs6McM8ZLBt85C9NW3izOedDsG9gCLcBGAs/s640/IMG_2613.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
But that layering of history, that piling-on
of architecture, that's part of why I so love old buildings. They’re never just
the way in the now as when they were built. And Notre-Dame is truly a limestone palimpsest of centuries,
sealed with the sweat of men who created and recreated and created yet again. </div>
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Notre-Dame has lost many layers, but will build more. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj62TA4Bzkc2oaTM4aFBGhItPOlfyy2m5d71a5qZYimXC3MQgqcEeMZozhaVXLPR5Mgu4XuPkRGa4B2VhbxTgD2g7mAQAoFQRbsyOGJQuB3NE_LAs-YntTFu2mpNGq-Am0RjV2QVhR7e-vZ/s1600/P1011038+1158.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj62TA4Bzkc2oaTM4aFBGhItPOlfyy2m5d71a5qZYimXC3MQgqcEeMZozhaVXLPR5Mgu4XuPkRGa4B2VhbxTgD2g7mAQAoFQRbsyOGJQuB3NE_LAs-YntTFu2mpNGq-Am0RjV2QVhR7e-vZ/s400/P1011038+1158.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
I take hope in the few nave photos I've seen. What
I feared was total ruin. There appears to be enough left
for me to say, when finally I walk through the doors again, that yes, it’s
still here. “It” being the accumulated energy in this architectural witness to history, energy generated by the hopes and fears
of the centuries of faithful and faithless and everything-in-between visitors
who walked the floors. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Don't get me wrong. I don't believe in actual ghosts. And though raised in one, I am not now a follower of
organized religion. When I enter a religious building, I am humbled by the
weight of yearning & hope magnified across generations. The walls and
floors of such buildings bear witness to all human experience. It is that witnessing and connecting, along
with joy in their sculptural majesty, that I treasure and respect in such buildings. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Enough
still remains at Notre-Dame, and more will be added for future generations, for the connections to continue.<br />
<br />
It is worth remembering that what we build is ephemeral. What endures is love.<br />
<br />
<i>Fluctuat nec mergitur</i></div>
Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-33193120688836751762019-02-25T14:50:00.000-05:002019-02-25T14:51:20.933-05:00Pittsburgh and Japanese-American Internment Camp Refugees<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
In reaction to the Japanese invasion of Pearl Harbor, on 19 February 1942, President Roosevelt signed an executive order relocating 112,000 Japanese-Americans (the vast majority of whom were American citizens) from their homes and farms to internment camps. The order was couched in national security rationales but was in reality driven by fear, racism, and lobbying by economic opportunists on the West Coast who resented competition from Japanese farms.<br />
<br />
In July 1945, following the 'Ex parte Mitsuye Endoa' US Supreme Court decision on the unconstitutionality of incarcerating loyal citizens without cause, Roosevelt's order was rescinded.<br />
<br />
But after three years in the camps, life could not return to normal for those who had been incarcerated.<br />
<br />
Most newly-released Nisei were homeless because of forcible relocation and seizure of assets, and many were wary of trying to rebuild their lives by returning to hostile West Coast communities. They sought refuge in other cities, living in communal hostels or camps set up by churches under auspices of the War Relocation Authority (WRA). <br />
<br />
Many communities welcomed these Japanese-Americans, but there were also those who disapproved. In some cities, Pittsburgh included, they mobilized to protest.<br />
<br />
Pittsburgh's Gusky Hebrew Orphanage and Home at Riverview and Perrysville Avenues had been sitting empty since its closure<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-83Q5sg-Kl70/XHQ0LNZP0TI/AAAAAAAAIlM/htE7F2QCqt0MtNktA_xHr-atcZ75tGqXgCLcBGAs/s1600/gusky.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="450" height="252" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-83Q5sg-Kl70/XHQ0LNZP0TI/AAAAAAAAIlM/htE7F2QCqt0MtNktA_xHr-atcZ75tGqXgCLcBGAs/s400/gusky.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
two years earlier. The campus had operated since 1891 as Pittsburgh's first Jewish orphanage. In June 1945 Pittsburgh papers announced that the local War Relocation Authority office had approved the Gusky site as temporary lodging until the end of 1945 for relocated Nisei.<br />
<br />
Pittsburgh thus became "the last big city away from the Pacific Coast to start a relocation movement." Reverend Dr. John Coventry Smith of the Mt. Lebanon United Presbyterian Church, chair of the local Citizens Resettlement Committee, stated <i>"All we want to do is to smooth the way for these people so they may take their place in the community without friction, and without being denied the right to earn their own living and resume their lives as loyal Americans."</i><br />
<br />
The Gusky board of directors had offered their site free of charge for this purpose, and stood to make no money on the deal. The proposal was modest: less than 200 Japanese-Americans were expected, with stays lasting no longer than a month at a time, until they were placed on farms or other employment sites. <br />
<br />
But, you know, there's always that one NIMBY guy. Actually in this case, there was a group of them. <br />
<br />
Chaired by resident David A. Hendershaw, the hastily-organized 26th Ward Citizens Committee <br />
complained about potential property value degradation because of the new usage planned for the vacant orphanage.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vKMR1DHm4L8/XHQ2ansvQTI/AAAAAAAAIlg/djftP3X19aAEHut-V1_WteDpQdHUG3vGACEwYBhgL/s1600/headline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="377" data-original-width="541" height="138" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-vKMR1DHm4L8/XHQ2ansvQTI/AAAAAAAAIlg/djftP3X19aAEHut-V1_WteDpQdHUG3vGACEwYBhgL/s200/headline.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span aria-live="polite" class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Headline, Pittsburgh Press<br /> 27 June 1945</span></span></span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Hendershaw stated “<i>We agree that it is a good idea to relocate these Japanese-Americans, it is all right to bring them to Pittsburgh—but why do they have to be housed in the 26th Ward?”</i> The group’s attorney and spokesman, Warren H. Van Kirk, Sr., elaborated: <i>“The Japs are mostly to work on farms, so why put them here?” </i><br />
<br />
When the first family arrived in August, Van Kirk tried various tactics in local courts to push through injunctions, zoning violations, and property condemnations due to plumbing and sanitation issues. <br />
<br />
He was unsuccessful on all counts.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, throughout August, Pittsburghers piled on with letters to the editors. Most shamed the 26th Ward protestors. Several area servicemen, after reading stories in the <i>Stars and Stripes </i>about Pittsburgh, sent letters to local papers protesting discrimination back home and lavishing praise on Nisei combat units. The local American Legion, which had been used by the 26th Ward Citizens Committee for a rally, wrote to disassociate itself from the committee's efforts and claimed it did not endorse intolerance.<br />
<br />
Both of Pittsburgh’s daily newspapers weighed in with editorials supporting the resettlement program. (This was back when Pittsburgh had newspaper owners and editors who consistently took the lead in recognizing and articulating morally responsible stances).<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jh7cws4QvwU/XHQ3PciC3GI/AAAAAAAAIlo/Vea6h4KzvV8Y5znVAOEytFT057aiY0-1wCLcBGAs/s1600/Nisei%2Beditorial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="534" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-jh7cws4QvwU/XHQ3PciC3GI/AAAAAAAAIlo/Vea6h4KzvV8Y5znVAOEytFT057aiY0-1wCLcBGAs/s1600/Nisei%2Beditorial.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span aria-live="polite" class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Editorial, Pittsburgh Press, 20 August 1945</span></span></span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The press support did not go unnoticed: the Post-Gazette printed a letter from the WRA's Acting Relocation Supervisor complimenting local media for taking the lead <i>"in the fight against race discrimination."</i><br />
<br />
All sound and fury; little use of the facility seems to have actually been made. Only two Nisei families were documented in the papers as having resided at Gusky. The twelve-member Fujihara family stayed one night before moving to a farm in Centerville; the Ishimotos, a family of 6, similarly had a brief stay. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mF1tpZtRjv0/XHQ2iKyt6XI/AAAAAAAAIlc/JmvT1WcgKooKESIXqkmdZwZz5zlsy-vqACLcBGAs/s1600/Nisei.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="546" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mF1tpZtRjv0/XHQ2iKyt6XI/AAAAAAAAIlc/JmvT1WcgKooKESIXqkmdZwZz5zlsy-vqACLcBGAs/s1600/Nisei.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span aria-live="polite" class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Photo with accompanying story, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 20 August 1945</span></span></i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Writer<span data-offset-key="4h4dh-0-0"><span data-text="true"> Brian Deutsch followed up on an epilogue about the Fujihara family by bringing to wider attention a 2010 series in the <i>Titusville Herald</i> which detailed one local resident's attempts to follow up on the family. The family subsequently moved to Cleveland, living there for 13 years before returning to the West Coast. (Links to those articles:</span></span><span data-offset-key="bp88n-0-0"><span data-text="true"><a href="http://www.titusvilleherald.com/news/article_52f768e4-9aaa-584c-bf77-71ecae841ea2.html"> 1,</a></span></span><a href="http://www.titusvilleherald.com/news/article_fb1cee4d-12a5-5216-9590-87de227f6da2.html"><span data-offset-key="9pifb-0-0"><span data-text="true"> 2</span></span></a><span data-offset-key="13f7p-0-0"><span data-text="true">, <a href="http://www.titusvilleherald.com/news/article_16fc75a4-18d1-54fe-94af-ce3f703c618a.html">3</a>) </span></span><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, back in Pittsburgh, in January 1946 homeless veterans were offered the use of the Gusky home. <br />
<br />
There was no community protest.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>A version of this article was posted to my <a href="https://www.facebook.com/historicaldilettante/posts/1323279834513763">Facebook</a> page in February 2019.</i></span></div>
Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-87649506662564929502019-02-09T02:33:00.008-05:002021-05-28T00:11:42.390-04:00Forgotten History: Samuel and Luella Coleman, in a class by themselves<p>The Coleman Industrial Home for Colored Boys was a Pittsburgh orphanage established in 1907 by Samuel A. and Luella Coleman, to provide a home for "<i>homeless, friendless, and neglected colored boys."</i><br />
<br />
Homeless.<br />
<br />
Friendless. <i></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
Neglected. <i></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
These words might have defined the lives of those African-American boys up to that point.
But there were people who were concerned about the boys, who wanted to make sure those words didn't define their future. </p><p>Meet Sam and Luella Coleman. <br />
<br /><u>Institutional Child Care in Pittsburgh</u><br />
<br />
To understand why the Colemans did what they did, we need to understand their facility in the context of social welfare at that time. The history of child care in this country has long included both formal and informal provision, and it involved a range of charitable and custodial arrangements. The trend in Pittsburgh, as it was nationally in the latter half of the 19th century, was to remove children who previously had been languishing in almshouses and place them in specialized care facilities. </p><p>Not all children living in such care
homes were there because they'd lost both parents. Many were
"half-orphans" in placement because a surviving parent was unable to
provide for them. Others had living but impoverished parents who
strategically chose orphanages as (hopefully) temporary residential
child care, while they worked to become self-supporting enough to
reconstitute their families again.</p><p>Children were very often placed in facilities according to preferences such as religion. In Pittsburgh, specialty care homes further provided for the specific needs of blind, deaf and disabled youth. <br />
<br />Race, though, was a defining factor which didn't afford choice. </p><p>
The ground-breaking Pittsburgh Survey of 1914 noted that<i> </i><br />
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>The colored people of Pittsburgh did not seek institutional care of their children to any great extent except in the case of illness. They usually had strong home ties and were willing to adopt a lower standard of living than the white population before giving up their children.</i></blockquote>
Such strong community ties were certainly real. But a <i>"willingness"</i> to endure impoverished conditions with their children implies that people of color had a choice between being, well, Really Poor versus Really, Really Poor. That, of course, wasn't the case.<br />
<br />
Poor black parents no doubt held out as long as they could before surrendering their children -- probably longer than their white counterparts -- because the stakes were higher for them. They knew it would be harder for them to get back on their feet and get their kids back. Societal barriers to gaining financial security for adults of color were devastating. Black families knew that once they gave their kids up, they were probably consigning them to a lifetime of institutional care.<br />
<br />
Today, educated by decades of research documenting the negative developmental impact of institutional child-rearing, we recoil from the idea of orphanages. But not so very long ago orphanages were seen as stabilizing influences in the lives of those <i>"homeless, friendless and neglected"</i> children from disenfranchised populations. Ideally, they were places that should prepare them and provide "industrial" training so they would become productive, self-reliant adults.<br />
<br />
Between 1910 and 1930, Pittsburgh’s general population grew from 321,616
to 669,817. Its black population doubled, too, from 25,000 to 55,000.
And as black migration to northern cities increased in the early 1900s,
pressure grew for institutions to provide care for disadvantaged black
youth.<br />
<br />
Yet while there were plenty of Pittsburgh orphanages in the early 1900s, only a few accommodated African-Americans. A list compiled from data collected during the 1910 US Census shows that of twenty children's homes identified within city limits, only 7 admitted <i>"colored children." </i>Of those, five included children from all races. Two were specifically designated for African American youth. There was the large Home for Colored Children on the North Side.<br />
<br />
And there was Coleman Industrial Home for Colored Boys in the Hill.
<br />
<br />
<b><u>Coleman Industrial Home for Colored Boys </u></b><br />
<br />
Although Coleman opened in 1907, it wasn't chartered and incorporated with the City of Pittsburgh until January 1911. Over that four year period it grew from informally providing homes for 5 boys to caring for 39 youth, aged 5-15 years.<br />
<br />
Samuel A. and Luella Coleman personally took on the task of providing shelter, sustenance and training for orphaned boys of color in the community, and for those identified as delinquent under the jurisdiction of Allegheny County's Juvenile Court. Because of that court affiliation the small Coleman home enjoyed the support of the Pittsburgh juvenile justice system as well as the Pittsburgh Teachers Association. Crucial support was also provided from local churches like Ebenezer Baptist, John Wesley AME Zion, Central Baptist, and Bethel AME. Community organizations like the "Negro Elks" (Lodge No. 17) identified Coleman as one of its beneficiaries.<br />
<br />
And like most orphanages, Coleman relied on support from individual benefactors. Annual "subscriptions" were solicited at $5 per donation, while $100 bought the satisfaction of having a "life membership" donation acknowledgement by the charity. <br />
<br />
During its nearly 40 years of existence, the Coleman Industrial Home had two primary locations in the Hill: 2816 Wylie Avenue and 1721-23 Bedford Avenue. Addresses of 2500 Breckenridge Street and 3046 Center Avenue have also been associated with the home but not confirmed. There were other locations in its earliest, unofficial years which have not been adequately recorded; LaPlace Street was one of those. In May 1912 the Colemans rented an additional home on Wylie Avenue, intending it to serve as an infirmary to isolate residents with tuberculosis, the scourge of industrial cities at that time.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E5zjcQTt9Fs/XGJqI7ExpaI/AAAAAAAAIjQ/TxUniw-i8dIJ15DI_OsyJIokW1CHYl-lQCLcBGAs/s1600/1911%2BColeman%2BHome.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="361" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E5zjcQTt9Fs/XGJqI7ExpaI/AAAAAAAAIjQ/TxUniw-i8dIJ15DI_OsyJIokW1CHYl-lQCLcBGAs/s1600/1911%2BColeman%2BHome.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Coleman Industrial Home for Colored Boys at 2816 Wylie Avenue. <i>Pittsburgh Press, </i>3 December 1911</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
<br />
<b><u>Daily Life at Coleman</u></b><br />
<br />
The boys who came to live with the Colemans may have been relinquished by parent/s who could no longer care for them. They may have lost their parents to death or abandonment. They may have been referred by the juvenile court system. Regardless of how they arrived, the Colemans endeavored to teach all their charges industrial and housekeeping trades and<i> "good manners"</i> so they could become productive members of society. Hence the name of the facility: the Coleman Industrial Home.<br />
<br />
Under the Colemans' supervision, the boys attended Pittsburgh Public Schools as well as Sunday school at local churches.<br />
<br />
Dressed in military-style uniforms, the boys were taught military parade drilling by Captain Grafton Miller, who later married Luella's sister (although it is not clear if he ever actually served in the US military). There was also music. The boys sang, and they played in brass and ragtime bands under the direction of Professor Henry G. Waters using instruments purchased from fundraising.<br />
<br />
The home had no endowment so it regularly held creative fundraisers such as barbecues, lawn fetes, dinners, and sold flowers on the street. Coleman was also one of many charities that raised money on the city streets on designated tag days, which were muncipally-authorized days when cash could be solicited in the streets and wearable tags given out by organizational representatives to acknowledge donor generosity.<br />
<br />
But the most popular fundraising efforts were musical performances by the boys to generate money from community supporters. <br /></p><p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vhcfCQCyYlk/YLBr8LnZumI/AAAAAAAAJiE/ki0r8xb00kYOKET_3oRtDRjUmlwHlOjOwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1006/Band%2B8%2BSept%2B1912%2BPress.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="513" data-original-width="1006" height="204" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vhcfCQCyYlk/YLBr8LnZumI/AAAAAAAAJiE/ki0r8xb00kYOKET_3oRtDRjUmlwHlOjOwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h204/Band%2B8%2BSept%2B1912%2BPress.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 8 September 1912.</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br />Sometimes the boys' band was booked for outside musical performances or parades for which the institution was either paid or allowed to collect donations from the crowd.<br />
<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eTvHGPxJh1o/XF0QzxIbXsI/AAAAAAAAIfw/CfkBT4m0EBg5_8wKmUHdOy2mfVQRuH9rQCLcBGAs/s1600/fundraiser%2B1912.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="546" height="184" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eTvHGPxJh1o/XF0QzxIbXsI/AAAAAAAAIfw/CfkBT4m0EBg5_8wKmUHdOy2mfVQRuH9rQCLcBGAs/s320/fundraiser%2B1912.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Examples of fundraising efforts<i><br />Pittsburgh Gazette Times</i>, 24 October 1912</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9OxA0lQ4Bo0/XF5WIfmtDnI/AAAAAAAAIhM/kcfMkJqArL4zDe26vaDjVsvihe-xdyc_gCLcBGAs/s1600/donations%2B1913.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="544" height="136" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9OxA0lQ4Bo0/XF5WIfmtDnI/AAAAAAAAIhM/kcfMkJqArL4zDe26vaDjVsvihe-xdyc_gCLcBGAs/s320/donations%2B1913.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Example of request</span><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /> Pittsburgh Post, </span></i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">4 December 1913</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9WLd-Q8dir4/XF56Xt0Vb9I/AAAAAAAAIiU/7GBTRgmKTpM_Wcpg2gl0teMTge41xGvAwCLcBGAs/s1600/Gertrude%2BGordon.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="538" data-original-width="359" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9WLd-Q8dir4/XF56Xt0Vb9I/AAAAAAAAIiU/7GBTRgmKTpM_Wcpg2gl0teMTge41xGvAwCLcBGAs/s200/Gertrude%2BGordon.jpg" width="133" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Gertrude Gordon, early headshot<br />Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Events and requests for tangible<i> </i>goods like clothing for the <i> "inmates"</i> were regularly published in the <i>Pittsburgh Courier</i>, <span class="st">an African-American weekly newspaper that began publishing in Pittsburgh in 1907. Coleman's needs were also well publicized in</span> the <i>Afro-American Notes</i> society page sections of mainstream Pittsburgh newspapers. In a break with traditionally segregated print news, Coleman was occasionally profiled in the general news pages.<br />
<br />
The <i>Pittsburgh Press</i> often published stories about Coleman, which happened primarily as a result of Gertrude Kelley's interest. Kelley was one of the first Pittsburgh female journalists to actually have a byline. She wrote for the <i>Press</i> under the nom de plume of <a href="https://newsinteractive.post-gazette.com/thedigs/2014/09/05/gertrude-gordon-pittsburghs-pioneering-journalist/" target="_blank">Gertrude Gordon</a> from 1908-1927. While she may seem like an unlikely ally, the Coleman Industrial Home was actually a perfect go-to source for the kind of soft-touch appeal stories known as "sensation news" that Gordon specialized in as a "sob sister" journalist of her era. She emphasized what we'd recognize today as the "human angles" in her features. To her credit, Gordon seemed to take a genuine interest in the home and was personally charmed by Samuel and Luella Coleman. She promoted their work with lavish praise, noting the home's very specific needs in her frequent articles.<br />
<br />
After a fundraising drive in 1912, the home had enough money to purchase tools for an on-site workshop where the boys could be taught such skills as shoe-mending, tailoring, sign-painting, decorating carpentry, sign hanging, cleaning and pressing clothes. But a few months later in late January 1913, the Colemans' rented 10-room Wylie Avenue house was badly damaged by a fire that started in a third floor bedding and clothing storage room. This could have been disastrous, as the facility by that point housed over fifty boys. Fortunately no one was injured, but all of the clothing that had been donated in the preceding months for the boys' winter wardrobes was ruined in the fire.<br />
<br />
Such was the community esteem for the Colemans that they were quickly able to take ownership of 52<span style="font-size: x-small;">x</span>113 foot lots at 1721-23 Bedford that included a two-story, 15 room mansard brick home. The home did not come equipped with bathrooms, and the Colemans reportedly were both in ill health after the fire. But the community rallied with donations, fundraising, labor and events where the boys played and sang.<br />
<br />
In October 1914, a one-day city-wide sale of geraniums on the streets raised $2000 for the home. Pittsburgh seemed to appreciate the work done by the Colemans and supported the home's fundraising efforts. <br />
<br />
<b><u>The Colemans and Their Boys</u></b><br />
<br />
What we know about the Colemans comes from a biography written by <i>Press</i> reporter Gertrude Gordon, and from subsequent public archive research.<br />
<br />
Samuel A. and Luella Dodson Coleman moved to the Herron Hill neighborhood in 1907. Each had been born into slavery and liberated as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation. A 1911 Press story about the home noted that on Thanksgiving, Samuel gave <i>"....a feelingly heart to heart talk with the boys about his childhood days in slavery and what he had to be thankful for." </i><br />
<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Luella Coleman, 1912<i><br />Pittsburgh Press</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Samuel A. Coleman, 1912<i><br />Pittsburgh Press</i></span></b></td></tr>
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Historical records reveal that Luella Dodson (or Dotson) was born sometime between 1850-1855 (no official birthdate documented) in Frankfort Kentucky to Mary Smith and Leonard Dodson (Dotson), also from Kentucky. She had at least two sisters or half-sisters. One, Charity Ray, lived in Pittsburgh and married Captain Grafton Miller at the Coleman home in 1916. The other, Mrs. Ann Allen, lived in St. Paul Minnesota.<br />
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Samuel was also born in Kentucky, 20 April 1850, to Soney Coleman and Louisa Ross. He lived in Frankfort in 1870 with his mother and sister, Nanny, where he worked as a plasterer. <br />
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Despite their common roots in Frankfort, Kentucky, Gertrude Gordon wrote that the couple met in Indianapolis. They married there in the early 1870s. In 1880 they lived in Saginaw Michigan, where Samuel was a painter and Luella kept the home. By 1890 the Colemans had returned to Indianapolis where Luella worked as a hairdresser and Samuel was an artist. They also lived for a time in Chicago. At some point, the couple said they decided to devote their lives to <i>"uplift work."</i> Mr. Coleman was described by one Pittsburgh newspaper as a staunch believer <i>"....in vocational training--in permitting a child to take up only the work which appeals most to him--guided by an older judgment." </i><br />
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When he first came to Pittsburgh, Samuel's profession was described as decorator. He was also described by <i>Press </i>reporter Gordon as "<i>an artist and china painter</i>."<br />
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In Pittsburgh the couple was known to have one adult child, a daughter named Jessie. But in the 1900 census 17 year old Jessie was listed as their grand-daughter, born in Michigan. In the 1880 census, the Coleman's 14 year old daughter's name is Carrie. Her age, if accurate, would have Carrie born well before the Colemans later claimed to have met and married. In the 1910 census, Luella is listed as the mother of one living of two total children.</p><p>It is possible that all of these things are true, in a fashion, with flexibility allowed for dates in an era and culture when accuracy was not critical. There may have been complicated relationships as a result of family fracturing. A young Luella may have had a daughter who died young, either with Samuel or another man. Perhaps the Colemans subsequently chose to raise a granddaughter, or even took in another girl as their own child. Or perhaps the census takers were simply mistaken, or unable to document complex family relationships on template forms. <br />
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However Samuel and Luella chose to constitute their family, they celebrated their 40th wedding anniversary in grand style at the facility in 1912 with a community-sponsored celebration orchestrated by <i>Press</i> reporter Gordon. The gala featured performances by the Coleman residents, who referred to Luella as "Mother" and Samuel as "Pap". Daughter Jessie even came to visit from Chicago. A few years later in one of her features on the home, Gertrude Gordon described Jessie as <i>"....a finely educated, cultured young girl" </i>whose <i>"gentle influence"</i> along with that of her mother assured that the boys were cared for <i>"....in an atmosphere of refinement and restraint."</i>
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<b><u>The Coleman Boys</u></b><br />
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No records could be found detailing admissions to Coleman Industrial School. But public records research yields snippets of information about some of them. Here are the 23 boys listed as "boarders" on 21 April, 1910, the day the census-taker came to visit.
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John Orams (14)<br />
Van Robert Withers (12)<br />
Claude Arthur Withers (10)<br />
Geo O Washington (13)<br />
Godfrey Terry (13)<br />
Blain Chapman (12)<br />
George Robinson (11) <br />
General Robinson (13) <br />
William Saunders (9)<br />
Robert Smith(12)<br />
Lewis D John (15) <br />
Henry Cahill (8)<br />
Norman Walson (10) <br />
Walter Reed(12)<br />
Clarence Gray (16)<br />
George W Burrell (13)<br />
Harry Everett (11)<br />
Paul Harris(8)<br />
Henry Smith (9)<br />
Archie Washington (9)<br />
Heber Pryor (16)<br />
William Foster (9)<br />
Leslie Denter (8)</blockquote><p>
The 1910 United States Census recorded where an individual and his parents had been born. Of the 23 boys listed that day, 13 were native Pennsylvanians. Others had been born in West Virginia, Ohio, Virginia, and Washington DC. The majority of the boys had parents who had been born in Virginia. Although what we know as the Great Migration hadn't officially started yet from a demographic perspective, these boys were part of a mobile black population that traveled north seeking opportunities for themselves and their children.<br />
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Other boys simply had "United States" listed for parental birthplace, which makes sense given that many of them likely had scant information about their birth parents. And some boys may have been born to formerly enslaved individuals, for whom there was even less limited information. <br />
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Three of the boys were listed as "Mulatto." Although the Census Bureau's attempts at racial categorization have historically been inconsistent, census results have always been used as tools to maintain social and political order -- which in this era were still blatantly organized around racial distinctions. Categorizations such as "Black" and "Mulatto" were significant, with the latter officially in use from 1850-1930. But racial status was ultimately the personal interpretation of individual census takers, who could record determinations based on assumptions regarding skin color and other aspects of appearance. <br />
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All but one Coleman resident in 1910 attended school. That young man, age 13, had been employed for at least the past year as an office boy at a tailor shop.<br />
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What were these boys' stories? By using the above 1910 resident list as a guide, research in available public records archives and newspapers allows us a glimpse of their lives. Their stories were as individual as each of them were. </p><p>Some Coleman boys flourished into adulthood. Others did not. A few examples:<br />
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One of the boys listed on the 1910 census came from a family of at least five children. He was a Juvenile Court referral to Coleman in 1910 aged 11-12 following his first run-in with the law for "larceny." A history of recidivism followed: another 1911 larceny charge landed him at Thorn Hill Industrial School for Boys, a reform school in Allegheny County's Marshall Twp. In 1913 he spent 30 days in Allegheny County Jail for assault and battery. In 1914 he was sent to the Allegheny County Workhouse for three months after being arrested as a "suspicious person." In 1917 he was sentenced to 10 years on a charge of larceny, serving 21 months at the Pennsylvania Industrial Reformatory in Huntingdon County and 14/18 months of his sentence at the Allegheny County Workhouse. He entered Farview State Hospital for the Criminal Insane, reason unknown, around 1923 when he was 25. He remained there for 21 years, 11 months and 15 days. He died in March 1944 after suffering from tuberculosis for six years.<br />
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<u>Henry Cahil</u>l, born 1901 in Virginia to Anna Cahill and an unknown father, left Coleman to became a porter at a local hotel in Pittsburgh. Such service industry jobs represented respectable career paths for young men and women of color. However, Cahill died of tuberculosis at age 18 in 1920 at the public Leech Farm Tuberculosis Hospital, located above Washington Boulevard.<br />
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<u>The Withers boys</u> Abraham and Rosa Ann Withers of Virginia had nine children. When the widowed Rose died in 1910 in Pittsburgh, their five surviving children were scattered. Fourth child Van Robert was twelve, and fifth child Claude Arthur was ten years old when they came to live at Coleman Home. An older brother who was interred at the County Workhouse died a few years later of tuberculosis at <span class="aCOpRe"><span> Marshalsea, one of the local poor farms</span></span>. The living circumstances of their 14 year old sister were not documented, but their six year old youngest sister was placed in a different Pittsburgh orphanage. Despite these traumatic separations, Van and Arthur managed to forge ahead in life. Van served with distinction in the 24th Infantry from 1915 through 1920 along the Mexican border, one of several segregated Army regiments for Black enlisted men. Upon discharge, Van and his brother Arthur had some juvenile run-ins with the law to clear up. Van eventually moved to Ohio, where he married and died in 1942. Arthur also settled in Ohio, where he lived and worked until his death in 1974. The brothers were able to maintain ties with their two surviving sisters and extended families. <br /></blockquote><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Nk9FCmVhH3U/YDbYIlcK5lI/AAAAAAAAJc4/dSblzA4bW4QNJhgcVjNuxz5gkAZe8dwbwCLcBGAsYHQ/s328/Withers%2Bbrothers.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="328" height="248" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Nk9FCmVhH3U/YDbYIlcK5lI/AAAAAAAAJc4/dSblzA4bW4QNJhgcVjNuxz5gkAZe8dwbwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h248/Withers%2Bbrothers.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Arthur and Van Withers. Photo used with permission from niece Linda Lopez.</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<u>Godfrey Terry (1897-1967)</u>, originally from Roanoke Virginia, was described in the <i>Pittsburgh Courier </i>as a <i>"young and brilliant student"</i> from Coleman. He was one of its most accomplished students. Orphaned at age 11, for four months he <i>"slept in alleys and rear yards"</i> until he was arrested as a <i>"vagabond"</i> and remitted to Coleman by Juvenile Court. He was one of the first children taken in by Samuel and Luella, who essentially raised him. Terry was often mentioned as one of the school's talented vocal performers, and he sometimes directed the vocal ensembles in performances. As an adult, he lent his fine baritone voice at community social gatherings and Coleman fundraisers. Terry remained at Coleman well into adulthood, listed as a resident at age 23 in the 1920 census. He graduated with high honors from Minersville Public School in the Hill, and took the rigorous academic course of studies at Pittsburgh Central High. Terry graduated in 1919 from University of Pittsburgh's Dental School. He maintained a dental practice in the Hill District, where he lived with his wife Edna and daughter Lila. When Luella Coleman died, Godfrey Terry (although misnamed as Cherry) was mentioned as an <i>"adopted son"</i> in her obituary, and this was also his relationship to Samuel in the 1920 census.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jbx_FBBHNhg/XGJbhTC-53I/AAAAAAAAIjE/6OnL-Ch-PLQcZxiu9Qfk_0mJZBTsHRPRQCLcBGAs/s1600/Kenny%2BClarke.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="861" data-original-width="686" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jbx_FBBHNhg/XGJbhTC-53I/AAAAAAAAIjE/6OnL-Ch-PLQcZxiu9Qfk_0mJZBTsHRPRQCLcBGAs/s200/Kenny%2BClarke.jpg" width="158" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Kenny "Klook" Clarke, former Coleman student</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<u>Kenny "Klook" Clarke</u> (1914-1985) was undoubtedly Coleman's most famous student, although his residency there was from a slightly later era. Kenneth Clarke Spearman was born in Pittsburgh's Mercy Hospital. In <u>Klook: the Story of Kenny Clarke</u>, biographer Mike Hennessey described Clarke's father Charles Spearman as a native of Georgia who was known as<i> "a trombone player of indeterminate skill but a ladies' man of some distinction."</i> His Pittsburgh-born mother Martha Grace Scott was an accomplished pianist who taught her youngest son to play. It's doubtful Clarke had any real memory of his father, who abandoned the family early on; his mother died when he was around 5 or 6. He and older brother Charles were subsequently placed at Coleman by an uncle. They lived at the home until moving to a church apartment when Kenny Clarke was around 11 years old. During his time at Coleman, Clarke was likely cared for by Samuel Coleman and his daughter Jessie. He was mentored by the school's music teacher, Mr. Moore. Impressed by the child's precocious talents and music-reading ability, Moore at first encouraged Kenny to become part of the marching band and to try brass and wind instruments. But Moore soon recognized young Kenny's affinity with the snare drum. Kenny Clarke went on to a storied musical career, and is credited with shaping the bebop style jazz drumming that we know today. The technique that he called <span class="_5yl5">"dropping bombs"</span> was so revolutionary, what with <span class="_5yl5">keeping time on the ride cymbals and providing accents on the bass drum, that some players found it too distracting and wouldn't play with him. </span></blockquote>
The Colemans did their level best to help their boys, even allowing articles like this next one from the <i>Press</i> to be published in hopes of finding a good home for one of their charges. This article is cringe-worthy by modern standards, but keep in mind that its goal was to secure a loving adoption for a six year old little boy who'd only ever known institutionalized home care. The ethos of the time meant dignity had to be sacrificed to get his story told. We can imagine that Gertrude Gordon was behind this article; it certainly "reads" like her writing. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1VjOTKhTGsk/XF0QKzNRHvI/AAAAAAAAIfo/XLu29cTWPM0KixazZs4sgY1Y_VRFsuovACLcBGAs/s1600/Pickaninnny%2Bfor%2Badoption.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1031" data-original-width="546" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1VjOTKhTGsk/XF0QKzNRHvI/AAAAAAAAIfo/XLu29cTWPM0KixazZs4sgY1Y_VRFsuovACLcBGAs/s640/Pickaninnny%2Bfor%2Badoption.jpg" width="338" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh Press,</span></i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 27 August 1914</span></b></td></tr>
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Pittsburgh papers would occasionally print detailed information to keep the public informed about the children who were being admitted to this and other orphanages. In 1916 the <i>Post</i> noted that three new residents were the sons of William Sheppard, who had perished in a mill accident the summer before. A year later when the <i>Press</i> publicized Coleman's latest need for food, clothing and money, the paper mentioned five new residents from one family whose mother had been found dead in their Hill District home, and whose father was an invalid who could not care for them. <br />
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<b><u>Working Together to Make It Work</u></b><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Newsboys Home <br />Collections of the Pennsylvania Department<br /> Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh</i></span></b></td></tr>
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Other comparatively well-endowed charity homes shared their largess with the Coleman Industrial Home. One of the most popular and visible city orphanages was the Pittsburgh News Boys Home on Stevenson and Locust Streets (now long gone, where Duquesne University's lower campus is today). The Newsboys invited the Coleman boys to join them for their donated Christmas banquet at the Fort Pitt Hotel in 1914, but had to rescind the invitation when Coleman was quarantined due to an outbreak of diphtheria! Thwarted in their communal dining plans, the Newsboys nonetheless sent food gift baskets so the Coleman Home boys would enjoy a holiday meal that year.<br />
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The holidays were always a time of generosity toward urban poor. According to newspaper accounts, Coleman reaped the benefits of holiday largesse. In 1910 the school received private donations of five turkeys, a ten pound roast pork, cranberries, sweet potatoes, onions, and <i>"50</i><span class="ILfuVd"><i>¢ to buy the bread."</i> </span> For Thanksgiving 1911 the boys had a gourmet feast: <br />
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<i>....a white lady of the Eastend....gave $25 for the boys' dinner also the dinner was prepared by the chef who cooked for Gen. Grant on his tour around the world... The menu was composed of the following palatable things to which the young fellows did more than ample justice: Dill pickles, blue point oysters, scalloped oysters on toast, roast turkey, English dressing, cranberry sauce, vegetables, mashed potatoes, braised and sweet potatoes, macaroni au gratin; dessert: vanilla ice cream chocolate pound cake, green apple pie, coffee en tasse, uncolored Japan tea, iced milk. Chef A.F. Williams, Victoria, B.C.</i></blockquote><p>
<u><b>Coleman in Crisis in 1915</b></u><br />
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In early 1915, a report by the Allegheny County committee of the Public Charities Association of Pennsylvania rocked the city with <i>"sensational charges of inefficiency and mismanagement"</i> leveled against many of the county's homes for indigent children. Coleman did not escape unscathed. It was assessed in this sweep because the facility received a $2000 state appropriation applied over a two year period.<br />
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In the report, a statement allegedly made by Samuel which carried intimations of child abuse was documented and then widely reported in newspapers: <i>"There ain't never a boy come into this Home that I could not lick and show him he ain't yet a man!"</i> </p><p>The report further alleged that Coleman records were <i>"insufficient"</i> and its financial records <i>"inadequate". </i>The Home's food was described as "<i>very poor</i>"; the kitchen and dining room were "<i>very poorly equipped"</i>; the house<i> </i>itself was<i> "vermin-ridden and in many places </i><i>dilapidated and filthy."</i> Finally, the inspector claimed there were<i> "insufficient bathing facilities"</i> and that <i>"beds, bed clothing, and clothing worn by the boys are poor."</i><br />
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This photo of the training workshop was included with a scathing caption:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e8AOIUUkjrg/XFu-50xVOXI/AAAAAAAAIew/aiWskVAOUSc97ZZmzrm7X3VnVrLaNhVCgCLcBGAs/s1600/Coleman%2Bworkshop.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="710" data-original-width="869" height="326" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-e8AOIUUkjrg/XFu-50xVOXI/AAAAAAAAIew/aiWskVAOUSc97ZZmzrm7X3VnVrLaNhVCgCLcBGAs/s400/Coleman%2Bworkshop.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo, 1915 report on Coleman Home by Allegheny County Committee, Public Charities Association of Pennsylvania</span></b></td></tr>
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The report indicated that in addition to Superintendent Coleman, there were five paid employees whose salaries and wages amounted to $1160 in the 1914 fiscal year. Below are the damning allegations, which concluded with a statement that<i> "The Coleman Industrial Home for Colored Boys suffers not so much from mismanagement as from an almost total lack of proper management."</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjEVxKTG2rnflIG0C5J0h1xjiRfwGqqnCTcYdQUFn4QV8xjAId0odREy_VUx2Ke1xI9B9m-vHPfNJHVijh1KShenDDCdDKmg2ocYQ20esau93r4GTC7MeO3gHOBuBCj2Doz6YlLjF-4aTq/s1600/Coleman+report.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1069" data-original-width="758" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjEVxKTG2rnflIG0C5J0h1xjiRfwGqqnCTcYdQUFn4QV8xjAId0odREy_VUx2Ke1xI9B9m-vHPfNJHVijh1KShenDDCdDKmg2ocYQ20esau93r4GTC7MeO3gHOBuBCj2Doz6YlLjF-4aTq/s640/Coleman+report.jpg" width="453" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Excerpt from 1915 report on Coleman Home by Allegheny County Committee, Public Charities Association of Pennsylvania</span></b></td></tr>
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The entire report made headlines with its sensational, widespread allegations of substandard living conditions at Allegheny County charitable institutions receiving public monies. There was even a salacious description of an <i>"underground dungeon" </i>used for discipline at another facility.<br />
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Coleman Home had an "in" with the <i>Pittsburgh Press </i><span class="st">vis-à-vis</span> Gertrude Gordon's interest.<i> The Press </i>thus duly reported in April 1915 that Luella Coleman countered the allegations and claimed that <i>"....nearly all the charges made against that institution are either false, exaggerated, or misleading. She denied that the management is incompetent, and declared emphatically that the institution is kept clean."</i><br />
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At a follow-up hearing to an investigating state commission, sworn testimony was submitted by Board Secretary Dr. James Edgehill and by Samuel Coleman himself. They were able to successfully counter the charges. Their testimony was corroborated by a Board of Public Charities official, who praised Samuel and Luella as existing in <i>"a class by themselves"</i> among the region's charity providers.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FBos8yrss4A/XFvCO7FmD4I/AAAAAAAAIfE/nlLCCoq39uE7p1AIjiicdrOIBEw2pXYLQCLcBGAs/s1600/Coleman%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="575" height="130" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FBos8yrss4A/XFvCO7FmD4I/AAAAAAAAIfE/nlLCCoq39uE7p1AIjiicdrOIBEw2pXYLQCLcBGAs/s320/Coleman%2B2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Excerpt from Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the Public Charities for the Year 1915</span></b></td></tr>
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As for the charge of cruelty based on Samuel's comment, the Commissioner's follow-up noted that <i>"No particular instance of the exercise of any cruelty by the superintendent is alleged, his statement amounting to a declaration of his confidence in his ability to maintain discipline." </i>The picture of the so-called shack was countered, too. While it was acknowledged to indeed be a photo of the Coleman workshop, it was noted that an available photo <i>"of the very adequate main building" </i>taken at the same time was deliberately omitted.</p><p>Coleman weathered this investigation, but it was still a struggle to
provide care for the boys. A month after it was vindicated by the Board
of Commissioners investigation, the Home advertised for donations to
repair its leaky roof and to rebuild chimneys. Subsequent fund drives
were ear-marked for building fire escapes and fixing the porch. Perhaps
stung by the report's comments regarding<i> "lack of proper management"</i> Coleman's Board published a statement later that summer in reporter Gordon's <i>Press</i> to detail how monies raised from regular flower sales were used to benefit the home:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IJ50cFXfjc0/XF3GNcfGGJI/AAAAAAAAIgQ/KIreqhntJbAMkCM1eAUw1BmBZEcpqsR_wCLcBGAs/s1600/1915%2Bfundraising.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="549" data-original-width="538" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IJ50cFXfjc0/XF3GNcfGGJI/AAAAAAAAIgQ/KIreqhntJbAMkCM1eAUw1BmBZEcpqsR_wCLcBGAs/w390-h400/1915%2Bfundraising.jpg" width="390" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Excerpt from<i> Pittsburgh Press</i>, 25 July 1915</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p></p><p>At the end of that difficult year, and hoping to capitalize on holiday generosity, the boys went into the Pittsburgh streets to distribute literature about the facility. The pamphlets described Coleman as a place where <i>"...inmates are taught to be industrious, are given a good public school education and under the kindly influence of Mr. and Mrs. S. A. Coleman are being fitted to take their place in the world as wage-earning young men."</i> Such a description might seem overly scrupulous, but this was an era when only the "worthy poor" were deemed to be deserving of charity. It was critical to characterize the Coleman boys as youth who were striving to distinguish themselves through hard work and study to become responsible contributors to society, and the Coleman Home as legitimately worthy of charity to assist that process.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Coleman Changes</b></u> <br />
<br />
While Pittsburghers could be extraordinarily responsive to Coleman's regular requests for aid, not everyone was so generous. The deprivations leading up to WWI hit everyone hard. Samuel Coleman sought to make the facility self-sufficient by pursuing farming. It apparently didn't work out as he'd hoped. In addition to some bad luck, another <i>Press</i> article indicates that Samuel and the boys were taken advantage of by a farm dealer who <i>"foisted"</i> old seed upon them. <br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zkyq2uSCBxc/XF3Uk3fIQ9I/AAAAAAAAIgc/2x2PMvNh_z0QBqZ65g5Q1jh2wLWnXzdRwCLcBGAs/s1600/Farming%2B1917.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="447" data-original-width="532" height="335" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zkyq2uSCBxc/XF3Uk3fIQ9I/AAAAAAAAIgc/2x2PMvNh_z0QBqZ65g5Q1jh2wLWnXzdRwCLcBGAs/s400/Farming%2B1917.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Excerpt from<i> Pittsburgh Press</i>, 23 September 1917</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In early 1916, after struggling with illness for two years, Luella Coleman returned to her native Frankfort Kentucky for six weeks or so to <i>"regain her health."</i> During Luella's absence, daughter Jessie came to assist by running the home and caring for the nearly 50 boys living there. Although she did return to Pittsburgh to continue her work, Luella never fully recovered. Luella died at the Pittsburgh Homeopathic Hospital (now UPMC Shadyside) on 16 July 1917 after suffering acutely from a bowel obstruction. Although she had struggled with ill health for several years, her death was described as sudden. <br />
<br />
In an era when the passing of a woman of color didn't engender much press coverage, it's notable that obituaries for Luella appeared in all the local papers. Gertrude Gordon's connection with the home showed in the coverage provided by <i>The Pittsburgh Press</i>, which published two detailed obituaries. Although Gordon's name did not appear on either article, Luella's work was familiarly and fulsomely praised. Her passing was described as "<i>an almost irreplaceable loss</i>" for the home. The Coleman home was described as <i>"an institution unique not only in Pittsburg, but in the country." </i>Both <i>Press</i> obituaries noted that over the ten years of the organization's existence, Luella had likely cared for 500 boys.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wMuDBtXGaK4/XF4ID970rDI/AAAAAAAAIhA/XdbdMxBnM04nRaxWzvpLStSJWHtwtjkggCLcBGAs/s1600/Luella%2B1917.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="260" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wMuDBtXGaK4/XF4ID970rDI/AAAAAAAAIhA/XdbdMxBnM04nRaxWzvpLStSJWHtwtjkggCLcBGAs/s640/Luella%2B1917.jpg" width="449" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Image from obituary, 22 July 1917,<i> Pittsburgh Press</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In October 1918 the now-married 37 year old Jessie Coleman Hendrickson was described in local papers as having <i>"succeeded her mother as matron in charge." </i>Jessie issued the familiar annual fall appeal for donations to get the boys through the winter months.<i> </i>She and her 41 year old husband John W. Hendrickson, a Georgia native, lived further up on Bedford Avenue. John was a porter or janitor at a steel mill. <br />
<br />
By late 1918, Coleman had an outstanding debt of $1,600. Two years earlier, following reports of a donation scam in which cash was begged on the street ostensibly for Coleman, the Board had published emphatic denials that it ever directly solicited cash. But desperate times called for desperate measures. In January 1919 Samuel went knocking on doors to solicit monies, <i>"armed with credentials from the chamber of commerce." </i><br />
<br />
Although nine former Coleman residents had enlisted in the Army (though some never saw action during WWI), the Bedford Avenue facility was still providing care for nearly 50 boys. The state appropriated more funds for Coleman after the war ended, but the facility still struggled. A 1920 valuation indicated that Coleman held real estate totaling $9,000, furnishings $2,500, and personal property valued at $1,000. Its fixed indebtedness was set at $6,000 and current expenses were nearly $4,300.<br />
<br />
Without Luella's steady, inspiring presence in the community to act as a magnet for donations, something else needed to be done. In March 1919 a ladies auxiliary was formed to actively coordinate outreach and solicit help, with Jessie listed as its secretary. The composition of the Board of Directors changed in the 1920s, with representatives from both the black and white communities joining together to help.<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Uy0W_mxc1M4/XF3iQ1Oh_ZI/AAAAAAAAIgo/EtA-0yasOxwJ6wBSlTiMfk2pHVZcC9zTgCLcBGAs/s1600/Samuel%2BColeman%2B1921.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="703" data-original-width="522" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Uy0W_mxc1M4/XF3iQ1Oh_ZI/AAAAAAAAIgo/EtA-0yasOxwJ6wBSlTiMfk2pHVZcC9zTgCLcBGAs/s1600/Samuel%2BColeman%2B1921.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo included with 1921 retirement announcement</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
In 1921 the <i>Press</i> announced that Samuel Coleman had retired to a farm near Butler, where he had been working on behalf of the home. A year earlier, Gertrude Gordon had written one of her typically grandiloquent pieces about Coleman, describing Samuel:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Since Mrs. Coleman's death he has become more feeble and now has retired from active work in the home, although he still lives there and is one of the board of directors. Much of his time now is given to painting. He is an artist of real ability and the china which blossoms into fruits and flowers and exquisite blending of colors under his hands is beautiful.</i></blockquote>
Gordon's article also noted that the home was being managed by Mrs. Bettie Mae Nychkens <i>"who has been been prominent in civil, social, and welfare work in the city for several years." </i><br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEJDGWDpDPiLdM_8UkPRdvPMfvbKB6hyphenhyphenmTNT0OmQwl9ZwWb_ejkBl-kBUMEesst8ABh9D4Kwz8zDVImIBjmfmAkPsiuYjL-ujp8_wxvKNOnbZ7QvfKpQ4FUJKp7Y0jLZR2t9d9gJulJIlv/s1600/Bettie+Mae+Nychkens.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="526" data-original-width="265" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEJDGWDpDPiLdM_8UkPRdvPMfvbKB6hyphenhyphenmTNT0OmQwl9ZwWb_ejkBl-kBUMEesst8ABh9D4Kwz8zDVImIBjmfmAkPsiuYjL-ujp8_wxvKNOnbZ7QvfKpQ4FUJKp7Y0jLZR2t9d9gJulJIlv/s640/Bettie+Mae+Nychkens.jpg" width="322" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Courier, </i>8 March 1924</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
After 1921, Jessie was never again mentioned. Her husband John Hendrickson would continue to be listed as Coleman's secretary and as a member of the Board of Directors. <br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhefciGdOUIo5PDXV7Xr7otYEBGb5rRC2g7bZQU_34oxWx567n53dFIdVN6JbXxgh8bS48F8iS0kH_CIPSkszicTxxFWniZ6aNyWbkihnfMIEIl9N-mRmAq3FFZpz88Hd_sN60BgI7IMtmM/s1600/Sam+obit.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="606" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhefciGdOUIo5PDXV7Xr7otYEBGb5rRC2g7bZQU_34oxWx567n53dFIdVN6JbXxgh8bS48F8iS0kH_CIPSkszicTxxFWniZ6aNyWbkihnfMIEIl9N-mRmAq3FFZpz88Hd_sN60BgI7IMtmM/s320/Sam+obit.jpg" width="288" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Courier,</i> 22 December 1923</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
Samuel Coleman died on 20 December 1923 at Mercy Hospital from general peritonitis following acute appendicitis, which had necessitated an emergency appendectomy. Samuel may have married a second time to a lady named Mary Johnson, who was listed as his wife on his death certificate. She was not mentioned in his obituary.<br />
<br />
Jessie was also not mentioned in her father's <i>Pittsburgh Courier</i> obituary. However her husband John was still organization secretary. He was always described as married in official records, though Jessie was not listed as his wife or next of kin. No other woman's name was associated with John. <br />
<br />Jessie's fate is unknown.<br />
<br />
Both Samuel and Louella Coleman were buried at Highwood Cemetery on Brighton Road.<br />
<br />
The charity they established continued to serve African American boys in the Hill for another twenty years. However, without their charismatic and inspiring presence, the facility did not receive the same volume of media coverage. The Colemans continued to inspire for a while after Samuel died. There was ample coverage of the first elaborate Coleman Home Founder's Day event at the Hill's new Elmore Theater in 1925. Community activist leader Mrs. Daisy Lampkin served as mistress of ceremonies at the event. Remarks were made by prominent Pittsburgh politicians, current home matron Mrs. Nychkens, and by Miss Gertrude Gordon of the <i>Pittsburgh Press</i>. Local celebrities aside, the success of the event had everything to do with Samuel and Luella, whose memories were still lovingly honored and revered by the community. Subsequent but less elaborate Founder's Days were held in the late 1920s.</p><p>Gertrude Gordon eventually left Pittsburgh. Even without her as active
media booster, press coverage documented occasional "human
interest" angles connected to Coleman. But those mentions were less
specific and fit more with racial stereotypes. For example,
on at least two occasions, local papers published stories in 1921 and
1926 about Coleman and Pittsburgh's Colored Home for Children receiving
live thoroughbred fighting roosters that had been seized by police in
cock fighting raids.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V3LZa78kq-8/XF5l5_fFPMI/AAAAAAAAIhY/fA-UHyfRFdcvEbPBruUZKBmqUsbBQU2mACLcBGAs/s1600/Cocks%2B1926.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="118" data-original-width="532" height="86" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-V3LZa78kq-8/XF5l5_fFPMI/AAAAAAAAIhY/fA-UHyfRFdcvEbPBruUZKBmqUsbBQU2mACLcBGAs/w400-h86/Cocks%2B1926.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Gazette Times, </i>4 June 1926</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p></p><p>The birds were served to the children, as these photos published by the <i>Post</i> in 1921 illustrate. The lady standing at the table in the lower photo is Jessie Coleman Hendrickson, although in the <i>Post </i>she was (mis)identified as orphanage matron: <i>"Mrs. Jessie Coleman Henderson" </i>who gave the tough birds <i>"an all day 'stewing'"</i> and served them with <i>"mashed potatoes, peas and other trimmings" </i>that proved to be<i> "....no match at all for the pearly white teeth of the hungry little Negro lads."</i> <br />
<br />
</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eBppex7zO0k/XGJTL-LflgI/AAAAAAAAIi4/EworDNbFh1swWbnb25642Ujvzm9AGdwgwCLcBGAs/s1600/chickens%2Bphoto.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="546" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eBppex7zO0k/XGJTL-LflgI/AAAAAAAAIi4/EworDNbFh1swWbnb25642Ujvzm9AGdwgwCLcBGAs/s1600/chickens%2Bphoto.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
The <i>Post</i> added: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>In fact, the boys, from the expressions on their faces, as they completed the task of disposing of the roosters, seemed perfectly willing to "fight" a flock of game cocks in this manner any day, though one dusky youngster as he struggled with a neck, opined that the "cocks must have been hatched from 'hard boiled eggs.'" </i></blockquote>
The last quote is clever. After all, gamecocks were surely tough to chew. But it's difficult to read the condescending descriptions of the boys and their enthusiasm for a free meal. The donations, although well-intentioned, fit stereotypes white society had about black people. It was noteworthy that the birds were donated specifically to Pittsburgh's black orphanages -- beggars wouldn't be choosy, after all, and poultry was generally considered a cheap, low status meal. It had also come to be associated with the black population following the 1915 silent movie <i>Birth of a Nation</i>, a film which glorified the Ku Klux Klan and included a scene of a black man primitively tearing into fried chicken with his hands. Those kinds of associations were seared into the collective consciousness, and would make their way into decades of racist tropes. <br />
<br />
Not surprisingly, as a paper serving the black community, <i>Pittsburgh Courier</i> was more pointed in its coverage of Coleman "human interest" stories:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E_G2K286iB0/XF50x9_JfnI/AAAAAAAAIh8/FO9wfj906wcDeBp0B9abM6PYXVReuIMcACLcBGAs/s1600/cops%2Band%2Bbread.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="274" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E_G2K286iB0/XF50x9_JfnI/AAAAAAAAIh8/FO9wfj906wcDeBp0B9abM6PYXVReuIMcACLcBGAs/s640/cops%2Band%2Bbread.jpg" width="430" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Courier, </i>8 March 1924</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
</p><p>After Gertrude Gordon left Pittsburgh in 1927, The Coleman Industrial Home for Colored Boys was no longer the darling of the <i>Press. </i>The <i>Pittsburgh Courier</i> certainly continued to mention social and church fundraising associated with Coleman, and publicized the home's needs. But differing attitudes toward social welfare gradually rendered the orphan asylums and industrial youth homes of the early 1900s obsolete.<br />
<br />
In 1948, Coleman was legally dissolved. There are no plaques marking its existence.<br />
<br />
Samuel and Luella Coleman have long since passed from living memory. But back then, and to this day, they were clearly in a class by themselves.<br />
<br />
__________________</p><p style="text-align: center;"><b>Many thanks to Linda Lopez for generously sharing her family's story.</b></p><p style="text-align: center;"><b> Please contact me if you have information, stories, photos, or a connection to Coleman Industrial Home or its founders. I'm also interested in related objects, especially art or china attributed to Samuel Coleman. </b><br /></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">_____________________________</span><br />
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>ADDITIONAL INFORMATION</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Oseroff, Abraham. <i>Report of the Allegheny County Committee Public Charities Association of Pennsylvania on subsidized institutions for the care of dependent, delinquent & crippled children. </i>Pittsburgh, PA. 1915. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pennsylvania Board of Public Charities. <i>Annual Report of the Board of Commissioners of the Public Charities for the Year 1915. </i>Harrisburg, PA. 1916.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ramey, Jessie B. <u>Child Care in Black and White: Working Parents and the History of Orphanages.</u> University of Illinois Press; 1st edition. April 2012.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">United States Department of the Census. <i>Benevolent Institutions.</i> U.S. Government Printing Office, 1911. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/52031/">1977 oral history interviews with Kenny Clarke</a>
</span></blockquote>
Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-66031576659259268162019-02-01T21:04:00.004-05:002021-07-21T16:36:34.288-04:00Forgotten History: Pittsburgh's Natatorium<div class="separator"><p style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></p></div><div class="separator"><p style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"> </p></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJMObn1yF5GIqA0Bql4ei3nyt9F2Mx31DS1S00DmItvpp5MtyIMAI7H1MVTn3V9vK-drKw7G8yISh2vR8nBNW_98VK-HLqnFl5ys8ai_uSn737sK5uyBsOh5tKW-bSAYDxQD_MGx3hF38a/s1600/Natatorium+2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="434" data-original-width="676" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJMObn1yF5GIqA0Bql4ei3nyt9F2Mx31DS1S00DmItvpp5MtyIMAI7H1MVTn3V9vK-drKw7G8yISh2vR8nBNW_98VK-HLqnFl5ys8ai_uSn737sK5uyBsOh5tKW-bSAYDxQD_MGx3hF38a/s400/Natatorium+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Pittsburgh Natatorium, postcard early 1900s</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
A century ago you could take a dip in a massive swimming pool near the banks of the Allegheny River.<br />
<br />
Popularly known as the Phipps Natatorium, this pool and bathing complex was located between Penn Avenue and Duquesne Way (now Fort Duquesne Boulevard), near the old Sixth Street Bridge.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rPozbl3MUEA/XFEnvF-AYoI/AAAAAAAAIZ4/eZYS_vQxrj8ilkqIRTkvYCRESbPBXhZVwCLcBGAs/s1600/map%2B1923.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="565" data-original-width="581" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-rPozbl3MUEA/XFEnvF-AYoI/AAAAAAAAIZ4/eZYS_vQxrj8ilkqIRTkvYCRESbPBXhZVwCLcBGAs/s1600/map%2B1923.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hopkins Map 1923 with Natatorium marked in white. </span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
</p><p></p><p><u><b>Nineteenth Century and Natatoriums</b></u> <br /></p><p>Municipal pools served various purposes for the urban population. At their most basic, they provided places to get clean. Nineteenth century Pittsburgh was hella dirty, after all, and the prevailing social gospel of the day held that cleanliness encouraged moral behavior. But genteel sensibilities were offended by nekkid working-class Yinzers bathing in the three rivers -- so much so that in 1895, such public scrubbing was outlawed within city limits during daylight hours. <br />
<br />
While a cleaner population was desired so, too, was a more cultured one. Beginning in the 1890s, the national public bathhouse movement offered a solution by
promoting cleanliness and thereby the cultivation of good character. Reflecting such national trends, many bathhouses would be built in Pittsburgh's industrial neighborhoods.<br />
<br />
Natatoriums were a little different. Part cleansing facilities, part recreational centers, natatoriums sprang from the intersection of multiple social needs. It was deemed necessary to provide socially acceptable opportunities to fill expanding leisure time among the working class, lest those folks seek disreputable ways of amusing themselves. The era's reform philosophy also dictated that it was an obligation of privileged classes to provide morally and physically uplifting opportunities for the laboring masses. <br />
<br />
In fact, in April 1889, the <i>Pittsburgh Post </i>lamented the lack of local recreational options and called for civic improvements that would not only improve quality of life but save lives: <br />
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>What, then, is left to mortals here below?....If you want to lengthen....human lives, spend a million for boulevards, public natatoriums and pleasure boats, parks where pale-faced people may take rejuvenating romps; concert gardens in which whole families may comfortably sip soft drinks to softer music. Will a million be spent? Hardly. But a million may die. </i></blockquote><p><u><b>Pittsburgh's First Natatorium</b></u><br /></p><p>Steel baron and philanthropist Henry Phipps may not have spent exactly a million dollars to provide bathing amenities to the industrial class that had made him rich, but he did help develop Pittsburgh's Natatorium. The section of town where the pool complex was built would eventually become a de facto Phipps Row due to the prominent buildings he constructed along that riverfront facing his childhood home of Old Allegheny.<br />
<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mta2r9ibgg4/XFIrh0s8I4I/AAAAAAAAIac/z615BKLpaEg9um9ltpIQpyejICULq7qTACLcBGAs/s1600/postcard%2B1920s.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="522" data-original-width="816" height="255" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mta2r9ibgg4/XFIrh0s8I4I/AAAAAAAAIac/z615BKLpaEg9um9ltpIQpyejICULq7qTACLcBGAs/s400/postcard%2B1920s.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Postcard showing Duquesne Way with elevated rail line & three Phipps-built buildings, 1920s. <br />Natatorium is in last building. Only the arched Fulton Building remains today.</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
The
Natatorium on Duquesne Way was a private commercial endeavor from its
start in 1888. That's in contrast to the municipal conservatory that Phipps personally funded a few years earlier in the City of Allegheny, and the one he would fund a few years hence in Oakland.
The Natatorium project was incorporated for profit with multiple shareholders. A few months before its opening in 1890, the <i>Pittsburg Press</i> detailed the new complex and how it came to be:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Though Pittsburg is not entirely without bath houses at the present time, none of them are large enough to accommodate the public on the scale contemplated....When the idea was first broached by Mr. Goodwyn, while the business men were willing to admit that it was a good thing, none of them felt like fathering or pioneering it. After some hard hustling a leading politician, who is also a capitalist, was persuaded that there was some merit in the plan, and he placed his name on the subscription list for $4,000. After that it was comparatively easy to boom the project, and some of the very men who at first refused to take stock came around and requested that they be allowed to come in on the ground floor. The backers of the institution are from among the most prominent and professional men in Pittsburg. Among them are Jno. B. Jackson, C.L. Magee, Andrew Carnegie, W.G. McCandless, H.H. Byram, Wm. Thaws' estate, Chas. J. Clarke, H.W. Oliver, H.C.Frick, Calvin Wells, Harry Darlington, Jas. B. Scott, Col. Schoonmaker, and about 150 others.</i></blockquote>
The<i> "leading politician who is also a capitalist"</i> might be a reference to Christopher Magee, one of the earliest stockholders and a member of the Board of Directors. It is curious that Henry Phipps' name was not included in this litany of supporters but perhaps he wanted it that way. Phipps famously shied from interviews about his philanthropic efforts, and seemed to derive satisfaction from and was certainly at his most interpersonally effective when maneuvering behind-the-scenes. But he played an integral role in the Natatorium project by leasing his valuable downtown property to the Pittsburgh Natatorium Company for an initial period of ten years, which allowed the project to move forward. That property had been occupied by the Duquesne Way Horse Market for many years, and prior to that a saloon had stood on the site. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-onx1jwMmg3U/XFKWgpkCS3I/AAAAAAAAIbY/2VuLzPes6LkJLdzs_57bFJBUqBprLyUDgCLcBGAs/s1600/1889%2Bincoporation.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="627" data-original-width="546" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-onx1jwMmg3U/XFKWgpkCS3I/AAAAAAAAIbY/2VuLzPes6LkJLdzs_57bFJBUqBprLyUDgCLcBGAs/s200/1889%2Bincoporation.jpg" width="173" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Incorporation announcement, February 1889</span></b> </td></tr>
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Phipps might have been reticent about publicizing his business dealings, but Mr. Fred Goodwyn was not shy. He was described in the <i>Press </i>as <i>"....having a reputation as a hustler second to none hereabouts."</i> He was known locally as a former newspaper man, but in recent years had worked as an advertising agent for the late Jacob M. Gusky, founder of Pittsburgh's first department store and a philanthropist in his own right. Goodwyn was also an avid sportsman, and he began advocating for a large downtown swimming complex in 1888. It took a year of <i>"hard hustling"</i> but with the backing of private capitalists, crucial political and public support, and the all-important securing of land from Phipps, the Natatorium project took off in May 1889. <br />
<br />
For his efforts, Goodwyn was appointed as first manager of the complex. He and his family lodged in a <i>"cozy little flat"</i> on the top floor of the new building.<br />
<br />
Grateful, grotty Pittsburgh rejoiced in the papers. From the <i>Post</i>:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>While this is no longer the dirtiest city in the land, it cannot claim to be the cleanest. and yet the public need of a swimming bath has not been supplied. This is more of an oversight than the result of any negatory conditions. The health and growth of Pittsburgh depends as much upon its sanitary condition as any other in the land, and yet it has been more backward in this regard, perhaps, than than any of its sisters.</i></blockquote>
From the <i>Dispatch</i>:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Yesterday one of the wealthiest and best known local philanthropists subscribed $2,500 toward the enterprise. In forwarding his check he said "I do not subscribe as a business venture, but I do it for the good of the city. A natatorium, such as is proposed, is what Pittsburg has been in need of for many years. </i></blockquote>
The new building was an impressive 60x100 feet. It was constructed of brick and blue Amherst stone quarried in Cleveland. It was three stories high in front, and one story in the rear to accommodate the 45x67 foot swimming pool. The Natatorium's design was credited to Pittsburgh architects William M. McBride and his partner Gray.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vLBWP0w6EQI/XFJDxo-4pPI/AAAAAAAAIao/6P_Kl5K5Uw0P9HuR0ySi2E5XptQm-emxQCLcBGAs/s1600/1890%2Bnatatorium.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="678" data-original-width="588" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vLBWP0w6EQI/XFJDxo-4pPI/AAAAAAAAIao/6P_Kl5K5Uw0P9HuR0ySi2E5XptQm-emxQCLcBGAs/s400/1890%2Bnatatorium.jpg" width="346" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Phipps Natatorium illustration, 19 January 1890<i> Pittsburgh Post</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
The pool was filled with salt water from indoor wells and the water <i>"....in the tank was so clear that every movement of the swimmer could be seen."</i> (Thanks for that, legendary Pittsburgh aquifer). Lined with<i> "the best English Portland cement"</i>, the pool was kept at a consistent temperature via steam heating. It featured a gradual slope from three to six feet, and flagstone flooring surrounded the pool. A gallery extended ten feet above and along the building's length, where some 55-60 dressing rooms could accommodate 1000-1500 bathers per day.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8LSRzy087Fg/XFJh_BItXPI/AAAAAAAAIa0/DXpREFBOI_U2d0wWlmC3v9u_kZU0OSNogCLcBGAs/s1600/1890%2BNatatorium%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="684" data-original-width="722" height="378" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8LSRzy087Fg/XFJh_BItXPI/AAAAAAAAIa0/DXpREFBOI_U2d0wWlmC3v9u_kZU0OSNogCLcBGAs/s400/1890%2BNatatorium%2B2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Phipps Natatorium illustration, 19 January 1890, <i>Pittsburgh Post </i></span></b></td></tr>
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<i><br /></i>
The Natatorium boasted of its innovative swimming lesson equipment: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>In order to facilitate the swimming teachers' instructions a steel rail will be put in position extending the length of the tank, on which will run a three-wheel traveler or pulley, by means of which the instructor can readily raise or lower a pupil in the water whom he is teaching to swim. This is a great improvement over the old method, where the teacher suspended the pupil by means of a fishing rod passing under the body.</i></blockquote>
Really, it's a wonder anyone learned to swim back then.<br />
<br />
If the exclusive press preview of the Natatorium in May 1890 for local news reporters is any indication of his skills, former newspaperman and current facility manager Fred Goodwyn did know a thing or two about how to hustle good PR. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g2Q_eP1pBRI/XFJ8QzLi5YI/AAAAAAAAIbA/9buCaUnhHYc3qIppGAqjUgDsY7ivDUqsQCLcBGAs/s1600/Natatorium%2Bdebut%2BMay%2B1890.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="745" data-original-width="546" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g2Q_eP1pBRI/XFJ8QzLi5YI/AAAAAAAAIbA/9buCaUnhHYc3qIppGAqjUgDsY7ivDUqsQCLcBGAs/s1600/Natatorium%2Bdebut%2BMay%2B1890.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post,</i> 7 May 1890</span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
The Natatorium officially opened to the public a week later, on 15 May 1890. It was a pricey thing to swim there, though, and at first its existence probably didn't do much to keep Pittsburgh's poorest out of the rivers. Annual family subscriptions could be had for $50; individual tickets for $1 or six for $5. It was all a bit much, and prices eventually dropped.<br />
<br />
The facility, of course, had its rules. Pittsburghers were assured of <i>"....objectionable persons being rigidly excluded from its portals"</i> and<i> "....refused admittance."</i> Presumably what counted as objectionable was deemed to be such at management's discretion, and we must also presume that racial segregation was enforced.<br />
<br />
Each bather was "....<i>required to wear a swimming costume, which will be provided free of cost by the management." </i><br />
<br />
Perhaps something like these sexy numbers? These are illustrations of swim suits for sale at a local store in 1892, ranging in price from $8-12.<br />
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</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wdmb814P9C0/XFSSf4y4VAI/AAAAAAAAIcI/shNc--zfqiIZ4LiDA8vtkFpUIPn72JM3ACLcBGAs/s1600/bathing%2Bsuit%2B1892.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="457" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wdmb814P9C0/XFSSf4y4VAI/AAAAAAAAIcI/shNc--zfqiIZ4LiDA8vtkFpUIPn72JM3ACLcBGAs/s1600/bathing%2Bsuit%2B1892.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Liberty's bathing suit ad,<i> Pittsburgh Daily Post,</i> August 1892</span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
Of course, ladies with money and time to spare could always make their own bathing suits from patterns ordered for 10¢ (plus postage) from local papers.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8n46pGA7hszBIhhecx7IRWpUhRs0M3T1uMzO99iQoDGUPr4zU1o15BTLVzVsV602qwb3PHnhqhfuMi0ykKflDk5ziz9pmJ8deh1y-EWP1tAsKdkrI1HzZrv-o-lQdV_L16nItpN0nLR3a/s1600/1895+bathing+costume.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1154" data-original-width="546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8n46pGA7hszBIhhecx7IRWpUhRs0M3T1uMzO99iQoDGUPr4zU1o15BTLVzVsV602qwb3PHnhqhfuMi0ykKflDk5ziz9pmJ8deh1y-EWP1tAsKdkrI1HzZrv-o-lQdV_L16nItpN0nLR3a/s1600/1895+bathing+costume.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pattern excerpt,<i> Pittsburgh Post, </i>July 1895</span></b></td></tr>
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Thankfully the Natatorium was willing to supply suits so folks could look as stylin' as this smug trio. (Note that these folks are likely not from Pittsburgh; this is a representative image from a random eBay auction).<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uH6ajO3lqLA/XFSZjUtLzDI/AAAAAAAAIcg/sTfYRKgzEMcoNYHDmPDuxsyx5fgUP0tXwCLcBGAs/s1600/1890s%2Bbathing%2Bcostume.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="396" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uH6ajO3lqLA/XFSZjUtLzDI/AAAAAAAAIcg/sTfYRKgzEMcoNYHDmPDuxsyx5fgUP0tXwCLcBGAs/s1600/1890s%2Bbathing%2Bcostume.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<p>
Ladies could visit Tuesdays 8-2 and Fridays 8-6, when female attendants were on site. They were encouraged to try therapeutic effects of Turkish (hot air) or Russian (hot vapor) baths: <i>"Ladies who are anxious to conceal some physical defect or defects need have no fear, as there is no more exposure in any of the different processes than she is accustomed to see on the street every day in the year."</i></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C2tIUArxzak/XFS8IOIQXkI/AAAAAAAAIdg/eBAIm0w1HDwX_wabWmuqMgrKF6mA7UExwCLcBGAs/s1600/Ladies%2527%2Bswimming%2Bapril%2B1890.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="186" data-original-width="516" height="112" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C2tIUArxzak/XFS8IOIQXkI/AAAAAAAAIdg/eBAIm0w1HDwX_wabWmuqMgrKF6mA7UExwCLcBGAs/w320-h112/Ladies%2527%2Bswimming%2Bapril%2B1890.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h3>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburg Dispatch, </i>3 April 1890</span></h3>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>The papers couldn't get enough, and regularly published publicity articles, swimming records, contests and events. <br />
<p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X5-lK_4XgGs/XFKA36cGn3I/AAAAAAAAIbM/A94yZdZTq-4-oOJUUEiM10sfkHJFqZTagCEwYBhgL/s1600/1890%2Bad.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1350" data-original-width="546" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-X5-lK_4XgGs/XFKA36cGn3I/AAAAAAAAIbM/A94yZdZTq-4-oOJUUEiM10sfkHJFqZTagCEwYBhgL/s1600/1890%2Bad.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburg Press, 7 September 1890</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
The Natatorium did booming business, although it did weather complaints from the ladies. In August 1892 the <i>Dispatch</i> printed gossip about how designated Ladies' Days were not well-attended because Natatorium attendants were neglecting their duties and not attending to or welcoming the female bathers: </p><p><i></i></p><blockquote><i>Such things as ladies need for their toilet after bathing are either totally lacking or are in such condition that they cannot be used. The attendants....do not endeavor to teach them to swim or in any way make them to desire to return. </i><br /></blockquote><p></p><p>A petition was submitted a year later in 1893 from female members who <i>"felt they were being discriminated against and contend that they should have all day Tuesday as well as Friday to themselves." </i>The papers are silent about whether or not these issues were resolved. </p><p>There was always a whiff of condescension when writing about women's sport in this era. When the Natatorium opened, for example, an article in the <i>Dispatch</i> commented that when ladies were there <i>"....it is needless to say the building will resound with the usual screams that always accompanies a woman when she learns to swim."</i><br />
<br />
By August 1894, a new manager was in place at the Natatorium after Fred Goodwyn moved to St Louis, Missouri to hustle advertising. But regardless of who was in charge, the Pittsburgh Natatorium thrived. An estimated 130,000 people used the pool in 1906 alone, which was the year the building was demolished to make way for a modern update.</p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VSdajorSvy8/XFDLuSWRDDI/AAAAAAAAIY8/F0Pny0-6hSkcp_aSb42DQh-k3JBWUxmjwCEwYBhgL/s1600/Natatorium%2B5.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="735" data-original-width="546" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VSdajorSvy8/XFDLuSWRDDI/AAAAAAAAIY8/F0Pny0-6hSkcp_aSb42DQh-k3JBWUxmjwCEwYBhgL/s640/Natatorium%2B5.jpg" width="474" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Original Natatorium, April 1906, Pittsburgh Gazette </i></span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
<u><b>Pittsburgh's Second Natatorium</b></u></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DYZ2B5t-HqY/XFPhdhmFd0I/AAAAAAAAIbw/N6yRQI4IOzAdEvgVumlsyOe8Mi4DXkslACLcBGAs/s1600/headline%2Bbath%2Bhouse%2B1905.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="142" data-original-width="273" height="104" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DYZ2B5t-HqY/XFPhdhmFd0I/AAAAAAAAIbw/N6yRQI4IOzAdEvgVumlsyOe8Mi4DXkslACLcBGAs/s200/headline%2Bbath%2Bhouse%2B1905.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburg Gazette, 2 November 1905</span></i></td></tr>
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The second building had an inauspicious beginning. Henry Phipps, whose leasing of land was the crucial factor that allowed Pittsburgh to gain a Natatorium in 1890, made national news fifteen years later complaining about it. In November 1905 the following statement was attributed to Phipps: <i>"I am tired trying to wash the great unwashed of Pittsburg. They don't seem to appreciate it." </i></p><p>Variations of this quote were reproduced in newspapers everywhere, though never actually attributed to a source. The alleged context was a conflict and potential lawsuit over Phipps' non-payment of the $11,000 balance for construction of another bathhouse, the Phipps Public
Wash and Bath Houses on Butler Street in Lawrenceville. One report elaborated that <i>"....according to Mr. Phipps' agents, there has been petty troubles which have grown to such proportions that Mr. Phipps is thoroly disgusted and does not care what becomes of the project...."</i> A few months later in March 1906 the <i>Press</i> reported that Phipps had indeed paid $15,000 -- the balance and then some -- and that the Lawrenceville situation was only a misunderstanding. Mistaken communication there may well have been, but the alleged comment by Phipps afforded a Scranton newspaper the opportunity to get in a dirty dig at Pittsburgh:<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0N7viXNe-mc/XFPlCgPK1VI/AAAAAAAAIb8/DB3gibXVnYokb3OO03lxWKiCK1x2OgVwQCLcBGAs/s1600/Phipps%2Bdig.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="546" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0N7viXNe-mc/XFPlCgPK1VI/AAAAAAAAIb8/DB3gibXVnYokb3OO03lxWKiCK1x2OgVwQCLcBGAs/w278-h400/Phipps%2Bdig.jpg" width="278" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Scranton Republican, </i>12 November 1905</span></b></td></tr>
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<br />That was uncalled for, Scranton.<br />
<br />
Righteous burns aside, it's interesting to consider this episode in the context of what Henry Phipps was doing in the early 1900s. Flush with his considerable share of proceeds following the 1901 sale of Carnegie Steel to J.P. Morgan, in 1903 Phipps established the Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis in Philadelphia. He followed up in 1905 with a TB dispensary at Johns Hopkins. Also in 1905, he was deeply involved with planning and constructing model tenement houses in New York City. In Pittsburgh, Phipps sought ot elevate living conditions for workers by building a model tenement apartment building on Rebecca Street in Allegheny City. The complex consisted of 3 and 4 room apartments with rents of $3.35 to $4 per week. They featured steam heat, gas slot meters, sinks and water closets. <br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-teKL30Q70GU/YPiAOk1be7I/AAAAAAAAJlA/h2raDfNtkokDusOXqAKdGfBpcggHkKPUwCLcBGAsYHQ/s525/PHipps%2Btenement.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="357" data-original-width="525" height="272" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-teKL30Q70GU/YPiAOk1be7I/AAAAAAAAJlA/h2raDfNtkokDusOXqAKdGfBpcggHkKPUwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h272/PHipps%2Btenement.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Model Phipps tenement building on Rebecca Street. From <u>Charities and the Commons</u>, 1909.</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>Phipps was also seeking to improve and build along his extensive downtown properties on Duquesne Way. The existing Natatorium may have been an impediment to his modernization plans but it was not a competitor for Phipps' philanthropic dollars, since the Natatorium had long been a commercial success. Instead, Phipps decided to build a bigger, better bathing business.
When completed in 1908 the second, updated version of the downtown Natatorium was the pride of Pittsburgh. Phipps had razed the original Natatorium and an adjacent building to make room for a 14-story steel structure known as the Manufacturer's Building. Phipps intended that building to serve for <i>"storage and light manufacturing purposes"</i> for its tenants. It joined its sisters along "Phipps Row" beside the raised railroad on Duquesne Way. All three monumental buildings in the center of the photo below (Fulton, Bessemer and Manufacturer's) were designed for Phipps by noted architect Grosvenor Atterbury. <br />
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</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gm_p50tJKDk/XFB7t-CeeaI/AAAAAAAAIX4/JzTxi1lt4IYRezdxjYyvqWj53jFyUd7BwCEwYBhgL/s1600/Natatorium%2Bskyline.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="1098" height="192" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gm_p50tJKDk/XFB7t-CeeaI/AAAAAAAAIX4/JzTxi1lt4IYRezdxjYyvqWj53jFyUd7BwCEwYBhgL/s400/Natatorium%2Bskyline.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Zoom of photo, circa 1910, Shorpy archive: "Pittsburgh waterfront, Allegheny River." showing Natatorium</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
In this photo, a large sign for the Natatorium can be seen atop the sturdy Manufacturer's Building. In fact, the four-story bathing complex is immediately behind that building; both have peaked roofs. The Natatorium had its own separate entrance but patrons could also enter from Duquesne Way via the Manufacturer's Building, as seen below. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrcbMAXAsc3RPmbvL6RDiQDf3Oa7Zblh3VNiXD4A5ZIt3qLftvUS_7_HeyKH5Ukbbw3c4qDkz_i7NA_L4RD7mbrCZAy4P7UYLb63VMAooc8WYlceKw92POrNMm5K93jIvXc0U0Kq6Dt1t3/s1600/Natatorium.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="963" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrcbMAXAsc3RPmbvL6RDiQDf3Oa7Zblh3VNiXD4A5ZIt3qLftvUS_7_HeyKH5Ukbbw3c4qDkz_i7NA_L4RD7mbrCZAy4P7UYLb63VMAooc8WYlceKw92POrNMm5K93jIvXc0U0Kq6Dt1t3/s400/Natatorium.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Natatorium's Duquesne Way entrance through Manufacturer's Bldg, April 1915<br />Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Mgx0bJNWbSs/XFSgyxuxr_I/AAAAAAAAIc8/R-XyAZkgc_o5nzP5cB9XCKM-TwuInGBOwCLcBGAs/s1600/entrance%2Bcloseup.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1050" data-original-width="1092" height="383" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Mgx0bJNWbSs/XFSgyxuxr_I/AAAAAAAAIc8/R-XyAZkgc_o5nzP5cB9XCKM-TwuInGBOwCLcBGAs/s400/entrance%2Bcloseup.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Close-up of Natatorium entrance, April 1915. Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-0bCNqgIPT-Asb_z8EaCfkkowaltmgBY7rbZ6DeDjPCa1digbQMEdyOOme-qka9zR7oTEDscF26vr0sAdGC19KnfqErE23v_a4y1QZeinWBmX6Z9We3_P8aNF4qoVdh5g0I2gO_73NVr/s1600/nat+1915.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="986" data-original-width="1436" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq-0bCNqgIPT-Asb_z8EaCfkkowaltmgBY7rbZ6DeDjPCa1digbQMEdyOOme-qka9zR7oTEDscF26vr0sAdGC19KnfqErE23v_a4y1QZeinWBmX6Z9We3_P8aNF4qoVdh5g0I2gO_73NVr/s400/nat+1915.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Duquesne Way under construction, July 1915. Shows relationship of Manufacturer's Bldg & smaller Natatorium behind.<br />Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AMAc6nrbS_s/XFEhv4dXLjI/AAAAAAAAIZs/06H1dOEv-nkZxr27Z_1xqD598YHD_3yNwCLcBGAs/s1600/Nat%2B1915%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="948" data-original-width="1393" height="271" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AMAc6nrbS_s/XFEhv4dXLjI/AAAAAAAAIZs/06H1dOEv-nkZxr27Z_1xqD598YHD_3yNwCLcBGAs/s400/Nat%2B1915%2B2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Another 1915 view of Duquesne Way Natatorium entrance in Manufacturer's Bldg, right.<br />Bessemer Bldg on left. Separated by Mentor Alley.<br />Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of PIttsburgh</b></span></td></tr>
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The sturdy four story stone bathhouse behind the Manufacturer's Building didn't look like much from the outside. But what mattered was inside.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l8sByzpe_5Y/XFB7u3XAsVI/AAAAAAAAIYE/NtaCEb-w9iEjD-PxYMIm7OIS06y-O_FFACEwYBhgL/s1600/natatorium%2B1924%2BPittsburgh%2BPromotes%2BProgress.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="970" height="158" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l8sByzpe_5Y/XFB7u3XAsVI/AAAAAAAAIYE/NtaCEb-w9iEjD-PxYMIm7OIS06y-O_FFACEwYBhgL/s400/natatorium%2B1924%2BPittsburgh%2BPromotes%2BProgress.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh Natatorium, 1911 architectural trade magazine ad for Atlantic Terra Cotta Company</span></b></td></tr>
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From a contemporary description: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>....as a bathing establishment its architectural features are modern and of magnificent proportions. A grand staircase leads to a balcony that overlooks a swimming pool ninety feet long and thirty feet wide, with arches and domes of selected Italian marble and tinted tile. The Natatorium contains every convenience for comfort. The pool holds 135,000 gallons of water, supplied by artesian wells on the premises. The Turkish bath department, on the second and third floors, is luxuriously furnished, containing a cooling room, hot and steam room, shampooing room, all built of white marble and thoroughly equipped. There is a large dormitory containing one hundred single beds and private single rooms.</i> </blockquote>
The building's interior featured skylights and was clad with famed Guastavino tile. Atterbury's copious use of the stuff was so striking that images and descriptions showed up all over the country in architectural and trade digests.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5DorKyx0li9h4YNQhTHRhPVVYrU3MYS9OS_3X7fkqdbdx_F4fcw0vs08-xMHsY6juOAuUZ8K8-cvgiPppTeo6wicTjA_wjL4R1l_WdVA7ppqeOLVW0P8LkppKpEJE1KdRefzhK8AWZSTD/s1600/Nat+Arc+League+Yearbook+1909.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="660" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5DorKyx0li9h4YNQhTHRhPVVYrU3MYS9OS_3X7fkqdbdx_F4fcw0vs08-xMHsY6juOAuUZ8K8-cvgiPppTeo6wicTjA_wjL4R1l_WdVA7ppqeOLVW0P8LkppKpEJE1KdRefzhK8AWZSTD/s400/Nat+Arc+League+Yearbook+1909.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Architectural League of New York Yearbook and Catalogue</i>, 1909 </span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-w_LF51Srud8/XFDeFzHqXvI/AAAAAAAAIZg/KU04Cdy6QeYgHT8-1JHi0L7jehR-HfEsQCLcBGAs/s1600/The%2BBrickbuilder%2B1909.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="270" data-original-width="339" height="254" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-w_LF51Srud8/XFDeFzHqXvI/AAAAAAAAIZg/KU04Cdy6QeYgHT8-1JHi0L7jehR-HfEsQCLcBGAs/s320/The%2BBrickbuilder%2B1909.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h1 class="gb-volume-title" dir="ltr">
<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">The Brickbuilder, </span></i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Vol 18, 1909</span></h1>
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An article in <i>The New York Architect</i> applauded Atterbury's use of the tile, noting that it was <i>"....an interesting example of vaulted tile construction in which the color of materials employed evidently played an important part."</i> In fact the Guastavino tiles Atterbury chose for the Natatorium included glazed green pieces, which would have heightened the aquatic experience for bathers. Marble used in the building also had a greenish cast.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TWtsFxLJQNM/XFDXEOAwS0I/AAAAAAAAIZI/Rzqa-nSMLbMqlMj_oD2KVyqGKvuF31IzgCLcBGAs/s1600/Nat%2BArchitecture%2B1909.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="736" height="308" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TWtsFxLJQNM/XFDXEOAwS0I/AAAAAAAAIZI/Rzqa-nSMLbMqlMj_oD2KVyqGKvuF31IzgCLcBGAs/s400/Nat%2BArchitecture%2B1909.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh Natatorium from<i> Architecture Magazine,</i> March 1909</span></b></td></tr>
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Few fixtures from the original Natatorium were reused in the new version, although the wooden diving board was recycled since <i>"...it excels in pliancy and width compared to others that had been tried." </i>Most other fixtures were sold at auction. Nearly everything at the Natatorium was brand new and state-of-the-art, including showers and needle baths (a water therapy treatment featuring a coil of perforated pipe which surrounded the bather and strategically shot sharp pressurized jets of water); hot and cold plunges; and salt rubs for exfoliation. There were even, improbably enough, leather-covered doors installed in the swimming baths.<br />
<br /><u><b>Adult Swim Time: Group Bathing and Physical Culture </b></u><br /></p><p>At first this public bath house was anything but public. As the structure was nearing completion in January 1908, it was announced that the Fort Pitt Athletic Club would lease the first two floors of the newly constructed building for its 165 members and had committed $120,000 for building improvements. Things changed, however, and that group took over the top floors of the adjacent Manufacturer's Building while another private club snapped up the Natatorium. Initially known as the "Duquesne Bath and Physical Culture Club", the 600-member Duquesne Athletic Club claimed the $1,000,000 "marble palace" for its exclusive clubhouse. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y2X1sUVfz6M/XFSofUT83wI/AAAAAAAAIdI/ApFNsKHtZOkMR7s1Hzjqxzk3tItNe6B0ACEwYBhgL/s1600/Duquesne%2BClub%2BMar%2B1908.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="240" data-original-width="546" height="87" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-y2X1sUVfz6M/XFSofUT83wI/AAAAAAAAIdI/ApFNsKHtZOkMR7s1Hzjqxzk3tItNe6B0ACEwYBhgL/s200/Duquesne%2BClub%2BMar%2B1908.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburg Press,</i> 8 March 1908</span></b></td></tr>
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These private affiliations probably represented appealing ways for Phipps and other investors to monetize the whole operation, as opposed to dealing with a solely public (and potentially less lucrative) enterprise. Instead of enticing the great unwashed from bathing in the muddy rivers as the first Natatorium had done for nearly 20 years, this facility boasted of water polo meets and privileged "physical culture" in the gymnasium, billiard rooms, handball court, bowling alley, and the <i>"unsurpassed cafe."</i> Wives and daughters were also invited to bathe privately on Fridays from 10 AM until 4 PM.<br />
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The club was under the management of a Mr. R. L. Wanger, described in newspapers (probably by himself, since it was common for papers to print verbatim such grandiloquent press releases) as <i>"....acknowledged the world's greatest instructor in physical culture without the use of apparatus." </i>He placed ads to solicit new <i>"preferred members."</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wuAjk407m90/XFKcg3mC6YI/AAAAAAAAIbk/_SQNYJSK9tgJuKqZk74ABFh1dHpnzm-MgCLcBGAs/s1600/1907%2Bnew%2Bmembers.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="535" data-original-width="546" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-wuAjk407m90/XFKcg3mC6YI/AAAAAAAAIbk/_SQNYJSK9tgJuKqZk74ABFh1dHpnzm-MgCLcBGAs/s1600/1907%2Bnew%2Bmembers.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1908 Duquesne Athletic Club new member solicitation</span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-95HFo-A-P54/XFSqG7cpOdI/AAAAAAAAIdU/os-SZgBWde4gTfk4f5ll-E7GiUccOLtDQCLcBGAs/s1600/1908%2Bbankruptcy%2BDuquesne%2BClub.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="522" height="115" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-95HFo-A-P54/XFSqG7cpOdI/AAAAAAAAIdU/os-SZgBWde4gTfk4f5ll-E7GiUccOLtDQCLcBGAs/s200/1908%2Bbankruptcy%2BDuquesne%2BClub.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Gazette Times, </i>27 December 1908 </span></b></td></tr>
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Wanger might have been a good physical fitness coach, but his advertising and managerial skills apparently weren't so hot. Two months after opening, the Natatorium was shuttered. Bankruptcy claims were filed and it was revealed that Mr. Wanger, the world's greatest instructor in physical culture, owed Henry Phipps money for rent, lighting, and other claims. The posh goods of the club were sold to meet expenses.<br />
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The Natatorium officially re-opened as a public facility in February 1909 under the management of James R. Taylor, <i>"....one of Pittsburgh's best known water experts." </i>Taylor was a popular guy around Pittsburgh, a bona-fide, record-setting aquatic sportsman who had taken over management of the original Natatorium back in 1894.<br />
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A new pricing system was much more reasonable. A tub bath and a dip in the new Natatorium pool each cost 25¢, while Turkish baths would set you back $1. </p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gHMBKOl14so/XFB7tpmbZdI/AAAAAAAAIX0/K57l5IijONswj-1-pbWL_yn3ByW4bY6wQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Natatorium%2Bad.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="882" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gHMBKOl14so/XFB7tpmbZdI/AAAAAAAAIX0/K57l5IijONswj-1-pbWL_yn3ByW4bY6wQCEwYBhgL/s320/Natatorium%2Bad.jpg" width="198" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post, </i>1916</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table> <p></p><p>Victorian England had imported the Turkish bath practice from the east, and it spread to the United States after the Civil War. Modeled after the Greek and Roman systems of alternating hot and cool baths, Turkish baths were considered healthy for the skin and blood flow. They were designed like modern saunas and steam rooms. Bathers would first hang out in a hot steam room, then move into successively cooler rooms, and finally entered bathing rooms where they might be soaped, rinsed, scraped, and even massaged by attendants (depending upon the facility). There were various levels of communality and privacy involved. Although no photos could be found to illustrate the specifics of the bathing interiors of the Pittsburgh Natatorium, usually the areas for Turkish baths were quite posh. In the first Natatorium, the lounging spaces included <i>"luxurious couches</i>" described as "<i>....Oriental, and the whole apartment....as delightful as a a pasha's dreaming room in the palaces of Stamboul." </i>The new improved facility was probably even spiffier.<br />
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Like its predecessor, the complex was open to both genders. Thursday was Ladies Day. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-q7m8jbbbiFY/XFB7tktBr7I/AAAAAAAAIYE/VUQ5tzvRfbIA2tvTHZnXwqRLuWYkMIb2ACEwYBhgL/s1600/Natatorium%2Bad%2B1907.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="521" data-original-width="546" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-q7m8jbbbiFY/XFB7tktBr7I/AAAAAAAAIYE/VUQ5tzvRfbIA2tvTHZnXwqRLuWYkMIb2ACEwYBhgL/s1600/Natatorium%2Bad%2B1907.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post, </i>3 October 1909</span></b></td></tr>
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Swimming lessons were popular. The complex continued to host all manner of diving, swimming and water polo competitions. Throughout its history, the Natatorium was used by countless organizations for swimming outings. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8Gnu7UPj3ZY/XFB7qzCAGtI/AAAAAAAAIX8/KrNrACfw6q0ldXl0bSAfKbitBVTQn_MbQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Natatorium%2B1928.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8Gnu7UPj3ZY/XFB7qzCAGtI/AAAAAAAAIX8/KrNrACfw6q0ldXl0bSAfKbitBVTQn_MbQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Natatorium%2B1928.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Press, </i>19 February 1928</span></b></td></tr>
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It could also be rented for private events. The newspapers occasionally reported on convention and private "stag" swimming parties for gentlemen where swimsuits may have become, well, optional.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tQhBr__cl2k/YPiEiUSBtKI/AAAAAAAAJlI/u7TH2ZlttdM6mze2tMRbbR3aDvL2oJI2ACLcBGAsYHQ/s764/Natatorium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="764" height="250" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tQhBr__cl2k/YPiEiUSBtKI/AAAAAAAAJlI/u7TH2ZlttdM6mze2tMRbbR3aDvL2oJI2ACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h250/Natatorium.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Pittsburgh Natatorium post card, circa 1915</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p>
Dormitory-style rooms at the Natatorium could be rented starting at $2 a night, weekly for $12. These accommodations sounded comfy, at least according to this February 1909 <i>Gazette Times </i>description. The rooms would come to serve various spa purposes over time.<br />
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>On the third floor in addition to 14 private sleeping rooms are three large cooling rooms which will accommodate 100 persons. Two of these are provided with enamel iron beds and the other, the green room, is fitted up with leather and reed couches, mohair lounging chairs and other chairs of the inviting sort; in all the rooms being soft ceiling lights. Adjoining the green room is the reading room where writing desks and telephones are provided and where lunches will be brought in to those desiring. Beside this there is the barber shop where, in addition to the barbers, expert male manicurists and chiropodists are in attendance. </i></blockquote><p>
Bathing in pools was generally recommended for exercise, as well as relief of fatigue and other ailments. But those health benefits were overrated in some instances: during the<a href="http://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2013/01/giving-flu-respect-it-is-due.html" target="_blank"> influenza epidemic</a> of 1918, the Natatorium advertised that its Turkish baths could help Pittsburghers build immunity and resistance to the flu. Despite what were the best of intentions, swimming in a public bathhouse kept at a uniform 84 degrees probably did more harm than good during that period
of rampant contagion.</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6-CZY_pFVi4/YPiFQn_kSFI/AAAAAAAAJlQ/41p3078ct7o2Bo6DcKoZMuS9snSjpXm9wCLcBGAsYHQ/s822/Natatorium%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="519" data-original-width="822" height="253" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6-CZY_pFVi4/YPiFQn_kSFI/AAAAAAAAJlQ/41p3078ct7o2Bo6DcKoZMuS9snSjpXm9wCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h253/Natatorium%2B2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p>While the papers regularly featured stories about the various competitions and records set at the Natatorium, there were also tragic tales about drowning fatalities and other bathing-related injuries like accidental scaldings. Flood waters might have sullied the exterior of the building, located as it was near the Allegheny River, but newspapers reported that <i>"....pumps kept the engines comparatively free"</i> of encroaching river water. <br />
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</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGZqM66CSlmZGQeVpT_JgPQMA9z-y4DLr6RzTnDgJZmlrWAWvwHrKkQi_EXXYVyld8v6GV2VvORl13fOZns65YGG6A-4_EkmygH-LIutR1-mgLp5QRhSoMOiGTGI3nV2YC9UD2UMukCR1/s1600/Nat+flood.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="1183" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaGZqM66CSlmZGQeVpT_JgPQMA9z-y4DLr6RzTnDgJZmlrWAWvwHrKkQi_EXXYVyld8v6GV2VvORl13fOZns65YGG6A-4_EkmygH-LIutR1-mgLp5QRhSoMOiGTGI3nV2YC9UD2UMukCR1/s400/Nat+flood.jpg" title="Flood waters reach Natatorium's Duquesne Way entrance, January 1913" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Flood waters reach Natatorium's Duquesne Way Manufacturer's Bldg entrance, January 1913</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p>
<u><b>The Beginning of the End</b></u> <br /></p><p>The Natatorium had a good run for 45 years. But as knowledge about germ theory evolved, commingling Pittsburgh grit in a heated common pool in the name of exercise came to have less appeal. Tenement house reforms and general technological advances meant that more dwellings came equipped with internal plumbing that allowed for private home bathing. The downtown Natatorium, while fancy, became less of an attraction as nearly every neighborhood added public baths or indoor pools. By the financially-strapped 1930s, few Pittsburghers had spare change lying around to pay for a leisurely swim at the Natatorium.<br />
<br />
The complex tried to make a go of it by enticing folks to come in where it was warm during winter months, to get a massage, and maybe even take an electric bath. The latter were fads not much different from today's tanning beds. Electric light baths were part of a light therapy fad that became fashionable in the early 1900s to treat pretty much anything. The man credited with inventing electric baths was Harvey Kellogg, who promoted holistic health treatments of various levels of quackery at his Battle Creek Sanitarium (along with his signature cornflake cereal). Light baths like the one he invented in 1891 could allegedly treat conditions including but not limited to gout, indigestion, constipation, obesity, anemia, scurvy, typhus, diabetes, and melancholia. In his 1910 book about phototherapeutics, Kellogg prescribed two to three weekly electric light bathing sessions to the point of building up a sweat, and noted <i>"Tanning the whole surface of the body by means of the arc light will be an excellent
means of improving the patient’s general vital condition."</i><br />
<br />
The general vital conditions of 1930s Pittsburghers were probably ripe for improvement, so the Natatorium invested in at least two Burdick Light Cabinets.<br />
<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FEDXEClKI9Y/XFTU__WjYhI/AAAAAAAAIeA/mwPbkB_MBVYejDcvrM6ZNDovPK3E2a5gQCLcBGAs/s1600/1930%2Bpool%2B%2526%2Blight%2Bboxes%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="536" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FEDXEClKI9Y/XFTU__WjYhI/AAAAAAAAIeA/mwPbkB_MBVYejDcvrM6ZNDovPK3E2a5gQCLcBGAs/s1600/1930%2Bpool%2B%2526%2Blight%2Bboxes%2B2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Excerpts<i>, Pittsburgh Press,</i> 2 March 1930</span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p> </p><p>Also available at the Natatorium were ultra-violet light baths, which simulated the benefits one might get from actual sun bathing, and <i>"infra-red radiation treatments for relief of pain. The treatments consist of a concentrated of infra-red rays that result in penetrating heat."</i><br />
<br />
Light therapy has its proponents, then as now, but such spa treatments weren't enough to save the Natatorium. Henry Phipps died in 1930. The facility limped along for a few more years, offering novel treatments and experiencing management turnovers. </p><p><u><b>Pulling the Plug </b></u></p><p>In late October 1935, Phipps' estate announced that the Natatorium would close its doors forever. It had seemingly passed its point of civic usefulness and was providing <i>"insufficient income"</i> and <i>"diminished receipts"</i> to meet expenses and property taxes.<br />
<br />
Pittsburgh City Council was approached with myriad requests to acquire and manage the facility as a municipal facility for the good of Pittsburghers. Petitions were sent and letters to the editor were written to support this plan. Council unequivocally announced that it was <i>"not interested" </i>and flatly rejected the idea.<br />
</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ItFDHPC3cdM/XFTrI79aMgI/AAAAAAAAIek/Al62N3608_AMjhmmkAdAplIATxSJCsdSwCLcBGAs/s1600/Natatorium%2Boct%2B1935.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="546" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ItFDHPC3cdM/XFTrI79aMgI/AAAAAAAAIek/Al62N3608_AMjhmmkAdAplIATxSJCsdSwCLcBGAs/s1600/Natatorium%2Boct%2B1935.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, </i>28 October 1935</b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<p>Equipment and fixings were sold in early December 1935 by John F. Post's Son, Auctioneer. </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2dZIuJ0gliE/YPbxV2EAzaI/AAAAAAAAJkA/4gb4KDn9E_08zrelVC65nKwh0DP82sK6wCLcBGAsYHQ/s546/December%2B1935%2BPress%2Bheadline.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="110" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2dZIuJ0gliE/YPbxV2EAzaI/AAAAAAAAJkA/4gb4KDn9E_08zrelVC65nKwh0DP82sK6wCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/December%2B1935%2BPress%2Bheadline.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press</i>, 4 December 1935</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FqB8ltLQqi0/YPhq-Pj_KfI/AAAAAAAAJkI/haCRUshUybcd4Hb_iw90AvXSTuydF23rQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1195/December%2B1935%2Bsalvage.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="462" data-original-width="1195" height="155" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FqB8ltLQqi0/YPhq-Pj_KfI/AAAAAAAAJkI/haCRUshUybcd4Hb_iw90AvXSTuydF23rQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h155/December%2B1935%2Bsalvage.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press,</i> 3 December 1935</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p>The building was gone by the end of December 1935, though bits and pieces laid about for a while. In February 1936 the <i>Post-Gazette</i> remarked on a lingering, languishing mermaid:</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zxpQgxGAobA/YPhtcR1PKGI/AAAAAAAAJkQ/BIOrTYnx_IETHnf3VrM_LxRdhLeyH4QIQCLcBGAsYHQ/s634/mermaid.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="195" data-original-width="634" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zxpQgxGAobA/YPhtcR1PKGI/AAAAAAAAJkQ/BIOrTYnx_IETHnf3VrM_LxRdhLeyH4QIQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/mermaid.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>, 25 February 1936</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BWocd1WzkF8/YPh1_yI9X_I/AAAAAAAAJkg/8I0PuqGXMvoFw0ybnm9vLX89K_g8aOSSwCLcBGAsYHQ/s597/natatorium%2Bentrance.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="479" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BWocd1WzkF8/YPh1_yI9X_I/AAAAAAAAJkg/8I0PuqGXMvoFw0ybnm9vLX89K_g8aOSSwCLcBGAsYHQ/w322-h400/natatorium%2Bentrance.jpg" width="322" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Natatorium mermaid sculpture on far right above marquee.</b> <b><i>Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph</i>, 5 November 1935.</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>After the rubble was finally cleared -- and as is the Pittsburgh Way -- the site was leased as a parking lot. One of Pittsburgh's ubiquitous parking garages was eventually built on the property in the 1950s.<br /><p>An unintended tragic outcome occurred a few weeks after the building was demolished when Natatorium night watchman Harry Hartz took his own life. After working there for 31 years, the 54 year old Northsider was unable to find other employment when the facility closed.<br /></p><p>Pieces of the Natatorium did live on, thanks to Pittsburgh labor priest <a href="http://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2013/09/forgotten-history-father-james-renshaw_2.html" target="_blank">Father James R. Cox</a>.</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWh2M9dnjMGuDhV4XStPGikcpxSec93w7owwMGoGYKb1vtLQpLU1t2yEEqZup6IVqAY6qmrwixIXD_dn9Ng9bxlvDKRNv9RCqLDQrLL6NMBP-GDi46BaUWJxr1YFqkdOXi3AqzE4MEH7H_/s541/1935+marble+.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="135" data-original-width="541" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWh2M9dnjMGuDhV4XStPGikcpxSec93w7owwMGoGYKb1vtLQpLU1t2yEEqZup6IVqAY6qmrwixIXD_dn9Ng9bxlvDKRNv9RCqLDQrLL6NMBP-GDi46BaUWJxr1YFqkdOXi3AqzE4MEH7H_/w400-h100/1935+marble+.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>, 12 December 1935</b></span><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1XTgzTVrTvw/XFTdhjgq2hI/AAAAAAAAIeQ/O9CLs7l2zTsg4QZZEIJSYC6631ZA7_uiQCEwYBhgL/s1600/stpat.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="835" data-original-width="754" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1XTgzTVrTvw/XFTdhjgq2hI/AAAAAAAAIeQ/O9CLs7l2zTsg4QZZEIJSYC6631ZA7_uiQCEwYBhgL/s200/stpat.jpg" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Old St. Patrick's Church altar, Scala Sancta</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>Cox was pastor of St. Patrick's in the Strip District, which was in the midst of erecting a new church in 1935 after a fire demolished their previous house of worship. Father Cox called the timing of the Natatorium's demise<i> "providential" </i>because he was able to purchase $400 worth of Italian marble from the building to adorn his church's outdoor garden and interior Scala Sancta. A portion of the Natatorium's marble balustrade was to be placed outside the church <i>"to form a Roman garden"</i> and two pillars from the Natatorium entrance were to be placed on either side of the altar. While the garden and church interior have since changed, it's quite possible that the existing marble altar railing and pillars at the foot of the stairs are artifacts from the Natatorium.<br />
<br />
While you can no longer exercise in a massive indoor pool along the Allegheny River, you can visit what remains of the early 20th century Pittsburgh Natatorium by climbing the marble stairs at Old St. Patrick's (please, on your knees). The stairs of Natatorium marble were officially dedicated on 27 September 1936.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vKC_rNHcPJs/XFExpvD70II/AAAAAAAAIaQ/zCQSZGcCj8AZYKWUqHgkPap1Nma9z9OXwCLcBGAs/s1600/stripstpat7.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1332" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vKC_rNHcPJs/XFExpvD70II/AAAAAAAAIaQ/zCQSZGcCj8AZYKWUqHgkPap1Nma9z9OXwCLcBGAs/s640/stripstpat7.jpg" width="532" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Old St. Patrick's Church replica Scala Sancta stairs constructed from Natatorium marble</span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br /><br />Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-69266608123862170712019-01-23T21:16:00.003-05:002020-12-31T19:39:31.906-05:00Grimesy: Adventures in 19th Century Pittsburgh Policing From associating with Queen Victoria and the Prince of Wales to rugged street orphans, one city cop did it all in the 19th century. <br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tQaA_bZNShk/XEkQfMtk9RI/AAAAAAAAIVY/OyR0um-u5jcHwJLKo-xWyMFy-8PjcQ3lgCLcBGAs/s1600/royla%2Bfamily.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="469" data-original-width="590" height="157" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tQaA_bZNShk/XEkQfMtk9RI/AAAAAAAAIVY/OyR0um-u5jcHwJLKo-xWyMFy-8PjcQ3lgCLcBGAs/s200/royla%2Bfamily.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>1883 image of Queen Victoria, Prince Albert & wife Alexandra</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
When Queen Victoria died at the age of 81 on 22 January 1901, newspapers around the world paid tribute and speculated about what kind of King her son Edward would be. The Pittsburgh papers overflowed with praise for the late Queen, but expressed cautious regard for her son. After all, Edward -- fka Bertie, aka the Playboy Prince -- had pretty much spent his adult life waiting for a job and passing the time as a serial adulterer.<br />
<br />
His wife and mother of his legitimate children, the Danish-born Alexandra, soothed over the scandals with her beauty, grace and long-suffering patience…or at least that’s how this bit about Edward in the <i>Pittsburg Post </i>could be interpreted:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>At one time it was known that he was not an ideal family man. But as he gradually approached the age of 60, people began to realize that he was settling down. His earlier indiscretions were condoned. And as he always appeared in public with the Princess of Wales, it was realized that the proprieties were observed, at least in a formal way. Perhaps it was felt that the Prince of Wales had only followed precedent in “living his own life.” …The court under his rule will be as sedate as it was under his mother. Queen Alexandra is as strict in the matter of propriety as was the late sovereign. </i></blockquote>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bx73KqwVerY/XEkPwFZVisI/AAAAAAAAIVQ/ltXa6XEcd_QMPHza3TAmeoBO3JjON1fYQCLcBGAs/s1600/Victoria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1187" height="247" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bx73KqwVerY/XEkPwFZVisI/AAAAAAAAIVQ/ltXa6XEcd_QMPHza3TAmeoBO3JjON1fYQCLcBGAs/s400/Victoria.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post front page the day after Queen Victoria's death</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Having reassured readers that the new Queen would maintain social order by imposing discretion upon the new King, the Post got down to the serious business of making a Pittsburgh connection to royalty. The paper printed reminisces of city policeman<b> Charles Augustus Grimes</b>, <i>“….one of Pittsburgh’s most popular officers, (who) was at one time a member of the queen’s bodyguard.“</i><br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OS62EOVf2SE/XEkRuyfbK2I/AAAAAAAAIVk/A78uxiinp445TMP-8uyg4koF2hGcOHEOQCLcBGAs/s1600/grimes%2Bpic%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="354" data-original-width="273" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OS62EOVf2SE/XEkRuyfbK2I/AAAAAAAAIVk/A78uxiinp445TMP-8uyg4koF2hGcOHEOQCLcBGAs/s640/grimes%2Bpic%2B2.jpg" width="493" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Officer Grimes, circa 1890s</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Grimes was born in 1843 to Peter Grimes and wife Alice McBride in County Tyrone, Ireland. He <i>“….entered the British army as a private in the First Life Guards, a cavalry regiment familiarly known as the “Queen’s Own.” </i>Early in his training, Grimes rode alongside the teenage Prince of Wales, who was receiving military instruction. The Prince was an esteemed horseman as a young man, and Grimes noted that he'd been “<i>….worsted in a personal encounter with the prince while going through an exercise at the riding academy.” </i>Grimes bore no grudges, however, indicating that the Prince was a friendly enough fellow.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sk62yDqUtTU/XEkVM0E2tCI/AAAAAAAAIWA/2Y1wpeMu0IEofnl28kvLVZtBr_Us4_pfQCLcBGAs/s1600/Grimes%2Bheadline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="657" height="138" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sk62yDqUtTU/XEkVM0E2tCI/AAAAAAAAIWA/2Y1wpeMu0IEofnl28kvLVZtBr_Us4_pfQCLcBGAs/s400/Grimes%2Bheadline.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span aria-live="polite" class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Pittsburg Post headline<br /> 23 January 1901</span></span></i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Grimes had high praise for the late Queen, whom he’d last seen in 1861 before he bought out the terms of his service to immigrate to the United States.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9o8Zo1wYygc/XEkShKf6QgI/AAAAAAAAIVs/mJiiZHM6S3wrRpxYuxtLkLDxcgjc09X2ACLcBGAs/s1600/Queen_Victoria_by_JJE_Mayall%252C_1860.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1147" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9o8Zo1wYygc/XEkShKf6QgI/AAAAAAAAIVs/mJiiZHM6S3wrRpxYuxtLkLDxcgjc09X2ACLcBGAs/s400/Queen_Victoria_by_JJE_Mayall%252C_1860.jpg" width="305" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>1861 photo of Queen Victoria by JJE Mayall</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>She was small and dark and did not weigh more thn 125 pounds. She had rather an olive complexion and her eyes were bright and smiling. Her appearance at all times was as one of the plainest of women…When I was a member of her bodyguard I rode within speaking distance of her on many occasions. I had plenty of opportunities to observe the noble qualities
she possessed, and for them she was beloved not only as a queen, but as a woman by every one who saw her. She was always pleasant, smiling at every one and seemed to take pains to make everything as pleasant as she could. Her manners were altogether different from those of the dukes, lord and ladies of the royal court. The latter always wore a look of
condescension whenever they were obliged to come into court with anyone beneath them in social station, and acted as though they were superior beings. But the queen was a woman first and a queen afterward.</i></blockquote>
<br />
Grimes’ appraisal of the late Queen has the ring of truth. He was indeed a member of the Queen’s Life Guard and, judging by his subsequent career in Pittsburgh, a colorful character who didn’t suffer fools gladly.<br />
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Grimes married Margaret Mary Duane, a woman 9 years his junior. She, too, was of Irish descent but was born in Toronto, Canada. They initially raised their two sons, Charles and Peter, in the First Ward of Pittsburgh (what we know today as the Point), eventually moving to Boyd Street (today part of the campus of Duquesne University).<br />
<br />
Grimes worked off and on as a carpenter and cabinet builder. Listed in his obituary were accomplishments like the installation of the <i>“first Westinghouse air brake ever installed on what was then known as the Brewery switch, now Sixteenth street” </i>as well as construction of the Mercy Hospital surgical annex (ironically the wing he later died in). He also worked at building the
Organ Brewery at Stevenson and Forbes in the Lower Hill, and the first passenger coach of the P&LE railroad line. Grimes also had at least one patent to his name, for a device that prevented streetcar tracks from being blocked by hoses during firefighting.<br />
<br />
Aside from being a handy guy with a hammer, Grimes was also a respected police officer. He joined the Pittsburgh police force in 1870, rising to the level of lieutenant. A staunch Republican, Grimes would quit the force and remain off for years at a time following various mayoral elections because he refused to serve under Democratic administrations.<br />
<br />
Grimes' regular beat in the 1890s was outside the old Post Office near the corner of Fifth and Smithfield, but he later moved to work a post on Sixth Avenue in a section that’s since lost its prominence with the construction of the
BNY Mellon complex.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-60SLsNhKFMo/XEkUfU8RG7I/AAAAAAAAIV4/e7JACyNB2RAmREehB8f7n_wC3wBS3yTtgCEwYBhgL/s1600/post%2Boffice%2B1904.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="744" data-original-width="518" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-60SLsNhKFMo/XEkUfU8RG7I/AAAAAAAAIV4/e7JACyNB2RAmREehB8f7n_wC3wBS3yTtgCEwYBhgL/s1600/post%2Boffice%2B1904.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Color postcard image, Pittsburgh Post Office, early 1900s</i></span></b></td></tr>
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During the 1890s, newspapers described Grimes as <i>“big”, “handsome”, “good-looking”, “popular”</i> and<i> "as good-natured and
accommodating as he is big and brawny."</i> He was fondly referred to in Pittsburgh as <i>"Grimesey".</i><br />
<br />
Anecdotes about Officer Charley Grimes, culled from newspaper reports of Yinzer high crimes and misdemeanors, testify to his popularity. The papers couldn't get enough of Grimes' adventures chasing Dahntahn hoodlums, drunks and pickpockets. But there was also the occasional feel-good story about him that made the news, like the time he rescued a blind pedestrian from being struck by a streetcar.<br />
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Grimes was a hands-on kind of cop...sometimes to his detriment.<br />
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In January 1876, whilst giving chase to a villain named Little, Grimes <i>“ran against a post….and broke one of his ribs.”</i> A few months later in May, Grimes had one of his hands broken by a <i>“fractious prisoner</i>” he’d arrested for creating a disturbance on Penn Avenue. And then in September, Grimes was beaten by the ringleader of a “<i>party of roughs”</i> that he’d been attempting to subdue. A decade later, Grimes was the hero when he subdued and arrested <i>“….a big powerful stranger, who was crazy drunk…so dangerously promiscuous in his ferocious attentions that the shop was shut down until after his arrest.”</i><br />
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But Grimes had his share of run-ins with his peers and higher-ups, too. In November 1890, he was given a five day suspension and charged with insubordination against Captain Henry Unterbaum following a turf battle about who had jurisdiction over the closing hours of a social club where Grimes was on duty. Grimes publicly announced that he’d <i>“get even”</i> and took a train to Philadelphia to find documents proving that Unterbaum was not a US citizen. He must not have found what he wanted, but all was apparently forgiven since he was back at work a month later (As for Unterbaum, he retired in 1896 from the force after 14 years of service).<br />
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And in May 1891, Grimes prevailed in a street fight with an ex-Pinkerton detective whom he’d refused to loan money to. Grimes might have met his match in this <i>“…little scrap between two very large men… (but) the result was that Officer Grimes landed his man in the central station.”</i><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1Detfjwo_Bk/XEkci9dxuqI/AAAAAAAAIWc/M5ZCYLPCbekoGQXQ0LEPFpMFt8SST3S4wCLcBGAs/s1600/newsies.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="379" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1Detfjwo_Bk/XEkci9dxuqI/AAAAAAAAIWc/M5ZCYLPCbekoGQXQ0LEPFpMFt8SST3S4wCLcBGAs/s200/newsies.jpg" width="151" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span aria-live="polite" class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Newsies (including a girl), c. early 1900s<br /> <br /> Kingsley Association Records<br />Historic Pittsburgh Image Collection</span></span></i></span></b></td></tr>
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Grimes was well-known for <i>"looking after"</i> young boys on the street who worked around town as shoeshines, bootblacks, news and messenger boys. His street work with them was as much that of modern youth resource officer as it was law enforcement heavy. Grimes regularly loaned money to these boys, and kept tallies of debts owed on a telegraph poll along his beat. Grimes claimed he was never shorted, because he boys always paid him back that same day. <br />
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However, the unsupervised youth eventually banded together to form rival gangs.<br />
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Officer Charley Grimes was one of the few adults respected by these tough street boys. Presumably in an effort to constructively organize them, Grimes helped some of them organize a bootblack union. He even handed out membership badges at their meeting in September 1891, and was met with such boyish enthusiasm that <i>“…the expressions were forcible and unfit for publication.” </i>That meeting was deemed a success after Grimes read out rules to the assembled 284 boys. They left jubilant, beat up their vice-president on the way out, then taunted their rivals by <i>“serenading”</i> the Pittsburgh Newsboys' Home.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FjLuDOwE-gw/XEkV3uVgMSI/AAAAAAAAIWI/shtB5CzkJUAUYohtUTy91_mQK_p_SgeiQCLcBGAs/s1600/newsboys%2Bhome.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="780" height="310" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FjLuDOwE-gw/XEkV3uVgMSI/AAAAAAAAIWI/shtB5CzkJUAUYohtUTy91_mQK_p_SgeiQCLcBGAs/s400/newsboys%2Bhome.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span aria-live="polite" class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Pittsburgh Newsboys Home. <br />At the time of Grimes' orphan turf battle, the newsboys lived on the 3rd floor of a building on Old Avenue, behind the county jail. <br />This facility was constructed in 1899 at the corner of Forbes, Shinghiss & Sixth Avenues with generous support from the public,<br /> Pittsburgh Press, Mary Schenley, and Christopher Magee.<br /> <br /> Image: Collections of the Pennsylvania Department, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh</span></span></i></span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
But Thomas Druitt, headmaster of the Pittsburgh Newsboys Home, took offense to Grimes’ youth management tactics. An official complaint was lodged with the police claiming that Grimes was neglecting his official duties. It also cited <i>“….conduct unbecoming an officer, and abusive words and threats”</i> that Grimes allegedly uttered to the bootblack union lads to keep them in line.<br />
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Our man Grimes took offense when the police superintendent, siding with Druitt, told Grimes to resign or be fired.<br />
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So Grimes quit.<br />
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But such was his popularity and effectiveness that he was back on the job six weeks later, laughing it all off as a misunderstanding. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6E9Qs44G1So/XEkcIdnkBPI/AAAAAAAAIWU/rNbcelkSAzwAA5ZZ19coVTZtjRaaVcY3gCLcBGAs/s1600/Grimes%2Bpic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="273" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6E9Qs44G1So/XEkcIdnkBPI/AAAAAAAAIWU/rNbcelkSAzwAA5ZZ19coVTZtjRaaVcY3gCLcBGAs/s640/Grimes%2Bpic.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Lieutenant Charles A. Grimes, Pittsburgh Police Officer circa 1870-1910</i></span></b></td></tr>
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Upon retiring in 1906, and until his death in 1913, Grimes worked as a <i>“special policeman” </i>or security guard for the Grand and Harris theaters.<br />
<br />
In 1913, Charley Grimes fell down the stairs in his Boyd Street home and was admitted to Mercy Hospital with fractured ribs and an aggravated hernia. He passed away there at the age of 69 on 20 March 1913. As was customary at the time, he was laid out at a family home, clad in his treasured police uniform. Pittsburgh paid its respects to Grimesy at the Locust Street home of his younger son Peter. A member of the Church of the Epiphany in the Lower Hill, Grimes was buried in St. Mary's Catholic Cemetery in Lawrenceville (<span class="info" id="plotValueLabel">Section H Lot 165)</span>. His wife Margaret lived with her adult son Charles and his family until her death, aged 72, of stomach cancer in 1924.<br />
<br />
Peter became a typographer. Eldest son Charles Grimes, Jr, followed in his father's footsteps as a popular Pittsburgh city policeman, but presumably never had brushes with British royalty.<br />
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<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>A version of this story appeared on my Facebook page <a href="https://www.facebook.com/historicaldilettante/" target="_blank">The Historical Dilettante</a> in January 2019. </i></span></div>
Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-14737516703773600632019-01-11T01:38:00.003-05:002020-12-31T19:42:33.708-05:00Transitions: Pittsburgh After World War I<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--BpL53H0Eq0/XCxD5OOhnbI/AAAAAAAAIMU/E5qHCxb2lZkOqf1zCECtln7fdpYffJS0QCLcBGAs/s1600/Press%2Bsept%2B1917%2BB%2526O.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfnNFg3BjGJX-2jdsr1WNc5fsXDz6nT4AeiKSJO1lldfeLSndl2tl8g7qE7-p8O3dxoYYxKgLEgaJo4Y49RVnDlKQeHHT9b5pAwjeXcfP48AbKx6-WAVt7PkZPRHTUTvhxbQlCysQdRtU_/s1600/christmas+day+cartoon+1918.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfnNFg3BjGJX-2jdsr1WNc5fsXDz6nT4AeiKSJO1lldfeLSndl2tl8g7qE7-p8O3dxoYYxKgLEgaJo4Y49RVnDlKQeHHT9b5pAwjeXcfP48AbKx6-WAVt7PkZPRHTUTvhxbQlCysQdRtU_/s1600/christmas+day+cartoon+1918.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Christmas Day editorial cartoon, 1918, Pittsburgh Post</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
December 1918. It was the first Christmas after the war.<br />
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"After" is a generous descriptor. It wasn't over, not really.<br />
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Certainly the city had rejoiced six+ weeks earlier when the Armistice declared peace on that fateful eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918. Mayor E.V. Babcock accordingly declared a Pittsburgh holiday, in dramatic terms:<i> </i><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>....the balance of the day be given up to a general and promiscuous jollification, the blowing of whistles, the ringing of bells, and playing of chimes, and parades, with and without music, that will permit every citizen, young and old, big and little, to participate.</i> </blockquote>
So, yes, there was promiscuous jollification in Pittsburgh, and would be over the next several months.<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tv97r3CfjFE/XC0FyEm616I/AAAAAAAAINM/g5jmsw0_49EaEq2Q5a_aZqWSoSjmtVMnACLcBGAs/s1600/peace%2Bdeclared%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1262" data-original-width="785" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tv97r3CfjFE/XC0FyEm616I/AAAAAAAAINM/g5jmsw0_49EaEq2Q5a_aZqWSoSjmtVMnACLcBGAs/s640/peace%2Bdeclared%2B2.jpg" width="398" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9ohzr0pu3GM/XC0BB_UXyHI/AAAAAAAAINA/H5tNIkrpbm4i9xURmSZUpjCpxGoO3PNDACLcBGAs/s1600/peace%2Bdeclared.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1260" data-original-width="785" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9ohzr0pu3GM/XC0BB_UXyHI/AAAAAAAAINA/H5tNIkrpbm4i9xURmSZUpjCpxGoO3PNDACLcBGAs/s640/peace%2Bdeclared.jpg" width="398" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>From</b><u> Pittsburg's part in the world war; souvenir book, 1918</u></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4NSooVlsz5I/XGW9KNWIJuI/AAAAAAAAIj0/MhG-QcxZqy0Qj66Pkd8U8yqF-qsGmiZXQCLcBGAs/s1600/Homecoming%2Bparade.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="840" height="307" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4NSooVlsz5I/XGW9KNWIJuI/AAAAAAAAIj0/MhG-QcxZqy0Qj66Pkd8U8yqF-qsGmiZXQCLcBGAs/s400/Homecoming%2Bparade.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Homecoming parade, Allegheny County, location unknown, 1918. Carnegie Museum of Art collection.</i></span></b></td></tr>
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To be sure, throughout December 1918 President Wilson was being wined and dined across Europe. He traveled about, lobbying for a lasting peace via his proposed League of Nations. Amidst fears that fighting could break out again at an moment, there was hope that a world “safe for democracy” might yet prevail.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Kyb6aHADpqw/XCPTH3lgs2I/AAAAAAAAIJM/-SoDGmmKn2Yf6spfzVo6CazsnQO97GPWgCLcBGAs/s1600/12.24.18.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="546" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Kyb6aHADpqw/XCPTH3lgs2I/AAAAAAAAIJM/-SoDGmmKn2Yf6spfzVo6CazsnQO97GPWgCLcBGAs/s200/12.24.18.jpg" width="182" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Gazette Times headline 24 December 1918</i></span></b></td></tr>
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But the confetti from parades six weeks earlier had long since been swept into the sewers. Harsh reality dominated: newspapers were still printing daily lists of soldiers killed and wounded in battle. They would do so far into 1919, as news trickled out about the fate of Pittsburghers.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-weH3NkahrmM/XCxBGeO4sSI/AAAAAAAAIMI/Dy1N8w3NdeUo7UHllUgxywJ_KZphej-mwCLcBGAs/s1600/1918%2BChristmas%2BDay%2Bcasualty%2Blist.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="197" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-weH3NkahrmM/XCxBGeO4sSI/AAAAAAAAIMI/Dy1N8w3NdeUo7UHllUgxywJ_KZphej-mwCLcBGAs/s640/1918%2BChristmas%2BDay%2Bcasualty%2Blist.jpg" width="75" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">List, 12-25-18</span></i></b></td></tr>
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On Christmas Eve 1918, the Daily Post noted in passing -- in passing, sandwiched amongst other factoids of the day -- that American casualties "lately totaled 73,526, including 13,064 killed in battle."<br />
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Lately.<br />
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On Christmas Day 1918, Pittsburgh boys were still dying Over There of battle wounds or disease.<br />
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Like other papers across the nation, Pittsburgh prominently honored its sons who had sacrificed so the world could have a "Christmas Day of Peace."<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7HaizT8dfYc/XCPTtcS0ZXI/AAAAAAAAIJU/3Gcwj-7GI6QTpKfrjvoMRjVT0dzduH5YACLcBGAs/s1600/12.25.18.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="221" data-original-width="545" height="128" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7HaizT8dfYc/XCPTtcS0ZXI/AAAAAAAAIJU/3Gcwj-7GI6QTpKfrjvoMRjVT0dzduH5YACLcBGAs/s320/12.25.18.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>25 December 1918, Pittsburgh Press</i></span></b></td></tr>
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Mostly, though, Pittsburghers just wanted things to get back to normal. They wanted to move on. They wanted their old lives back.<br />
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But on this first Christmas after the war, what Pittsburgh was beginning to realize was that nothing would ever be the same.<br />
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Conservative estimates indicate that this region would go on to lose nearly 5000 residents to the <a href="https://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2013/01/giving-flu-respect-it-is-due.html" target="_blank">"Spanish flu"</a> outbreak of fall 1918/spring 1919. For those who survived influenza, the recovery period would be long and difficult. <br />
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Republican Senator and presidential candidate Warren G. Harding of Ohio would coin a new word in 1920: "normalcy." Inherent in his philosophy of normalcy was hope for patriotic sustainment in "triumphant nationality." But on a deeper level, what was driving him -- what was motivating most Americans -- was a longing for simpler, pre-war times.<br />
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Because this new normal sure took a lot of getting used to. <br />
<br /> <b><u></u></b></p><p><b><u>Families in Transition</u></b><br />
Life had radically changed for the Pittsburgh families who'd sent their sons to fight. Most still displayed Blue Star Service Banners in their windows, alongside whatever Christmas decorations might also have graced their homes. Also known as Man-in-Service flags, each blue star represented one family member serving in US Armed Forces, for a total of five stars per banner. If a loved one died, a smaller golden star replaced the blue star from the top down.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--bXjQGo2PDg/XCw3GXb13DI/AAAAAAAAILw/pIfy49IRcOcW3qucCZtHkjcQ4eR1NQibQCLcBGAs/s1600/Blue%2BStar.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="669" height="295" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--bXjQGo2PDg/XCw3GXb13DI/AAAAAAAAILw/pIfy49IRcOcW3qucCZtHkjcQ4eR1NQibQCLcBGAs/s400/Blue%2BStar.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span aria-live="polite" class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">1918 Pittsburgh home. From Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</span></span></i></span></b></td></tr>
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Allegheny County sent 60,000 men to fight during the 19 months that US forces were engaged in combat. Departures looked like this in 1917 and 1918:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--BpL53H0Eq0/XCxD5OOhnbI/AAAAAAAAIMU/E5qHCxb2lZkOqf1zCECtln7fdpYffJS0QCLcBGAs/s1600/Press%2Bsept%2B1917%2BB%2526O.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="803" data-original-width="1230" height="261" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/--BpL53H0Eq0/XCxD5OOhnbI/AAAAAAAAIMU/E5qHCxb2lZkOqf1zCECtln7fdpYffJS0QCLcBGAs/s400/Press%2Bsept%2B1917%2BB%2526O.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqbV9piAeVlmNODPqRonmZPXs9ozdqPA4sBjGKXOmr854h_PAGfvW0QmUAVqaynbVjbnhlt4y1nRTvry0dv76iLdvLcFds1Esx_z9QVXb67zoKE8zNAmXis77owweWbNcGL4Dzd9eKT_3f/s1600/1918+soldiers+departing.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="821" data-original-width="1248" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqbV9piAeVlmNODPqRonmZPXs9ozdqPA4sBjGKXOmr854h_PAGfvW0QmUAVqaynbVjbnhlt4y1nRTvry0dv76iLdvLcFds1Esx_z9QVXb67zoKE8zNAmXis77owweWbNcGL4Dzd9eKT_3f/s400/1918+soldiers+departing.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>Photos from</b><u> Pittsburg's part in the world war; souvenir book, 1918</u></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h1 aria-live="polite" class="level-2 alt object__title">
<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b>Man saying goodbye to grandmother before leaving for the army, 1917. Carnegie Museum of Art collection</b></span></span></i></h1>
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<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"Pittsburg soldier's good-by" 1915-20. Library of Congress image.</span></i></h2>
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Allegheny County's casualties in the Great War totaled more than 1500; a third of those war dead were from Pittsburgh itself.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Military funeral in Pitcairn, Pitcairn Historical Society Image Collection</i></span></b></td></tr>
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Countless others were wounded in body and spirit. Their families bore the brunt of their pain.<br />
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Especially their mothers.<br />
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Artists had included maternal figures in wartime propaganda to personify patriotic duty and familial pride in service. That wasn't hyperbole; such pride was real. Pittsburgh mothers began gathering in the spring of 1918, ultimately forming 66 local chapters of the national Mothers of Democracy organization. These ladies formally chartered their chapters, and regularly gathered to cheer one another and share letters from their boys. They supported Pittsburgh's successful Liberty Loan fundraising drives, and maintained high public profiles to visibly serve their communities as sources of inspiration. As one souvenir remembrance of the era noted: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>....they marched in all the numerous parades, their heads held high, knowing full well the part they played in freeing the world from bondage. In turn, they inspired the throngs of spectators. Those who thought they had given something were led to consider what those mothers were giving.</i></blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>Photos from</b><u> Pittsburg's part in the world war; souvenir book, 1918</u></i></span></td></tr>
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But despite the comfort of community, grief ultimately could only be borne alone. The memorial plaques placed in every municipality to honor the war dead, these mother's sons, would be erected after the rawness of grief had subsided.<br />
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In December 1918, many area families still didn't know the fate of their boys. <br />
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For other families, the 1918 holiday was the first of a lifetime of Christmases they'd spend missing their sons.<br />
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In fact, 1919 was the second wartime Christmas that Mr. and Mrs. George Benney experienced without their son, but it was the first without hope of his return. Phillip Phillips Benney was born 28 June 1895. He was educated with other privileged Pittsburgh boys at Shadyside Academy.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Lt Col William Thaw II <br />and Escadrille lion cub mascot, Whiskey</i></span></b></td></tr>
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While the US remained officially neutral until joining its allies to fight the Great War in April 1917, there were Americans who volunteered early on to fight in France as soldiers in the French Foreign Legion or as ambulance drivers. Phillip Benney was one of the latter. At age 22, he joined the American ambulance corps of the French army in January 1917. Six months later in July 1918 he began training in the aviation section. Phillip probably had wanted to join the elite Lafayette Escadrille, a squadron of 38 American flyers co-founded by Pittsburgh flying ace and larger-than-life hero William Thaw II. It had been named in honor of Marquis de Lafayette, French hero of the American Revolutionary War.<br />
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But while Thaw entered service as a licensed pilot, it took several months for Phillip to complete his aviation training. By the time he was done, the Lafayette Escadrille had been dissolved into other squads. Phillip and other new American volunteer pilots were absorbed into the Service Aeronautique. Connecting themselves by a similar name, these new ace pilots were designated as members of the Lafayette Flying Corps. (The distinction was -- and still is -- lost on most Americans. The two groups are often conflated. In contemporary news reports about Phillip Benney's service he is described as a member of the Escadrille, but history records him as a member of the Flying Corps).<br />
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The 5'9" blue-eyed Benney would have known two other Pittsburghers in the Corps in addition to Lt. Col. Thaw: Sgts. Wainwright Abbott and Archibald Johnston. These men were older than Phillip, but all were scions of prominent Pittsburgh families. All distinguished themselves in service. All but Phillip made it home.<br />
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According to local newspaper reports, George and Eugenia Benney received a letter from their son the morning of 31 January 1918. Written a few weeks earlier, he detailed his excitement over completing training and being given his new airplane, a French biplane fighter known as a "Spad." He was scheduled to make his first real flight on or around 11 January 1918.<br />
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While on patrol over Montfaucon on 25 January, Phillip was attacked by five or six German planes. He was severely injured in hip and thigh but still managed to land his plane behind allied lines. Though he received an immediate transfusion from a French Army surgeon, Phillip died of his injuries the next day, 26 January 1918.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Corporal Phillip Phillips Benney, 1895-1918</b></span></i><br />
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It was a <i>Pittsburgh Press </i>reporter who informed Phillip's mother Eugenia of his death. </div>
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Perhaps she took some comfort in her deepest mourning from the outpouring of public support. The <i>Pittsburgh Press</i> published a glowing tribute to Phillip on 5 February 1918 in which<i> "the charm of his acquaintance"</i> and "<i>the spirit of chivalry that gleamed in his eyes</i>" were lauded. The 23 year old's final battle began as <i>"Quickly he sped far up into the distant sky and roamed across the blue firmament like a heavenly knight, keeping vigilant watch over the sacred hosts beneath him." </i>Death came to him as: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>....the spirit of chivalry gleamed in his eyes with a surpassing fire...he gave shot for shot against his ruthless antagonists....in the midst of a hurricane of bullets he rode his machine intrepidly, with a matchless splendor of control, which showed that his courage was indomitable, and that his brain was exercising every resource known to the strategy of the air....</i></blockquote>
A memorial service took place at Shadyside's Church of the Ascension on 24 February 1918, at which <i>"patriotic airs"</i> were played and the pastor preached on "<i>Immortality</i>." In May 1918, Phillip's family had to endure the painful indignity of awaiting the return of his personal effects, which had been mistakenly sent to the Chicago family of a deceased young officer whose surname was also Benney.<br />
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Phillip was eventually awarded a posthumous Croix de Guerre with palm. Initially buried in Glorieux French National Cemetery near Verdun, he was later re-interred with honors at the Lafayette Escadrille Memorial, Marnes la Coqu.<br />
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Aviators of this era were the new celebrity darlings, so the death of young Phillip Phillips Benney in an air battle both enthralled and horrified Pittsburghers. Along with his manner of dying, his family's status as a member of the city's social elite assured that his death did not pass unnoticed -- or unromanticized.<br />
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The public lamentation over the passing of a working class Pittsburgher a year earlier, Thomas Enright, was notable because he was the first Pittsburgher (indeed, the first American soldier since this country officially entered the conflict) to die in battle. While Enright's passing excited patriotic passions, it took familial pressure spurred by inquiries from his sister Mary Irwin to bring his remains home for burial four years later.<br />
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Most Pittsburgh boys who perished in WWI died ignoble deaths in the trenches and hospitals, either of war-related injuries or flu-related illness. Unlike Benney and Enright, their deaths went comparatively unnoticed. Families mourned, to be sure. Families never stopped mourning. Names were published in papers, often with scant details, then later were engraved on community memorials and plaques. But scores of Pittsburgh families without influence or means were left wondering about their sons and husbands who had been buried in foreign soil in graves most would never visit.<br />
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For them, as for the Benneys and the Enrights, the pain of loss would never end. It would subside, at best, to a dull ache. An ache that was to become their new normal <br />
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<b><u>Women in Transition</u></b><br />
Pittsburgh's women had additional transitions to weather as 1919 dawned. Once the United States entered the war, women did what they had always done: take on jobs that had previously been the domain of men. We famously remember women doing this in WWII as iconic “Rosie the Riveters.” But women have always picked up the slack once menfolk head off to war, and WWI was no exception.<br />
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Women replaced men who left civilian factory, manufacturing, and service jobs. Women became Red Cross workers. Women even went to France to work as ambulance drivers and nurses.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Red Cross Motor Corps, Pittsburgh, November 1918. Library of Congress image.</i></span></b></td></tr>
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When men left to fight, Pittsburgh women of necessity eased into taking their jobs. On 11 January 1918, the first women employed by branches of the Pittsburgh Post Office were sworn in. Pittsburgh's post office declared itself to be <i>"....one of the first to be invaded by fair femininity as part of the working force, and the outcome is eagerly watched by other mail heads...." </i><br />
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The post office made a movie of the ladies at work to distribute to other cities so as to illustrate the Superintendent of Mails' assertion that <i>"....no loss in efficiency has resulted from this war-time innovation." </i><br />
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Male postal workers were rumored to be jealous of their new female colleagues, whom they feared would be given cushy day shifts. The Superintendent assured the public that <i>"....there will be no discrimination against the men...."</i><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh Gazette Times headline<br />12 January 1918</span></i></b></td></tr>
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Adding lady postal workers in Pittsburgh was justified in local papers because:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>There are not enough men to handle that work, which was once distinctively a man's job. The reserve is gone...There are some tasks that women, admittedly, cannot do as acceptably as men. It had been always presumed that sorting mail was one of these.</i></blockquote>
Women would <i>"....work the same hours as the men clerks, some during each of the three eight-hour shifts"</i> and earn $75 per month, with paid overtime. Forty ladies reported at 1 PM that first day for an eight hour shift sorting local mail. <i>"Foreign or out-of-town matter" </i>and <i>"heavier tasks" </i>remained the responsibility of seasoned male employees. But there were plans to eventually add lady mail carriers.<br />
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The local Superintendent informed the <i>Post</i> that on their first day <i>"....the greatest difficulty seemed to be that the young women did not know where the city ended and the suburbs started. Maps and charts were furnished immediately."</i><br />
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We can safely assume that new male postal hires typically faced the same learning curve, but addressed it without public commentary as to their need for maps and charts.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh Gazette Times, 12 January 1918</span></i></b></td></tr>
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Throughout 1918, women found themselves eligible for all sorts of new positions on both manufacturing and professional tracks.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Post, 7 January 1918</i></b></span></td></tr>
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Still, some paths to employment remained closed to area women. Throughout 1918 newspapers detailed the emergence of the lady street car driver, a "conductorette" who could be seen riding the rails in Berlin and London and New York and Cleveland.<br />
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But not in Pittsburgh.<br />
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It wasn't for lack of trying.<br />
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From 2 December 1917 through 3 January 1918, newspaper adverts placed by local transit authority Pittsburgh Railways Company sought both male and female street car conductors. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh newspaper ads, December 1917</i></b></span></td></tr>
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The plan was for the ladies to run rush hour "tripper" and "trailer" cars. Pittsburgh Railways denied that this was an<i> "opening wedge"</i> for ladies to take on more routes within the system, instead citing the wartime need to fill in service gaps because the public <i>"is suffering through the lack of men to conduct adequate car service." </i><br />
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Pittsburgh women were eager to sign on, judging by the initial inquiries to Pittsburgh Railways reported in early December: <i>"....every mail received in its office has been weighted down with applications. A hundred a day were received for awhile."</i><br />
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By early January, 400 applications had been received.<br />
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An editorial entitled "The Conductorette Experiment" from a January 1918 edition of the <i>Post</i> endorsed the possibility of women working the routes -- so long as the hypothetical streetcar ladies presented themselves as domesticated better angels of virtue and reminders of good manners: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Hail the street car conductorette, or conductorine, or conductress.... There are attractive possibilities in her coming. Street car etiquette, for one thing, may undergo material changes....a marked civility...to promote courtesy in the matter of yielding seats to female passengers, for it will be additionally uncomfortable for the male occupant to bear the reproachful glance of the conductorette.... </i></blockquote>
But for all that, the ladies didn't stand a chance at nailing the jobs. A spokesman for the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry in early December 1918 announced that the state woudn't allow it to happen:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>"....will most strenuously object to women being employed as conductors on regular and trailer cars in this city. We have state laws regulating the employment of women, and these will be violated if women are put to work at men's jobs on the trolleys. So far as my inspectors have been able to learn, the Pittsburgh Railways Company has made no provision for the employment of women. Certain sanitary laws absolutely must be complied with before women can work on the cars."</i></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Mab6wALzr1Y/XDUdXWo3slI/AAAAAAAAIP8/6kGIZD7vUZQ-AhZqDZIMgp5BhXpjPlRkwCLcBGAs/s1600/conductorette%2Bsketch%2Bby%2BBatchelor.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Mab6wALzr1Y/XDUdXWo3slI/AAAAAAAAIP8/6kGIZD7vUZQ-AhZqDZIMgp5BhXpjPlRkwCLcBGAs/s320/conductorette%2Bsketch%2Bby%2BBatchelor.jpg" width="303" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Conductorette sketch by Clarence Batchelor, 1918<br /> From nationally circulated newspaper feature<br /> "The Win-the-War Girl Art's New Inspiration"</i></span></b></td></tr>
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Across the nation during the war years the "<i>desirability and usefulness</i>" of female streetcar operators was hotly debated. The<i> Gazette Times</i> reprinted an article in July 1918 citing a federal Department of Labor investigation describing streetcar conduction as "<i>....one of the last occupations into which a woman should be lured or forced..."</i><br />
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The Feds reasoned that a woman <i>"....is not physically equipped to stand the strain required...." </i>what with all that<i> "...nervous tension resulting from riding all day on a car that is constantly starting and stopping. This, coupled with the necessity of standing up for long periods, is something which women cannot undergo without serious danger to their health." </i><br />
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Of course, women had such jobs in many cities. The same article noted that even labor union reps grudgingly admitted that the lady conductor was not only admirably loyal, she was "<i>....punctual, painstaking, and evinces much interest and liking for her work."</i><br />
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Creating a hospitable working environment for these women was not a priority. According to the Feds:<i> "....in many cases the companies failed to provide adequate rest rooms and lunch rooms." </i>The ladies <i>"....were, in some instances, compelled to share" </i>the same facilities used by males.<br />
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Wartime or not, socially proscribed gender spheres of influence could only yield so far. State laws, inflexibility about workplace accommodations, and even protests from male streetcar workers that employing women was just a threat to keep their wages down all combined to doom conductorettes in Pittsburgh.<br />
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Never mind that there were some highly qualified applicants. A January <i> </i>1918<i> Post</i> article noted that three local ladies, already laborers for local railroads, preferred to transition to conductorettes because "<i>....the job pays better and is easier than 'carrying burdensome tools and <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vCZgmgOUy1s/XDWPI3CHkHI/AAAAAAAAIQU/NuOByqFXrF0rInwvmNCBVyqmhfP26gzdQCEwYBhgL/s1600/headline.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="243" data-original-width="546" height="140" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vCZgmgOUy1s/XDWPI3CHkHI/AAAAAAAAIQU/NuOByqFXrF0rInwvmNCBVyqmhfP26gzdQCEwYBhgL/s320/headline.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Post headline 4 January 1918</i></b></span></td></tr>
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lugging heavy buckets full of ice.'</i>" A fourth applicant identified as Mabel Hickey of Braddock had previously worked as a streetcar operator in London at the start of the war. She described the job in glowing terms: <i>"....a delightful occupation, not a bit undignified, interesting and quite lucrative."</i> Other applicants included five<i> "graduates of Eastern finishing schools" </i>and three socialites <i>"whose names grace the pages of the Blue Book."</i> Applicants who were wives and siblings of soldiers fighting overseas were said to be destined for priority status once Pittsburgh Railways processed its applicants.<br />
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While it's unclear how far along the company got in pursuing conductorette hiring, at the very least it did have a uniform ready for the ladies.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-07w7DmODqW0/XDV2m6EFSLI/AAAAAAAAIQI/BNcTGeNVtxoG_mkwyXzeYstqPIg-dtSKQCLcBGAs/s1600/conductorette%2Buniform%2Bcomposite.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="913" data-original-width="546" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-07w7DmODqW0/XDV2m6EFSLI/AAAAAAAAIQI/BNcTGeNVtxoG_mkwyXzeYstqPIg-dtSKQCLcBGAs/s1600/conductorette%2Buniform%2Bcomposite.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh Post excerpt, 8 December 1917</span></b></i></td></tr>
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Because, let's admit, it always comes down to having the perfect outfit, right?<br />
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Pittsburgh Railways Company displayed the above uniform in its offices in early December 1917 when it began accepting applications. It's no surprise that it generated enormous appeal locally, just as debates about how to dress the new female worker dominated the national conversation. A syndicated column by American journalist and humorist Helen Rowland, reprinted in the <i>Press</i> in April 1918, cheekily endorsed the latent seductiveness of ladies in smart uniforms:
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<i>Verily, verily, my daughter, what is so fascinating as a woman in a uniform? Behold, sirens, are no more....But the Red Cross girl and conductorette and the elevator girl and the farmerette and the aviatrix and the chauffeurette--they are all with us!....Go to! ...How then shall any man resist a pink-and-white thing in a conductorette cap and a girly-girly skirt and military leggings? And if she smileth sweetly when she taketh his fare and saith "please" when she requesteth him to "step lively" how shall he stay his heart from fluttering and his lips from smiling back at her? For a "polite conductor" is a heavenly thing! ...And men have come to see that a woman can be useful and beautiful, and that a busy woman is a fascinating woman! And from now on a little laborette-in-uniform shall get them! Selah.</i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kldPesvPazg/XDWQ8UvPNwI/AAAAAAAAIQg/0Ft3jNh5ApgUVpxwt9e2GgwaNK57aA7VwCLcBGAs/s1600/london%2Bbus%2Bconductorettes.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="858" height="124" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kldPesvPazg/XDWQ8UvPNwI/AAAAAAAAIQg/0Ft3jNh5ApgUVpxwt9e2GgwaNK57aA7VwCLcBGAs/s200/london%2Bbus%2Bconductorettes.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>London bus conductorettes, 1917. Hulton Archives. </i></b></span></td></tr>
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Of course, there were critics, too. Pittsburghers read a <i>Post</i> report in July 1918 warning that the female London transit worker was forced to wear <i>"mannish looking costumes"</i> with <i>"her leather or oilskin hat, heavy coat and trousers thrust into leather puttees. The subway conductress wears a cap, heavy shoes and a coat reaching to her shoetops."</i><br />
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They could contrast that with an AP article from February 1918, in which the president of New York City's car lines defended the idea of bloomer-wearing conductorettes:<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YNUH-jjq8AA/XDWVj3VYWhI/AAAAAAAAIQs/SnOa1yuaiU8vAlETruLjSlbU-1Zbz_GWwCEwYBhgL/s1600/NYC%2Bconductorettes.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="852" data-original-width="1200" height="140" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YNUH-jjq8AA/XDWVj3VYWhI/AAAAAAAAIQs/SnOa1yuaiU8vAlETruLjSlbU-1Zbz_GWwCEwYBhgL/s200/NYC%2Bconductorettes.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Dress-uniformed NYC conductorettes, 1917. <br />New York Transit Museum Collection</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<i>Compared with the distorted figure of the days of tight lacing, the unsightly bustle, the unwieldy hoopskirt and pantalette, as well as the present--what shall I say--near waistless party or theater gown, the cross-saddle riding habit, the average summer resort bathing suit, the peek-a-boo shirt waist, the short street skirt, with it far-short of-reaching high top shoes, I repeat, as compared with these, consider the neat, business like uniforms of our conductorettes with its knee length semi-military coat, closely buttoned collar, easy fitting bloomers and puttee covered legs, a splendid example of a modest, practical utility dress. If, in favor of common sense and patriotism women have courage to sweep aside hide-bound conventions that they may the better do their bit, why should we attempt to handicap them with false motions of modesty about dress?"</i><br />
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Even though Pittsburgh women didn't get to become conductorettes, they did lots of other physically-demanding work and therefore needed practical clothing for their new roles. Skirts that could catch on machinery? Corsets so restrictive that a lady couldn’t manage her work? Nope. Whether donning utilitarian uniforms or scaling back the frills on their daily garb, women shed fussiness for practicality during the war years. Sensible dress became their new normal.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fCSVWH3gZps/XD12ZyPhKUI/AAAAAAAAIUI/SzxkEzCZcu48G3dQDaMKlbK7TQOjpjSKQCEwYBhgL/s1600/mccalls%2Bpattern%2B1917.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1399" data-original-width="983" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fCSVWH3gZps/XD12ZyPhKUI/AAAAAAAAIUI/SzxkEzCZcu48G3dQDaMKlbK7TQOjpjSKQCEwYBhgL/s640/mccalls%2Bpattern%2B1917.jpg" width="449" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>McCall's clothing patterns for women, 1917</i></b></span></td></tr>
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It would be a mistake to assume that when the first shots were fired in Sarajevo in 1914, women rose up as one, flung their corsets in the air, and started slinking around in bras and panties, pants, and rolled-up shirtsleeves. Cultural changes are generally far less immediate -- especially true in Pittsburgh, always more conservative and slower to adopt new trends. But even here, women's dress in the early 1900s evolved. A proliferation of fashion magazines and newspaper columns kept women informed about current fashions, so even with Pittsburgh being a kind of conservative fashion backwater, early 20th century Yinzer ladies still kept abreast (!) of current fashions.<br />
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WWI influenced Pittsburgh fashion. Women were not encouraged to be mannish, but to embrace sartorial adaptations to enhance their femininity while navigating a more complex world.<br />
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Consider the corset. While there had been an undercurrent of protest against corsetry from medical professionals and supporters of dress reform throughout the 19th century, corsets didn't much change until they went through a condensed period of evolution during the early 1900s.<br />
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This illustration from an August 1907 edition of Pittsburgh's weekly society journal shows us how such ladies aspired to dress in the earliest part of the century.
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HJRKbS5rZiM/WqXF1jo2TFI/AAAAAAAAH9Q/BALO0KnsrvgULG5O229hZsw8W_UpMkitgCLcBGAs/s1600/March%2B1907%2BThe%2BIndex%2Bv2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="765" height="340" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-HJRKbS5rZiM/WqXF1jo2TFI/AAAAAAAAH9Q/BALO0KnsrvgULG5O229hZsw8W_UpMkitgCLcBGAs/s400/March%2B1907%2BThe%2BIndex%2Bv2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>The Index, Pittsburgh's Illustrated Weekly. August 1907</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q0DxfmJCqmw/XCqbUDl-0GI/AAAAAAAAIKM/CoY42iD_Nbsxl3hUiglGt8oSlJvMJDwQQCLcBGAs/s1600/Press%2B%2B1903.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1081" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q0DxfmJCqmw/XCqbUDl-0GI/AAAAAAAAIKM/CoY42iD_Nbsxl3hUiglGt8oSlJvMJDwQQCLcBGAs/s320/Press%2B%2B1903.jpg" width="161" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Press July 1903</i></span></b></td></tr>
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That distinctive pre-war silhouette was achieved by wearing an S-Bend or straight-front corset. Such foundation garments debuted in Paris circa 1901, and were considered improvements on previous corsetry because they didn't exert as much pressure on the abdomen. This longer, straight-front corset supported rather than squeezed the abdomen, and didn't force the waist into a constricted hourglass. But, once laced, this style pushed the abdomen back, and squished the breasts together into a decidedly non-sexy lump called a “monobosom.” The posture exemplified by these photos is typical: breasts and shoulders forced forward, back arched.<br />
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In fact, it was often arched to the point of causing lower back pain and hyperextended knees.<br />
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Some improvement!<br />
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The straight-front corset promoted the "proud" posture of the era’s Gibson Girl ideal. Decorum usually prohibited the inclusion of corset illustrations in advertisements of this era, but Pittsburgh newspapers were filled with ad copy about them from 1902-1909. They were usually made of batiste or coutille, fabrics with high, sturdy cotton content.<br />
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Here are a few ads with illustrations from local papers in the early 1900s.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ojqabGj5tEI/XCqcMnNSXQI/AAAAAAAAIKY/mm5dzbAqp6IqL7_3kXnFyqmAn8lwKbW_ACLcBGAs/s1600/Press%2B1902.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="546" height="246" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ojqabGj5tEI/XCqcMnNSXQI/AAAAAAAAIKY/mm5dzbAqp6IqL7_3kXnFyqmAn8lwKbW_ACLcBGAs/s320/Press%2B1902.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Weisser, Low & Co ad, Pittsburgh Press, May 1902 </i></span></b></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FM6ZJvNdsWw/XCqcZKVj20I/AAAAAAAAIKg/-gnsZZrLj5UlvWhaXAn-FUTOsVt-LexggCLcBGAs/s1600/Gazette%2B1903.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="514" data-original-width="546" height="301" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-FM6ZJvNdsWw/XCqcZKVj20I/AAAAAAAAIKg/-gnsZZrLj5UlvWhaXAn-FUTOsVt-LexggCLcBGAs/s320/Gazette%2B1903.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Kaufmann's ad, Pittsburgh Gazette, February 1903</i></span></b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L4r2DGb9kLo/XCqcNkKvjNI/AAAAAAAAIKc/OHARqZZRxrkSFzUfZqKNM8OPVQGmFEWWQCLcBGAs/s1600/Post%2B1904.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="788" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L4r2DGb9kLo/XCqcNkKvjNI/AAAAAAAAIKc/OHARqZZRxrkSFzUfZqKNM8OPVQGmFEWWQCLcBGAs/s320/Post%2B1904.jpg" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Kaufmann's ad, Pittsburgh Post, January 1903</i></span></b></td></tr>
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But the straight-front corset was ultimately doomed by its intrinsic discomfort. In 1906 the <i>Pittsburgh Gazette Times</i> reprinted a British article featuring a cartoon mocking this contorted, <i>"unnatural, exaggerated and almost grotesque carriage."</i><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-f0Q89Y86JuU/XCqO_vwXowI/AAAAAAAAIJs/TVxWI5E3Ubk9j1CksGKU8dxaCDl6XLdaQCLcBGAs/s1600/1906%2BGazette%2BTimes.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="546" height="395" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-f0Q89Y86JuU/XCqO_vwXowI/AAAAAAAAIJs/TVxWI5E3Ubk9j1CksGKU8dxaCDl6XLdaQCLcBGAs/s400/1906%2BGazette%2BTimes.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Although it could still be found in stores, the straight-front corset mercifully faded from fashion by 1910. Leading up to WWI, the ideal fashion silhouette transitioned to a straighter, more natural figure without emphasis on hourglass-like waist constriction.<br />
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With that transition, corsets actually began moving down the body, sheath-like, positioned under the breasts, enclosing the waist, even extending down over the thighs.<br />
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And as they shifted downward, they evolved into what we would recognize today as girdles.<br />
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Most ladies still needed breast support, though, so a new device evolved to be worn above the girdle/corset: the brassiere. Bras first appeared in Paris as early as 1907, and in Britain by 1912. They are mentioned by name in Pittsburgh newspapers as early as 1906, but weren't anything more than corset covers at that point.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-20VplJsHKgw/XDAVjh9TmAI/AAAAAAAAIOk/lBNltnyHJDADxKssJ8JvhklYyci3aeeLgCLcBGAs/s1600/brassieres%2B2.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="732" data-original-width="547" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-20VplJsHKgw/XDAVjh9TmAI/AAAAAAAAIOk/lBNltnyHJDADxKssJ8JvhklYyci3aeeLgCLcBGAs/s1600/brassieres%2B2.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Brassieres in Pittsburgh, 1908: "not indispensable, but very helpful"<br />Kaufmann's ad, April 1908, Pittsburgh Press</i></span></b> </td></tr>
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By 1908, brassieres were described locally as separate garments, constructed with boning for breast support.<br />
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By Christmas 1918, brassieres were being sold all over Pittsburgh.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G_KwxISuE7k/XDAlQ5Zv-8I/AAAAAAAAIPA/ZIx1vWd2ySQbTgGeDu3wgGbQFtIiS8TUACLcBGAs/s1600/bra%2Bad%2Bnov%2B1918%2Bkaufmanns.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="546" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G_KwxISuE7k/XDAlQ5Zv-8I/AAAAAAAAIPA/ZIx1vWd2ySQbTgGeDu3wgGbQFtIiS8TUACLcBGAs/s1600/bra%2Bad%2Bnov%2B1918%2Bkaufmanns.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>Kaufmann & Baer Co ad, Pittsburgh Gazette Times, November 1918</b></i></span></td></tr>
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Women's underwear was evolving at the same time that things were changing for women socially. During the early 1900s, intense discussions and very public campaigns for women’s suffrage and access to birth control occurred. To be sure, not everyone was on the same page regarding such issues, but they collectively symbolized how long-held notions about what was proper for women were changing. And on the recreational front, women were engaging in physically demanding sports like cycling and tennis, so what they wore needed less fuss and more flexibility.<br />
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By the time war started in Europe in 1914, women's fashions had lost their rigid, tailored lines. The pace of change in lady's undergarments accelerated.<br />
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Inversely correlating with the pace of social changes, from 1917 on the sales of boned corsets decreased. It was, after all, considered patriotic to conserve material, and the metal previously used in corsets was requisitioned for priority war use. The US War Industries Board proudly claimed that <i>“American women’s sacrifice of their stays during the war released 28000 tons of steel –enough to build two battleships.”</i><br />
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Women shed other layers of undergarments during the war years, too. Even what they wore on their bottoms by the end of WWI reflected fashion's need to embrace more freedom and physical mobility. Layers of petticoats were shucked off, since women needed less volume as their practically-minded, fabric-conserving skirts became shorter and narrower.<br />
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Their bottom "drawer" or underwear styles changed, too. For generations it had been considered indecent and unhealthy for a woman to have fabric between her legs, so the crotch of her underwear was not sewn shut. But as women took on duties in traditionally male professions and donned trousers, bloomers, or overalls (aka “womanalls”) for work, the culture shock of seeing women in pants gradually lessened. So her underwear evolved, too.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AMPiRaLXJ3M/XC7bR7RW3WI/AAAAAAAAIOU/d63LbnwhCO05vr-ZFuQd8U-kunBpeb0PQCLcBGAs/s1600/Countersinking%2Bdetonator%2Btube%2Bhole%252C%2Bfilling%2Bhole%2Bin%2Bhand%2Bgrenade%2Bat%2BWestinghouse%2BElectric%2Bc%2B1918%2BLOC.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="1119" height="313" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-AMPiRaLXJ3M/XC7bR7RW3WI/AAAAAAAAIOU/d63LbnwhCO05vr-ZFuQd8U-kunBpeb0PQCLcBGAs/s400/Countersinking%2Bdetonator%2Btube%2Bhole%252C%2Bfilling%2Bhole%2Bin%2Bhand%2Bgrenade%2Bat%2BWestinghouse%2BElectric%2Bc%2B1918%2BLOC.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Woman doing munitions work, Westinghouse Electric in East Pittsburgh, circa 1918. Library of Congress photo.</span></i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
The considered appropriateness of wearing open versus closed underwear reversed in a relatively short time: within two decades, open crotch underwear would carry the wanton connotations it does today.<br />
<br />
In Pittsburgh, closed drawers went through various evolutions, with button tabs or envelopes initially shutting things off down below. These garments were sometimes referred to as step-ins or knickbockers as a way of retaining femininity (and perhaps to placate men who worried about women appropriating their actual trousers). <br />
<br />
Underwear norms changed gradually, and so many women would continue to wear what they had always worn. Stores carried both corsets and brassieres in equal stock, and at various levels of affordability.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wdscSm5xABk/XD118H7yAmI/AAAAAAAAIUA/YwornKIqOhEWUcEg7nGLhbs2SNDtn5bHgCLcBGAs/s1600/lingerie%2Bad%2B1917.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="771" data-original-width="546" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wdscSm5xABk/XD118H7yAmI/AAAAAAAAIUA/YwornKIqOhEWUcEg7nGLhbs2SNDtn5bHgCLcBGAs/s640/lingerie%2Bad%2B1917.jpg" width="451" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Press ad for all kinds of underwear for sale at Frank & Seder, January 1917</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Since many women made their own underwear, magazines and local newspapers sold patterns for all sorts of undergarments.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-w0wB814mJBw/XDAnckq1UiI/AAAAAAAAIPM/VjRclVdOIpMJdBBW3OZsZe6EX8EwhRh5gCLcBGAs/s1600/closer%2Bdrawers.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="943" data-original-width="546" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-w0wB814mJBw/XDAnckq1UiI/AAAAAAAAIPM/VjRclVdOIpMJdBBW3OZsZe6EX8EwhRh5gCLcBGAs/s1600/closer%2Bdrawers.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Gazette Times, 1915</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
These intimate transitions happened at every level of
society, leading to new fashion expectations for women of all social
classes.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>A City in Transition</b></u><br />
There were grander social transitions happening as well. Pittsburgh was shaped by its interactions with a given era's technological advances, and those changes often proceeded at dizzying pace. The old and the new overlapped. For example, Pittsburgh's would-be WWI conductorettes in their practical undergarments would have navigated dense traffic on streets shared equally by horse-drawn delivery trucks, streetcars, and motorized vehicles.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BfTMW61kRL0/XDbO76PwLXI/AAAAAAAAIRY/gIkmh32RDesvqyRjOmwfzNVWVomyri69gCEwYBhgL/s1600/street.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="1333" height="270" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BfTMW61kRL0/XDbO76PwLXI/AAAAAAAAIRY/gIkmh32RDesvqyRjOmwfzNVWVomyri69gCEwYBhgL/s400/street.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="ILfuVd"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, 1917.<br />Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</i></span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="ILfuVd"><br /></span>
Communications technology was changing during this era as well, though not advancing at quite the pace needed to facilitate superior battlefront exchanges. The era's telephones and telegraphs weren't reliable in the field, so WWI leaders
turned to a much older form of communication: the carrier pigeon.<br />
<br />
Pigeons, then as now, were ubiquitous. But one pigeon named Martha was so notable that her death in 1914 at the Cincinnati Zoo made international news.<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O2b6uSJonqA/XD14lOTGVxI/AAAAAAAAIUc/-BozeKe6vCU1eIdXe7zYyesTbQGTCMe2gCLcBGAs/s1600/martha.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="432" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-O2b6uSJonqA/XD14lOTGVxI/AAAAAAAAIUc/-BozeKe6vCU1eIdXe7zYyesTbQGTCMe2gCLcBGAs/s320/martha.jpg" width="224" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Martha, shortly before her death in 1914</i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>from <u>Published figures and plates</u></i></span></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>of the extinct passenger pigeon</i></span></u></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Robert W. Shufeldt, 1921</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Martha was an endling, the last living member of the species <i>Ectopistes migratorius</i>, commonly known as a passenger or wild pigeon. The birds had been as endemic in Western Pennsylvania as anywhere else in North America, although they hadn't been seen flying wild in these parts for a generation. The closest anyone around here got to seeing them in recent memory was 1895, when an Oakland passenger pigeon-raiser and sportsman named Thomas R. Laughrey gave up the hobby. He turned his 20-40 member flock loose in what became Schenley Park, and later recalled that all traces of his passenger pigeons vanished within a few months. <br />
<br />
Martha's passing elicited spilled ink in Pittsburgh papers for years to come. Locals debated the reality and cause/s of passenger pigeon extinction. One popular theory, as people struggled to make sense of how an entire ubiquitous species could vanish, held that the birds had been blown out to sea in a ferocious storm. That seems absurd to us now, but in those war-torn years few Pittsburghers were capable of comprehending the magnitude and finality of species loss, or its anthropogenic origins.<br />
<br />
They certainly weren't going to respond to pricks of individual or collective conscience -- whether for hunted birds, or for enemy "Huns" killed during war. This was a practical time, and means justified ends. Those passenger pigeons had made good eating, and good sport in hunting.<br />
<br />
Their citified cousins could serve other, equally practical purposes in wartime. <br />
<br />
To put this in context, understand that bird-fancying and fancy birds were a big feathery deal in Pittsburgh back in the day. The fifth annual Poultry Exhibition at East Liberty's Motor Square Garden filled the place with over 5000 birds in January 1916. Particular attention was paid to the pigeons because <i>"....the raising of pigeons is carried on in this country on a larger scale than almost anywhere in the United States."</i><br />
<br />
In July 1916 some 90,000 homing pigeons were offered by the Racing Pigeon Union in anticipation of the US entering WWI. Of those, 10,000 came from the Greater Pittsburgh area. That number startled even the most jaded local, judging by this one-off comment on the editorial page a few days later:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vSx5az76c9Q/XDeRujjtXTI/AAAAAAAAIRk/uuZMZotJVKExWUUdV2G1fzaGtf5oL03gQCLcBGAs/s1600/pigeons%2Bcomment%2B7-4-16.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="107" data-original-width="544" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vSx5az76c9Q/XDeRujjtXTI/AAAAAAAAIRk/uuZMZotJVKExWUUdV2G1fzaGtf5oL03gQCLcBGAs/s1600/pigeons%2Bcomment%2B7-4-16.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Gazette Times, 4 July 1916</i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The Allied forces had been using homing pigeons on the battle lines with great success. The 300 members of the Pittsburgh chapter of the Racing Pigeon Union offered not only the use of their long-distance-flying, award-winning birds, but also their personal services as trainers and builders of lofts.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qab-OgaKHoQ/XDgLL_aWoFI/AAAAAAAAIS4/H6_Refg2gAgpzePrXK96Si9p6bTlsbZRgCLcBGAs/s1600/Carney%2Bphoto.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="260" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qab-OgaKHoQ/XDgLL_aWoFI/AAAAAAAAIS4/H6_Refg2gAgpzePrXK96Si9p6bTlsbZRgCLcBGAs/s400/Carney%2Bphoto.jpg" width="243" /></a>Thus it was that in October 1918, local breeders added Pittsburgh stock to the consignment of 3000 pigeons joining the US Signal Corps as battlefield messengers. Those birds were looked over by Pittsburghers, Lieutenants John L. (Jack) Carney of Dormont and John Buscall, who were in charge of the division.<br />
<br />
By February 1918 the pigeons, officers (Carney, Buscall, and one additional) and 118 enlisted men were dispatched to France. Three thousand birds wasn't enough, despite breeding programs, so in April 1918 the following notice was sent to Pittsburgh breeders: <i><br /></i><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>It is requested that all pigeon fanciers who have banded birds with United States army bands, which birds will be available for shipment on April 15 to communicate with Dr. O.J. Bennett, 680 Preble avenue, Northside, Pittsburgh, in order that he may inform the signal department of the United States army as to how many Government band birds are available for Government use in France. </i></blockquote>
<br />
Dr. Bennett, a prominent local physician who consulted at Western Penitentiary, was the president of the local chapter of the Racing Pigeon Union. He maintained one of the nation's premiere lofts at his Northside property. His birds had set multiple distance and speed flying records, and bore noble names like Tribune, Miss Warhorse, North Side Star, and Old Bob. Dr. Bennett was the official distributor of the "USS 18" band that Pittsburgh pigeons wore after being, uhm, drafted. The government paid "civilian fanciers" $2 each for their birds, which joined the Pigeon Section or Pigeon Company of the US Army Signal Corps.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZwYu-EHrfUI/XDe8eVEFoyI/AAAAAAAAIRw/oKC5Bw879F0gMFMJ326FwaDs1o8VfNKoQCLcBGAs/s1600/Pigeon%2Bfrom%2BAnnual%2BReport%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSecretary%2Bof%2BWar.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="568" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZwYu-EHrfUI/XDe8eVEFoyI/AAAAAAAAIRw/oKC5Bw879F0gMFMJ326FwaDs1o8VfNKoQCLcBGAs/s1600/Pigeon%2Bfrom%2BAnnual%2BReport%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSecretary%2Bof%2BWar.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>WWI Signal Corps pigeon, from <u>Annual Report of the Secretary of War, United States War Dept, 1919</u></i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></i><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6XzSZRvDKyY/XDgH1UJS6_I/AAAAAAAAISg/qK0Kz1FzYnoY5LhAtxcdWMC9SmE_nO_rQCLcBGAs/s1600/SHOWIN%257E1.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="964" data-original-width="1269" height="302" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6XzSZRvDKyY/XDgH1UJS6_I/AAAAAAAAISg/qK0Kz1FzYnoY5LhAtxcdWMC9SmE_nO_rQCLcBGAs/s400/SHOWIN%257E1.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Feather identification stamp on carrier pigeon in US Army Signal Corps. Library of Congress collection, 1918.</i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Officially speaking, the duties of the Pigeon Section were to: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>....provide personnel, pigeons, and equipment for the training of all arms of the service, conduct this training at different camps and aeroplane stations, to coordinate pigeon activities with the other branches of the War Department, to procure personnel and equipment for the forces overseas and to answer all inquiries for information concerning pigeons and their training.</i></blockquote>
As a matter of daily routine, what the Pigeon Section did was save the lives of American servicemen.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b3ALJPgqWUI/XDf6u-VW6lI/AAAAAAAAISI/SpMcyid0C2ILWJ8yZYcdURCaKmL_hxQJwCLcBGAs/s1600/Carney.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="268" height="200" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b3ALJPgqWUI/XDf6u-VW6lI/AAAAAAAAISI/SpMcyid0C2ILWJ8yZYcdURCaKmL_hxQJwCLcBGAs/s200/Carney.jpg" width="177" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgher Captain Jack Carney with Cher Ami<br /><a href="https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/">https://www.worldwar1centennial.org</a></i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
There were lots of brave birdies, but Cher Ami was among the most famous. This registered Black Check cock carrier pigeon was a member of Pigeon Company No. 1, which Pittsburgher Jack Carney commanded. During the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the 77<span style="font-size: xx-small;">th</span> Infantry Division was besieged for five days by the German army in the heart of the Argonne Forest. At one desperate point, they came under deadly friendly fire from other American forces. Cher Ami had previously delivered twelve messages to and from the Verdun battlefields, but the stakes were highest for the little bird on 4 October 1918. Two previous carrier pigeons sent out by the 77th's Major Charles Whittlesey had been instantly killed by the Germans.<br />
<br />
Carrying the last hopes of the men in a message attached to his leg, Cher Ami was loosed to the sky.<br />
<br />
He was immediately fired upon by the Germans. Cher Ami fell to the ground with a shrapnel wound in his breast.<br />
<br />
The Pittsburgh pigeon faltered but miraculously rose to fly gain. He arrived at his destination one half hour and 25 miles later, having flown through harsh wind, rain, and unrelenting gunfire.<br />
<br />
At headquarters the full extent of his injuries became apparent: Cher Ami had been blinded in one eye, and one of his legs was nearly torn off. But still attached to that tiny shattered leg was the steel capsule containing this desperate message from Major Whittlesey to the commanding officer of the 308th Infantry:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--W5U0e2NzIs/XDf0Qd1V-mI/AAAAAAAAIR8/6TI4LOHk5l0WlIHiQ8n38gVSbbR87nF7gCLcBGAs/s1600/Cher%2BAmi%2Bmessage.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="685" height="264" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--W5U0e2NzIs/XDf0Qd1V-mI/AAAAAAAAIR8/6TI4LOHk5l0WlIHiQ8n38gVSbbR87nF7gCLcBGAs/s400/Cher%2BAmi%2Bmessage.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Cher Ami's message, 4 October 1918. <br />"We are along the road parallel 276.4. <br />Our artillery is dropping a barrage directly on us. <br />For heavens sake stop it.<br />National Archives, Identifier 595541</i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Cher Ami's avian grit, combined with dedicated training by the Pigeon Section, saved the lives of the Lost Battalion that day.<br />
<br />
But this was to be Cher Ami's last mission. He was committed to the tender care of Jack Carney, who claimed he personally received this admonition from General "Black Jack" Pershing: <i>"There ain't anything in the United States can do too much for this bird. I want him to go back to Washington the best cared for bird that ever was."</i> <br />
<br />
<u><b>The Transition to Smiles</b></u><br />
The new year of 1919 dawned cold and rainy in Pittsburgh and was greeted with cautious joy. A <i>Gazette</i> writer set the mood:<i> </i><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Peace--that was the magic word in the minds and hearts of those who celebrated the transition. There could not but be a feeling of relief that 1918, which had seen world's blood shed in greater quantities than any of its predecessors, had passed. And of the hope that permanent peace had come to bless the world as the gift of 1919 was its companion thought. </i></blockquote>
So much had changed, with so much more to come. Families faced the future without loved ones. The sheer numbers of war dead were unprecedented; the nature of their deaths horrific, the communal grief overwhelming. The pervasive psychological casualties of the Great War were scarcely recognized, let alone understood or addressed.<br />
<br />
And women, who had of necessity assumed wartime manufacturing and professional levels, now faced job losses as men returned to claim their rightful stars in the employment firmament. Pittsburgh's lady postal workers knew their days were numbered. Conductorettes across the country were soon out of their jobs. <br />
<br />
Yet, there were inspirations. Freed from generations of constraints both social and sartorial, Pittsburgh women looked to new possibilities for freedom and expression. While it might seem to us cold comfort given the brutal reality of death in industrialized warfare, Pittsburghers contemplated the heroic sacrifices of their loved ones with bravery and stoicism, as necessary expressions of duty, honor, and patriotism. <br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibIw90kThYT6rvWHouL8qGjt6buvJEaPKCeuNHv1mHMa_hUDSILXeT-PhElT5rDcgyrtYBJG_0FL8i8Yferiepcf9GV_pfXB7HjXMtkcgjRnNC6hbMLkTukDKF78tZV2WiB89sVddUhx5k/s1600/Poutry+show+january+1919.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="477" data-original-width="546" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibIw90kThYT6rvWHouL8qGjt6buvJEaPKCeuNHv1mHMa_hUDSILXeT-PhElT5rDcgyrtYBJG_0FL8i8Yferiepcf9GV_pfXB7HjXMtkcgjRnNC6hbMLkTukDKF78tZV2WiB89sVddUhx5k/s200/Poutry+show+january+1919.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Ad from Pittsburgh Press, January 1919</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The pigeons helped bring cheer. Cher Ami and other birds under Jack Carney's care returned to the States a few months later, hailed as heroes and written about in newspapers across the nation. The Pigeon Section's Pittsburgh connections were prominently mentioned.<br />
<br />
But compromised by extensive injuries, Cher Ami died in June 1919, having been awarded the French Croix de Guerre with palm for his services. As had been planned: <i> </i><br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjv2_KPqCP6rf5LxrLxCsvDzSDkFbF5KFWyrRZgV41ptdh1sTug39HldRTgPUyRuvFwsWpEz8PB_nJMqzi3T4bPu7zEoCVIRsaq2yuzHIsZfQu3GDqcco5LkjKjHGiY8j68d2hOAvRiXw0/s1600/montage+.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="749" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjv2_KPqCP6rf5LxrLxCsvDzSDkFbF5KFWyrRZgV41ptdh1sTug39HldRTgPUyRuvFwsWpEz8PB_nJMqzi3T4bPu7zEoCVIRsaq2yuzHIsZfQu3GDqcco5LkjKjHGiY8j68d2hOAvRiXw0/s320/montage+.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Cher Ami, various headlines and posthumous awards, 1919-1925</i></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>....when the last breath goes out of his brave little body, the mangled little form will be mounted and preserved, to be kept by the government forever, in memory of one of the really distinguished veterans of the great war and as a reminder of the valiant service rendered to the causes of victory by Cher Ami and his fellow homing pigeons.<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></i></blockquote>
<br />
The recipient of multiple posthumous awards, Cher Ami was indeed preserved <a href="https://www.si.edu/object/nmah_425415" target="_blank">in the collection of the Smithsonian Institute</a>, just like his cousin Martha the last passenger pigeon.<br />
<br />
Pigeon-keeping would remain popular in Pittsburgh for some decades more. Carney displayed his other heroic pigeons to an adoring Pittsburgh in 1919. <br />
<br />
The boys Over There were not forgotten while they awaited their chances to return home. The day before peace was officially declared, the <i>Pittsburgh Post</i> begin oiling the wheels of a brilliant self-promotional, morale-boosting machine. As was being done in a few other cities nationally, the Pittsburgh newspaper sponsored the creation and distribution of <b>Smiles Across the Sea</b> motion pictures. The films had been planned before the armistice as a way of sending home-front holiday joy to soldiers stationed abroad. They were meant to feature neighborhood scenes, parades, and a domestic sea of countless smiling Pittsburgh faces.<br />
<br />
Beginning on 10 November 1918, <i>The Post</i> announced and promoted its master plan of filming locations and dates, with the intent of completing the first installment and turning it over to the Division of Films, Department of Public Information in time to be screened on Christmas Eve 1918. Two additional film installments were planned for early 1919. The newspaper published the filming schedule almost daily through November and December 1918, and admonished readers that the info was subject to change. That meant they absolutely needed to check the paper daily for modifications -- a brilliant way to sell papers!<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qTlrW01oD6U/XDgYVMRX49I/AAAAAAAAITE/s0PoJmZceWsqSCAd6exHNDyJErSJwd1LQCLcBGAs/s1600/Smiles.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="96" data-original-width="542" height="70" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qTlrW01oD6U/XDgYVMRX49I/AAAAAAAAITE/s0PoJmZceWsqSCAd6exHNDyJErSJwd1LQCLcBGAs/s400/Smiles.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>10 November 1918, Pittsburgh Post "Smiles Across the Sea" filming schedule excerpt</i></b></span></td></tr>
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The films today are lost, as no local Pittsburgh archives have records of them.<br />
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Fortunately for us, <i>The</i> <i>Post</i> published montages of still images from its neighborhood photo calls. This one contains photos taken in East Liberty by <i>Post</i> photographer William L. Thiesen.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ah-M8wB49Xw/XDgde1isioI/AAAAAAAAITQ/S4M8Z2W1QHg04c_TJaMxK2mSTs3b8Q50wCLcBGAs/s1600/Smiles%2BELIB.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="652" data-original-width="546" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ah-M8wB49Xw/XDgde1isioI/AAAAAAAAITQ/S4M8Z2W1QHg04c_TJaMxK2mSTs3b8Q50wCLcBGAs/s1600/Smiles%2BELIB.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Still photos taken 30 November 1918 in East Liberty, published in Pittsburgh Post on 1 December 1918. Caption reads as follows:<br />"The top picture shows a general view of the crowd that assembled in East Liberty to "smile" for The Post moving picture man. Just below this, from left to right, are shown part of the Mothers of Democracy section, another section of the parade, and Ralph H. Thomson, Jr., and his mother. The baby's father, Lieutenant Ralph H. Thomson, has never seen his son yet. The bottom strip shows the Women's Defense League. From left to right the women in the picture are: Front row, Mrs. G. Byrne, Mrs. J.R. Keller, Mrs. W.J. Dillon, Mrs. J.H. Stoughton; back row, Mrs. Margaret Newland, Mrs. Elsie Dei, Mrs. S.A. Reinhard, Mrs. C.H. Sallada, and Mrs. H.J. Mengas. Inserted above this picture is one of little Margaret Bell Cyphers, who has three brothers in France. To the right is another section of the parade."</i></b></span></td></tr>
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These were taken in Oakland, photographer unidentified, but probably Thiesen.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KcKp-q5uFMw/XDghIWWP8-I/AAAAAAAAITc/fBN0m-EY5OUkp1EYGMHSGL9-UbWEJR5swCLcBGAs/s1600/Smiles%2BOakland.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="546" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KcKp-q5uFMw/XDghIWWP8-I/AAAAAAAAITc/fBN0m-EY5OUkp1EYGMHSGL9-UbWEJR5swCLcBGAs/s1600/Smiles%2BOakland.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Still photos taken 18 December 1918 in Oakland, published in Pittsburgh Post on 19 December 1918. Caption reads as follows:<br />"Among those who posed for the "Smiles Across the Sea" production of The Post in Oakland yesterday were, top, Miss Marion Lane, Miss hazel Shannon, Miss Edith O'Hara, Miss Pauline Trenz, Miss Helen Holleran, Madame E. DeJean, a French teacher, who had three brothers in the French army during the war; Miss Sadie Anthony, Mrs. D.M DeBee, and Miss Myrtle Kirkland. Second row, a large group of smiling children from the Holmes school; third row, left, proud mothers of soldiers serving overseas grouped so that their sons will have no difficulty picking them out when the film is shown Over There; right, Mrs. Edward W. Watkins, wife of Lieutenant Watkins, proudly displaying her "Victory Baby" Edward, Jr., born the day the armistice was signed; bottom row, left, are the mothers in the parade with their escort; right, school children from St. Paul's parochial school in the procession past the cameramen." </i></b></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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From Hazelwood, again by <i>Post</i> photographer William L. Thiesen.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ag2KuwiYdtw/XDglIzowB2I/AAAAAAAAITo/6POZWC_6idkZ6iwgmueT_FLfNK8e0PEBQCLcBGAs/s1600/Smiles%2Bhazelwood.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="660" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ag2KuwiYdtw/XDglIzowB2I/AAAAAAAAITo/6POZWC_6idkZ6iwgmueT_FLfNK8e0PEBQCLcBGAs/s1600/Smiles%2Bhazelwood.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Still photos taken 8 January 1919 in Hazelwood, published in Pittsburgh Post on 10 January 1919. Caption reads as follows: <br />"The top picture shows a section of the immense crowd which turned out on Wednesday for the Post's motion picture in Hazelwood. in the middle, left to right, are: G.A. Todd, 74 years old, who has four nephews following the flag he was fighting for in the Civil war. He enlisted when 16 years old in Company I, Thirty-second Iowa Volunteer infantry; Mrs. Peter J. Conley and her baby Mary Catherine, six months old, whose father is with Company E. Three Hundred and Twentieth Infantry in France, and Mrs. Howard Gibson, with baby Howard Gibson, Jr., eight months old, whose father is a sergeant with Company E, First Engineers, and only recently released from Base Hospital No. 116 in France, where he had received treatment for wounds. On the extreme right is Mrs. Catherine Brown, 80 years old, who has three grandsons in the service. In the bottom row, to the left, is a very small part of the Hazelwood children as they passed the motion picture cameras; to the right are the Mothers of Democracy."</i></b></span></td></tr>
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The final group photos by William L. Thiesen were taken in Millvale and Aspinwall:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5FMYyl8zmZ0/XDgpT8d6_2I/AAAAAAAAIT0/Rx3xDQu2rjM7-_QWPk5AsT9RyswhEdGfwCLcBGAs/s1600/Smiles%2BMillvale.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="668" data-original-width="546" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5FMYyl8zmZ0/XDgpT8d6_2I/AAAAAAAAIT0/Rx3xDQu2rjM7-_QWPk5AsT9RyswhEdGfwCLcBGAs/s1600/Smiles%2BMillvale.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Still photos taken 18 January 1919 in Millvale & Aspinwall, published in Pittsburgh Post on 19 January 1919. Caption as follows: </span></b></i><br />
<i><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Upper picture shows section of the crowd which gathered at Aspinwall yesterday for The Posts's pictures, "Smiles Across the Sea." Underneath that are the mothers from Aspinwall whose babies have been born since their relatives went to war. They are: Mrs. Thomas Tyson, with baby Elda; Mrs. W.R. Taylor, with baby Virginia; Mrs. H.R. Quigley, and baby Janet; Mrs. J. Cavanaugh, with baby Rose Mary; Mrs. William Rech, with baby Mary; Mrs. L. J. Hunkele, with baby Virginia; Mrs. I. Henne, with baby Charles. Mrs. F.D. Wright, and baby Jean; Mrs. J.J. McChesney, and baby Mary; Mrs. Edward Hechathorn, and baby James; Mrs. M. Caspar, and baby Peter; Miss Eleanor Hassenfritz, and nephew William Hassenfritz. In the center is a picture of Mrs. John Riddlebaugh with four service stars. On the third to the left is a section of the Millvale parade passing the moving picture cameras, and to the right mothers with babies who have relatives in France: Mrs. John Barklam, with baby Thelma; Mrs. John Coleman, with baby Arthur and Mrs. John Bergl, with baby Charles. The picture in the center is of Mrs. M. Kanohofer. The large picture at the bottom shows the crowd at Millvale posing for the camera men; the small picture to the left shows Mrs. J. Dougherty, and the one to the right Mrs. C. Jacoby. </span></b></i></td></tr>
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<br />
While this was clearly a massive promotional effort to get people to read <i>The Post,</i> it also massively succeeded in boosting morale -- both at home and abroad. The newspaper reported that 25,000 feet of film were shot, and that all three installments were received and viewed with joy by thousands of soldiers. Many wrote grateful notes that were published by <i>The Post</i> in early 1919.<br />
<br />
In April 1920 the films were shown locally at a veteran reunion event at East Liberty's Motor Square Garden.<br />
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Think of it: from every corner of Pittsburgh, people came. They dragged
their elders and their babies into blustery December and January weather, just a few months after the most devastating influenza epidemic in modern history, to parade past motion
picture cameras and smile for photographers.<br />
<br />
For some, these were the
only photographs they'd ever have taken.<br />
<br />
For many, there were yet worries that the soldiers they were smiling for might not make it home. Surely some recognized the propaganda and promotional aspects of the events, but those were offset by hopes that their grinning faces might bring cheer to the boys who had sacrificed so much Over There.<br />
<br />
And we can but hope that for all of these good folks, the psychological principle of seeming "as if" equated with becoming. That by smiling for others, a bit of joy entered their own hearts.<br />
<br />
They'd all earned it. <br />
<br />
For so much had changed, and so many more transitions were yet to come. <br />
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Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-35720345330556210212018-09-28T00:53:00.000-04:002019-01-15T22:49:35.893-05:00About Listening to our Susannas <div data-contents="true">
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<span data-offset-key="5hg93-0-0"><span data-text="true"><i>Then Susanna cried out with a loud voice, and the two elders shouted against her. ...And when the elders told their tale..the assembly believed them, because they were elders of the people and judges... </i>-Daniel 13 </span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Paolo Veronese, Susanna and the Elders, 1585-88</i></span></td></tr>
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<span data-offset-key="4vtt2-0-0"><span data-text="true">My mother chose to name me Susan because back then, it was a pretty, popular name. Saddled with the given name of Agnes, she wanted something less old-fashioned for her daughter. There was a saint attached to the name, too, which gave it that all-important Catholic legitimacy. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italianways.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F01%2FArtemisia-Gentileschi-1610-Graf-von-Sch%C3%B6nbornKunstsammlungPommersfelden-665x947.jpg&t=1538107508&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-810055010000&sig=fZqySf7jkUeZoKSJiAAzTg--~C" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Artemisia Gentileschi, " border="0" height="320" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italianways.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F01%2FArtemisia-Gentileschi-1610-Graf-von-Sch%C3%B6nbornKunstsammlungPommersfelden-665x947.jpg&t=1538107508&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-810055010000&sig=fZqySf7jkUeZoKSJiAAzTg--~C" style="visibility: visible;" width="224" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="st"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Artemisia Gentileschi, 1610</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span data-offset-key="aoo72-0-0"><span data-text="true">I clearly recall the corner where I curled up with a dense, old, red faux-leather bound <u>Lives of Saints</u>. I’d borrowed it from my devout grandmother so I could read about Susanna, the putative saint my name honored. I was excited to finally learn about the woman who shared my name, who served as my patron, who was protecting me from the world's evils.</span></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="a998i-0-0"><span data-text="true">I was 6.</span></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="69hcf-0-0"><span data-text="true">Well, you can imagine. I didn't understand most of what I read. I came away with an icky sense that the Biblical Susanna had done something shameful and got punished for it. I had questions, but no one to answer them, so I was left with a lingering sense of embarrassment about the whole thing. I even briefly tried to obscure the saintly connection by spelling my name Susann when I was in junior high (yeah, that was also as edgy as I got). </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F4%2F47%2FSuzanne_et_les_vieillards_Chaumont_251108_2.jpg%2F1280px-Suzanne_et_les_vieillards_Chaumont_251108_2.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=Iny8p2AFcLsccbRrfp4PBw--~C" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Suzanne et les vieillards Chaumont 251108 2.jpg" border="0" class="yiv6913286510mw-mmv-final-image yiv6913286510jpg yiv6913286510mw-mmv-dialog-is-open" height="234" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F4%2F47%2FSuzanne_et_les_vieillards_Chaumont_251108_2.jpg%2F1280px-Suzanne_et_les_vieillards_Chaumont_251108_2.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=Iny8p2AFcLsccbRrfp4PBw--~C" style="visibility: visible;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Flemish school, 17th century</i></span></td></tr>
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<span data-offset-key="5f22l-0-0"><span data-text="true">Eventually this all became far less important. I became a psychotherapist in part because I had lots of </span></span><span data-offset-key="5f22l-0-0"><span data-text="true">unanswered questions about, well, lots of things. I was stupidly young to be doing the work, but I was conscientious and earnest and had spectacular mentors. From them, I learned to routinely ask questions of patients about their experiences with abuse and assault. </span></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="9v0q4-0-0"><span data-text="true">Routinely. That sounds weird, but in the late 80s and 90s when I was working, asking these questions wasn't as common as it is (I hope) today. </span></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="1ohaj-0-0"><span data-text="true">And because I asked them questions no one else had ever raised, so, so, so many people told me things they'd never told anyone. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F0%2F0e%2FRafa%25C5%2582_Hadziewicz_-_Zuzanna_i_Starcy.jpg%2F800px-Rafa%25C5%2582_Hadziewicz_-_Zuzanna_i_Starcy.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=qRE9nxQc9gFZo2pPGwuXaQ--~C" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Rafał Hadziewicz - Zuzanna i Starcy.jpg" border="0" class="yiv6913286510mw-mmv-final-image yiv6913286510jpg" height="320" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F0%2F0e%2FRafa%25C5%2582_Hadziewicz_-_Zuzanna_i_Starcy.jpg%2F800px-Rafa%25C5%2582_Hadziewicz_-_Zuzanna_i_Starcy.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=qRE9nxQc9gFZo2pPGwuXaQ--~C" style="visibility: visible;" width="250" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Rafał Hadziewicz, 19th century</span></i></td></tr>
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<span data-offset-key="4b478-0-0"><span data-text="true">Young I might have been but I was, at least, well-trained enough to be of some help on these journeys from victim to survivor. I quickly learned that the struggle to make such a journey was every bit as shattering whether it began a day after the assault or a lifetime later. I parsed symptoms of depression and PTSD. Words like “sequelae” -- which most people heard for the first time in Dr. Ford's testimony -- became part of my daily vocabulary. And personally, I was able to put into context histories of predation in my own extended family and generalize my understanding about the </span></span><span data-offset-key="4b478-0-0"><span data-text="true">legacies of such experiences. </span></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="1iguv-0-0"><span data-text="true">If you’re reading this thinking I’m writing my<i> #metoo</i>, nope, that’s not what this is. I’ve personally endured nothing more than the routine catcalls and fending-off of boorish advances (Yes, routine. All part of being a woman). I was incredibly lucky. </span></span></div>
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<div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="37lth" data-offset-key="bomcv-0-0">
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<span data-offset-key="bomcv-0-0"><span data-text="true">That’s all it was, luck. </span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F3%2F3a%2FBorgia_Apartment_004.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=hgaHsJ.IvWufHNyAsrSd4g--~C" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Borgia Apartment 004.jpg" border="0" class="yiv6913286510mw-mmv-final-image yiv6913286510jpg" height="297" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F3%2F3a%2FBorgia_Apartment_004.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=hgaHsJ.IvWufHNyAsrSd4g--~C" style="visibility: visible;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="st"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Il Pinturicchio (Bernardino di Betto Betti detto), fresco, 1492-94</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span data-offset-key="7p2qv-0-0"><span data-text="true">Because any woman, every woman, could be Dr. Christine Blasey Ford. Her story was listened to and she was extended certain courtesies because she was white and well-educated. What she had to say mattered in a heightened political climate. Survivor stories are elevated now because they fit the prevailing narrative. Usually that's not the case.</span></span></div>
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<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="ar51r-0-0">
<br />
<span data-offset-key="ar51r-0-0"><span data-text="true">Certainly those courtesies, those privileges, are not extended to everyone who has such a story. Maybe you disagree, or maybe you think you don’t know anyone who’s had such experiences. You’re dead wrong about that. Everyone has their stories. You just haven’t been told them. </span></span></div>
<div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="37lth" data-offset-key="2uf1q-0-0">
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<span data-offset-key="2uf1q-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="btjjc-0-0"><span data-text="true">You're not entitled to them. Some people will never tell their stories. </span></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="ciku4-0-0"><span data-text="true">But if they choose to speak, shut up and listen.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F2%2F2d%2FAnthony_van_Dyck_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA07446.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=2GvRyBT5if1vKM6lYVne7Q--~C" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Anthony van Dyck - Susanna and the Elders - WGA07446.jpg" border="0" class="yiv6913286510mw-mmv-final-image yiv6913286510jpg" height="320" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2F2%2F2d%2FAnthony_van_Dyck_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA07446.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=2GvRyBT5if1vKM6lYVne7Q--~C" style="visibility: visible;" width="231" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Anthony van Dyck, 1621-22</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span data-offset-key="dktfi-0-0"><span data-text="true">I’m writing this to amplify those stories. To say: listen. Make sure they are presently safe, of course, but then be quiet. That’s all. Shut up and listen. Don't ask for details. Don't try to fix. Listen.</span></span></b></span></div>
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<div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="37lth" data-offset-key="5819e-0-0">
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<span data-offset-key="4re4d-0-0"><span data-text="true">I haven’t returned to my former profession since my first child was born. I wasn’t burned out, but I knew my limits, and knew I couldn’t be the type of parent I wanted to be and the type of therapist I wanted to be at the same time. Parenthood won. </span></span></div>
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<div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="37lth" data-offset-key="6vpeb-0-0">
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<span data-offset-key="6vpeb-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div>
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<div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="37lth" data-offset-key="2i9jo-0-0">
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<span data-offset-key="2i9jo-0-0"><span data-text="true">And besides, I’d long since come to understand what really happened to Susanna. </span></span></div>
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<div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="37lth" data-offset-key="1idig-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="1idig-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="1idig-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div>
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<div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="37lth" data-offset-key="5qpi3-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="5qpi3-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="5qpi3-0-0"><span data-text="true">She told her story. </span></span></div>
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<div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="37lth" data-offset-key="f62tb-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="f62tb-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="f62tb-0-0"><span data-text="true">She was lucky. At the end of the day, she was listened to, and believed. </span></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="2veq-0-0"><span data-text="true">But it came at cost. Because once you tell your story, you have to ask yourself: now, what? And that’s the question we’re facing as a nation: what do we do with our Susanna’s story? With our Susannas? We’re at a disadvantage here. We have no Daniel to guide us.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2Ff%2Ffb%2FGerrit_van_Honthorst_cat01.jpg%2F1280px-Gerrit_van_Honthorst_cat01.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=Pfdbnw2WbZwcua37X.V_mg--~C" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Gerrit van Honthorst cat01.jpg" border="0" class="yiv6913286510mw-mmv-final-image yiv6913286510jpg" height="146" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2Ff%2Ffb%2FGerrit_van_Honthorst_cat01.jpg%2F1280px-Gerrit_van_Honthorst_cat01.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=Pfdbnw2WbZwcua37X.V_mg--~C" style="visibility: visible;" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="nickname"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gerrit van Honthorst, early 17th century</span></i></span></td></tr>
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<span data-offset-key="8abcj-0-0"><span data-text="true"><span data-offset-key="8abcj-0-0"><span data-text="true">The <u>Book of Daniel</u> is silent about how Susanna navigated through her days once she transitioned from victimhood to being a survivor.</span></span> But experience taught me this: Susanna’s life would be forever defined by what other people thought did and didn’t happen.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span data-offset-key="8abcj-0-0"><span data-text="true">Defined particularly by what the old men said had happened. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F5%2F5d%2FPompeo_Batoni_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA01511.jpg%2F1280px-Pompeo_Batoni_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA01511.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=HN7hjnre34d1EJxtyiovCw--~C" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Pompeo Batoni - Susanna and the Elders - WGA01511.jpg" border="0" class="yiv6913286510mw-mmv-final-image yiv6913286510jpg" height="229" src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fthumb%2F5%2F5d%2FPompeo_Batoni_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA01511.jpg%2F1280px-Pompeo_Batoni_-_Susanna_and_the_Elders_-_WGA01511.jpg&t=1538104836&ymreqid=19973762-a53c-d2b6-2f54-81003b010000&sig=HN7hjnre34d1EJxtyiovCw--~C" style="visibility: visible;" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pompeo Girolamo Batoni, 1751</i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<br />
<span data-offset-key="15m38-0-0"><span data-text="true">I have heard countless painful stories. Mostly from women, but some from men. I made a place deep inside where I laid them gently to rest. It is a safe inner room, protected by silver tears that have dried hard into knives to protect against future pain, so I could raise my daughter with the necessary anxiety to live in a predatory world, and raise my son to respect and protect. </span></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="e60ev-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div>
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<div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="37lth" data-offset-key="32c84-0-0">
<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="32c84-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="32c84-0-0"><span data-text="true">I don’t want there to be new stories. </span></span></div>
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<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="ek4go-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="ek4go-0-0"><span data-text="true">But of course, there will be. </span></span></div>
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<span data-offset-key="8jeb1-0-0"><br data-text="true" /></span></div>
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<div class="_1mf _1mj" data-offset-key="7fgp2-0-0">
<span data-offset-key="7fgp2-0-0"><span data-text="true">Susanna surely was with Dr. Ford, with all who tell their tales. And I couldn’t have asked for a better patron saint. </span></span></div>
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<div class="" data-block="true" data-editor="37lth" data-offset-key="8ms5e-0-0">
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<span data-offset-key="do4mq-0-0"><span data-text="true">If only we could know what happens next in our story. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0mn3780rbLH5YxqC-LqleIHLwNWNOD5tQ-IxwRyXq_STdRBlDuNJbkL-uazOkeWY24cXsjPNkQviuj9wf_OB3DZcPSftyNgv4osdEGIpgvvrEtUYcWCIrBZgPq359wK0HxNs0Mt-7exsx/s1600/ricci_suzanna_daniel_grt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="1000" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0mn3780rbLH5YxqC-LqleIHLwNWNOD5tQ-IxwRyXq_STdRBlDuNJbkL-uazOkeWY24cXsjPNkQviuj9wf_OB3DZcPSftyNgv4osdEGIpgvvrEtUYcWCIrBZgPq359wK0HxNs0Mt-7exsx/s400/ricci_suzanna_daniel_grt.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Sebastiano Ricci, 1725</i></span></td></tr>
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Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-25874296559043051842018-05-22T01:20:00.006-04:002021-06-10T17:41:35.463-04:00Rollin' on the River: Pittsburgh Shanty Boat Life <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ds55i6oONns/WwQqAnjQt7I/AAAAAAAAID4/DajkmilZql4uxV7itwvar-sfx1oMDT7agCLcBGAs/s1600/housebaot%2B1905.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="500" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ds55i6oONns/WwQqAnjQt7I/AAAAAAAAID4/DajkmilZql4uxV7itwvar-sfx1oMDT7agCLcBGAs/s1600/housebaot%2B1905.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Allegheny River houseboat, 1905</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, Historic Pittsburgh Image Collection</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<br />
Many people only ever set foot on boats for recreational purposes, so they imagine houseboat life to be a floating idyll of pleasure and uninterrupted delight.<br />
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That was probably the case for Pittsburgh’s Gilded Age floating swells. For example, Mrs. Daniel A. Stewart of Ridge Avenue in Allegheny City was described by a local paper in 1895 as the first Pittsburgher to have adopted seasonal houseboat living, which was then <i>“…so much the style for outing seasons in England that we have to take cognizance of them in this country if we would be at all up to the latest.” </i>Mind you, Mrs. Stewart wasn’t floating on the Mon, Allegheny or Ohio in her little <i>“bijou concern.”</i> William E. Leard of Sewickley was the first recognized houseboat resident on the Ohio in 1897, trolling its waters during the summer months in a $10,000 stern wheeler that could fit 10 people comfortably.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fnZeSI6JOJA/WwQnM55dQCI/AAAAAAAAIDc/duPYmKAQF5YTxSy16yNMJNzS0Dr4xVV6QCEwYBhgL/s1600/Gilded%2BAge%2Bhouseboat.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="464" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-fnZeSI6JOJA/WwQnM55dQCI/AAAAAAAAIDc/duPYmKAQF5YTxSy16yNMJNzS0Dr4xVV6QCEwYBhgL/s1600/Gilded%2BAge%2Bhouseboat.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>"Mr. Leard's Handsome Houseboat" Photo with typo from article in Pittsburg Daily Post, 8 August 1897</i></b></span></td></tr>
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Mr. Leard was probably quite proud of the "handsome houseboat" that allowed him to drift in style on the rivers. He wouldn't have been alone on the waters, for there were plenty of other Pittsburghers who called the rivers home year-round. But for the vast majority of his floating neighbors, living on the water was a matter of necessity, not style. No $10,000 water crafts for those folks: they lived in what were then called "shanty boats" or "jo-boats". <br />
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<u><i>If you come down to the river, bet you gonna find some people who live</i></u><br />
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Throughout the 1800s and well into the 1940s, people could be found living on houseboats along waterways in and between this nation's industrial cities.<br />
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One acquired one's floating dwelling by any means available. There were houseboats for sale, and even sometimes listed in the want ads. But the enterprising river citizen was as likely to scavenge, commandeer and spruce up an abandoned barge as he was to lay out cash for a “new” vessel.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_NDbd-0LjG4/WwQowB9YqKI/AAAAAAAAIDo/sN0qUBl-SOoDlo52TdgQ_GM7bajj3R8swCEwYBhgL/s1600/houseboat%2Bad.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="89" data-original-width="545" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_NDbd-0LjG4/WwQowB9YqKI/AAAAAAAAIDo/sN0qUBl-SOoDlo52TdgQ_GM7bajj3R8swCEwYBhgL/s1600/houseboat%2Bad.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>Ad in Pittsburgh Press, 16 July 1895</b></i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
While houseboating life might seem the stuff of a Twain novel set on the Mississippi, Pittsburgh's three rivers were home to countless shanty boats which captured other authorial imaginations. A children’s adventure book written in 1891, <a href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=FyEXAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA5" target="_blank"><u>The Jo-Boat Boys</u></a>, described an Irish family making do in their floating home on the Mon. The family home was situated between the Smithfield and Point bridges:
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Maybe you never happened to see a house from the back window of which you could go fishing, or where the bucket had only to be dropped down from the porch and water hauled up to wash or scrub with, and where the front yard never needed sweeping, and no expense was needed for a cellar-wall….Mrs. Brigid Muldooney washes for a living….She tried renting for a while, but the rent had a provoking way of coming due at the beginning of each month, whether there was anything in the treasury to pay it with or not; so she concluded to save money and the wear and tear on a washtub and clothesline to move into a shanty-boat. She and the boys found one in a cove in the river below the island, that had been upset and carried away with the driftwood. It was high and dry, and a little nailing and caulking soon made it good as new, and the boys towed it back from its suburban site to more citified surroundings and tied it up…The bottom of the boat was just a small flat or scow, on top of which had been built a flat-roofed shanty. There was one room, with a porch, “stem” and “stern.” In this six-by-nine room the Muldooney family of five crowded….</i></blockquote>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FRSKJdD7d6Y/WwQphiYemII/AAAAAAAAIDw/GE3k299wcZMNTuGD0oQQUncZOgxqBNfRwCEwYBhgL/s1600/LIbrary%2Bof%2BCongress%2BRochester%2BPA.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="640" height="301" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FRSKJdD7d6Y/WwQphiYemII/AAAAAAAAIDw/GE3k299wcZMNTuGD0oQQUncZOgxqBNfRwCEwYBhgL/s400/LIbrary%2Bof%2BCongress%2BRochester%2BPA.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Houseboat along Ohio River in Rochester, PA, 1940<br />Library of Congress Prints and Photographs </i></b></span></td></tr>
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Hinged shelves dropped down to make beds, which propped up by sticks did double-duty as tables for the fictional Muldooney family on the Mon. A couple of crates served as chairs. Fiction this might have been, but it was based on reality.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.1229.CP/datastream/TN_LARGE/view" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Riverboats" border="0" src="https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt%3A715.1229.CP/datastream/TN_LARGE/view" title="Riverboats" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh houseboat, location unidentified, 1912</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, Historic Pittsburgh Image Collection</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<br />
Described thusly in a newspaper article in 1923: <i>“…many of Pittsburgh’s houseboat residents are reputable folk, including veteran rivermen with a deep affection for the river.”</i> Not every shanty boater was a fine upstanding citizen, however. Others lived like this:
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</p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>...a haphazard existence by utilizing other people’s property in building houseboats to sell. Lumber piles and unguarded scrap piles are their hunting ground, and from these they might carry away boards, pieces of lead, rope, or anything that might come in handy in the construction of a houseboat. Sometimes these questionable shipwrights might turn out two or three houseboats in a summer….selling them for whatever they can get.</i></blockquote><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m2fl-9G31Ms/YL0KhWxbkjI/AAAAAAAAJi8/JChBEHH6wdU5PaxFi96_l4ZKllZwzL_EwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1294/Rimmel%2Bbook%2Bon%2BAllegheny.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1294" data-original-width="948" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m2fl-9G31Ms/YL0KhWxbkjI/AAAAAAAAJi8/JChBEHH6wdU5PaxFi96_l4ZKllZwzL_EwCLcBGAsYHQ/w293-h400/Rimmel%2Bbook%2Bon%2BAllegheny.jpg" width="293" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>Houseboats on the Allegheny River near where Three Rivers Stadium was later built<br /></b></i><u><b>The Allegheny Story</b></u><i><b> by William M. Rimmel</b></i><br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>Haphazard river existences outnumbered "reputable folk" in literature of the day, which romanticized shanty boat life as exotic and outside prevailing social norms. A 1911 short story published in <i>Collier's </i>weekly magazine placed its bank-embezzling protagonist on the lam on a jo-boat acquired in Pittsburgh. This excerpt paints a vivid picture of life along Pittsburgh's shanty boat shores: <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Illustration from "Nemesis in Good Humor"</i><br /><i>Collier's, Vol. 48, 1911</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<i>Copron Colphete entered Pittsburgh and emerged on the far side, a little sooty, but jaunty and smiling... At the Monongahela wharf, he upended the suit case...took out a second-hand briar wood, tucked some long-cut into it, and began to smoke.<br />
<br />The river looked good. It was boiling under an unexpected September rise. On the far side, a coal fleet was nudging out into the current, bound for New Orleans. Some dirty little gasoline launches were tearing up the glassy surface, and there was a pile driver being nosed upstream. Downstream a ways were some very beautiful gasoline launches moored in artificial harbor by a floating clubhouse, and upstream were some little house-boats, but he did not call them house-boats. He knew what they were in fact; they were shanty boats.<br />
<br />
Shanty boats! It is a magic term. Of ten thousand absconding bank cashiers, only one had ever dreamed of shanty boats -- and that one now gazed fondly at the consummation of his dreams. There they were, some reddish brown, some blackish white, some bluish gray, and some just plain tar-paper shacks on driftwood scows... With fond gaze he viewed the Pittsburgh shanty boat town, which no humorous, poetic absconding bank cashier had ever seen before.<br />
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After a time, he sauntered up to the floating village, and again sat down on his suit case, close at hand...<br />
<br />
"Say, you wanter buy a shanty bo't?" a voice rumbled at his elbow.<br />
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"Why, I ain't so overly anxious!" Colphete answered, though his heart thumped with exultation.<br />
<br />"That red shanty there's mine--pine bottom, hemlock stringers, oak carlins, an' matched spruce sidin' -- tight an' sound. Hit's a good bo't! I'd sell hit for a hundred!"<br />
<br />
"Them bow-lines is rotten." Copron nodded judiciously.<br />
<br />
"She's got a new stove'n cupboard, and them's the best oars on a shanty boat in the Ohier river!"<br />
<br />"Um-m. I'll give ye seventy for hit."<br />
<br />
"Now, say, old feller, I cayn't sell hit for no seventy! You gin me eighty for hit--"<br />
<br />
"No! I'll split the difference, though -- seventy-five?"<br />
<br />
"Well, all right--you see, I gotter job for the winter. I 'lowed to winter down in Memphis."<br />
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As they bargained, they looked at cabin and hold, bow and stern, cupboard and iron bed. The owner sold it all to the buyer, and when Colphete had the boat in possession, he cast off and floated out into the river, down past Pittsburgh Point, into the Ohio and away.</i></blockquote>
There you have it, hard bargaining on the Monongahela wharf with a 1911 approximation of a Yinzer accent. (Spoiler: Even with a name like Copron Colphete, our hero makes out all right in the end).<br />
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In real life, there were shanty boat shenanigans a'plenty. As this 1907 newspaper article illustrates, one could keep a <i>"disorderly house"</i> whether it rested on land or water:<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="location"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span class="paper-title" itemprop="historicalCollection">Pittsburgh Press, 23 September 1907</span></i></span></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><p></p><p>Hard living was generally the rule in jo-boat neighborhoods, which were frequently mentioned in connection with the exploits of downtrodden souls and the criminal element. You had your whiskey-thieving family hide-out:<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post, 29 March 1880</i></b></span></td></tr>
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And squabbles over boat ownership that usually didn't end well:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g4mG5U1hlJY/WwQry0H_YkI/AAAAAAAAIEY/8GL-dEIc4zEf7dWW7rVdhJtHO-WhjwTogCEwYBhgL/s1600/1880s%2Bproperty%2Bdispute.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="156" data-original-width="544" height="113" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g4mG5U1hlJY/WwQry0H_YkI/AAAAAAAAIEY/8GL-dEIc4zEf7dWW7rVdhJtHO-WhjwTogCEwYBhgL/s400/1880s%2Bproperty%2Bdispute.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette, 9 April 1883</i></b></span></td></tr>
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Impoverished women and children on the rivers barely managed to survive:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-27PnwGJ-1dA/WwQsTMKQhgI/AAAAAAAAIEg/uWL4GgtlJb0TRoN9GvxfvDoDZkB-SzO9gCEwYBhgL/s1600/abused%2Bwomen.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="546" height="189" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-27PnwGJ-1dA/WwQsTMKQhgI/AAAAAAAAIEg/uWL4GgtlJb0TRoN9GvxfvDoDZkB-SzO9gCEwYBhgL/s320/abused%2Bwomen.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post, 24 March 1884</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Christmas Eve despair, Pittsburgh Daily Post, 25 December 1884</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
And passions were inflamed over love and politics, on water as on land. In the first instance referenced below, a bride was held for court after a drunken stabbing spree at her own wedding <i>"over the question of relationship."</i> She managed to give her new husband an eight inch slash across his abdomen, and <i>"amputated a thumb from a young man named Simon." </i>In the second story below, politics became lethal in the Allegheny "Boat Town" neighborhood when two men violently disagreed about the presidential prospects of <span class="st">Governor Grover Cleveland of New York. That Cleveland won the election was likely of cold comfort to the family of the dead jo-boat resident.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RKBAEgPthfQ/WwQtPySIIEI/AAAAAAAAIEw/cMNHBrmQ6jAWN1ldIW_-reUlMehRwTyOgCLcBGAs/s1600/riot.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="349" data-original-width="545" height="255" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RKBAEgPthfQ/WwQtPySIIEI/AAAAAAAAIEw/cMNHBrmQ6jAWN1ldIW_-reUlMehRwTyOgCLcBGAs/s400/riot.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Press, 9 July 1892</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Weekly Post, 8 November 1884</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<u><i>Workin' for the man ev'ry night and day</i></u><br />
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The relationship between the cities of Allegheny and Pittsburgh and their floating residents was always uneasy, with periodic eviction decrees issued by the city fathers. Some of the region’s jo-boat dwellers moored their structures permanently on stilts above the water, while others tied to trees along the shore or docks if such existed. Either way, regardless of their mobility, most of the houseboat population lived tax-free. This status, combined with fearsome jo-boater shenanigans, bothered the fine, upstanding, landlubber residents of Allegheny and Pittsburgh.<br />
<br />
In February 1890, Allegheny Mayor Richard Turner Pearson voiced support for proposed legislation restricting unlicensed houseboats. This drew rebukes from his river constituents, given voice by an intrepid <i>Daily Post</i> reporter who visited jo-boats docked along<i> "the Smoky Island river town district"</i> seeking some man-on-the-river reactions. One jo-boater took the moral high ground against what he described as unreasonable persecution by the Mayor: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>I do not believe the city limits extend to the middle of the river. The United States government has jurisdiction to the low water mark, and I don't believe the mayor can remove the law-abiding inhabitants of the jo-boats who pay their taxes and live honestly. There are doubtless some along-shore people who are dishonest, yet for that reason alone Mayor Pearson has no right to call the jo-boats "schools of vice" and try to root out the innocent with the guilty. When a thief is caught on his resident street, the chief executive of Allegheny doesn't call it the home of wickedness. This movement of his is a bid for notoriety. If some of us people chose to take a little boodle to the right persons I don't think we would be molested. But I will never do that. I will wander around the country homeless before I bribe anyone for the privilege of having a home. </i></blockquote>
Another Smoky Island jo-boater was less eloquent but every bit as defiant in the face of potential eviction:<i> " Don't give up the ship is our motto....and we will live up to it. We are very willing to part with the rascals among us, but we won't yield our homes and riversides without a struggle."</i><br />
<br />
A third eloquently spelled out economic pressures faced by Allegheny's shanty boat residents: <i> </i><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>From the Point Bridge down to Lindsay & McCutcheon's mill the men occupying the boats are nearly all laborers in the steel works and earn an average $1.35 per day. The rent of a house is from $15 to $16 per month, and that would amount to at least one half of their wages. That would leave a man with only $4 per week with which to support his family.. I am in favor of licensing the owners of the shanty boats... All the honest people are willing to pay a fair price for the privileges granted to them. If a man is not all right he should not be granted a license. There may be boats where people have speak-easies and allow gambling, but the police know them and the authorities should not grant them a license... There is another thing. Many of us are now trying to get homes of our own, but will never be able to do so if we are driven from our boats. We have no great love for the boats, and only occupy them as a matter of necessity and economy. </i></blockquote><p>
Protests notwithstanding, on 14 February 1890 Mayor Pearson's Valentine's gift to his city was a law prohibiting Allegheny River shanty boats. </p><p>But the jo-boaters got the last laugh. This was futile legislation, as newspapers reported six months later: <br />
</p><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>During Mayor Pearson's administration frequent complaints were made about the shanty boats moored on the Allegheny....and Mayor Pearson started a crusade against them. He succeeded in having an ordinance passed compelling all shanty boats to remove from their respective locations within the city limits. A number of arrests followed of those who refused to obey the order, while many others left for different quarters. With the close of Mayor Pearson's term of office the crusade against the shanty boats came to an end....there seems to be as many shanty boats as formerly, and the complaints coming from them are as numerous and as loud as they were before.</i><br /></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGdClC8cOhHeplh3E-LgM1W9YZ-wpyXcxK5PlOA5nl2nK-r0fgZADMXZ5OClH3gpIlMrDMJE0-4nmJ2AHuGM8Gc2aYTX3BbWXWIobizPZU0J2LLrR5jguhEhrIzaCxvx3bsoP55VPFuCxd/s1600/1895+jo-boats+must+go.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGdClC8cOhHeplh3E-LgM1W9YZ-wpyXcxK5PlOA5nl2nK-r0fgZADMXZ5OClH3gpIlMrDMJE0-4nmJ2AHuGM8Gc2aYTX3BbWXWIobizPZU0J2LLrR5jguhEhrIzaCxvx3bsoP55VPFuCxd/s320/1895+jo-boats+must+go.jpg" width="302" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette, 24 July 1895</i></span></b></td></tr>
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A few years later across the river in Pittsburgh, Director of Public Works Edward Bigelow fired the final salvo in his months-long war with Pittsburgh’s houseboat residents. Bigelow declared that on 1 August 1895, they were to be evicted from Monongahela River shores once and for all. The Pittsburgh jo-boaters paid the city $1 per month for their wharfage privileges, but that income apparently didn’t offset their nuisance quotient.<br />
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The <i>Commercial Gazette</i> estimated that nearly 1000 people made their homes on riverboats stretching from the Smithfield Street Bridge to the edge of the Southside city limits.<br />
<br />
While the fictionalized <u>Jo-Boat Boys</u> family was Irish, the newspaper asserted that most Mon houseboat residents were<i> “Poles (who) made their living in the mills” </i>and who scavenged coal and wood for fuel. They took in boarders and their children attended <i>“the Polish school on South Fifteenth Street.”</i>
<br />
<br />
One of the Mon houseboaters, described as<i> “the only American of the lot,”</i> commented on his floating neighbors:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>They are a very decent lot of people; mind their own business, dress well, live well and have plenty of money, as they are all thrifty workmen. At first it galled me to be compelled to live among them, because I had been taught that Poles were hardly human… The Poles catch drift wood and build about their boats. The boats originally cost from $25 to $200, but when once they get them stranded they build around them until they cover considerable ground.</i></blockquote>
Southside raw sewage entered the Monongahela River at Eighth Street. Folks in 1895 knew that<i> “sewers contaminate water, befoul the air and spread death and disease” </i>and the newspaper marveled at the resilience of Mon River dwellers:
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>But sewers do not hurt Poles, as they are as healthy as can be. They live over a sewer, wash in the water that runs therefrom and drink the filth that flows nearby in the river. The stench, to a nose not acclimated, is as effective as knockout drops, chloroform or a blow from a sledge-hammer, yet these Europeans had a wedding last Sunday night in a shanty over the sewer and danced and feasted as merrily as if they had been in the garden of Eden.</i></blockquote>
Bigelow was true to his word: the wholesale eviction of Mon jo-boats occurred on 1 August 1895. City police presided over the dismantling of various semi-permanent structures, although it was slow going. The riverfront was chaotic as residents made their homes "seaworthy" again, caulking them in preparation for loosing their moorings in search of ties outside the city limits.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Excerpts from Pittsburgh Press, 2 August 1895</i></b></span></td></tr>
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But while the cities of Allegheny and Pittsburgh periodically emptied their shanty boat neighborhoods, folks kept coming back to the rivers to live.<br />
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<u><i>Rollin', rollin', rollin' on the river</i></u><br />
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Romantic fictionalized notions of living on the water notwithstanding, this was no easy life. Pumping river water to wash clothing, cooking on a coal stove, carrying drinking water, and making sure no one fell overboard were tasks that kept river dwellers busy. Warming a wooden boat locked in by ice and snow wasn't easy. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4FbzBCL1jYU/WwQv7L5ndzI/AAAAAAAAIFc/n4S8eD1G61cG5KH6vHaUqtBbSGAYsFsZQCLcBGAs/s1600/snow%2Bon%2Briver.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="328" data-original-width="500" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4FbzBCL1jYU/WwQv7L5ndzI/AAAAAAAAIFc/n4S8eD1G61cG5KH6vHaUqtBbSGAYsFsZQCLcBGAs/s1600/snow%2Bon%2Briver.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Allegheny River houseboats near Aspinwall, February 1907</i></b></span><br />
<b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, Historic Pittsburgh Image Collection</span></i></b></td></tr>
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</p><p>Floods on the river were dangerous.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Xo1GWVi6nvM/WwQwOXsA8qI/AAAAAAAAIFo/MBk6aPVCBswpeuNrxPVvoKY4OqzI-Up7QCLcBGAs/s1600/houseboat%2Bwreck.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="334" data-original-width="500" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Xo1GWVi6nvM/WwQwOXsA8qI/AAAAAAAAIFo/MBk6aPVCBswpeuNrxPVvoKY4OqzI-Up7QCLcBGAs/s1600/houseboat%2Bwreck.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Houseboat washed up on shore </i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>at River Avenue and Vine Street intersection after 1936 flood, March 1936</i></b></span><br />
<b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, Historic Pittsburgh Image Collection</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span id="goog_1789258806"></span>A 1909 <i>Gazette Times</i> profile of the region's <i>"aqueous domiciles"</i> provided details for those curious about life on Pittsburgh's rivers. <br />
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<i>Social lines are strictly drawn in Jo-Boat Land and members of one class do not mix with members of an inferior one...A few of the inhabitants of Jo-Boat Land are people of color. The women living in the houseboats become as expert as the men and boys in rowing skiffs and yaws. They may be seen pulling up the Allegheny and returning with a skiff of coal bought from a float for 50 cents. The same amount of coal purchased on land would cost $2.50. </i></blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Half page article from Pittsburgh Gazette Times, 14 November 1909</i></b></span></td></tr>
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One of the residents profiled, Mrs. Virginia Gabell, had lived on a houseboat situated near the shore of today's Heinz Field for 28 years. She had plenty to say about life on <i>"the raging main of the local deep":</i> <br />
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<i>"There's no finer place in Pittsburgh, and if those folks out in the East End only knew what good air they were missing, I jest bet they would like to live down here, too... Folks as talk of the horrible thing of livin' on the river don't know what they are talkin' about," she added, as five dogs and three cats came in to inspect the strange visitor talking with their mistress...</i> </blockquote>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Houseboat dog to the left, Allegheny River, 1906</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, Historic Pittsburgh Image Collection</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<i>The dogs and cats having arranged themselves solemnly around the room, Mrs. Gabell went on to explain why she had chosen the river instead of the land for her home. "Twenty-eight years ago," she said, "I was dreadfully troubled with rheumatism, and the doctor told me to go and live on the water. There was good, pure air there. Don't you believe that folks get rheumatism or colds being on the river. It ain't so. Why, I haven't had a pain or rheumatism since I came here. If the weather is cold we keep lots of fire--we got three stoves--and our house is as comfortable as any one on land. The air here is a tonic.... Just look at how open everything is and what a sweep the wind gets!"<br />
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And Mrs. Gabell drew aside a curtain from one of the windows of her home and revealed a magnificent view of sun-burnished water almost a mile wide, and the towering, gigantic heights of Mt. Washington in the background.<br />
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"....I come from a good family and ain't like some of the trash that gets into houseboats and gives us a bad name. My husband was...in the regular Army and I get a pension of $25 a month... My father was a Methodist minister, so you can see I have been well raised."<br />
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Her house is built like all the rest: is one-story and oblong to conform to the shape of the hull. Doors in the center of the rooms make for passage continuous from end to end of the interior. To the landlubber, not used to houseboat life, the boat revealed an unexpected amount of living space. In fact, the rooms were as large as those in an ordinary small house. They measured about 15 feet square. The front or prow of the houseboat embraced quite a porch with a roof. The first room upon entering was the kitchen; then a combined sitting and dining room and a couple of bed rooms. They were all neatly and comfortably furnished, an antique piece of work being a low-legged chair upholstered in haircloth and brocade, which Mrs. Gabell said was given her by her grandmother. Against the wall of the dining and sitting room was a handsome sideboard on which glass and china were placed and there were rocking chairs and other easy seats in abundance. The rooms were papered and on the walls were pictures of all kinds. Taken all in all, it was a very cozy and attractive home.The outside was of plain weather-boarding, painted pink, and gave scant evidence of the comfort and taste to be found in the interior.</i></blockquote>
People continued to live along the rivers throughout the Great Depression and into the WWII era, but the lifestyle gradually fell out of favor.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-d1kX5WJrfnM/XIg1fmge2-I/AAAAAAAAImE/Lr0Ok-_dqm0FqTu8QlXlftvIDSOu0yTJwCLcBGAs/s1600/joboats%2B9th%2Bstreet%2Bbridge%2B1936%2BTeskey.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="977" data-original-width="1474" height="265" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-d1kX5WJrfnM/XIg1fmge2-I/AAAAAAAAImE/Lr0Ok-_dqm0FqTu8QlXlftvIDSOu0yTJwCLcBGAs/s400/joboats%2B9th%2Bstreet%2Bbridge%2B1936%2BTeskey.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Houseboats along the Ninth Street Bridge, 1935</i></span></b><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="st">Walter J. <i>Teskey</i> Photograph Collection</span>, Historic Pittsburgh Image Collection</span></i></span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M8oqgt-8IHs/WwQw2Yg5XxI/AAAAAAAAIGE/xwqk_VvfdcIgtYwng4Qin77p9fx5plyaQCEwYBhgL/s1600/1941%2BAllegheny%2BRiver%2Bscene.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="500" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-M8oqgt-8IHs/WwQw2Yg5XxI/AAAAAAAAIGE/xwqk_VvfdcIgtYwng4Qin77p9fx5plyaQCEwYBhgL/s1600/1941%2BAllegheny%2BRiver%2Bscene.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Houseboats on the Allegheny River, 1941</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, Historic Pittsburgh Image Collection</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<br />According to Pittsburgh newspaperman William M. Rimmel, shanty boat Pittsburgh river life made a brief resurgence in the post World War II era. With a demand for housing that local supplies couldn't meet and the desire to own homes that forced renters out of existing stock, houseboat living seemed like a viable alternative floated by necessity. Rimmel wrote:<i></i></p><blockquote><i>"Back to the Rivers and Free Rent," was the cry. The boat builders and others started raising the prices of houseboats and building material. That didn't stop the rush for the river life. And before long the three rivers were dotted with houseboats of every class and description... Old river men just shook their heads and said, "It's just like the craze of years ago. Soon they'll grow tired of the river and seek houses in the city." Their predictions came true. And gradually the houseboat dwellers began leaving the river... It wasn't long before the riverbanks were littered with old houseboats, debris of all sorts, junk-filled barges and old boat hulls. </i></blockquote><p></p>The era of publicly-subsidized housing (for all its inadequacies) helped make life on the river less of an economic necessity. While some live-aboard river houseboats can still be found at local marina slips, today year-round, modern river living would be far beyond the economic reach of 19th century jo-boaters. For them, today's houseboats would be the equivalent of yachts.<br />
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<span style="color: #444444;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>If you have a Pittsburgh area shanty boat story to share, please do so in comments below, or message me historicaldilettante@gmail.com.</i></b></span></span>Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-34626333036729172932018-04-27T02:19:00.003-04:002018-05-02T14:54:33.663-04:00Quo Vadis? Giuseppe Moretti's Movable Pittsburgh Monuments<div style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;">
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<span data-offset-key="9kk88-0-0"><span data-text="true">I keep thinking about that Giuseppe Moretti sculpture that was removed from Oakland amidst public hullabaloo and a recommendation of the city's Art Commission. </span></span><br />
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You know, this one.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7cNzrffov_U/WuJcYLSx_AI/AAAAAAAAH-4/o55rJruGLmEMVYgxZL1oAOKvFdWbBKv2QCLcBGAs/s1600/quo%2Bvadis.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="489" data-original-width="745" height="262" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7cNzrffov_U/WuJcYLSx_AI/AAAAAAAAH-4/o55rJruGLmEMVYgxZL1oAOKvFdWbBKv2QCLcBGAs/s400/quo%2Bvadis.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Birmingham Public Library, 617.1.120, Collection Archives Department, Giuseppi Moretti, Papers, 1888-1981; Collection No. 617</span></b></i></td></tr>
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Wait, you thought I meant this one?<span data-offset-key="9kk88-0-0"><span data-text="true"> </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k8HHFtJnHu0/WuI9nddvF2I/AAAAAAAAH-o/eIETNUIqxSUc1bsvJsuRop0SQhJFkSZIACLcBGAs/s1600/Stephen%2BFoster.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k8HHFtJnHu0/WuI9nddvF2I/AAAAAAAAH-o/eIETNUIqxSUc1bsvJsuRop0SQhJFkSZIACLcBGAs/s400/Stephen%2BFoster.JPG" width="300" /></a></div>
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<span data-offset-key="9kk88-0-0"><span data-text="true">You're forgiven for the mistake, given that Giuseppe Moretti's 118 year old Stephen Foster memorial has finally been uncermoniously <a href="https://www.facebook.com/theinclinepgh/videos/1860753087556788/?hc_ref=ARRMLPGPQ2Fw4Lsq3XHA0VqsPqOdnC31iKQEwDwPr9CWKAx3cdWxPxNe9uWt-Jr-gnU" target="_blank">hauled away</a> on the back of a flat-bed truck. No, it isn't on its way to becoming a traveling public art installation (Although the PPG's Christopher Huffaker wondered if this could maybe become a thing with other statues. And, you know, I think there's merit to that idea).</span></span><br />
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<span data-offset-key="9kk88-0-0"><span data-text="true">After decades of sporadic protests, and one year of intense debate, Moretti's Foster was removed to a <a href="https://theincline.com/2018/04/27/stephen-fosters-statue-now-lives-in-a-lot-next-to-a-dog-park/" target="_blank">temporary</a> Public Works storage facility. As of this writing its next display place is still unknown. </span></span><br />
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Moretti's seen it all before from the Great Beyond. His art gets around. Even the Foster piece originally began its days as a public sculpture in Highland Park, relocated to a prominent spot in Oakland after repeated vandalism at its more isolated location. <br />
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<i><u><b>Giuseppe Moretti, Pittsburgh's Sculptor </b></u></i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RkkvI0-i5YA/WuJwjSBZCCI/AAAAAAAAH_Y/b-dfSVRKYX0X8wfGlhqOC6dDY9yyow7dgCLcBGAs/s1600/Moretti%2B1900.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="546" height="313" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RkkvI0-i5YA/WuJwjSBZCCI/AAAAAAAAH_Y/b-dfSVRKYX0X8wfGlhqOC6dDY9yyow7dgCLcBGAs/s320/Moretti%2B1900.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburg Press, 11 September 1900 at the time of the Foster memorial dedication</i></b></span></td></tr>
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Born in 1857 in<span data-offset-key="8rcno-0-0"><span data-text="true"> Siena Italy, Giuseppe Moretti was our go-to civic sculptor during
Pittsburgh's City Beautiful period. His works graced many pre-WWI era public spaces. In addition to the Stephen Foster memorial, the list of Moretti monuments is long -- and mostly East End-ish. Moretti created the Highland and Stanton entrances to Highland Park (I wrote about his Horse Tamers in detail <a href="http://historicaldilettante.blogspot.com/2012/07/marly-horses-and-pittsburgh-horses.html" target="_blank">HERE)</a> and the four panthers on either end of the Panther Hollow Bridge. At Schenley Park, his legacy includes a likeness of the 'Father of Pittsburgh's Parks' Edward Manning Bigelow, and a statue of goddess of health Hygeia for a WWI physician memorial.</span></span><br />
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Formerly in Oakland, the twin bronze Sphinxes that stood sentinel outside the late lamented Syria Mosque were relocated to Harmar Township by the Shriners when that facility met the wrecking ball.<br />
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Apparently long gone is a 10,000 pound Carrara marble drinking fountain that Moretti created for Highland Park in 1902 called <i>Echo</i>. It sat atop the lower Bunker Hill steps across from St. Clair, and consisted of a granite base<i> "....surmounted by the recumbent figure of a child with its head resting in a listening attitude upon an enormous sea shell, from the interior of which the water rushes forth."</i><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Moretti's 'Echo' drinking fountain, Highland Park, c. 1922 </i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh City Photographers Collection</i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Historic Pittsburgh Image Collection</i></span></b></td></tr>
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Moretti also crafted elaborate honor roll tablets for East Liberty Presbyterian, Shadyside Presbyterian, and Oakland's First Unitarian churches; safety trophies for Carnegie Steel plants; and various honorary tablets commissioned for local fraternities, cemeteries, and schools. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9Bu23RjjoME/WuU0aFhrGhI/AAAAAAAAICQ/401Pc8MBqvog5z8n9BtiUMu1ivYL3r1tQCLcBGAs/s1600/Moretti%2Bsafety%2Btrophy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1047" data-original-width="547" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9Bu23RjjoME/WuU0aFhrGhI/AAAAAAAAICQ/401Pc8MBqvog5z8n9BtiUMu1ivYL3r1tQCLcBGAs/s1600/Moretti%2Bsafety%2Btrophy.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 21 January 1923</b></i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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He even created a medallion for the <i>SS Pittsburgh</i> of the White Star line. It looks intensely cool and would occupy pride of place in my family room if someone wants to dredge it out of the <a href="http://www.titanic-titanic.com/pittsburgh.shtml" target="_blank">Gulf of Athens</a> for me: <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Moretti ocean liner medallion - FOR STEAMSHIP PITTSBURGH Pittsburgh will ' be..." itemprop="image" src="https://img.newspapers.com/img/img?id=85869958&width=557&height=668&crop=2454_735_1470_1796&rotation=0&brightness=0&contrast=0&invert=0&ts=1524786322&h=d52dec4afd8a996acaee7819d1130584" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>, 15 May 1923</b></span></td></tr>
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Moretti also completed pieces elsewhere in the United States. His most famous work, a colossal cast iron statue of Vulcan, towers above Birmingham Alabama to this day. But impressive on a smaller scale--and closer to Pittsburgh--is his heroic 10-foot-tall Soldiers Memorial in Bellevue’s Bayne Park.<br />
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Flush with income from his many commissions, Moretti built a home and atelier in 1916 for $30,000 at 4029 Bigelow Bvd on a triangular lot at the corner of Centre Avenue. Much altered, the building still houses works of marble and granite on a far smaller scale as the headquarters for <a href="http://www.tile-collection.com/" target="_blank">The Tile Collection</a>.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Birmingham Public Library, 617.23e, Collection Archives Department, Giuseppi Moretti, Papers, 1888-1981; Collection No. 617</span></b></i></td></tr>
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When constructed by the Schenley Farms Company, it was described as a cream-colored brick and white Alabama marble building crowned with two gilded figures. The figures are indistinct in this photo, but they look like nudes wrestling with a globe. Moretti would occupy this building for only a few years before leaving Pittsburgh in 1924 for cleaner air, better light, and his favored Sylacauga marble deposits in Alabama.<br />
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<i><u><b>Quo Vadis</b></u></i><br />
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Set during Nero's reign, the book chronicled the love of Lygia, a young Christian woman, and a Roman patrician named Marcus Vinicius. You'd maybe guess that the plot takes dramatic turns, and you'd be right about that, but no spoilers from me about how it all ends.<br />
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Wildly popular in its day, Sienkiewicz's novel inspired Moretti to take chisel in hand and begin carving at some Italian marble to create his own <i>Quo Vadis</i>, a piece he intended to be his masterwork.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Detail, Birmingham Public Library, 617.1.120, Collection Archives Department, Giuseppi Moretti, Papers, 1888-1981; Collection No. 617</span></b></i></td></tr>
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Moretti planned to display his <i>Quo Vadis</i> at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition (aka the World's Fair) held in San Francisco in 1915. But Moretti was a busy guy, and apparently commission after commission won out over completing Lygia, the bull and Giant Ursus. The piece languished rough and unfinished in his Pittsburgh atelier. Moretti presented the city with <i>Quo Vadis</i> when he left Pittsburgh in 1924, and it was on view at Phipps Conservatory for roughly ten years. Around the time of Moretti's death in 1935<i> "....it was just plain 'grotesque' to Superintendent of Parks Ralph E. Griswold, who had it taken out of Phipps Conservatory...and relegated to storage space."</i><br />
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And so Moretti's <i>Quo Vadis "gathered dust in storage for ten years at Schenley Park," </i>kept crated "<i>in the storage yards back of the stables" </i>before resurfacing in 1944 with controversy cloaking its three figures. The five ton piece returned to the public eye when a suburban couple, Mr. and Mrs. I. L. Peters, offered to move it at their expense so it could grace <i>"....their Spanish type home on Pine Creek Hill, Perry Highway" </i>in Wexford.<br />
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As detailed in the Post-Gazette, <i>'"I think it's a work of art" said Mrs. Peters, a former art teacher at Colfax school, "and so does my husband, an art supervisor. Besides, I read the book <u>Quo Vadis</u>."' </i>Cultural appropriation was not a concern in 1944, for the Post-Gazette further noted that <i>"The statue is a bull, and bull-fighting is Spanish, so the statue ought to be just the thing, said Mrs. Peters." </i><br />
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The Press described Mrs. Peters<i> </i>as someone<i> </i>who was <i>"....supposed to know as much about what it takes to make a pagan sculptured group as the City Art Commission."</i><br />
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Isaac Lee and Margaret Hunter Peters lived in North Highland Manor, one of the earliest housing developments in the Wexford-McCandless area<i>. </i> Mr. Peters was at one point an art instructor at South High, and Mrs Peters worked for the Pittsburgh Board of Education. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 12 September 1944</i></span></td></tr>
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That Art Commission responded to the Peters request by evaluating <i>Quo Vadis </i>and declaring it to be of negligible artistic value, unfit for public display and <i>"....obviously inferior in quality of design and workmanship."</i> Accordingly, Pittsburgh's Art Commission passed a resolution to allow the Peters to do with <i>Quo Vadis</i> as they wished, so long as the city didn't have to pay for it. The committee's decision to rid the city of the piece was made on the motion of member Norwood MacGilvery, described as <i>"of the art faculty of Carnegie Tech, and one of the leading artists of the city." </i>He and commission chair/local architect Charles M. Stotz were described as never having heard of Giuseppe Moretti.<br />
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The local papers had a lot of fun with the sculpture, its subject matter, serious investigative journalism into the exact cattle species portrayed, and recording various opinions.<br />
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Indeed, it seems everyone had an opinion about its artistic merits. For instance, City Council President Thomas E. Kilgallen:<br />
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<i>....turned art critic long enough to warn folks that if they want to throw the bull "it better not be this one because it's not so pretty. I went out to see the bull, which stood on a hillside behind the stables with bushes growing around it. Everyone knows a politician has no aesthetic side, but to me this bull was an uncouth, abhorrent hunk o' stone. If no Pittsburgher wants it....let those Wexford people have it. </i></blockquote>
Joseph Bailey Ellis, Carnegie Tech professor of sculpture, damned it with faint praise: <br />
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<i>I saw the bull before they put it out of sight. It looked to me like it had been carved from imported Italian Carrara marble. But the man who carved it didn't have enough artistic background to reach first base. He carved ably enough with his hands, but he didn't use his head.</i> </blockquote>
The Mayor's PR secretary was said to have interpreted the Art Commission's assessment <i>"....as a round-about way of saying it was 'vulgar.'"</i><br />
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Pittsburgh City Council wanted to sell the piece. But that's when Mayor Cornelius D. Scully stepped in.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Giuseppe & Dorothea Moretti, Geneva Mercer <br />
Birmingham Public Library, 616.4.70b</i></b></span></td></tr>
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It's all fun and games until someone tattles to the widow. Once contacted, Mrs. Moretti and former Moretti students and assistants Geneva Mercer and Mrs.
Karl J. Doll begged to differ with the assessments printed in the local papers. They were <i>"horrified"</i> that Moretti's piece <i>"should be incompetently and arbitrarily condemned as unartistic"</i> given his international reputation as a sculptor. Mrs. Doll claimed the piece had been offered to her family but they had no room for it. She decried the unsophisticated public rush to judgement, which she claimed was particularly unfair given that <i>Quo Vadis </i>was an unfinished, rough piece: <br />
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<i>....Mrs. Doll suffers shock and chagrin. "How could one be expected to judge something that is not finished?"</i> </blockquote>
Geneva Mercer, occasionally described as a Moretti "adopted daughter", was a sculptor in her own right and former assistant to Giuseppe Moretti. She stated:<br />
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<i>The group is a handsome arrangement of beauty in lines and masses. It is designed for outdoor display, with grass, trees, and shrubbery. It is called unfinished, but for such a display I do not see the necessity of finishing the group. So far as I know, it has never offended anyone.</i></blockquote>
Meanwhile, a citizen's group had formed and vowed to raise funds to keep the sculpture in the city, far away from the greedy grasp of pilfering suburbanites in their North Hills Spanish villas. They declared they would even mortgage their property if necessary <i>"....to give the art a proper setting."</i><br />
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The Mayor, wary of arbitrarily deciding the fate of a gift by a noted artist, decided to leave the fate of <i>Quo Vadis </i>to Mrs Moretti. He even made a few chivalric statements to the effect that public ridicule needed to stop. But even he couldn't resist weighing in with an opinion about art, dragging on a former prize-winning Carnegie International painting by artist Peter Blume: <br />
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<i>Mrs. Moretti is a lovely woman well up in years...and I am not going to plague her any longer by such publicity about a statue that certainly is better art than '<a href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/488031" target="_blank">South of Scranton</a>.' She has been deeply hurt by the way the figure has been ridiculed and I want to put a stop to it.</i></blockquote>
His Honor had spoken, and accordingly there was no more press ridicule of the situation (the press being a more obedient and complicit creature back then).<br />
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Mrs. Moretti let it be known that she would like <i>Quo Vadis</i> to go back on public display, but that didn't happen. In March 1946, the Pittsburgh Press reported that the work was still languishing <br />
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<i>....in its traditional home in the refuse dump. It hasn't been moved despite a city-wide argument two years ago. If anything, it has sunk a little deeper into the refuse and cordwood...Councilmen, once the controversy started, wanted to forget all about it. Apparently they succeeded--nothing further was heard of plans to sell it to the highest bidder or restore it as a tribute to the sculptor's widow in Boston.</i></blockquote>
The work was decidedly the worse for the wear by this point. The Bull was hornless and tailless and <i>"looked more like a cow."</i> The Giant Ursus had lost an arm, and Lygia <i>"....to put it mildly, is bruised and battered." </i>The new Parks director claimed he was going to have the work appraised and possibly repaired.<br />
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I've yet to find any mention about the ultimate fate of the sculpture. I live in Wexford, too, and I'm pretty sure it's not in anyone's Spanish villa out here.<br />
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In 1951 an Academy Award-nominated motion picture starring Robert Taylor, Deborah Kerr and Peter Ustinov was released based on Sienkiewicz's novel. You'd think that might have stirred local artistic memories, or at least civic consciences and consciousness. Alas, in the absence of other information, we have to assume that <i>Quo Vadis</i> may have met its ultimate fate on the dust heaps of art history.<br />
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In the 1920s, what appears to have been at least a <a href="http://ringlingdocents.org/sculpture/f3.htm" target="_blank">partial copy</a> of the Moretti piece showed up at the John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota in Florida. However, Mrs Moretti adamantly denied that her husband had a hand in its creation.<u><b><i><br /></i></b></u><br />
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<u><b><i>Quo Vadis, ubi iisti?</i></b></u></div>
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Of course, it's tempting to draw comparisons between the assumed fate of Moretti's <i>Quo Vadis</i> and the recent fate of his Foster memorial.<br />
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Plenty has been said in Pittsburgh (and beyond) over the years about the appropriateness of publicly displaying the Foster memorial, with various degrees of discernment applied. (Everyone has opinions and eliminatory orifices, and sometimes the contents of both bear a startling resemblance).<br />
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I recognize that history does not equal commemoration, but I also know that how we choose to commemorate frames history. Commemoration is contemporary, subject to contextual interpretation and prevailing zeitgeist. As a community, Pittsburgh has dedicated ample scholarship and a <a href="https://www.pitt.edu/~amerimus/foster.htm" target="_blank">literal place</a> to honor and recognize Foster's importance. The Moretti statue was created in 1900 with the best of intentions, funded by private donations, and well-loved in its day. But it was also a monument described then as portraying Foster <i>"catching inspiration for his melodies from the fingers of an old darkey reclining at his feet strumming negro airs upon an old banjo." </i><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, </i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Historic Pittsburgh Image Collection</i></span></b></td></tr>
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The Moretti Foster piece immortalized the writing of the song 'Old Uncle Ned' (lyrics can be found <a href="http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/minstrel/ounedfr.html" target="_blank">HERE</a>). Today we recognize that the portrayal of Foster's companion Old Ned or Old Black Joe (he's gone by both descriptors over the years) is a bronze representation of what Spike Lee termed a "Magical Negro." In 2018 such tropes shouldn't still resonate; to make sure they don't, informed action needs to be taken and education supported. <br />
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That's why when public opinions hit the fan about Moretti's Foster, I was fully on board believing we could do better than continue to prominently display a commemoration that caused pain. I also believed we could continue to simultaneously recognize Foster's contributions, celebrate Black music, and find a better home for this statue that would contextualize its historical framing for future understanding.<br />
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Times change, tastes change, understanding changes. <u>Quo Vadis </u>was originally a work of historical fiction with an underlying pro-Christian message. Moretti's portrayal of a pivotal scene from that story would have resonated for those who knew the plot, but thirty years on that message was lost in a sensational portrayal that was devoid of context. Moretti's homage had lost its meaning, much as the meaning of his homage to Foster changed with the passage of time and enlightened understanding.<i> </i>I do hope there is a kinder fate ahead for the Foster statue, for it deserves an appropriate home.
Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-30383266494882970802018-03-08T01:41:00.001-05:002019-09-15T17:49:39.465-04:00The Short Flight of Pennsylvania's First Licensed Female Pilot <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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A 25 year old Pittsburgh resident named Rose C. Collins was reported to be the first woman granted an aviator's license in Pennsylvania in 1929. Rose attended flight school at the Morris Flying Service at Rodgers Air Field in O'Hara, and flew at Bettis Field in West Mifflin.<br />
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<u>In the Context of Pittsburgh's Early Aviation History</u><br />
You're forgiven if you can't place any of those locations, or if you didn't think Pittsburgh had much to contribute to aviation industry. You'd be misinformed about the latter, though. As far back as the 1880s, Allegheny Observatory director Samuel Pierpont Langley experimented with making a piloted, heavier-than-air flying machine. Pittsburgh even has a contested claim to the first piloted flight of a powered airplane, that of 25 year old Gustave Whitehead, an Oakland resident whose steam-powered airship supposedly sailed in 1899 from Bates Street up what is now the Boulevard of Allies. The flight ended when the vehicle crashed into the third floor of an apartment building and Whitehead's assistant was scalded by steam from the busted plane (which would presumably make him the first injured airplane passenger).<br />
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Whitehead's alleged first flight is officially unrecognized as such in historical annals. But his other documented flight experiments place him among Pittsburgh aviation pioneers. There were plenty of those, as many record-setting pilots called Pittsburgh home. This city's industrial infrastructure has also proven critical to the production of aluminum, propellers, and airplane technologies.<br />
<br />
In the 1920s when young Rose Collins was earning her wings, there were many small airports in rural areas surrounding Pittsburgh. <a href="https://heinzhistorycenter.wordpress.com/2014/04/17/bettis-airfield-2/" target="_blank">Bettis Field</a>, originally known as Pittsburgh-McKeesport Airport, was renamed in 1926 to honor fallen local aviator Lt.
Cyrus Bettis of the US Army Air Corp. In Rose's day, Bettis' most famous visitor would have been Charles Lindbergh, who landed there August 1927 in the Spirit of St. Louis on his national good-will tour. After a 2.5 hour flight from Cleveland, Lindbergh was greeted by 100,000 excited Pittsburghers on the hills surrounding the air field. Another 30,000 Pittsburghers saw him off the next day.<br />
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Air travel was new and exciting, and aviators were the heroes of the interwar years.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_WjOcMVXgt8/Wp2gxBT2nXI/AAAAAAAAH2E/Vefh794fObcaDsOBm-JUj0NaT3n0IzokACLcBGAs/s1600/lindbergh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="1341" height="176" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_WjOcMVXgt8/Wp2gxBT2nXI/AAAAAAAAH2E/Vefh794fObcaDsOBm-JUj0NaT3n0IzokACLcBGAs/s400/lindbergh.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>Charles Lindbergh landing at Bettis Airfield, 1927 with onlookers on the hill behind<br />Pittsburgh City Photographers Collection, University of Pittsburgh</b></span></i><br />
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<b><i>(Click photos to enlarge; stretch on touchscreens to see details).</i></b><br />
<br />
The Bettis Field airstrip was active from 1924 until eclipsed by Allegheny County Airport, which
opened a mile away in 1932 and is still in use today. In the late 1940s Bettis was transformed into the Bettis Laboratory, now a US government-owned research and development facility devoted to Navy
nuclear power design and
development.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Eh3w0oOsS_s/Wp2bSF98VuI/AAAAAAAAH1s/5yE8ypdkbLMviwlFz3FsQOd6gsIcybK8wCLcBGAs/s1600/Bettis%2Bterminal.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="433" data-original-width="919" height="188" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Eh3w0oOsS_s/Wp2bSF98VuI/AAAAAAAAH1s/5yE8ypdkbLMviwlFz3FsQOd6gsIcybK8wCLcBGAs/s400/Bettis%2Bterminal.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>Bettis Terminal, circa 1920s. </b><a href="http://www.airfields-freeman.com/PA/Airfields_PA_SW.htm" target="_blank">Source </a></i></span></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5KKQWEsFKfw/Wp70EIZEDTI/AAAAAAAAH3A/---3I99_r4Qs5j9brdvscOQ-xiSnlAzEgCLcBGAs/s1600/Austin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="656" data-original-width="363" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5KKQWEsFKfw/Wp70EIZEDTI/AAAAAAAAH3A/---3I99_r4Qs5j9brdvscOQ-xiSnlAzEgCLcBGAs/s320/Austin.jpg" width="176" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>William J. Austin</i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette<br /> 10 March 1929</i></span></b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Rose Collins flew at Bettis, but she was taught to fly through the Morris Flying Service at Rodgers Air Field in O'Hara. Owned and operated by a Scottdale native who had also lived in Beaver County, Colonel Jack Morris got his start training pilots during WWI. Rose's teacher, Captain William J. Austin, was a veteran instructor -- literally. Like Morris, Captain Austin had been one of the first Pennsylvanians to enlist as a pilot in the Great War. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jlVtd5qveuM/Wp4atPTS5lI/AAAAAAAAH2k/EHEZh63USZw8vbHSV_ziMQ8AjXRq05IUQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Morris%2BFlying%2BService%2Bad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jlVtd5qveuM/Wp4atPTS5lI/AAAAAAAAH2k/EHEZh63USZw8vbHSV_ziMQ8AjXRq05IUQCEwYBhgL/s320/Morris%2BFlying%2BService%2Bad.jpg" width="221" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Morris Flying Service ad, 1928, Pittsburgh papers</i></span></b></td></tr>
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In the pre-war years, airplanes had been regarded as intriguing novelties, the standards of thrill shows at fairs and circuses. Their practical applications in the United States hadn't been explored much beyond random airmail deliveries and limited military experimentation.<br />
<br />
Aviation truly came of age during WWI when military necessity forced technological advances in construction, navigation and engine power. Despite the United States' official policy of neutrality and its lack of a military aviation combat unit, American fliers wanted to fight from the air. The first Americans to fly during the Great War actually volunteered for service with other Allied forces. A group of Americans and ex-pats partnered with the French to form the Lafayette Escadrille in 1916, a unit which included William Thaw, son of the wealthy Pittsburgh family (who was later killed on one of its missions).<br />
<br />
Once the US officially entered the war in 1917 it became painfully obvious that this country lagged behind Europe in combat aviation development, with only 30 surviving of its 40 trained military pilots and 16 of an original 28 functional government airplanes. But by war's end 40,000 young men had answered the national call for pilots, and some 13,000 had received their wings in the Army, Navy and Marine Corps.<br />
<br />
Rose's flight instructor William J. Austin was a commissioned officer who held ratings as a military pilot. As one of the nation's first 400 US fliers, Captain Austin was a Founder Member of the prestigious fraternal and professional order of American military pilots, Order of Daedalians. He became a pioneer in civil aviation in Pittsburgh, and later served during WWII as a base commander. <br />
<br />
Young Rose Collins thus breathed in the same rarefied atmosphere as Pittsburgh's highest fliers. This was the era when anything connected with air flight was big news.<br />
<br />
And in June 1928 women suddenly realized they had a role to play in air flight, too. That's when Amelia Earhart became the <span class="_Tgc _s8w">first woman airplane passenger to cross the Atlantic Ocean, traveling from</span> New York to London on a 20+ hour flight. <br />
<br />
<u>Rose is Ready to Solo</u><br />
What compelled Rose to strive to become Pittsburgh's Amelia Earhart?<br />
<br />
Born near the coalfields of Connellsville in 1904, Rose was the daughter of Thomas Collins and his wife Mary. Her father was born in Scotland to Irish parents in 1867 and immigrated with his family to the US as a toddler. In 1888, he married the former Mary Louise Soisson, a Connellsville native two years his senior. The couple had 13 children together, of whom 7 survived to adulthood. Mary suffered from tuberculosis and died in 1908 at age 37 of the illness, although her death certificate notes that "childbirth" was a contributing cause of death. Six months later, their infant son died of the same illness. These deaths left four year old Rose as the baby in the family. By 1910, with seven children to care for ranging in age from 18 to 6, Thomas had remarried a widow with one adult son; they later had a son of their own.<br />
<br />
At some point the reconstituted Collins family moved to Beaver County, where in 1920 at age 15 Rose worked as a department store clerk. That year, she lost a 27 year old sister to tuberculosis.<br />
<br />
Such circumstances was not unusual for the times: child mortality was common, big families the norm, teenage employment was typical, and tuberculosis was a scourge.<br />
<br />
But what brought Rose to Pittsburgh? She doesn't show up in city directories, so it's hard to know when she moved to the city. The newspaper articles about her say she worked at the Pittsburgh Country Club as a secretary or clerk for 3 years, roughly 1926-29, and that it was also her residence in 1929. Rose wouldn't recognize the clubhouse where she lived and worked, as it's been restored, remodeled and redecorated many times over (most recently <a href="http://www.post-gazette.com/sports/golf/2017/01/09/At-Schenley-Park-golf-course-clubhouse-seems-destined-for-demolition/stories/201701090007" target="_blank">facing demolition and replacement)</a>. The Pittsburgh Country Club had been established in 1896 as the private Pittsburgh Golf Club at Schenley Park by local industrialists and businessmen such as Andrew Mellon and Henry Clay Frick. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y4HEbtlDaa0/Wp2TWoYmhVI/AAAAAAAAH1U/ICC7bWRFiNUTXmqrgvoFZw2DPGRapo5BgCLcBGAs/s1600/PghCountyryClub%2B1920s%2Bpostcard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="887" data-original-width="1428" height="248" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y4HEbtlDaa0/Wp2TWoYmhVI/AAAAAAAAH1U/ICC7bWRFiNUTXmqrgvoFZw2DPGRapo5BgCLcBGAs/s400/PghCountyryClub%2B1920s%2Bpostcard.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Country Club postcard from the 1920s</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
<br />
It is tempting to speculate that there was some connection with the man who owned and operated the flight school Rose attended. Jack Morris grew up in Scottdale, which is near Connellsville, and like the Collins family he lived for a time in Beaver County. Those possible connections are intriguing, but not conclusive. We may never know what prompted this young woman to leave her family for Pittsburgh and decide to get a pilot's license, but her decisions likely drew inspiration from Amelia Earhart's life. Rose may even have seen the famous aviatrix when Earhart briefly passed through Pittsburgh following her transatlantic record-setting in 1928. Greeted by an enthusiastic crowd, Earhart commented then about the future of flight and the place for women in the clouds: <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rVOqhDLmxtM/Wp92d9ogJ8I/AAAAAAAAH5E/bPKzZHPgYjEr8EiaGOPGY5pOeVzNdHZyQCLcBGAs/s1600/earhart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="541" data-original-width="546" height="317" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rVOqhDLmxtM/Wp92d9ogJ8I/AAAAAAAAH5E/bPKzZHPgYjEr8EiaGOPGY5pOeVzNdHZyQCLcBGAs/s320/earhart.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Press, 24 July 1928</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tBQhSc3aOBc/Wp93c5K0woI/AAAAAAAAH5Q/Z-bG2e7_dL0VhOB2aVsdcmyuGUN_VUD_wCLcBGAs/s1600/earhart%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="901" data-original-width="546" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tBQhSc3aOBc/Wp93c5K0woI/AAAAAAAAH5Q/Z-bG2e7_dL0VhOB2aVsdcmyuGUN_VUD_wCLcBGAs/s400/earhart%2B2.jpg" width="242" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette July 1928</i></span></b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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Earhart would spend much of her career promoting women's opportunities in aviation. She led by example to challenge the prevailing notion that flying was unladylike, and that female aviators were somehow outside appropriate feminine norms.<br />
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But being a poster girl for independence had its challenges. While everyone was fascinated with Amelia Earhart, her femininity was sometimes called into question. This woman, with her boyishly short hair, clambering around wearing overalls without regard for her vanity or seeming respect for the sanctity of men's work? Well, she made some people uncomfortable. Earhart bore such a startling resemblance to Charles Lindbergh, with her tall and athletic figure, broad forehead, strong bone structure and hooded eyes, that she was nicknamed "Lady Lindy" as much for her appearance as for her accomplishments. Earhart fascinated, but she also discomforted. A society column entry by <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i> Woman's Editor Margot Sherman, published in July 1928 shortly before Earhart was so enthusiastically greeted upon her first visit to Pittsburgh, illustrates the bemusement that greeted Earhart. It alludes to how Earhart's attitudes don't quite fit with the "natural" order of things, while acknowledging her support of women's career opportunities. It could be construed as damning with faint praise.<br />
<br />
Earhart's "feminist" advocacy may well have been an inspiration for Rose Collins. Women had done men's work on the homefront during WWI and, having enjoyed financial independence for the first time, had a hard time going back to the socially prescribed pre-war career limitations. Earhart showed women that the sky was literally the limit; after she crossed the Atlantic in 1928, there were plenty of Amelia-wannabes.<br />
<br />
At the same time, flying was dangerous business no matter the gender of the person behind the controls. In news reports and editorials of the day, there was a certain protective chivalric standard in place when it came to reporting on the exploits of girl pilots. <span class="st">And then as now, even with Earhart to pave the way, women experienced barriers to entry and sexist attitudes in the </span><span class="st"><span class="ui_qtext_rendered_qtext">tropospheric </span>workplace.</span> While the social strictures of the day stretched to embrace aviatrixes, they couldn't stretch too far: girl pilots could be delightfully daring and glamorous, but of course they shouldn't be TOO daring or -- heaven forbid! -- sexy. <br />
<br />
With an engaging smile and pretty face, and presumably a winning personality, Rose Collins was quickly established as Pittsburgh's own glamorous aviatrix poster girl. She seemed to personify the sporty, independent progressive "new woman" of the post-war era. Rose made her first appearance in local papers on 21 January 1929 when she was featured in a 2/3 page Gimbels Department Store spread, showcased in a full length photo posing beside a plane at Rodgers Field in a sharp flying ensemble. Rose is described as "about ready to solo" and it was said that she "found pleasure in flying and intended owning an airplane after competing her mastery of the finesse that made Amelia Earhart famous."<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-h4rVjEO0xmg/Wp9ry95s8VI/AAAAAAAAH4o/p7OWw8z7oBIKvggUZ49LwXKqnzuIwT3YQCLcBGAs/s1600/Gimbels%2Bfull%2Bpage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="964" data-original-width="546" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-h4rVjEO0xmg/Wp9ry95s8VI/AAAAAAAAH4o/p7OWw8z7oBIKvggUZ49LwXKqnzuIwT3YQCLcBGAs/s1600/Gimbels%2Bfull%2Bpage.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 21 January 1929. Rose is profiled in the left sidebar (detail below).</span></i></td></tr>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DtVDJzwl4NE/Wp4YjpmnWxI/AAAAAAAAH2U/zDBqBeKNIpUGVqfj-JAsmcCu3Na3WxF-wCLcBGAs/s1600/Rose%2BCollins%2BPress%2BJanuary%2B1929.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="970" data-original-width="547" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DtVDJzwl4NE/Wp4YjpmnWxI/AAAAAAAAH2U/zDBqBeKNIpUGVqfj-JAsmcCu3Na3WxF-wCLcBGAs/s1600/Rose%2BCollins%2BPress%2BJanuary%2B1929.jpg" /></a></div>
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That evocation of Earhart may have pleased Rose. It certainly established a powerful connection for Pittsburghers. Amelia Earhart had actually managed to visit Pittsburgh twice in the preceding year. Two months after her record-setting trip as the first female passenger across the Atlantic, Earhart returned to Pittsburgh less triumphantly when she crash-landed at Rodgers Field on 31 August 1928. The 45 acre Rodgers Field had opened in O'Hara in 1925, where Fox Chapel High School is today. It was named for Pittsburgher Calbraith Perry Rodgers, who in 1911 became the first aviator to fly coast-to-coast. Earhart and her eventual husband George Putnam had flown from Ash, NY on 31 August 1928, refueled in Bellefonte PA, and planned to touch down in Pittsburgh. Not having overflown the field before landing, Earhart misjudged the landing distance necessary on the Rodgers grass runway. She hit an unmarked ditch, her landing gear collapsed, and the Avian II plane went up on its nose, breaking the propeller and leading edge of its left lower wing. It was a bad crash but fortunately no one was seriously injured. A chagrined Earhart wrote in her diary that night:<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>What a landing. The headlines will be dreadful, 'Lady Lindy cracks up.' Several men have cracked up on this part of the field. I am going to form a club and dedicate white flags to marking the place to save others from a similar fate. </i></blockquote>
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Mechanics worked around the clock to complete repairs, scavenging parts from another Avian that Putnam purchased and had flown in from New York. Earhart and Putnam whiled away their time at Oakland's Schenley Hotel. They reportedly lunched on hot dogs from the Rodgers Field refreshment stand before taking off for Dayton 36 hours after their rude landing (I could find no follow up about whether they later regretted those hot dogs). <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJR95PR5ZRnkgUYGGo77b1LyyaIoHAgvi-2qyfNord3opiGuAwo2hD70zZJZ026rg4QRzV9Lt7haI_xe3nWhpVT78eHdsmdRc7itGmBQn772G2tv6QUCqx-16eIo6jsP5rayGVAbA0D-lY/s1600/Rodgers+Field.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="473" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJR95PR5ZRnkgUYGGo77b1LyyaIoHAgvi-2qyfNord3opiGuAwo2hD70zZJZ026rg4QRzV9Lt7haI_xe3nWhpVT78eHdsmdRc7itGmBQn772G2tv6QUCqx-16eIo6jsP5rayGVAbA0D-lY/s1600/Rodgers+Field.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>Undated aerial view looking west at Rodgers Field showing hanger & 2 grass runways, circa 1928-29.</b> <a href="http://www.airfields-freeman.com/PA/Airfields_PA_SW.htm" target="_blank">Source</a></i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
Six months later, with Earhart's recent visit fresh in collective Pittsburgh memory, Rose channeled her "finesse" and style, modeling the latest gal pilot fashions at Rodgers complete with the era's requisite leather aviator jacket. And, perhaps, aspired to someday casually eat hot dogs while her own plane was being repaired after various adventures.<br />
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On 25 February 1929, Rose was photographed about to spin the propeller on the first plane that had arrived for the Pittsburgh Aircraft Show, scheduled for March 9-16 at Motor Square Garden in East Liberty. This photo made the front page of the Post-Gazette.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QYyL0p-goCg/Wp7mslyyqfI/AAAAAAAAH2w/z4mnlrfsiDkpYk03Nsc0bNfdHlVTaEE2wCLcBGAs/s1600/Rose%2BCollins%2BPress%2BFebruary%2B25%2B1929.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="877" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QYyL0p-goCg/Wp7mslyyqfI/AAAAAAAAH2w/z4mnlrfsiDkpYk03Nsc0bNfdHlVTaEE2wCLcBGAs/s1600/Rose%2BCollins%2BPress%2BFebruary%2B25%2B1929.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="disc-info">
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post Gazette,</i></span></b></div>
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>25 February 1929</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<br />
<br />
It was noted that Rose, who had by now accrued enough flight hours, was "waiting for better flying weather to
make her first solo flight."<br />
<br />
This air show was a first for Pittsburgh. Sponsored by the Aero Club of Pittsburgh, a hundred themed exhibits along with 23 actual airplanes were displayed at East Liberty's Motor Square Garden for the eight day convention. Many additional visiting planes were on view at Bettis Field. The largest plane displayed, a Ford tri-motor, had a 75 foot wing span. Once it had arrived at Mayer Field in Bridgeville from New York, the wings and side motors were removed. Having secured multiple permits and police escorts, the plane was then towed through the South Hills, Liberty Tubes and Bridge, and narrow East End streets to its newly-built custom entrance at Motor Square Garden.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eoxMS34WFOk/WqCOQi3cdYI/AAAAAAAAH5g/F8vpZ13ST_0ohqIlkYPwG7sPPD-bUHc3ACLcBGAs/s1600/air%2Bshow%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="482" data-original-width="1600" height="120" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eoxMS34WFOk/WqCOQi3cdYI/AAAAAAAAH5g/F8vpZ13ST_0ohqIlkYPwG7sPPD-bUHc3ACLcBGAs/s400/air%2Bshow%2B2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Press, 10 March 1929</i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
The show was open from 11 AM to 11 PM each day, with 50¢ admission for adults and half that for children. Visitors were greeted by live music from the Flying Orchestra, so-called because its 11 members actually flew to gigs -- a novel concept in 1929! The<i> Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i> sponsored a model airplane competition for boys under 18 (presumably, no girls were interested). Rose's teacher William Austin was one of the contest judges, and various trophies and prizes were awarded. Local aviation schools used the opportunity to recruit new students, all competing and touting their enrollment numbers. One such school was the Pittsburgh School of Aviation, which proudly boasted 5 women students of its hundred total enrolled. Even advertising tie-ins were tentatively explored by some local businesses seeking to capitalize on aero-mania.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XPvnGKVRMD4/Wp83_0bw5wI/AAAAAAAAH3Q/swgK-TeXBQgEHbLMbeoZ6uRHC7bC6XWKwCLcBGAs/s1600/Gimbels%2Bad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="118" data-original-width="543" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XPvnGKVRMD4/Wp83_0bw5wI/AAAAAAAAH3Q/swgK-TeXBQgEHbLMbeoZ6uRHC7bC6XWKwCLcBGAs/s1600/Gimbels%2Bad.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Ad, Pittsburgh Press, March 1929</i></span></span></b></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Bipd579Ep5X1iChvjxS8wcSz4ELp6kqiIioScxMilMGK3pfijtt9Jia1MM4tKZmCEHTzmmIy26BKWi_CjWUl0Wl5BorASCYwHmomzEo09jF2DmNqfW43zx53OOfGxUS-Qt2X9AD7ynAW/s1600/bank+ad.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="908" data-original-width="546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8Bipd579Ep5X1iChvjxS8wcSz4ELp6kqiIioScxMilMGK3pfijtt9Jia1MM4tKZmCEHTzmmIy26BKWi_CjWUl0Wl5BorASCYwHmomzEo09jF2DmNqfW43zx53OOfGxUS-Qt2X9AD7ynAW/s1600/bank+ad.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Ad, Pittsburgh Press, March 1929</i></span></span></b></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fgfdrhVhX6E/WqDMo1WbUjI/AAAAAAAAH6g/edHmAJ_XLuMVF93xXUearBaNVi3KnDqHACLcBGAs/s1600/ball.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1062" data-original-width="546" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fgfdrhVhX6E/WqDMo1WbUjI/AAAAAAAAH6g/edHmAJ_XLuMVF93xXUearBaNVi3KnDqHACLcBGAs/s1600/ball.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Ad, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 1929</i></span></b></td></tr>
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A preliminary map of the new proposed county airport to be built in West Mifflin was unveiled during the course of the air show. Each day featured programming for special guests, running the gamut from "Disabled Veterans Day" to "College Night" to "Women's Day". The latter honored achievements by women in aviation "at afternoon and evening performances."<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Fm75CcyL9u9bQVnMFA1tusKB-8b0MUeCi-Ybdec9AoXA71CRLeEMl2VtXt3l0vJvnK34nHXAlGz-KYEoMN-rCLOri9qbAY5dVwuFrF1zC6fXFmVS0mv2b9EjMSDvs9IW33e-j6zZdjJM/s1600/air+show.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1182" data-original-width="546" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Fm75CcyL9u9bQVnMFA1tusKB-8b0MUeCi-Ybdec9AoXA71CRLeEMl2VtXt3l0vJvnK34nHXAlGz-KYEoMN-rCLOri9qbAY5dVwuFrF1zC6fXFmVS0mv2b9EjMSDvs9IW33e-j6zZdjJM/s400/air+show.jpg" width="183" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette <br />20 March 1929</i></span></b></td></tr>
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The week's festivities culminated in a formal society ball attended by 1000 guests at William Penn Hotel. Motor Square Garden was described as having been transformed into a "temple to aviation" and by show's end 70,000 visitors had wandered about this temporary hangar ogling planes and flying gear. But most importantly to Pittsburgh's aero aficionados, the convention showcased their passion in a positive light and attracted national attention to the potential for air flight development in the city. <br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PHRmBEoqA2Y/Wp9bNg52cQI/AAAAAAAAH38/eFvxs0nxrZQU4VDyeYJg-eae_XNA9dGqwCLcBGAs/s1600/Invitation%2Bto%2Bball.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="115" data-original-width="540" height="65" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PHRmBEoqA2Y/Wp9bNg52cQI/AAAAAAAAH38/eFvxs0nxrZQU4VDyeYJg-eae_XNA9dGqwCLcBGAs/s320/Invitation%2Bto%2Bball.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 7 March 1929</span></i></b></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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Rose's name was linked with the event at the very beginning. On 8 March 1929, she issued the official invitation to the event's formal ball on behalf of the Aero Club to Pittsburgh Mayor Charles H. Kline. She got to visit the major's executive office and was described by the Post-Gazette as "Pittsburgh's only woman aviator, who is ready to solo." Her name did not appear in any of the daily mentions of the show after that, and it is not known if she attended the society ball as a guest of the Aero Club.<br />
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Rose was next featured in the press in "Women Take to the Air," a Pittsburgh Press photo montage on 28 April 1929. As the local girl included among international woman pilots, Rose was described as a "student flier."<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqqB107jzlNG4-gje9H6cbdOcnpOwGPk0IbNK3RrpuHNX1fW03k01j_3JmDfoT2fyfGLECZ-HTeqiTaBpc-Te3K_nzsxjC10Z6lU8IXWbRWvDdqwf3WLmVw2F_VQN23gq9mBQWfSY0PCa9/s1600/work.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqqB107jzlNG4-gje9H6cbdOcnpOwGPk0IbNK3RrpuHNX1fW03k01j_3JmDfoT2fyfGLECZ-HTeqiTaBpc-Te3K_nzsxjC10Z6lU8IXWbRWvDdqwf3WLmVw2F_VQN23gq9mBQWfSY0PCa9/s1600/work.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Press excerpt, 28 April 1929</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<u>Grounded by the Glass Ceiling</u><br />
Despite the repeated promises of local news coverage, it seems Rose never got to make her first solo flight. She made front page news of a different sort on 14 May 1929.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wwwDKku1SGg/WqCZvQdV_NI/AAAAAAAAH5w/kDdydnwNUqkzgIKt6MvsdMmdV_yCGYVXwCLcBGAs/s1600/death.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1319" data-original-width="546" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wwwDKku1SGg/WqCZvQdV_NI/AAAAAAAAH5w/kDdydnwNUqkzgIKt6MvsdMmdV_yCGYVXwCLcBGAs/s1600/death.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Press, 14 May 1929</i></span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-S2-mXH7rCow/WqCrCTrSBOI/AAAAAAAAH6A/cV_zYb7_Ceg22tjzmQSZ4UpiUYUs8uYzQCLcBGAs/s1600/death%2BPPG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="874" data-original-width="546" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-S2-mXH7rCow/WqCrCTrSBOI/AAAAAAAAH6A/cV_zYb7_Ceg22tjzmQSZ4UpiUYUs8uYzQCLcBGAs/s320/death%2BPPG.jpg" width="199" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>15 May 1929</i></span></b></td></tr>
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According to reports in the Press and Post-Gazette, the 25 year old died on 13 May 1929 at Passavant Hospital in the Hill District "following an operation said to have been performed by a woman" on May 5. Rose refused to name the woman. The family member who claimed her would have been married sister Bertha Grogan.<br />
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The Post-Gazette added to the story the next day on its front page, noting that "County Detectives....questioned relatives and friends of the girl and hunted the Homestead-Duquesne district for an unidentified woman reported to practice illegal operations."<br />
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Six weeks later, testimony was submitted at the coroner's inquest by Sergeant Leo Herman, chief clerk of the Rodgers Field air corps, who identified himself as Rose's fiance. Leo said he had "urged her to marry him and not undergo the surgery." He said she subsequently told him that the surgery had been performed by a woman in Homestead, whom she did not identify.<br />
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Although detectives had been investigating the case since Rose's death, no arrests had been made.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHIrrsuvSb-gVu4g8ICVT0HRAd3svs4H7Yls2p6HrpquDrZJE3_2jlWCKDtFSK9NwUK4iJvY6wY3Y-MqWb1G8H3fpK_MFUxMraIcYwCtlcWThX1T2LfGCX0rJZbknG9V45H4oXCSCQObs5/s1600/obituary.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="133" data-original-width="545" height="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHIrrsuvSb-gVu4g8ICVT0HRAd3svs4H7Yls2p6HrpquDrZJE3_2jlWCKDtFSK9NwUK4iJvY6wY3Y-MqWb1G8H3fpK_MFUxMraIcYwCtlcWThX1T2LfGCX0rJZbknG9V45H4oXCSCQObs5/s320/obituary.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
The coroner's jury recommended that the district attorney continue to investigate. <br />
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Rose's death certificate fills in the blanks, and uses words that newspapers of the day dared not print. She never made her solo flight because she died at Passavant Hospital of "acute purulent peritonitis following septic endometriosis" secondary to a "probable criminal abortion."<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ArZ8E39XvqE/WqC0JFmB1jI/AAAAAAAAH6Q/IZcJcEGv85gltAl9bIB7mSXd4PCeduK-gCLcBGAs/s1600/death%2Bcertificate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="881" height="340" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ArZ8E39XvqE/WqC0JFmB1jI/AAAAAAAAH6Q/IZcJcEGv85gltAl9bIB7mSXd4PCeduK-gCLcBGAs/s400/death%2Bcertificate.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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We may never know how Rose came to achieve all that she had. But public records tell part of her story for her, and we can guess the rest.<br />
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Imagine: You are 25 years old. You came from the impoverished coal fields of Fayette County. Due to a combination of your own particular charms, savvy, connections, lucky opportunities and talents, you have achieved what no other woman in Pittsburgh has. You have a pilot's license. Your face is in all the papers. You meet the Mayor. You have enough hours to solo and once you do that, the sky will be the limit on your career.<br />
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But you are pregnant.<br />
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And, lousy Pittsburgh weather aside, every time you get in a plane, you feel sick. So you keep postponing your solo flight because you know you can't manage it. Your boyfriend begs you to marry him, but as dear as he is, this is absolutely the wrong time to add a baby and husband to your life. The skies beckon...<br />
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"Illegal operation" may seem like a cumbersome euphemism to us, but in 1929 people knew exactly when that phrase meant and would have understood why Rose took her secrets to her grave. Consider: the words of the dying are legally admissible in court. A woman in Rose's circumstances was informed by police and physicians of her imminent demise. She was harassed on her deathbed until she admitted to having had an abortion and named the people
connected with it. If she, like Rose, was unwed, that admission should include the man
responsible for her pregnancy, who in turn might be arrested and even imprisoned as an accomplice.<br />
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Rose's story is a perfect example of the consequences of criminalizing sexuality. Fear of coerced "confessions" kept women from seeking
timely treatment when they needed medical attention following abortions -- often, as in Rose's case, with fatal results. And Rose's tragedy was not hers alone; in the late 1920s nearly 15,000 women died annually from abortions.<br />
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While the newspapers of the time regularly reported on deaths resulting from these "illegal operations," most of those stories didn't make the front page. But Rose had achieved much, and so her life story became an example. Once, she likely dreamed of being another Amelia Earhart, a girl others wanted to emulate, a courageous aviatrix who reached for the skies.<br />
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Instead, hers became a cautionary tale of a woman who reached too high and who fell hard.<br />
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It wasn't made explicit, but it didn't need to be: Rose Collins was what happened to girls who flaunted the moral order and conventional values of the time. Hers were circumstances that only women could experience. And women of the time, whether they sympathized or tsked in judgement, understood that.<br />
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The month Rose died, a column in <i>Popular Aviation and Aeronautics</i> magazine written by the first woman to hold a commercial flying license in Britain, Lady Heath, asserted that there were currently only "18 women in America who hold official licenses as pilots." That number dropped by one after Rose's death, but only briefly. Other young women pilots from Pittsburgh soon became household names here and around the world, so that future girl pilots would aspire to emulate Freda Zuend, Katherine May Edwards, Helen MacCloskey, Kay Janner, and Helen Richey.<br />
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Rose Collins was buried with her mother at St Joseph's Cemetery in Connellsville. No charges appear to have ever been filed against the mystery woman in Homestead.<br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HPJyo8wpXB4/WqDQQh4RCGI/AAAAAAAAH6s/ATlhOLsNZSUELe9aVjCm7gTDb3tpOsbzACLcBGAs/s1600/Rose%2BCollins%2BApril%2B1929%2BPgh%2BPress.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="169" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HPJyo8wpXB4/WqDQQh4RCGI/AAAAAAAAH6s/ATlhOLsNZSUELe9aVjCm7gTDb3tpOsbzACLcBGAs/s1600/Rose%2BCollins%2BApril%2B1929%2BPgh%2BPress.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-498612197466853222017-10-04T20:42:00.001-04:002019-10-05T22:12:13.030-04:00Captain Bill Jones<div style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;">
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Captain Bill Jones, the first and most well-regarded of Andrew Carnegie's steel masters, died a horrific death in a furnace accident at Braddock's Edgar Thomson (ET) works.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Tlx4eHL4hTw/XXgdwyYusNI/AAAAAAAAI7w/-flPYmIQx14FNUQVZoDRaIrKL0YlZplhQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Dabbs%2Bcabinet%2Bcard%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1052" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Tlx4eHL4hTw/XXgdwyYusNI/AAAAAAAAI7w/-flPYmIQx14FNUQVZoDRaIrKL0YlZplhQCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Dabbs%2Bcabinet%2Bcard%2B1.jpg" width="420" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Captain William R. Jones, Courtesy of The Frick Collection/Frick Art Reference Library Archives.
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You'd have to work hard to overestimate the importance of this man to Pittsburgh's industrial history. Had he lived, it's likely that we would be remembering the labor strife leading up to the Battle of Homestead
in very different ways. <br />
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Born in 1839 in Luzerne County to Welsh immigrants, William R. Jones began working in the steel industry at the age of 10. He spent his early adult years at Cambria Works in Johnstown. Jones took time off for the Civil War, distinguishing himself in service at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Rising from the rank of private, he was forever after in civilian life referred to as Captain Jones.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BIHw_wCUtZI/WdV5K6JveLI/AAAAAAAAHwE/nbHckXOhoyQMu2ocTs5v_k0r9s2Ut_5CACLcBGAs/s1600/cambria%2Bworks%2B1870.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="700" height="314" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BIHw_wCUtZI/WdV5K6JveLI/AAAAAAAAHwE/nbHckXOhoyQMu2ocTs5v_k0r9s2Ut_5CACLcBGAs/s400/cambria%2Bworks%2B1870.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.jaha.org/edu/discovery_center/work/industry02.html" target="_blank">Cambria Works</a>, c. 1870s when Captain Bill began innovating steel production there</i></span></b></td></tr>
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When an expected promotion didn't come through at Cambria after dedicating nearly 20 years there, Jones left. He connected with the designer of a new steel plant at Braddock and met its owner, Andrew Carnegie. Always looking for good managers, Carnegie quickly saw that Captain Jones was a keeper. Jones conveniently brought along 200 or so of his best coworkers from Johnstown to the new Edgar Thomson works, and rose to the position of Superintendent.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bnYG4qHe4hI/XXgb5kLUDYI/AAAAAAAAI7k/GuhuZztCyt8x-rPpxlPGq9EFM7X-N_aZACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/edgar%2Bthomson%2B1875%2B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="882" data-original-width="1198" height="292" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-bnYG4qHe4hI/XXgb5kLUDYI/AAAAAAAAI7k/GuhuZztCyt8x-rPpxlPGq9EFM7X-N_aZACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/edgar%2Bthomson%2B1875%2B.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Allegheny Conference on Community Development Photographs, Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></b></td></tr>
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Jones' impact on the steel industry was unsurpassed during the 14 years he spent in Pittsburgh. He engineered hundreds of design innovations and claimed 50 patents. Carnegie biographer J.F. Wall wrote that Jones "had more patents to his credit than any other single individual in the history of steelmaking." His engineering expertise was unparalleled. But so, too,
was Jones' ability to communicate with and motivate the men working under him. He organized productivity competitions which both paid dividends to the partners and fostered worker pride. He was a hard-nosed negotiator when doing battle against the Amalgamated labor union, but he consistently advocated for a multicultural work force and a humane eight hour working day for fair pay. <br />
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Jones liked what he did on the floors of ET and Homestead, and so turned down an appreciative Carnegie's offer to become a company shareholder. He did, however, manage to negotiate for himself the current salary of the US President. In those days $25,000 a year was impressive, but still a drop in the bucket compared to the earnings of the plants Jones ran. <br />
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Many of Jones' innovative designs had worker safety foremost in mind. The guys in the mills worked beside Jones every day. They knew better than anyone how well Jones knew steel, and they bore witness to his loyalty, steady compassion and
concern for the community.<br />
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After the devastating Johnstown flood of 31 May 1889, Jones shut down ET on his own initiative and took 300 workers to his former hometown, leading the relief effort.<br />
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Four months later, Jones was dead. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFRFM-0opgKb9OllCcJE8FqykdFH8C6bOht4mf5ubUraRrDhqi4TgF-mv8oI9Rm0TaGJJe5qiiHGSKY0fxneedc5qzPEYokDHz6C4hFNRIqnVLIOsemcT5fkN9ttDGAHhMCo9pqFgSsdje/s1600/jones+cartoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="401" data-original-width="376" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFRFM-0opgKb9OllCcJE8FqykdFH8C6bOht4mf5ubUraRrDhqi4TgF-mv8oI9Rm0TaGJJe5qiiHGSKY0fxneedc5qzPEYokDHz6C4hFNRIqnVLIOsemcT5fkN9ttDGAHhMCo9pqFgSsdje/s200/jones+cartoon.jpg" width="187" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>Illustration from The Pittsburgh Press, 27 September 1889</b> </i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
On the ET floor with his workers on 26 September 1889, Jones took over trying to clear a furnace jam. The furnace gave under pressure. One coworker was incinerated instantly; another died of his injuries a few days later.<br />
<br />
Bill Jones suffered severe upper body burns. Thrown backward into the flaming pit by the force of the explosion, he hit his head on the
iron edge of a cinder car.<br />
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He was taken to the Homeopathic Hospital in Pittsburgh, drifting in and out of consciousness. His burns did not at first seem life-threatening, so the newspapers wrote that Captain Bill would likely recover.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-giEej1iBewo/WdV3yPB05OI/AAAAAAAAHv8/MMSka_v8K88ubU1TBpDekGA5lQGptr3XACEwYBhgL/s1600/jones.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1027" data-original-width="546" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-giEej1iBewo/WdV3yPB05OI/AAAAAAAAHv8/MMSka_v8K88ubU1TBpDekGA5lQGptr3XACEwYBhgL/s640/jones.jpg" width="339" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Pittsburgh Daily Post<br /> Friday, 27 September, 1889</span></span></span></i></b></td></tr>
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Even Henry Clay Frick, chairman of the newly consolidated Carnegie Steel Company for only six months, hastened to reassure Andrew Carnegie that Jones seemed to be on the mend: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-o9Dpeul3sk4/WdV3xydPLLI/AAAAAAAAHv8/wSWaoAimJkcZfswbe9KlzK8Bq8imj3bmQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Jones%2Bletter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="636" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-o9Dpeul3sk4/WdV3xydPLLI/AAAAAAAAHv8/wSWaoAimJkcZfswbe9KlzK8Bq8imj3bmQCEwYBhgL/s320/Jones%2Bletter.jpg" width="248" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Henry Clay Frick Business Records, 1862-1987, <br />AIS.2002.06, Archives
& Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System</i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i></i></blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Captain became very much worse after eight o'clock this morning suffering from concussion of the brain. Have just come from hospital; he is very much better. Saw Doctors Helmeth and McClelland who are quite hopeful.</i></blockquote>
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<br />
<br />
Hopes were dashed. Captain William R. Jones died the evening of 28 September 1889.<br />
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Pittsburgh and Johnstown mourned. Schools and businesses closed, buildings were draped in mourning black, and Andrew Carnegie made the trip from New York for Jones' funeral in Braddock on 2 October.<br />
<br />
Grand Army Day had been celebrated a day earlier in Pittsburgh with a 6000 member parade. Usually a magnificent and greatly-anticipated event, it was somber this year. In tribute to Jones, the colors of various regiments were draped with black. A riderless horse carrying the bridle, saddle, boots, spurs, cap and sword of Captain Jones was led through the streets, and was greeted with profound and reverent silence. Jones' heavy cedar casket, closed "<i>due to the heavy facial disfigurements</i>" wrought by the burns he had suffered, was honored with thousands of floral arrangements, the most elaborate ranging in height from 4 to 10 feet. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xvG8J7YY3ME/WdV3x5QFyBI/AAAAAAAAHv8/JGGlaYTLYyIGY60CRoDOOI3zSNJBfy9PQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Jones%2Bfuneral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="537" data-original-width="546" height="314" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xvG8J7YY3ME/WdV3x5QFyBI/AAAAAAAAHv8/JGGlaYTLYyIGY60CRoDOOI3zSNJBfy9PQCEwYBhgL/s320/Jones%2Bfuneral.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Pittsburgh Daily Post<br /> Thursday, October 3, 1889</span></span></span></i></td></tr>
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<br />
Accompanied by ten thousand mourners, Captain William R. Jones was laid to rest in Monongahela Cemetery.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3RtLWVynNxU/XXgg7SwVB-I/AAAAAAAAI78/AL2QLlE18TQ0VR7SyeUNtYfxt83EpH-AACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Dabbs%2Bcabinet%2Bcard%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1036" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3RtLWVynNxU/XXgg7SwVB-I/AAAAAAAAI78/AL2QLlE18TQ0VR7SyeUNtYfxt83EpH-AACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Dabbs%2Bcabinet%2Bcard%2B2.jpg" width="412" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Captain William R. Jones, Courtesy of The Frick Collection/Frick Art Reference Library Archives.
</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<br />
It is not a stretch to say that buried with Jones were the hopes of the steelworkers whose welfare he had championed over the years. Three years later, the streets of Homestead would erupt in battle over labor issues that Captain Bill knew plenty about. He would have had things to say about that, but his mighty voice had been forever silenced.<br />
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<div style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>**A version of this article was posted to my <a href="https://www.facebook.com/historicaldilettante/" target="_blank">Facebook page</a> on 28 September 2017</i></span></div>
Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-54476423250037530122017-03-03T23:53:00.003-05:002020-04-15T20:05:03.309-04:00 Pittsburgh's Central High SchoolWhen an old photo of downtown's Penn Station gets posted, invariably someone will ask “What’s that building back there on the hill?”<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zz9JfY-vk7Q/WLnfXNWEcRI/AAAAAAAAHeE/pO_lDXjwsosOa8cenhhkV5KbNzZYxGGzQCLcB/s1600/UnionStation%2B1904%2BLoC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="327" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zz9JfY-vk7Q/WLnfXNWEcRI/AAAAAAAAHeE/pO_lDXjwsosOa8cenhhkV5KbNzZYxGGzQCLcB/s400/UnionStation%2B1904%2BLoC.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh's Penn Station, circa 1904. Library of Congress collection.</i></span></td></tr>
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The short answer is that the fortification looming above the station was Pittsburgh’s first high school.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKQtIihJ-QfNa5WDzLu9yOrDR5JKqKC9e3V6MRigo8DlcyvqRLQYfLyruBVwCIIRcxLE5G7kGdaNzBinI4g21fLDQ6RXOoGcRnWcgWHbE1NU2x5zco7aEgl8lgwXu-loTQRjvxREoVK3uV/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKQtIihJ-QfNa5WDzLu9yOrDR5JKqKC9e3V6MRigo8DlcyvqRLQYfLyruBVwCIIRcxLE5G7kGdaNzBinI4g21fLDQ6RXOoGcRnWcgWHbE1NU2x5zco7aEgl8lgwXu-loTQRjvxREoVK3uV/s400/Untitled-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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The long answer?<br />
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Settle in…<br />
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_____________________________<br />
<b><i>In the beginning, there were rats…</i></b><br />
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There was once considerable apathy and even outright opposition to the idea of a public high school in Pittsburgh. The Free Schools Law of 1834 divided Pennsylvania into school districts, with residents in each district voting about whether they wanted local schools subsidized in part by the state. The first public high school was established in Philadelphia in 1836, but it took another twenty years for Pittsburgh to embrace public high school education. The School Code of 1854 allowed district school boards to set teacher salaries, define grade levels and admission parameters, select subjects (although the state mandated orthography (spelling), reading, writing, grammar, and geography be taught in every school),
and choose textbooks.<br />
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With those guidelines established -- and despite continuing citizen complaints about school taxes and teacher salaries -- Pittsburgh opened its first high school on 26 September 1855.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-L8T1X7ABVIk/WLnfxSTNSWI/AAAAAAAAHeI/3vUoeZbLGP02ZiV1DTiUxUEgrQR1JlyCgCLcB/s1600/Smithfield%2BStreet%2Bschool.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-L8T1X7ABVIk/WLnfxSTNSWI/AAAAAAAAHeI/3vUoeZbLGP02ZiV1DTiUxUEgrQR1JlyCgCLcB/s640/Smithfield%2BStreet%2Bschool.jpg" width="396" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Illustration from Fleming's <u>My High School Days</u></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mCZSRpOzDZI/WLofuxZI4ZI/AAAAAAAAHhI/z777Fda_AtYSY8xHnfsxodKBoHj33Xm2ACLcB/s1600/First%2Bclass%2B1855.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mCZSRpOzDZI/WLofuxZI4ZI/AAAAAAAAHhI/z777Fda_AtYSY8xHnfsxodKBoHj33Xm2ACLcB/s320/First%2Bclass%2B1855.jpg" width="144" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Gazette, 26 September 1855</i></span></td></tr>
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The first City or Central High School, as it was variously known, was located downtown at Fifth and Smithfield Streets, opposite the old Post Office (across from what we today know as the former Kaufmann’s Department Store). Classes took place in ten rooms in premises described by the principal as “small and dirty, badly lighted and ventilated.” The Central Board of Education paid $450 per year for rental of the three floors.<br />
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Pittsburgh’s experiment in public high school education started with a student enrollment of 115. Within three days, a student had already dropped out, and only three of those 115 students eventually graduated.<br />
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The first diploma ever handed out in a Pittsburgh public school in 1859 was actually to a young lady, Miss Hephzibah Wilkins (later Mrs. Joseph S. Hamilton). Heppie Wilkins returned some years later as school preceptress, a female administrator who attended to the "special" needs of female students. She was promoted to teaching English, and was the school’s only female teacher from 1866-69. Her annual salary rose from $625 to $800 over the three years that she taught, until she was required to leave her position upon getting married.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PpQ8yNUl0oc/WLnifTwN3OI/AAAAAAAAHeQ/5RzyEAnicAAzgn1pWXw12inVo6mS4k2iQCLcB/s1600/Heppie%2BWilkins%2Bfirst%2Bdiploma%2BPghHSAlum1905_0006.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PpQ8yNUl0oc/WLnifTwN3OI/AAAAAAAAHeQ/5RzyEAnicAAzgn1pWXw12inVo6mS4k2iQCLcB/s640/Heppie%2BWilkins%2Bfirst%2Bdiploma%2BPghHSAlum1905_0006.jpg" width="472" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Diploma issued to Heppie Wilkins, a niece of prominent Pittsburgher Judge William Wilkins </i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>From <u>Pittsburgh Central High School Alumni Directory, 1859-1905</u> </i></span></td></tr>
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The Civil War interrupted public high school education in Pittsburgh for many young people for the better part of a decade. Eventually enrollment increased, and conditions improved when the school moved in 1868 to four floors of the five-story old Bank of Commerce Building at Wood and Sixth.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YK2D16jRK6k/WLnlraPaj-I/AAAAAAAAHeY/QABJkKITm0we3FNNoeB6wfyYhC662O-QQCLcB/s1600/Commerce%2BBldg%2Bfrom%2BFlem.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YK2D16jRK6k/WLnlraPaj-I/AAAAAAAAHeY/QABJkKITm0we3FNNoeB6wfyYhC662O-QQCLcB/s640/Commerce%2BBldg%2Bfrom%2BFlem.jpg" width="433" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Illustration from Fleming's <u>My High School Days</u></i></span></td></tr>
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Then again, “improvement” was relative, given conditions at the first Smithfield school. George T. Fleming, a 19<sup>th</sup> century raconteur and writer who penned multiple memoirs and curiously curated histories of Pittsburgh, was a student at both the Smithfield rooms and Commerce Building. His memories of Smithfield classroom conditions had not dimmed fifty years later when he recounted his experiences in various narratives. Fleming’s vivid descriptions still entertain: Latin recitations shouted above the din of ceaseless wagon traffic on cobblestone streets, punctuated by tunes from an itinerant accordion player with a limited repertoire, and accompanied by the bellowing of an auctioneer from the floor below. Fleming and his fellow students fortunately had other distractions:
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>It was always a blessed relief when one or more of the predatory rats that infested the building, or even some quick-actioned mice, emboldened by hunger, would emerge from one of the numerous crannies in the old rooms, and begin to forage for the leftovers from lunch hour that had dropped on the floor. This sort of invasion invariably led to action. Any missile in reach –a piece of chalk, a small lump of coal, an ink well or its cover--perhaps, a surreptitious bone, would be hurled….at those miscreants by other miscreants. Perhaps a crust hardened by age was the only available ammunition, but the first opportunity and the nearest sharp shooter to the enemy got in his work quickly, regardless of the demerits that were sure to come and increase someone’s already plethoric
list.</i>
</blockquote>
Compared with the first school site on Smithfield, the Commerce Building had the advantage of “larger, cleaner rooms…better light and ventilation” (and, presumably, fewer rodents). It was quieter, too: no accordion players or auctioneers, plus Wood Street was paved with wooden blocks. The new building had five floors with a long, steep staircase built to accommodate students; steam heat; and a large chapel. Enrollment did fluctuate as students came and went, but the Commerce Building school was soon overcrowded. More than one class was conducted at the same time in the same room, and even the chapel was called into usage as a classroom.<br />
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By the 1870s, the growing city of Pittsburgh needed a real high school.<br />
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<h4>
<b><i>Pittsburgh’s Central High School, The People's College….</i> </b></h4>
It was precisely because the city was growing that land in the Hill District became available to the Central Board of Education.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ViXcYiw4QV0/WLnnWjilBRI/AAAAAAAAHek/8izWfdBraVgPUlyoVuv1q7feYMSITwF4QCLcB/s1600/1890%2Bsketch%2Bof%2BBedford%2Bbasin%2Bsite%2Bwith%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bin%2Bbackground.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ViXcYiw4QV0/WLnnWjilBRI/AAAAAAAAHek/8izWfdBraVgPUlyoVuv1q7feYMSITwF4QCLcB/s320/1890%2Bsketch%2Bof%2BBedford%2Bbasin%2Bsite%2Bwith%2Bhigh%2Bschool%2Bin%2Bbackground.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Press sketch from 1890.</i></span></td></tr>
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Back in 1848, Pittsburgh’s continued expansion prompted the building of a 2.7 million gallon capacity water reservoir and pumping station on Bedford Avenue. Water was pumped from the Allegheny River nearly 400 feet below by two fancifully named engines, Hercules and Sampson. Over time, the capacity of the Bedford system was expanded to include upper and lower basins. As the city itself expanded further east, additional water system plants were built to meet the needs of new neighborhoods. That meant that city land adjacent to the two Bedford basins was no longer needed for expansion.<br />
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The two Bedford basins remained critical for the city’s water supply needs until the 1890s, when they were converted into city parkland. But the Central Board of Education called dibs on the unused property for a new high school. City Council donated land high on the bluff overlooking Union (aka Penn Station) and Bigelow Boulevard, at the corner of Fullerton (now Fulton) and Bedford Avenue.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l3OPhWL1M6Y/WLntkuWpMLI/AAAAAAAAHfI/g6S0YJVdgIMruNITRRq6DItciteKaTJoACLcB/s1600/Fleming%2Bbook%2Billustration.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="207" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l3OPhWL1M6Y/WLntkuWpMLI/AAAAAAAAHfI/g6S0YJVdgIMruNITRRq6DItciteKaTJoACLcB/s400/Fleming%2Bbook%2Billustration.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central High School<br />Illustration from Fleming's <u>My High School Days</u>, edited<u><br /></u></i></span></td></tr>
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And so it was that the cornerstone for the first purposely-built high school in Pittsburgh was laid during a gala ceremony on 30 September 1869. This new building was a huge deal. Pittsburgh celebrated with a parade of 4,000 students from all of the city’s various elementary schools marching in grand procession, accompanied by various dignitaries, policemen, and brass bands. The schools were designated with flags and silk banners, and the littlest girls carried floral wreaths or bouquets as they processed through the streets. They strolled from Penn Avenue and Fifth Street downtown, up to the site on the Hill. A crowd of 10,000 spectators followed the parade beneath an evergreen arch, then gathered around a stage set up over the foundations of the new building. <br />
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That stage supported the many speakers of the day, plus six brand new Estey pump organs to accompany the musical selections. (Six pump organs!) Speeches were made, prayers were invoked, songs were sung, music played, poems read, and dignitaries engaged in an orgy of self-congratulation. Finally, a time capsule containing a copper box containing Central Board of Education material, cultural, and educational memorabilia was ceremoniously dedicated and lowered into the cement cornerstone with three raps of a mallet by
Principal Philotus Dean. The local papers printed detailed accounts of the day, including many of the speeches, and dubbed the school on the hill “The People’s College.”<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-InnKQQuX-qQ/WLnr11Mm8XI/AAAAAAAAHes/M9tjGf2Jk28Cda4tsHn8Cbt1tEzTQ9GWgCLcB/s1600/Cornerstone%2Bdignitaries.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="366" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-InnKQQuX-qQ/WLnr11Mm8XI/AAAAAAAAHes/M9tjGf2Jk28Cda4tsHn8Cbt1tEzTQ9GWgCLcB/s400/Cornerstone%2Bdignitaries.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette montage, 9 October 1920</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-X4Q22fk3-HA/WLpBl9TyONI/AAAAAAAAHkI/8WTWlPeIDK0rZ8nIDu8pHjWmfdts4sMOQCLcB/s1600/Central%2Btime%2Bcapsule.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-X4Q22fk3-HA/WLpBl9TyONI/AAAAAAAAHkI/8WTWlPeIDK0rZ8nIDu8pHjWmfdts4sMOQCLcB/s320/Central%2Btime%2Bcapsule.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Contents of Pittsburgh Central Cornerstone Time Capsule</i></span></td></tr>
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The twin-towered stone and brick building was designed by the Pittsburgh architectural firm of Barr and Moser and constructed by local contractors. It was completed in 1871 at a cost of $200,000. It was a building that filled Pittsburgh with pride, with its 30 classrooms for 600 students, lecture hall, proscenium stage and 1000 seat auditorium, science labs and library. <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b7qWtroVAKg/WLnyRtHIMYI/AAAAAAAAHfY/o0bLijdfMUkShBd1lBm8ZTf1oWUa8yJwACLcB/s1600/Union%2BStation%2Bruins.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b7qWtroVAKg/WLnyRtHIMYI/AAAAAAAAHfY/o0bLijdfMUkShBd1lBm8ZTf1oWUa8yJwACLcB/s1600/Union%2BStation%2Bruins.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />Oldest known photograph of Central High School, July 1877, in background of ruined Union Station.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Collection Photographs </span></i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RLkW8A4FTLc/WLnuer57p8I/AAAAAAAAHfQ/zMlqfkF_T-MADJeiOTC8zzH7NJth8IgmQCLcB/s1600/Union%2BStation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RLkW8A4FTLc/WLnuer57p8I/AAAAAAAAHfQ/zMlqfkF_T-MADJeiOTC8zzH7NJth8IgmQCLcB/s400/Union%2BStation.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central High School above the second Penn Station, circa 1877-1898<br />Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Collection Photographs </i></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lCvCf5zfsdQ/W8POm5mUr5I/AAAAAAAAIHQ/2m3f5vXWU-0AXZiLN2B3ROScTMNDEyLWwCLcBGAs/s1600/Central%2B1889.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="785" data-original-width="1013" height="309" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lCvCf5zfsdQ/W8POm5mUr5I/AAAAAAAAIHQ/2m3f5vXWU-0AXZiLN2B3ROScTMNDEyLWwCLcBGAs/s400/Central%2B1889.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1889 image from <u>Pittsburgh and Allegheny Illustrated Review</u> by John W. Leonard</span></i></td></tr>
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Some interior photographs taken decades later, circa 1914-17, show the stage and a later cafeteria addition. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GRyCmShMBM4/WLntJ0Ht0QI/AAAAAAAAHfc/ATaVNJ8pqSI9SXMkNto1E75y6xcKvvpDQCEw/s1600/Central%2Bstage%2Bset%2Bfor%2Bplay%2B1914.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GRyCmShMBM4/WLntJ0Ht0QI/AAAAAAAAHfc/ATaVNJ8pqSI9SXMkNto1E75y6xcKvvpDQCEw/s400/Central%2Bstage%2Bset%2Bfor%2Bplay%2B1914.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central stage setting for student performance of the comedy Einer Muss Heiraten, 1914</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Edward J. Shourek Photograph Collection</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-27IHdr7zt-I/WLntHqwaGdI/AAAAAAAAHfc/FR6d07StHQYLlvHpUwfsFWedVs15lMByQCEw/s1600/Cafeteria%2B1917.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-27IHdr7zt-I/WLntHqwaGdI/AAAAAAAAHfc/FR6d07StHQYLlvHpUwfsFWedVs15lMByQCEw/s400/Cafeteria%2B1917.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central High School Cafeteria, 1917</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Public Schools Photographs, 1880-1982</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central High School Kitchen, 1916, either for student practice or the cafeteria</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Public Schools Photographs, 1880-1982</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td></tr>
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Admission to Central was based on a passing grade of 65% or better on entrance exams in maths, grammar and spelling, geography and US history.<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MgOUjy_lPaA/WLpKOCjItOI/AAAAAAAAHlA/EuEvYbocOUsh3cUmOT0THasY_BqhPiyBgCLcB/s1600/Exam%2Bed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="125" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MgOUjy_lPaA/WLpKOCjItOI/AAAAAAAAHlA/EuEvYbocOUsh3cUmOT0THasY_BqhPiyBgCLcB/s200/Exam%2Bed.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mUMxlHIjH-g/WLpKYCNpl2I/AAAAAAAAHlE/3pEaWjy0OqESHvZgHFiXIo3oS8yPE_a4QCLcB/s1600/Exam%2Bad%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-mUMxlHIjH-g/WLpKYCNpl2I/AAAAAAAAHlE/3pEaWjy0OqESHvZgHFiXIo3oS8yPE_a4QCLcB/s320/Exam%2Bad%2B2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Students could pursue a one-year Commercial or business-related degree; a two-year Normal Department program designed “to prepare teachers for our city schools”; or an Academic program which followed a traditional liberal arts and sciences curriculum.<br />
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Central's first year’s enrollment totaled 436 students, divided across programs as follows: Commercial, 57; Normal, 94; and 285 in Academic. A typical school day lasted from 8:45 AM until 2:15 PM, with a twenty minute recess.<br />
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George Fleming wrote an entire book in 1904 looking back at Central's early years, which he titled <u>My High School Days.</u> He included long biographical sketches of teachers he was privileged to study under, as well as this copy of Central's schedule of classes for the 1869-70 school year. <br />
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<img alt="" 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shpu14+aF9e+rbVPksydUwa7yzJ0hhrEz1LCqxsLS79XwiXYrMXWWRbaj82WdH2vUiy2qXak52DHR9fNuGycdkSLP3sP8Vf5QDWtjUGBwIBd7SDciBt41N92ALUEr2AgEijp4GoAX8q47AZi7JTJRdsW5ftomVhHJNVlJcxWSXzewVrzQJthqFzsWTPkkat3PEafYrRPr1mMxfNavWRVt3vpkBnZe6V9djKn5Ivm/mTsHpVb3SMSsi0Pc6R8tX+FCSsgVpyx2VlWwGwJMsGLNW7rVyobjWokjhaEsZ2LXGzxFizQr3HBm0NEhaEvcDRgp5+pnqJFgzssp1+Z997BRAbNL2qXRqstWqmY7fj0CUFlXu0BEQxyC5zK+nXv9antG0STgZ8r6q7JS4qX69gb/Vj7/UKnhr4NdhyTPRzS061L7vca2WmlRT1MX5P0q32oO1TDrZarH7r5cPRSJe+lGBqJcHL123gjYZ19l5LbmyAtETgU4TlU6TFxr9oZMsLZ7xsyQZulbnKROPW/1/CZW1PCWC0lx6Vou3YuMZrvOTM93yKn/GC2GoLOl6k0+K4LUZYgmb3S3qRSY3lWvhQwsWqs9e+ast5vEik1eESy04tI+fnthqjJMwSEGuMFFAgEMDMzEzERnolP9YQ+bLlcy+ns4buBegKcl6K0MCtWbbdk6VtKNFgNqgZeTT2G00h2peuSVsAjga6nJPqz7Jsfq4MnH2wamBtwIKDLnMqMYy24Z/3KOGzwUqDnSUwXiTKkgdez2CtgG8riQoUFpSVbFqg1eCiJFfHa3VkQUjB12tJ0YsQeZEl7dNWuywhs8HRVoD0cys/S7xY4eHJ97rkost8nyJcNllRG1aCoXK3j9Frhmv9eXY28gkxxSirS4s32q7atLURizWKnexD/U31RkwkDiquetm62pyOgX3rwyv2CBHVpyXOluS9e/cOi4uLEfajsopWCVI7tmPgeC3B5XvFWrURmxQrjmgwthjo5R+K0dGSu2ik28ZES7C9Po8Wf2ycpP17kUbqc3Y28slqm5BYYmPlbHHOkhGVl+qW/qdtfEqGFt/4nnahvqRFBEt6bHyyRQEvoqQYbz9XXLYy0350njZmUk/6wIBXjIj2YptLbOeWpSkoaIcqNFsx0gFwYCQPSmIsabMZjQUeG6yiMepoBmcNRu/RwE4w1fZ1Pl5ryuxHiYjN5ryyHVZL1LgYANmXjk/loYaugV/vnZ2NPN3X6wEHXdKwIOlFKu1yiDovbcZmJmzLApkXodAKkiV/Ftjs/VwW1MBvyaN1BgVJr++sXdnKkQU/VlYsiFkApt6iES4LgDaRUWBkoFTCbH1Rx2MrRUpOLLlXnRHsbYVLiYHdrGyrYJSVVj9U1wqQtCOvYEob5vfRlkJV9upzNkgrVqj9qr/bBNMrQKu/cGyWNCmA6/KaV1LoRQ4UjzhGL2JP3arN2CqmEme7pB4tsVF5KuGyeOp1jcUq2p0XqbX+rrGHcrI245W0KdHwqhTZe7x8zuLhp0ibVyy1+rSJp5L4T9m8Xqc+5VVZVbtitUr3LSv5s3ZqE3u7RBYtOYhGxDWGeBE2jSua5GjS7CVfS/jYD+Of8gzVr9f9ur3IFjv4uY7bkkftW2VPmS/xIicKGJOTk/D7/RgfH4/4fUBl5spatXHrGLpXh4PREqA1EK2KRMsyLPP2Wi60xuflGDQsr30glrjZSpGVXbSKkpI46ywW5G0At05rgzj/ZxuUqVdGwHZtVqHAaImhjsfajDqpzl/lY4msF9GyQdnK1kuHNmgqIfJyduusFmy8vv9PBJGkzgZ/S1zsMpTKzasPL9C3hJXVJq+ny9QmLTHUoMvT9+fm5lx1w2tpkLZoA7YFf0u4dGwM6DYoW7vid9ZmvXT1qYBubci+V9nq5yoDG3S8gowN9EoGbdVRcUurrnb1wPq+zagZBDSIK27S3lX3lpiqDVFv1n40CdIKDa/RBMTikZKMaH6rBFjbVrzzSkIYaywGREtOtZpvsUTH7JVw6XdqQ/aeT2GL9Wsdr45D29aERVdQrO1RN3ZfIMelcVjjkm5ZsfipfqbEIVp80/Fotd3qwB7BZKtSyh9U77Yfr9isfjAxMfFJXqC2zPt9Pp97cGViYsIt9VssihaPvJImrZgvsQakDVA47JzCpRAsI1XypExblaSDIsFRxm2VYJ8utGu3akRehqBsUw1GgcBmTZYoeJUqvZxW+9DfnrSEy4tMWCVSLwRHC2726RvO0y5TeJFGy/C9QEHBRTM8BT8bhL2qdZZA2za8MmcboKIlBTZDU33Z8av8ohGZT4GjJU8KTjpvL0JsQYg6swTXgpZ92UBJgvT+/XtnI14kxKsipcRoZmYGo6OjmJycdOd98TvdQG6XFO3SoSU+nKcdfzSiTTJg7elTZMuLULFfiwF2z5QN7vyrhNQS4mj9eVVWlESpDao/kDjxM52zEgyLOUpIGMi8kiUlTUpE6IOWlNlAqd9buXvZqZJutVMN+pxLNB+35FcTE7UDr2qJjsmL/HkR2WhJ/Kfs7lMES7HBKxGwOGvjnvav1Ss9aikaFhKHdNVC7VrtiLFKCwy83ksvlifYWO8lA7WhmZkZNw/GKRsnbcEhWlz0iglKqLlfzFbFbLxXIjg1NeUIl/0lFetver/GPN16pO3zvgjCpRMgaSDZYuc8k0gBzbJqJUi8h5/TUShYVb4anY7HsmBLiGxwV1LlldVoWySUWpFTQLPEivLyIlu83mt/mgZYVYLX/hCvpTpVsAZy6wyWlFpQsI7j5UhWF5oFKMGx47DExxp6tCBls0e7zyTa+VC8h/2q41iSGw30opErr2DgRSgYDKw8beYULVB4BbNoxMISPi4H2UNR7TKgtm+XkDh2m82RpLF9JWz6ebSjJtR/dD5aVdHx2mCr16rveJEtLwKkJMpm+OpfXhUblTfJilb1NDB52b8Sey+/tYmtBj7FB9Ux7YY2znvYbjAYjHq+GWXB9tinJSbWBxWfVSe8h/7plTDRNizeWVJsAzJjhA2y1JEX8VQ8t7Zi/Vvb80qgvXDK+qN+b3HpU0TcK3kimdI4pnPnmBXTlOxQD7yHbes8tChiD/GkvKJVsr3Grf6tpCsaMVW7Ubnrr7PYyptNzPU+K1/lCfZJWEu21Uaog+np6YhD2hUnFEPUTi2Rs/7vRRBnZmawxGsSXgyW12i1yy4lel0fDocjfldQgw6FaBmxZmQWBNVIbEUlGuGy5VXNerV06JVlWIGr0C2RsIRFiaclBuzLEiMds/6ckAYIr0qcKtXqQuekY/SSh60WWhCzgdxmkuoAFqwUlGyWx3HoZ9RxtCU3OqJtW4Hf7rWyFZloQTNa9m2JgwV3DTKqa7UFq5P/RLgsAGmlyR7lYIFTgzrla5f4FBB17rZN/d5+ZmWn47Zj5hh0Tqp/m93/XwiXF4n3whH1MyUTXpmzV9s67/9E/BTfrK3o9wR6WxWYnZ3F4uIiPnz4EEHCLOBTZnNzc+6vJYaUp6082aUjL1u1SS7vjbaEq36nSZAdsxJH6lgxwBJUfm91Rjkq7lu/9Ar4GuAtZnuRJdWNvcbq9P+CK9a+dW6K0Spv/Y79UO9e2280FvCIA60qWTywSZOSLOrSK4nRz9UHvPBBY7nlDrY92iz79yLCn2pLk2MrU47PJhbkELrqZvdaepFWtREdh2LcEv0JHq8gbkGYDc7Pz0cEdA3aNHwaug0yqhj2R8EqsKgR6vUWOHWTHR1PjyxQBm2ZsiWMKkgLyPq5JRoa3HTcGuj0pX1aRqxklGDE69m2F0nT5VS+9LcdVUeTk5Oezu4FuGqYOl+1EXVSW2Gx4Pgp4urVviVoXoGJTuVFHJQs2SzNEhl+ZvdEccmO/XqRTBuQCYRegUbtWfvR+avsNBPVzeiWdKkebIalIKO6Uru02WM0UsX7aJPsz457ZmbGVcd0X5cSq5mZGeevHAMxgITQBlBL9okzahsciyXBOj/1a87LEnLFI6tv25ZiKNu11TzFPSakvE6TSAVy+synqg2UJ5d8dfyqRz14VsmXEl+Oy1YelAyzPa9grYFMMcW+t/7N8SmZU32qXtUPlYDoFhK11//kv5YsqK/xfyVU1j8tEbCkQwO9JWS0X8V0tW27VGxJKXWjerP92bgSCoUikiCOhzZK+WklaGJiwtm5biFivOd3SuYUB1UHqlMl5KpLJYSKXZY42/inxJvVetoJ/3LMSpB1PHpkkRJ67cvGSuULurWH413ixeYUbPSvKkOJlA7E/m6isktOyOvIBBq1KpMvVZIapRIhm6lQWOPj4+4cDZIMCnFu7t/70JTIaTnRGoIlX/riPOxRCZSDJaeUEx9KUBKgoGEZP8flJX/rsEo4tS3dfKmBhOO0QMq22a86qjoD+1fjU2CKRgIoUzVySzYUyBgEFRzC4bDbAK7X2YzbvlcwsqSeDrmwsBBBCCyAqLzUnhV4+f309LSza10GUgLpRS4VwPTEdhuMdRwkilrdUAJgCZTqS+/RsROo3r1795eESAMb/YDjIMDzPedMGVsio8CrDyYoUdSATZmqrCg7tUe1M2tHdj7UvSY/JDSKS/R3zkWx0OIm50hcUPu2erQYqfvutF0FeZ2H+pitgiwuLrrVCltBYWJgEyLFCbVLL+Kn+KQ/B6Nz4lh0vNS14jTfe224pk0r/lPfmjCpvOifOj89SFnloHbJvvQJaItlSny1LY1rtkhBosi/mihrdUflZPGK8+dWII1bXM3hPBl/1DdsQWRmZiaisqMETmMI+1PcVmKkc9YN8Ror1B85DjtvjtfyA12a5B4s7UfJpyXHGkvtr8PoQ4JqW6o3myhqMmHj3fT09MeT5tm4zcb1Zg3oWlpjZzogrRSpsVEwXtUYGhsnrgpUQqSTJJmiYSoA0mD5nWaOBEGCivZBwNSfL+AYWQ20xIV/2c7Y2BjGx8ed8zIwUU503snJSYyOjrrPlawyoBHs7Vk9WhlTssn56wMKamQk2Kxqzs/Pu/PRtEJoCajf70cgEMDCwgL+/PNPLC4uuj4ZPOhkoVDIPemhAUAzL80utXytJ6+zb8rWZiCUF4GNmyRVt3puigYbW/4lmL5//x7v3r2LAHS/3+8AS+3WZpCaDWoQ0vK22qL6j2ZtXvKxgY798nr7s0pKum1AJGHRgME9NxpY7TETvI8AqVUW3jcyMoKZmRkH7pRFOBx2e82mpqYwOjrq7EyfiFSsIYDqUoj608zMDN6/fx+Rnc7MzERUdFVG1AWxiTY7Pz/vPqO9KgF7//698wfat5I1BvQPHz64+SgZJk7RL6ampvD27Vt8+PABfr8fIyMjEdiqyYkl3TyIUcfOcahtTkxMuHt1/9309LR74lyrk5Q3Px8fH8fY2FgEYbL+5UVkFQe1OqA4MjY25p5+51FBOhbOnTgaDoddUOc9GshGRkYc5o+NjTn/pe/quY+6F3l0dNTNiZ8pntstFZoUWPJEGelqEZMAPp0fCoUi/JRyDIVCGBkZwcDAACYmJpx8NLZZwmKrJ5S5VmAUd3WVRzGJ8ie54nhoi3yYhj7P+6lrv9+P4eFhvH379i/7pyw55vU+nw8+nw+Dg4MYGBjA6Oio0+/4+DhGRkYwPDzseADvGRwcRF9fHzo7O9Hf3+/e9/X1obu7G11dXWhra0NHRwc6Ozvd+4aGBrS2tmJwcBCDg4Nob29HcXGxmzv1pFzA7uWyB3QrB6D/US6WVBOXQqH/96R5DUyWBCnpefv2bYTSmFVo8NMsRisXyjC1H82obUVHmbuyTCrHEj3dAK8slw6qVSX934IHgwjnpoSOgErZTExMRFTtCNgMOOrgDDZUMB9bHRoackCh2SADvDq8Ej2SFJWdkk6VD+XJqh9JRCgUQl9fHwKBgAN/n88Hv9/vjLO7uxtv377F4OAgxsbGEAwGHZBrBVPJi+pMqwUKNBa4FTwUUHV+DEI2s2cbSiqU1GiFyVapbGanBIzEWJfgtBLJ9/ZztR3dw0hbGBsbc4XIdG0AACAASURBVDaixE3HY+dBGWk/7Mvv90csY+oyuwKx7g30+/3uNTw8jLGxsYhslf5EEOzr68PQ0BBGRkbQ1dWFnp4eB3w+nw8DAwPo6enB27dv0dPTg9HRUWczPp8PfX19EYBImxocHMTIyIizy76+PvT29sLn82FkZMRd19XVhb6+PoyMjLhxjI2NuXuHhoZc3729vWhra0NraysaGxvR3d2N/v5+dHR0oKOjA729vWhtbcWbN2/Q09MTAdj9/f0YHh524+jt7UVfX5/7vq2tDe3t7ejo6HDvOzo6XB+8lveyn+7ubjQ2NqKnpwddXV1oaWlBZWUlWlpa0NnZifb2drS1teHNmzdobGxEW1sburq60N3djba2NrS0tKClpQVv3rxBc3MzWltb0dDQgJqaGrx69QolJSV4/vw5qqqqUFVV5e558+YNmpqaUF9fj9raWlRWVqK6uhovX77EixcvUFVVhZqaGtTU1KCyshKPHj1CYWEhHjx4gIqKCjx9+hSPHz9GWVkZHj9+jGfPnqGyshKVlZWoqKhwr8ePH+Phw4d4+vQpysrKUFpaiocPHyIvLw+3b99GcXGxa6+4uBg3b95ETk6Ou5ZtPH36FM+fP0dFRQXKyspQUlKC4uJiPHz4EIWFhbh//z6Ki4tRVFSEgoICFBUVoaysDLm5ubh+/Try8vKQmZmJ/Px83L59G4WFhcjPz0d+fj5yc3NRUlKCnJwcXL16FTdu3MC9e/dw7949ZGVl4ebNm8jMzERmZiZyc3Px6NEjlJeXo7CwEEVFRW5slZWVqKmpQVVVFSoqKlBeXu5kT9mWl5ejuLgYz58/R2NjI6qrq1FfX4+XL1+isrIyQu4VFRVujJRLRkYGrl27hszMTOTl5eH+/fvIzc11Y7xz5w7y8/Nx//595OXl4c6dO+6VnZ2N27dvIzs7G5mZmU4Oz549Q0lJCXJzc5GVleX6zMzMRHp6OvLz850cbt26hczMTOTk5DgZsZ+cnBzk5ua6dm7evOk+LywsxKNHj5y+cnJycOvWLdy8eRN3795FcXExCgoKcPfuXdy5cwd5eXkoKipCYWEhiouL8eDBAxQVFbn77969i6ysLGRmZiIrKws3btzA7du3cfv2bWRlZeHevXt48OAB7t27h4cPH6KkpAR5eXkoKSlBUVER7t27h6KiIpSXlzudJCYmoq2tLaIQQPLkRZq0SKEFDq22E5/5P4kzMToYDH5cUtTOlHhokJudncWTJ09QWVnpjP3JkyfOEZ88eYLy8nJUVlbi1atXzulfvHiBFy9eoLa2Fs3NzWhpaUF9fT0aGhrQ3NyMN2/eOJB59eoVXr58iVevXjlDrK6uxqtXr9DU1ITGxkY8fvwYpaWlqKurw4sXL1BdXY22tjb09PTgzZs3qKurQ2NjIxoaGhzg1tfXo7GxEe3t7WhpaUF1dTUePXqEgoICPH/+HHV1dairq3PgVVNTg8bGRjQ2NqK+vh6vXr1yDvL48WM3z9raWrx8+RLV1dWorKxEQ0MD7t+/j+HhYdTU1KChocExcoJpTU0Nurq6IoC0p6cHdXV1qK2tRXt7u3Pm+vp6B4J1dXUoKytDRUUFmpqaUFtbi6amJgf27e3tDtgZVAjqNTU1ePnyJV6/fu2Af2hoCMPDw+jo6EB1dTVqa2tRXV2NiooKFBcXu/FXVFSgsLAQ9+7dQ25uLu7fv48HDx7gyZMnTk+1tbWor69399fV1bn7q6qqUFpaiqKiIjx69MjpmKBVWVmJ58+f49mzZ3j27BmKi4uRkZGBgoICB0wlJSXOBtiPBoiCggKUl5cjPT0dqampTpdNTU14/fo1Xrx44eySbVZUVLjAQdB8/vw5Hjx4gLy8PDx8+BAPHjxw70tKSlwAefDgAfLz85GXl4eCggIHRnfv3kVOTg7u3r2LmzdvIiUlBYmJifj9998dcGZkZCApKQnx8fFISEhASkoKLly4gLS0NFy9ehVXrlzB1atXkZGRgYyMDNy4cQM3b97EjRs33P8ZGRm4desWrl+/jrS0NKSkpCApKQk3btxARkYGLl26hOTkZFy8eBGpqam4cOECfv/9d1y4cAHnz59HYmIiEhISEBsbi5MnTyIuLg5xcXGIjY1FfHw8zp8/j+TkZCQlJeHcuXM4f/48zp49i9jYWJw9exZnzpxBbGwszpw5g4SEBPz2229ISkrC6dOncfr0afz22284ceIEzpw5g8TERCQnJ+P3339HQkICDh8+jGPHjkW0lZiYiNTUVNy+fdsFlPT09AjALysrQ35+PjIyMlwAuXXrFnJyclBaWoqysjIXbHJzc10QSU1NdWNISUnBuXPnkJycjMuXLyMtLQ3Xrl3D9evXkZycjGvXriElJcV9fu3aNaeHa9euISkpCUlJSbh69SquXr2KxMREXLx40fWp11+6dAlpaWm4fPkyUlNTce3aNdy6dcsF+aysLOTm5iI9PR3p6enIyMhwuk9NTUVycjKuX7+OW7duucDC++7evesCLYNUSUmJm//du3edDdNO8/PzcffuXWej+nlOTg6ysrJckM7KynLXlJaWOpJTUFCAwsJClJaW4smTJ3jy5IkLcCUlJe46BrqCggLcv38f9+/fR1lZGcrLy1FaWuruz8/Px7179xyhKi8vd+3SN8vKylBYWIiysjI0NDSgurra+TOJIN+T8L148cL5eXl5Oaqqqtz1z549Q319vcP1ly9fuhcJEfGVcYAEl/GKZJcEvKWlBc3NzY58k5C/efMG9fX1ePPmDfr6+tDR0YGenh6H1z09PRgYGEB/fz/6+/vR2trq4hVjWVNTk4sdbLO5udklwt3d3Y74t7e3o7Oz0xF/JiD9/f0YGBjAwMAA/H6/S2B6enowODiIoaEh9Pf3u7jARGpoaMhVlt6+fRtRbfL5fBgdHcXY2JirFI6OjrriAYsPvEYrWLoEOD4+Dp/Ph6GhIQwNDbmqnt/vj6isaiHF5/O5JE6rsLr/mgUg3kcuQxKVl5eH6urqiAKRrhppVUtX3jh+TZRtIq8rPVoJDYVCWKJlaLt8qBn/+Pg4EhMTHYtnIHzw4AEePXrkCAzZ6LVr13Dp0iVcuHABp0+fxsmTJ3HixAkcPXoUBw8eRExMDA4fPoyYmBgcPHgQBw8exJ49e7B3717s27cP+/fvx4EDB3Do0CEcOHAAGzduxA8//ICff/4Z27dvx65du3D48GHs2bMHO3fuxO7du7F7927XztatW7Fnzx4cPHgQBw4cwL59+/DLL7/gyJEjOHnyJPbt24eNGzdiw4YN2LRpEzZt2oSNGzdi27Zt+Pnnn7F161bs3r0be/fuxfbt2/HTTz9hx44d2Lx5M7Zs2YI9e/bg0KFD2L59O3bu3IlNmzbh0KFD2L9/P3bv3o0DBw4gNjYWx48fx/79+7Fv3z7s2rULW7Zswc6dO3H06FGcOnUKJ0+exOnTp/Hrr7/i5MmT+PXXX3H8+HEcPnwYe/fuxcGDB7F3714cOXIEe/fuxY8//ogffvgB69evx08//YTNmzdj27Zt2LNnj5PBrl27sGvXLifHX375BTt27MDOnTuxZ88e7Nu3DzExMdi7dy82btyI7du34+eff8a+ffuwe/duHDp0CMePH8exY8dw4MAB7N27F7t27cKBAwdw/PhxxMTEYOfOndi7d6/TX0xMjOtn7969TpfUzd69e7Fjxw7s2LEDBw4cwOHDh3H8+HGcOnUKsbGxiI2NxalTp5xMjh8/jhMnTrjvTp48ieTkZBeUrl+/7gKSkpz09HRcuHABeXl5LhgxWyeYM1A8ePAADx8+RHl5OSoqKhzxevr0KWpqalBXV4f6+npUVVXh9evXDqhJJgmuDQ0NaGhoiPius7MTPT09aGtrQ2NjI5qamtDU1OSI4qtXr9w4SBAJ3K2treju7o4A0J6eHvT19bky/PDwMHp7e9HR0YGBgYEIUGNVaGRkBCMjI66qNTY25sr/o6Oj8Pl8DkhZjR0dHXXLVXaph5VNfvfHH3+45b3379/j/fv3bnmNleI///zTVf/+9a9/uSWVd+/e4f379/jw4QP++OMPt1TIc8W4JLewsIB//etfbslTr/njjz/c53/88YfLON+9e4c//vgjYr/bhw8fXLscN5di//zzz4i9UWxnYWHB3cNxsy/Ogf2xDS65s3/OfXFxEf/617/w559/RsiBS62skn748MFteKcctU09ONbu4WJFVY/40P10xHrdI0Z5Uj52aVuXWxmwbDWY77VCa1ckGEDZBoOWbqPQpUe2ycCn7Wsg02Ub/U7b5JPorDjo09+s+DMwkxRwCwCX0HWpTGOmzomy160suodW9/5wfEo+eA/HxoqKLqnyWt0moUutep+u8OjynD6pqCtYvJfLsLpFhd+PjY1FbPsh4ZqYmHD7GjlPHQ9XY0hIuH1AOQf/px+8f//e7Vm29qFz1IIRCRH1alcXiGFXrlxBZWWl81FLvNR+dHWM8tfVB87H7rnUFQ365BKdCAVA5fMzXpOSkoLOzs6IZTEqxj6lYpeDdEKfWlrS9WEup83Pz0esWeuSoy4R6jxoVNy/QmdktY7sm47GJRO2pXvIJicnHfv2+/3unkAg4AKa3+93+zW4XMcgSIemwrluTfnZ/U2cIzMSOgHBQ0/s1/0+uueKhsbgqHuFdM8R90AFg0EHwLQDXbKkLLyWEFWu6uS6jq9LsxynGqoukekeBLUP3ViqTw2qg6jz6sZI25ZmQVym9Apm7969c33qHjKVIYODXd7VpXYCwPj4eERw0L1CCiTqN3Z/hu6LoBx1b5zuDdOqNQFW9yPo3iC2wb+6B0X3geh4KHNdUh8bG3NzV9AbGRlx4KvBlrrQAKZzUP2rz6jc1G90/4pmvJyzjtXuM7HLzPxfwVgDJfuyS+HaJ/VKWdB/qSt+rg/4TE//e/+bBnjdo8nPdG+NBjIlByoz3fdlt3ToXCl/m4yrrbNP3SOm5IH32gqE3VvEvjU2aEBT39NtCpQPZaK4x3GpLWh84lxsX8QU9QNeo/soOQ/dq8f+9bRy3Q+seKwv3R/Hvjk3a1ca1O2WDLvtRLcmsFqjxJFtKTHRBzv0ryXVup9MfU2fkmXstb6qfkpSwnbsHBWP9eEZXqt+bffq6fzZ5rt373Du3DnU1NQ4+ZF0aSWM41aZKudR2Vg9KEfRytoS/UIV4/Wr3llZWejo6IhwQJvhKGDphJVFa5aj3ytZUIapE9XN8F6Hlen6qpb+vMCU92kJUbMNzQKY+dBobXsKGrxHNxFyzuyLZVg91Zb9cFxaquXmUZW9BSE1VDUeDR7qYF6y1qyUcyGQaL+8zuul+rKBX0HDgpfaoRq82qYX4dGxsG0L7gROHaOWjDVZUHBhf0rUbEBQQFcbVKBWUq1grpvgLcjYJEazTb1fn4y0JNxmbtbXdT+b9q9PrSlZ49z1yUWbYGkwtEGGWOFlE3q9+iztwVZO1J6t/hWkCaZq57zXjlf3Y2ilReVk95xGswebXVtc1KRJSYhWkBiwNAtX4sU5k2CwMqa2Y5c69OwtlRerikpwrB9ooNHgrLpU+1RCYiukGuQ01tglGbtPhmSEscr2Tdtl+yoD1Z/FShs41b9ok4rBaiOaXGpMZFyh3CgDJXjsW/2DfXrFT6850B61amWJsq0GcXwcP/WqtmPJnMZNbV/x2e5p1YTVykl5hPqG9WfardWl4ruNxZwjdan2n5KSgsrKygis0ASWMVL5hY0zFrdtHOC8GU8nJyc/HnyqJUk1ZJsF5+Xlob6+3m0iprHb7J6BnOTFlmO9nFkDhJIWBSqrBEsktB0asi6NqIFqWV03yCvxIsFSAuc1JjU6C7z2Om1LM0HN0pmJWZJA+Srb59IMnwBjdsFyrBJh/V8Ng/LQjIqfkwRqNqhEyZIES0Bs9dI+caeP96sh69iUZFlyqRv3OT6+bPuUpz5RYgmI3mMdX4FZMxslRSprnZetUKkedVx2Q751aE1uVB+WLFJOXpVCBVP9TnWpcqKuvEiNkkPVofqztmn1o+Pw0o/6JWVilyYsMeUTj5SF9fGpqX8/Paz2aOevBEOB35JwHe/s7MenOzWrtcmD2gD757Kn2i11zfFyTAyO1heoCz3zjPKxfmITH9Ur29JkyKvKMT097R4gYuWWOMR29SgSLjtzzHxoSH1Gycn8/HzEEjPlqfiiy74qIx0/45WeX2eDpA3eavd6jpsmD1NTUxHLb6xS6qqGxs+pqSm3DK2vDx8+/MX2qHclU1r5Ul3qPZSL2ojKTpc4NT4xXui5WRbLlWiqj1sMUh9REqkxW5MoxSotVqjPKBbb5I72aTGdNmDvm5ubQ1ZWFsrLyz0TOY2Tdg6aDKoNKbnU9ngtOcUSsi8+gqskShUyMzODgoICvHr1Cn6/H9PT0395PJeNa2XHMlaWD1k1UbBXEqD3q8Bt4LKVLcv41UFsVqpztPeTaNgqm1ZOrHD1f52LXQJRxakxcpyabWjmowq2QcxmsnrOER2Q89JlUSV1FsxUjhrwbWZiAV/7VACwZMESBgVeDQgKJmqTBHy9Vw1dg7vNBpVg2GssMbXZogY+BR8lkRqs1OF5v72OQVGPUdC5KkGz1S4FA/udgr8CmhIBrZLZQKwkKFpg0gxRlx+5N8xWUzQZIkgp6bWVOhuILOgrgfTSmdqHAqTKku3bbFh9knOhzDVps/NjYhkOf1yG5/4oDQrUmyUJxGSb4es4vSpYXkRJP1PfVB/k3huSNS7bqBzU1mwSpfqhbencSXp0FUArO0ouuH9nZiayehUMBt1+MqtTtS8l2JyPTea8sEor/WzfEnkdM+1AicOn5EOssnaohQ1LSqxt0V8V33Ueaj+UN8eixQJLMkZHRyN8he1zTIqFFhe9MMHGKEtcOBclVVxJ0aN39H5bvdL+NP7q1iP1G02g5ubmkJOTg4cPH0b4giVrtihg44l9adyz+8sYA5awE90sxw61FDYzM4O8vDxUVVW5TYVewrblZBWULs9x/5QCXTTFKYDaSpG27xUU1VitgixLVhD3EqQlZfqZzk9Zum7uU9Jhs2J1OL3OEr1oZESzIEuWFGzC4X8vrXgRNyWDGgzYtwYL61i28mWNmXP0yoi0CqH3aR8a5LQ65EVC1R40WHtVzbRNHYsXGdOKhgU7ryxPgx77tgRZyZQGC1tNYfXSZtnWbjWI6B4Z65P0CVsJ1OCre9o4HpvV2qqJlbcSNgto9H0NVNqmJRXWv9UfrT+rf7DirnZMuasNKhFSO9F5aeChH6jslFhr0FMAVr1Z3VN/7NfaFcmblY36pBJqDUjUA6sZrCJZ2etm/Lk57wOiNXngtYrJ3B+q5I3BX/GOtq1j0P06vFevJ6nTxFIxQhMGDfJ6RpfGEUuY9Gw4JVua/Fhbpdxt0KcOdZ+byskGaI17Nv6ozG2ioARWZcDE2iuG2LinfhONcOmYdPwWZ/R/i9N277VdUVMMUf9WUqPbA4h33DfH1TVWGTUhW1hYQFFREZ49exZhl7Zv7V/jNYmtxjr1a90kr7EyHA7/m3CxHMoGGZi1ypOTk4PKykpXHbGCV0f3yiBV4ErMtA1LvChIrZYp+Kkx6kuNh5vaNfOyYEQl2nKg3ceizmQNjhU7nQ/HrLLUQMm2uPSqClNyxFKwDVbWGL1IlCVC6tA2K7OZgc5byYMapjqpEg3dJK/32kqQBhtepwCr8tdxKiB5ZVsaJDhW7Ut1rgHckkQlKtbmtKKrsqTdUG96vpVmmV7EVQmOBgyVH+WvgVPBUAOuTRB0zJYAKlEiAFFOVo/q/2pP2q8lF7xPK3vT09MuifMi+RwDHwnnOXEKqqzOK9G0clRiZP1dcUL3tai86N9KBGzyp7qnDDTI2WBPH6c+FAdsdkzSZoOX2qdiGd8Te/QBGfVhDSSUkV3pUDuwCR0D2sLCgosLfNiE99kgykoM7yEJJDFhe7okqsmr3js3N4eJiYmIJ8UWFxcRCATw559/OhlxH6zar/obX/Qpfc3Pz7vDZDmGDx8+uLFpAqPbZpjweO2bY6FDyZSNjRbH1I7Vd5UQvX//HoODgxFES6vPqnOOjU/Czs7O4v379xFYp/FQE0FbaNCEkvNQu1QsU9Kk51vZ2KUxQNulj9tVMLslSFft+Jqfn0dRURFevXoVER9U/pr0a982QdLEV4stmtgp4V+izE0nzM+UiRYWFqKysjICMFQAvF43qysYKBnyAj19WUKgA7eBx7avfWiFS4Hea8lTSYwX+Cnb5xOKCtBsg+Om4ilDXjs19e+T2xVoCYx81HZqairiySZWBWk0k5P/PudECZ2t5nGZgO2xdMvN+Oyfy8o6p8nJSXdIJ/+ySmmfTiGJIYFkRUEdwTqAlrC1ZM8Nr0r+KFMedqkH2mpWps6nMqGMlXjSVgiISqgpK/sEma0OkljxjBo+eq3y4WnKk5OT7ucnODbaGec4PDzsDvPkXHnuzOjoKIaHh53PkLxS/5YEBYNBjIyMODvhi4eHjo+PR8yFY+W+zlDo30/GBgIBdzYPD8jlGGZmZtxBp2/fvnVz5Lh9Pl9EdVFJc19fH+rq6tDR0eF0qjY4NTWFrq4ud/YQDyptbW1FX18f+vv73UGj/L+/v9/1pUumShQnJyfR3t6OpqYmtLS0uDOV2tvb0dfXh5aWFjQ1NUUcLsrlFx77wbOYeMYgEyX6wODgICoqKlBUVIQ3b94gFAq5pzipJ5/P544Y4XmCra2t6O/vR2dnJ1pbW924Wltb0d7e7lk18CJfgUDAncXX0NDgzmEKBAIRFeJgMIi2tjY8fPgQOTk5qKioQHt7uztiZG5uDmNjY3j+/Lk7/JTHqbx+/RpVVVV48uSJOw/t6tWruHPnDt6+fYtw+N+n7Xd0dODu3buIj49HSkoKamtrMTY25ogWKxDUW0dHB+7cuYPY2FgkJibi2bNnEYnqwsICmpqakJKSgosXL+LKlSu4cOECEhMTce7cOedbWnX2qoRqTLGVd34eCATw8uVLNDc3R5BHLTZUVVXh3LlzuHnzJhobGyN+vYFBuaOjAxkZGThz5gyeP38esWK0sLCAQCCAZ8+e4erVq6iurobP54tY6tQEh3JS/52enkZBQQEaGxudLw8ODroDfZX4tbe3IyMjA4mJiXj58mXENhOtCikpsYUWvvReLXhokqkVd+ULtlql2OqVSOt9lj9ozFECpWQ1Ly8Pr169cnJlu5bg2oRYK+LKMZRDadJliy7upHl9As+SLjovzw4isdABahVB71NGaz+zLyVhVKbXGSbKpL1Imlclxus7ZdxTU1NobW1FYWEh8vLy8PTpU0xMTKCrq8uNhcJvaGjAnTt3kJKSgps3b6K8vBx9fX2orKx0Yy4vL0deXh5u3LiBy5cvIzs7GyUlJaioqEBJSQmys7Nx/fp1d9BgV1cXfD4fCgsL3aGWekBiQUEBrl+/jrt377ojJaqqqpCZmekOWMzKysLDhw/x6NEjlJWVuWMuKAOfz4fHjx/jxo0bSE1NxdmzZ5GcnOzOnUpPT0diYiIuX76M9PR01NbWIhAI4OnTp8jLy0NycjLi4+Nx8eJFXLhwAZWVlS4QUyfPnj1Dfn4+UlJSkJKSgqysLHcAYk5ODi5fvozy8vII45yeno4gXJoB0yYGBgaQn5+Pa9euITs7G+np6aiqqorYmBoIBNz8UlJSkJ6e7g5avH79ujvEc2hoCIFAwC0v0KkVYEdGRpCRkYGLFy/i119/RUxMDBITE3Hp0iWkpKTg2rVryM/PdwfvVVdX4+rVqzh27BhOnjyJixcvori42JGd2NhY/Prrr0hPT0daWhqOHz/uDkI9ceIELl68iGAwiPb2dhw7dgz79u1zB3Lu2LEDd+/exfnz5/HLL7/g0KFDGBkZcQD2/Plz3Lx5E5cvX0Z+fj4qKyvR1NSEUCiEN2/eICUlBdevX8epU6cQFxeH7Oxs3Lp1yx2wWVFR4YCrv78f165dw9WrV7F//34kJiYiOzvbnWR+9uxZ7Ny5EwcOHEBSUhLq6uowPj6ON2/e4OLFi9ixYwd+/PFHd3joxYsX3SGg9rclx8bGkJOTgxMnTuDy5cuoqKjAy5cvkZWVhcLCQgdyExMTyM7OxsWLFxETE4ONGze6Q26LioqQlZWF2NhYrF69GvHx8UhKSkJZWRmCwWAE2VKsYhJz/fp1xMbGYseOHVi9ejXOnDmDa9euoaKiAjdu3MDRo0exbNkyJCQk4MKFC470FhQUICMjA1u3bsX333+PtLQ05OXlRVSxS0tL8euvvyIpKQmXL192h6uePHkSzc3NLguvq6tDamoqkpKSsHz5chw7dszhSmFhIVJSUrBixQrs37/fYZPis2KcVmr8fj+ePn2Ky5cvu0NZb9++jbi4OFRWVkYkrGVlZdizZw/S09PdyeWpqak4efIkUlNTEQ5//KmdqqoqFBUVYc2aNdi8eTMKCwtRU1OD5uZmPHv2DN999x2+//573Lt3D0+ePHH4Q7ISHx+P7OxsdzBpRkYGzp49i97eXpdczc/POww9dOgQ7t69686vS01NRWpqKoaGhlxC4/f7UV5ejqysLCxduhT79+/H8+fP0dTUFFHZ/lRFXAO9VkTn5uYwPj6O4eFhdHZ24siRIy4GEndYNaqpqcGzZ8/Q0NCAuro6XL161fkHA39HRwfOnTuH0tJSvHr1CnFxcSgvL4/4+TDF19zcXFy6dAnDw8Nu/DxWxG4D0LiWkZGBLVu24NSpU9i1axf279+PXbt24cGDB448vn79GocPH8arV68c2S4oKIDf73c/KecVV7Wio9VrLV7YGMv7tNChZCQYDEb8lJElXIyr/GUM5QWqU1td53W6uvXu3Ts8evTIHQvBhJn2RDJlj8eyPEA5jxIy3RZiuc8SDoyVE2WUyg7D4TDevHmD169fRzA+y/RsR7bkaNc4bZ+2G1Jb0QAAIABJREFUQqFn1miWwAnYzY4UjDJTNQYVko61pqYGd+7cQXNzM54/f47MzEzcunUL+fn5bn06GAyitrYWmzZtwr1799yJ8ffv30dsbCw2btyIoaEhhEIhNDc348WLFzh69ChWrVqFmpoatLW1obOzE01NTUhISMDatWvdQbI8m6u2thYlJSXYtGkTVq9e7TJIgs2PP/6IlpYWhMNhjIyMoKWlBVevXsXy5ctRUFCAwcFBtLa2orKyEjExMXj9+nUEyR0YGEBzczN2796No0ePutPtR0ZG0NTUhF9++QUXLlxAW1ubq2jxZ1suX76MVatWobS0FK9fv0Zvb28E8ITDYfh8Prx+/Rp3797FypUrER8fj97eXrS3t6O+vh7nz59HTExMRCmdSxAKeKyAzM/PY3h4GElJSbhy5YqrZNTU1GDv3r3Izs52P/zNn4VpaWnB7t27ERMTg8bGRnR1daGyshJpaWn4n//5H9TV1Tm9v3//PuJxes1KeOjo+vXrsXnzZtTX17sKxI0bN7B8+XKkpaW5pYrOzk5cvHgRK1asQHt7OwYGBhAOf9yUunTpUiQnJ6OzsxMlJSVYuXIlqqqq0NraiuTkZGzbtg1jY2Oora3Fhg0bkJ+fj97eXqSnp2PNmjVobGxEc3Mz4uPj8e2337qftkpLS0NNTQ2GhobQ2dmJp0+f4ocffsCtW7ciqoETExM4fvw4Tp486Q5O9fl8KCgowPLly/HkyROnE9rC8uXLkZyc7E6PHhkZQW9vL44cOYKamhpnH/Pz8666dezYMaxfvx6dnZ2uUtfS0oINGzYgOzvbVZYmJydx+/Zt/PLLL+js7HQVy7GxMezevRvnzp1zgYoZfDAYRG5uLtatW4eBgQFXNQsGgygvL8fy5ctRWVnpftdNN/+yT3umGMd4/fp1LF26FNXV1S6hCQaDuHv3Lj777DPU1NRgcnLSETiC88mTJ3H06FF3yjZJVFNTEzZu3IiioiK0tbUhGAyiv78fjx8/xurVq1FfX+8qJ8TEkZERrF69GkVFRS4pmJiYwPDwMJYuXYpr167B5/O5Kq3uxyIG04bHx8cxMDCA5ORk9PX1uapAT08PvvvuO6c/nmK+adMmVFRURFQbBgcHcfDgQcTFxeHDhw8YGRlxPnrw4EGcPXvWJS5TUx+fpPz111/xyy+/OBwkznd2dmLjxo14+PBhROVhdHQUcXFxSEhIwNu3bzE7O4uJiQlUVlZi5cqVKCsrc4Fvbm4Ow8PDOHz4MGJjY93DW8Se3t5efP3117hz546zFy6jctz6vybwtpLBmMPElgdqL1u2zCV6xCke+nnz5k309PQ4f6uoqMCFCxcc2QuHw67yNzAwgPfv32PTpk3Iy8tz5KCmpgZr165FT0+Pq3wdO3YMz549c/5Am9GzCDlWzik3NxdXr17FvXv33E8BJScn4+3btwgGPx5LdOrUKTx//hwzMzOuOh4bG4vnz5//Zbk9GkHVKpctiBBLGR9sgUMLL4zlXIbWLTC2sqX9cpzEcyWB5A82Rs3NzaG4uBh1dXXODnVJWJcuaRe67YJj0mSOccySLfoSdbREDU474sB1M1xPTw+am5sxNTUV0bkyYS1Xsh11YgpP13x10tGqXlbxyp7t8qCXMpX4WeH4/X5cu3YNoVAIw8PDzllZgRoeHsbExAQ6Ozvx008/ITEx0QUH/lbc5cuXsXXr1ogHD4aGhnD27Fns378fweDHU3qZPVy6dAm7d+9Gb2+vW37iD/UODw+7093545zNzc3o6+vD6dOn0dHRgWAw6MZVXFyMH374AU1NTfD5fC7LLi0txb59+9Db24t37965Kub4+DhWr17tAJNs3u/3Iy0tzZW51ZGnpqaQnZ2N1atXo6enJ6Kkr8vJc3Mfn9B68+YNVq1ahZKSEvj9fvT09GB4eBgDAwNISUmJ2FNAw6WOFaDC4TBu3LiBw4cPu4NkaS8jIyPYsGGDK51T55OTk4iLi8Pp06fR29vrlgRnZ2dx+PBhB+Icr5afedQGM9epqSls2rQJBw4ccMtk4XAY3d3d+OGHH7Bu3Tr09/e7ZaKbN29i9erVrioXCARQV1eHzZs3u6WcqqoqrFixAs3NzXj79i1aW1tx+PBh+Hw+NDY24vLly66v3NxcbN682Y2vt7cX3377rfuB171790ZkfcPDw+4ngQha9ONjx45h9+7dbg5MNJYvX46MjAznf8FgED09Pfjyyy9x5coVt1xJopGcnIz29vaILC8c/viY/5EjR7Bhwwb09PQ4P+zq6sK2bdtw8OBBvH//3u2V2rRpE3JyctxSczj8cemps7MTcXFxEWfPzczMYGhoCHl5eVi7di0GBwddQBobG0N5eTnWrFmD2tpaTE9Pu+CkT33S9jVho9wyMzOxatUqdHR0uNO0w+EwHj16hM8++wx1dXVueV0r8HFxcTh+/LjDIh6PcPz4cWzbtg0DAwP4888/I7YUxMTEoLa21hEuktDh4WH89NNPKCoqwujoKBYWFuD3+9Hf349ly5YhJycHfr/f7bEhxmoQII7Pzc2hra0N+/fvR39/v6s0BYNBZGRkuErH+/fvXRV1amrKLRNzObm4uBixsbERe3knJyexf/9+pKWlIRgMYnFx0emKv7BBm+HcfvvtN/z444/o7u52+6A4nurqavzv//4vqqqqXKX74sWL2Lhxo0ssSGzC4TCKioqwdOlSdHZ2RjwN29nZiaVLlyIzM9NhEn+BgEcvaPD1WvngX933yp+/GRoawurVq/H48WNHepgoTkxMICEhAY8ePXK65soEyf7ExARWrVoV8Rt+jx8/Rmtrq4t/hYWFWL16NXp7ex3x58+AUWbccsJfmFByxGLGzZs3nR7D4TA6OjrcId1jY2Ooq6vD9u3b3e8jB4MfHyg4ffo00tPTHZ59qipoY6tdetNqti3kaJxWW9YlSSW+2gb92Z7FqRyDdkqCRX1St4WFhSgvL3exXos3SrK89gtrocBr76+Omckd21zCDnTNVVmrEhSfz4fu7u4IBmuv1/9tdUurS7p0yP+VOev1SrhUCXYDsxqAF+FSVq73d3d3Y//+/SgtLUV3d7fb29Te3u7K4oFAADdu3MDq1avR398fcTJwIBBAQ0MDdu3a5bJABpH4+Hj89ttv7npm1snJyThw4IDbq6N7r/r7+7FlyxYcPHgQY2NjqK6uRkZGBvx+P8rKytDV1eWca3p6Gnfv3sWWLVvQ0dHhdBMKfdyLs27dOty6dcvtGRofH0d/fz/++c9/IjU11WWgnEtSUpJb22aGQge4fPkyfvrpJ/T09LjrNSPhhtzZ2Vl0dHTgu+++Q3FxMaanp1FaWora2lqMjIygtLQ04rwd2hEdgj8RMzU1herqaqxZswaZmZkYGhpy8qYhHz16FOfPn3eEiiQqPj4ep0+fRiAQQH9/PwoLCzE+Po6nT5+iqKjIla9VXurwfD85OYlt27Zh37598Pl8zm6am5uxbNkyrF+/3lVaAoEA7t27h1WrVjniPTMzg9raWly6dAl+vx+jo6N48uQJVq9ejZqaGvfZtWvX4Pf78eLFC7dkEQwGkZ2djRUrVrh9YdPT0zhy5Iiz09WrV+PChQt4/vw52traXEWpsrLSkdDx8XEsLi4iISEBp06dcn2Oj4/jwYMHWL16NcrLy12VgtWCzz77DDdv3nQZJH0nOTkZbW1tDkS49yYYDOLUqVP46aef0Nvb6zYav3z5EmvXrkVeXp7TT2VlJZYuXYqqqqqI5Iw6yc7Odsu1TIympqZw7949rFu3zs11eHgYfr8fjx8/xvLly9HQ0BCBZ/ZJSl1eoI5nZmaQm5uLZcuW4fXr1/D7/e536G7duoUvvvgCDQ0NEQSO98XFxeHIkSNuv2B/fz/a2trwxRdfIDY2NmLpi4SSyxnT09MugQgEAujr68OaNWuQl5eHlpYW9zNMXV1dWL58OW7duuXkrFV3m3VzE3lXVxc2b96MrVu3Ijk52f1+HAM1Cc/atWvx66+/OqLJZDQcDqOurg6//fZbRDVlcXERO3bsQHx8fMTvB7a2tmLPnj04fvy4I55zc3N4+/atWxL1+XwRe3xYGV62bBkKCgrg8/lcFSs+Pt7NT5e5Wltb8fe//x23bt1yP000OTmJrq4uLF261FVSw+GwIxSsdhKv7F4tDZZeT3AyVm3cuBGlpaVuXCRloVAImZmZ2Lx5MxISEtyPT7PSNzMzg5cvX+Krr75CeXm5+93C169fRzxV9+rVK6xatQp9fX1u3+z27dsRExPjthFMTEwgPz8fFy5ccL/x+ejRI4ef4XAYjx8/dhjk8/nw5MmTiArv06dPsWHDBgwPD7u5BQIBpKWl4dixY25O1Lnd96qFEi1kED8Zo/VIBX5mH6RTwmWJrxIvS4I4F4tPli/o2BnX8vLykJ2dHTHmaIRQV+csd1ACzznZ1TPKPRAIRFa4yFK1NKjkamxsDH19fREleV1jtWV7bUMJj9cyo61OacBTISqBUqatyrEGwHu8DIYGmZiYiC+//BLbtm3DyZMnkZ6ejoaGBlfBGhwcxJEjRxATE+OUzX65Af3EiROOaI2OjmJkZATx8fE4fvy4+8291tZWNDQ04NChQzh8+HDE5mqOeWhoCD///DOOHj2KZ8+eIT4+Hvfu3XMbn62B3r59Gzt37sTIyAgGBwcRDn9cxpqensa2bdtw+vRp+P1+DA8PY2xsDD09Pfjmm2+QmZkZsaFxbm4OycnJqKurc8FXK5/JycnYuHEj+vr63HhpbLyfBtnW1ob169fj7NmzKC8vR2xsLJqamtwGf7Y5OzvrNvWzskSwn5ycREZGBr7++ms8ffrUbfTl2EZGRnDmzBmsW7cOo6OjEZvUf//9d+zZswdPnjzBjRs3cOfOHYyNjWFmZiZiKVSrpBqgtYy9fft2fP/99ygqKnLLzXv37sV3332HkpISd5/f70dhYSG+/fZbjI6OuvZJ+iibkpISrFq1Cu3t7c6HOjs7sbi46Jb6aEe3b9/GypUrnT5DoRAaGhqczeXl5WHp0qX4+uuvsXbtWhw7dgzXr1/H4OAgRkdHI8rdp0+fxrp163D58mVcvHgRx48fx969e1FTU4PBwUGnRyYhn332GXJychxJop9euXLF2Qj9Tis+33zzDZ48eYLr168jISEBcXFxSE9Pd8FudnYW165dw9KlS90Whampj/tI+SBKTU2Ny8p1X0RpaSmWLVuGy5cvIzExEWfPnkVWVhZ+++03rF+/HvX19a4CpJmx7s8LhULucFLa4v379/HVV18hPj4eycnJOHv2LDIzM3Hs2DF8+eWXaGpq+gt4Ly4u4siRIzh06FDEAwvV1dX44osvkJSUhOHhYczMzLhN/vX19WhoaMCLFy/Q1tbmKsgTExPo7e3F0qVLsWbNGpw/fx5JSUk4f/48Ll68iL///e/Iyspy41Vs0708im3T09MoLy/H3r17sXLlSnz11VdYunQp9u3b534xxOfz4euvv0ZiYqILRszMp6Y+LrlWVVW5gEQ8iImJwe7du92PaBcVFbnqzMmTJ52vhsNhNDc3OwJKn9CqyNDQEFauXImMjAyEQiH09vbip59+wrlz5yIKAZxjV1cX/uu//gtnz551SU0wGMTQ0BC++eYb3Lt3z8WBhIQEPHnyBG/fvsXY2FhEnLBkgnPXpSJ98jEYDOK7775DQUFBBH4Eg0EsLCy4vZSXLl3C1q1bsWXLFrS0tDh5PnjwAH/7299w9uxZdHd3IxQKIT4+HhUVFY4U+v1+t7+S1dfY2FgcPnzYvZ+ensb9+/eRnZ2NsrIy5OTkuB9i5sNMXG6dmprC1atX0dzc7JZlx8fHcf/+faxfv97tHWOFKDEx0emJPqQEyVYDtSrktQRJ+SqxtURXiyW2omYrkFrpIi9g1UqLPLrEqfcT53NyclBcXOz8x3IKJjVsnxVK/Uzb1710GkN4HX18CY2BLFuJDl9s0Ofzob293Tm9CkmzLq8Xs9dog9alRwqQwco+kaBLnVbJulRlSRkBVtd1OffBwUHcvHkTu3fvxtKlS/Hf//3fWLp0KQoLCzE1NYXe3l7349MkFuFw2GVNvIYGMzc3h5GRERw7dgxbtmzB77//jsTERKSlpSEtLQ0bN27E/v37HVEgSZybm0Nvby/Wr1+PZcuWIS4uDl9//TWKi4sdYFBe1F1BQYFbftRlpMXFRWzbtg3x8fFuiSIQCKCnpwdff/018vLynB4YPJOTk9HU1BSxqZyE4ubNm/jxxx/R1tbmHssnYWDAWVhYwMTEBNra2rBq1Sr3g9OsSnBZZ2xszP3OGbNKOhodNBQKITY2FsuWLUNlZWUEsSP5yMjIiKgoTUxM4I8//nAyvn37Ng4dOuQC/uTkpDvLivKj3Wj2QiCYnJzEd999h5UrVyIpKQkpKSm4evUqHjx4gNHR0b8Eojt37mD16tURGy65eZtjfvz4MVatWoXW1lZHZrhcR/ukg+bm5uKf//yn23vB9qanPy6b1dfXo7OzEzk5OThw4AC++uorfP7550hISMDi4qKb87/+9S8cOHAAJ0+exNu3bzE8PIyenh6kpaVh69at6Ovrw8jICD58+IBwOIy2tjb87W9/Q2FhYQQozs/P48KFCy6QjI+PuyexgsGgI8C0kfz8fMTFxbklM449LS0NX3zxhXvworu7G0ePHsW2bdvw5ZdfYtmyZdiwYQOuX7/u7GJychKFhYWuqkjbmZubQ2NjIzZv3ozW1tYIbNEgqqfS26WK4uJiLF26FB0dHQiHw+7k7Xv37mHZsmVoaWmJCAi096NHjyI+Pt5tap6e/ri09fnnn+P33393Vca8vDzs3r0bn3/+Ob788kusXLkSjx8/jniKtq2tDcuWLUNubq47bmBxcRHT09P49ttvkZ2d7folxtDn7NJGMPjxabjq6mqHty0tLYiPj8fq1avx22+/uWRz+fLlbk8UcYLLfty7yWolK5q//PILkpOTXTWNla/Y2FicP3/ebc0IBAJoa2vDihUrEBsbG/E0NrFgdHQUa9euRWFhIQKBAAYGBvDjjz/iwIEDbumIh56GQiHU1dXh888/x5UrV1xgW1hYcPK7ceMGQqEQ3r17556ovX//PlJTUx3Rtok+7YGxTo8t4d9AIICVK1ciLy8PPp8Pvb29DmtZ3e3r64PP58PY2BhSU1OxZ88eFyMePXqEzz//HE+fPnV+eebMGaSkpLjq5/z8vCNWtPE9e/YgKSkpolJK0q1PODLmEcdCoY9LnevWrXNbVxjnnz59io0bN6K/v9+R1unpaSQkJKCgoCCi2GL3LnkRLkuUtMKkxMuSJ7uaRbKiOmL8oe/aJ0iVfJEs6/g4B+LU3Nwc0tPTUVNT45aFdf8bY4DyCf3JPcqY49Cijv1LLOf7JUqudJJanmMFYGBgAE1NTREVMBW+VzmPQMwAxAEoIWJgU6at2SQBSQkX21Qj4/j1SSFtm23oshE3EHLJYGJiAt3d3SgrK0NiYiIOHTrklhcOHDiAHTt2RBzpQIIxOTmJtLQ0d5xDMBiEz+dDbGwskpKSIpasZmZmcO7cOZw4ccJVfBj85+bm0N3djU2bNuHo0aPw+/24ffs2bt++jUAggNbWVvh8vghZ5+TkYOvWrW65l3Ly+/348ccf3T4c6ml4eBj/+Mc/kJ2d7XRJY2bGpRUeGnxmZqbbEM19ClNTHzdvpqamRlSOWlpasGLFCrckm5ubi+bmZoRCITQ2NsLn80WcZqwkm6A4OzuLS5cu4euvv8ajR48c4VLnj4+Pxw8//OAqQCSi8fHxOHXqFIaHhzE6Ooo7d+44ssaAQv1r9VSXFAj233//PX7++Wf09fVFgA/3q1GnJEibN2+OOOqBuiI4PHv2DCtXrkRjY2ME4OtGaALwlStX8M0330T8sDrH2dfXh927d7vlRpLpGzduYMWKFS6LZvaXkJCA+Pj4CEI3NTWFDRs2ICEhwS1ZBoNBdHV14bPPPkNeXp4DHwJWYmIi2tranKzYXigUwq+//or169eju7vbHS1x7tw595QiK8OPHj3CN998g9LSUgfIXPLesWMHYmJiIgg9/f7+/ftYs2YNent73QZyv9+Ply9f4ttvv8Xr16/dWAnyWu6nrqgbyvLmzZtuSVKr7bm5ufj73/+OxsbGv9zDTeLx8fFuHx0Bet26dYiLi3OfUQ9XrlzBV199hYaGhgiQ9/l8GBoawtq1a/Hw4UM3L9r1qlWrcPfuXdfO7Oysqwrb4w5CoY970968eYMzZ864fTysMDY3N+PEiRMYGBjA3Nwcdu7c6arzurQWDAbx9OlTXL9+3SVfs7OzGB8fx6ZNm9yDGVxSnpqawooVKyK2KrDavn//fmzZssXtI9J+7ty5gx07dqCtrQ0LCwsYHx/HqVOnsGnTJme7vJZP8a1ZswYtLS0OBxYWFvDy5Ut8+eWXeP78eUT1o7e31y1/0l8Vi+2+GwZcPSMwFAq5pV1uiVASUV1djbNnz2JoaMjFmZqaGhw+fNhVrl6/fo1//OMfjtQzoTx//rxLphsaGrB9+3Z0dHS4va/r1693Z0bpXiktJmi8JaayqsYlSi7BT0xMYGBgAHv37kVLS4sjbUNDQ4iLi0NbW5vDWpJdkhl7rI+SJS8eYO1SscKLK3A+Wn3U8zwVH7Vd+os+Vci9u5Qb73v//j1u3LiBN2/euCSYWM6iE+du+QPxyx4zo/ZmK4G6XWiJBmhrdLp+Ojk5ie7ubrS0tEQQHLth0zJgZbGcCPtTkqRkyy4HqIC1LyWH7FPLl7rOqv2TfNBg+DSPLtVNTX18RP706dMYHByEz+fDjRs38P3336OxsdHtUaBCa2trkZCQ4MCOmxrj4uIQExPjQI8E6+zZs4iJicHAwEBE9S4YDKK7uxubN2/G4cOHMTw8jJqa/4ev7/yN8uq2z//z+/LqSlevrq6u7ptGCCSEBEhIiAkBBxAtglgYhIUx7gX3insvcpeb3DRu44ob7k2u2NiWuyCA8q7fB7RO1pw498PInplnnueUffZee+199nGivLwcCwsLLgwUxywlJQU//PCDqR/E9re0tOCrr74yW8ApjEtLS/j6668NQCRY2N7ehpeXlzE6Wpphf38f2dnZ+O677zA2NmbGcGNjA7Ozs0aBE2AMDAzg9OnTJom0ra0Nw8PDmJ+fR2xsLMbHx82cbW1t4c2bNy5MCu8zMzOD7777DvHx8SY/jozqy5cv4e7ujpiYGDOXnGMfHx/cuXPH5ELQK7UL1qnc8K+GENbW1nDmzBlcunTJKEp6Tgq2Njc3MTc3h7y8PHz99dcGPOg4bm+/p/xra2vxxRdfoLOz08X47O//WfSReStJSUn44osvMD4+buaPbV1aWsKpU6fQ399v1sTa2hrm5uZw5coVl/l48+YNgoKC4O/vb4wh5fTy5cu4fPkyZmZmjFEeGxszeX7b2++Tb5kjFxwcbO7B9lN2/f394ebmhsnJSbPzLjY2Fm5uboYhIcC4ceMGoqOjDatCtvfy5cu4efMmZmdnXZy+1dVV5OTk4IsvvsDCwoJhUVZWVtDY2IivvvrKgFgbcKk+o4HmWt/Z2UFSUhK+/PJLDA4Oujga6enpOHr0KHp6eowzR8C2v7+P+/fv4/Hjxy718DY3N5Geno5r165hdnbWOGdbW+/z344ePYru7m6XMDh3An/xxRcoKSkxeoqAjbsXNzc3zVrRxG72j6Bwd3cXAwMDuHDhAhwOh2H5GKqOiooyYaeCggL8+OOPGB0ddcmRWVxcREhIiDHKPKPxxYsXOHnyJEpLS112ZU1PT+PIkSPIyMhwcTB2d3dRV1eHM2fOoKOjw4CV3d1d9PT04IcffkBVVZVZK9vb70tqHD9+HE6n06VIal9fH27duoWOjg4jSwTyzAskYCBrXFtbi2vXrmFnZwcvXrwwpWJoK37//XfDQiuLonpiY+P9bsVjx46ZWpRch5ubm5idnUVUVJTJJV1eXkZGRgZKS0vN/ebm5szO8+3tbfT29sLd3d2UE1pZWUFNTQ3c3d2NbLDEDh0qOnq2nVbwR12zurqK8PBwfPXVVybnkuzi6uoq8vPzERkZiampKQwPDyMqKgpNTU2GQEhPT0diYuJfnEIFXGp7VXdr4Wd1phUj6NpWO66AywZX6nzZOECZKMq51oLk8w8ODhAVFYXx8XEXncB7UK8RXNqkjg2yFFwq7lBdzTH6QAEQB0sBi3qGw8PDeP78uUvj9RoFK1RkyiTpIKgXqUbU7oQCN01E4/354gSx3bzGTnhTz57XTE5O4uLFi3j69Kl5xsrKChYWFpCRkWFq7wwPD+O7775DVlYWNjf/LEq6uLiIiIgIw5JxgtbW1nD37l3cvXvXpW9kCW7evOlS/JKLfWxsDGfOnEFQUJC5fn9/H06nE1euXMHw8LBB2gQTFy5cwMDAgJmPwcFB4xVzhxnH6cWLF4iMjMQvv/xiEjH39/cxODhoEiYZDtAwX2JiokmI5ry+evUKYWFhuHbtGtbW1kxhzPHxcZw+fRo1NTWm/Vtb78Np9+7dM4UQCTLevHnjsiD4zN3dXRQWFsLNzc3s5uEcJycn4+LFi5icnDT3Jzvl4+OD+/fvm12KyqJRTnTrMeVH5Yngw83NDT/99BOWl5dddjsxnKIeT2ZmJk6cOIGFhQXzXCqGvb09vHv3DlVVVTh16hQ6OzsNO8DK2Ds7O2YL/qtXr/D06VMcPXrUbD1niGl5eRmTk5M4c+YMfv75ZzidTrx79w4HBwdob2+Hn5+fAYU8GPnBgwd48OCBYQz29/fR1NSEI0eOICAgwOxUZf6Zv78/fvnlFxPaWFtbQ1paGqKiovD27VvTJyYz7+3t4eHDhzhx4gT6+/uN1xgZGWlCKUNDQy4G7Nq1awbIHhwcIC8vDx4eHvDy8jJsyIsXLzA+Po5Xr16VZfGwAAAgAElEQVQhIiICn376KRoaGjA3N2d206WmpuKTTz5BZmYmGhoa8Pz580N1Gd+/efMGq6urpnCpt7c3Pv/8c5SWlmJ6etqUF7lz5w4++ugjJCYmmk0O3KE8MjICNzc3XLp0Cc+ePTN5esxF8/PzQ1hYGBYXF3FwcICqqipcuHABXl5eaG9vx8uXL00BVYfDgZKSEvzzn/9EeHg4ZmZmjCFMS0vDP/7xD9y/fx9lZWWYm5sz68MGlBo6GRkZwc2bN3Hp0iVkZ2ejt7cXPT09uHfvHnp6esyZhdxN/fPPP6Oqqgpzc3MYHh7GlStXkJmZiRcvXuD169dYWVlBRUUFEhIS8K9//QuXLl1CfHw8WltbUVFRgUePHuEf//gHzp07h6dPnyI1NdVENV6/fo2ioiKcP38e+fn5GB4eRm1tLe7cuYPa2lrD7tPALi8vIz4+Ht9//z0SEhLgcDiQlZUFd3d31NXVGZ2+u/u+/lVycjIuX76MDz/8EB4eHkhLS0NwcDDOnz+PI0eOGNZ5YGAA586dw4kTJzA1NYWtrS0DuOxwFdd0X18fPDw8cPr0aXz88cc4efIkbty4YZ7PNd7c3Iy7d+/i/v37+O2335CSkmLWLXV/X18f7t69i6tXr+LEiRNIT083Bv7169emBE5iYiJiYmKQm5tr1t76+jrevHljwKEt0wQ1BHxbW1sIDQ3Ff/7nf8LhcBjwQAd7cXERpaWlcHNzg5ubmzlbkKF3Hx8feHl5uURtyJxpSJD6zWaoqENVVtXxof23I15q1xXs8T7K7Cng0kiakhjqWFOnh4WFYXp62uh9gjRlpTjmfNl9scOsakMUw7CN6+vr7xkupcJsxMz3r169gsPhMNWSKWSK4my0yu/4MO66YL6NIlVFjJrPxXv9HeDStmrniVb1ObyvnSszOTmJoKAglJeXIyIiAjU1Nejs7ERUVBQcDofxWjY3N9HV1QV3d3ekpqbC4XCgs7MTYWFhSEhIMJXad3Z2UFVVhfLycri7u+O7775DRUUFnE4nampqUFZWhnPnzuHbb79FREQE0tPTjeLPzMxEeHg4Tp06hW+//RapqanIzMxEREQE3Nzc8PPPP5vk96amJjQ0NOD27dv45ptvEB4ejpSUFMTExOD27dvIzs42xkHrXm1ubmJqagoPHjzAnTt3kJOTg7CwMLi7u2N8fNyMGT2GsrIypKenw93dHadOnYKfnx9iY2ORkJCA69ev46uvvsL9+/exsrKCtrY2xMbGwtfXF2fOnIGPjw9KSkoQHR0Nb29vnD59Gt7e3ib/iYqGc6sM0+7urkn0zMnJMbkMWVlZCAoKwvXr140DQLq6srISGRkZ+O6773Dq1CnEx8cjPT0dz58/N/dXw8RnqYzQCGVmZsLX1xcnTpzA0aNHcfHiRVy7dg1zc3PmeZTx5ORk+Pj44MKFCzh+/Dju3LmDmJgYU0JjbW0NGRkZCAsLw61bt/Ddd9/By8sLjx8/Nlv0edDu1NQUHj58CB8fH5w7dw4nT55EQEAAfH19Tbhkd3cXs7OzuHTpErq7uxEcHAx/f3+Eh4ebsgPb29umdldkZCR+/vlnnDt3DiEhIXj8+DEeP36MX3/9FWFhYWazBRU3S0ykpKTg1q1bZvMHa/lwfVIpJSUl4erVqzh37hwuXryIGzdumLYNDQ3hxx9/hJubGxoaGgzAZCjwl19+gY+PD3x8fBATE4OlpSXk5OSYHWbr6+sICQmBj48Prl27hl9//dXUgYqJiYGvry88PT3h6emJq1ev4vbt28jKyvoLU07Z4uc7Oztmc4W/vz88PT3x4MEDREdHIz8/H97e3vDz88OjR4/w8OFDw6wsLS0hJCQEN27cwLVr13D58mU8ePAAPj4+WFhYMIZvdnYWgYGBuH79Ojw9PRESEoLFxUWUl5ejubnZbOkvKSnB+fPn4efnh+DgYAQGBiIwMNDMZ0REBJKTkxEaGgofHx8MDg666Gt1itXhHB0dRV5enlnDvr6+CAoKQk9Pz1/C+evr62hqasLdu3dx7949eHh4mHAvrxkbG0NGRgby8/NRVlaGwsJCFBQUoKmpCfn5+aiurkZlZSVyc3ORnZ0Nh8NhnEKGBoeHhxEeHo6HDx8iLCwMvb29Ru7s8Pvbt28xMTGByMhIeHt748mTJxgZGTH6m2C/tbUVWVlZaGpqgtPpRENDA2pqakwR6IqKCsMmr62tISsrC2fPnnWpx8e1rIaTDvDy8jIGBwcxOjqKqakpzMzMmF24yjjt7Oxgbm4OnZ2dhnVWHUEnfGJiAm1tbS4baTRNYW9vD5OTk4aVIiO7ublpHDSbZFBmhTK+vr6OwcFB3Lp1y5Rp4e84fipD7969M3O1tfV+l/v4+LiLjqRNVYaLNkXlUEOy9nNsO22TPso4UR/bYE3voYBMGT4FRsrC7e3tITw8HIODgwa8KjlDvUZWUSOAHD/aDz1v1m6Xsni87wc2XfZ3MdX9/X1kZma65J1oJv5hv+dAKOtlZ/vrAB+GDMkMUbD0WhU8Rcw226YoWN+T6RofH0d5eTk2NzfR09OD4uJiZGRkGI+WjBfR89TUFEpKShAXF4eUlBTU1dWZ7d/7+++PwHA4HKioqEBdXR3q6+vR0NCA3t5edHR0oL29HS0tLXA4HGhubkZNTQ3m5+cxPT2Nmpoa1NbWor6+Hm1tbWhubkZLS4upwt3d3Y3NzU1TXqCmpgY1NTVoa2tDbW0tmpqa0NHR4bIrh/3U+PTOzg6mp6dRV1eH7OxslJSUYGBgwDAGHM8XL17A4XCgqakJ9fX1aGlpQUNDA8rKytDS0mL6wTDk+Pg4nE4nBgYG0NfXh76+PgwMDKC3txd9fX3o7u42i19j9Jub75P8GVLgouff9fV1dHd3o6ioCJmZmWhqajJ1eEhdLy0tobW1FY2NjabNzc3NqK+vNzsU7fi6LlJ1Fl68eIGenh60traao0taW1vR0tLi4n3RUejq6jIMAo+EGRwcNLtKd3ff746cnJzE4OCgOarm2bNnWFxcdFGa29vbZsxaWlowPj5uClTqNu6dnR309PRga+t9kUoWyGW9L3qyPLaGz5+ZmcHMzIypLWSvC64dGmUyLZw3O3y/ufm+sOXw8LDJFZmfn8fU1JSh5aenp80xL0zIpge8vLwMp9OJsbExk++ixwZxTS0vL5u8LQJeO/lajzFSJalt5vyTCaAB0fxSypSGr/WYLdZJsx1Jjh1DL2TQWauNtZWYkqChQ9WHDIepASM7re/VGHG8OG/MoVOndXt7G2/fvsXbt28N00fgwnlhf/SefHFHsZ3ErE4uDT7lSevq2Wwy72OHgDk/umb5OwIPDQkyZMrwOcdfK8xTz0xMTODSpUuGQaV9UZukgEHZLsoE50UBPcPDGtkhY8R1ohvTNCeQZTeoT/isjY0NA7bYBmXldR44Xnw276VpOrpRSUuS2LZTWSp1XNhuBUUaPdJr7YgT26yyoOBE76eMlLblMDBDO6GAT8eH46E6OzMzE11dXebeGo48jNVSYkfHWfW2AkL2hTLF8XEBXDalZwtGZGSkC3Ln5GnYxAZMVFga2rOZLaUmucDJerANSmGqh2o/V5+tBtT+ngOiioILhXkaVDqkZzXxbnt72xymu7m56cIiUXFxwFUodXKUmeEiV3qVbBkXLe+vMfS9vT2Ty8KkRmWJyOKsr6+bUBGNERcIa/KQSt3e3jbgkQJGA67jaC9AnROCPFU8rEXGsCD7TA+RSpdMD5/HEAnvwZCDLmwF6FRsmq/AMWF7aEBVedDw2iwIFRoVKq9bW1szinJ/f9/MF+eT175588Z8xvHlmDKswz7yXlQM2h9Wdufv1QjpZ2qQ1JGh0eHvCKpo2F+8eIG3b9+afmrYgiEXzh/rE9EYKOus1DtlSjcYEBRwXviX175+/doF9NBQqs5g2+mEKUDhDlhVuLah51zwXrwP205mlbu6uN41dKMKXMeW96WcUedwNx/HgOuP46LrSPOcONb6W83jUcDFPr99+9bFMGghY/72zZs3xsnhZwpeKDscZ8oTDT/1P8twLC4umrFVY6vhewII22DZuVNkD5S94BrZ29sz5y/u7Oy4yDrBFttH2/X777+bNZmcnGzqUnHcbRaF48T2cFzYN86DOu8EuqqbVQZVP/MztaHqwClJQP1MYMh78z727lv+juuGupt9UUBo22N1Sg7TLWyn6szD8IMycxoqViJGx4n9os2knOkasnGCvhQA28BLHS7q0/LycpdyJ3SetO20KXofW6eobVdQyHVN2eKzP+ADaOhpGNg5nYyYmBiTVKqdoKLjgiIdqYqYD2cHdBApKPyfAkeh0Oep0lVQqAbSZi5UEKjUtG9aHd4eNF7H9qqHbA+47nKw2QL+lsqMRpXfcQHTECvY5Xc2eleqVxWxnfzJZ2kf+WwuemUPCT55DedYx1bnhcKnHqsuAP0df0tloUBAWUwNbZH+Vk+T86O/4TxxDgi2uOi58G1gznniPKjHreBft/jqXHIR0+jze30O15cqrt9//92lbfbc8VoCR4JIjjtzulQ52AaTYMIeY91lowZAlRrHlUpVlb0aRt1koGBGwak+i89hgqqGkDkHW1tbLmkFuqHGljkFLAy56BpVWVTApAZF177qKnWA9HPeU59ne+H8PeVG5Z2ywPvRuCiQ2t7eNsBRS7Rsb2+beVbwQjnWXbg6Txq2tp0yZZvJ9vBZnC/eXwGfgr1Xr17hzZs3ZtwpU2wj5UHXjgIFyqzW5OPztF8sSaOpD9RV6iiqw6gv2jkdT10fqlMUTGufFXSrLNpAiOuDLy3hoQDIdub5XI6DyjHHn+Oh42U7BMq66PvD1gYdAnudUi62trZcdkRzPahOVFujeoZzqE603U612brW2V4lMNQpVVKIjgptseoi6uqNjfebuDo6Ov7i7FIGVd8oVtD2KKhW3WLrUJWzD1RBUhAVsWrno6Oj4XQ6TecUuSpAUEVJRcBFchiQ4+85aeqpK0CylTLbp0bURqO6oLVPvDeZDkW4fAbRqXrv2h9bsZNF4sYAKi0VFFXI6gGpMCpatoVfv2dbdIwIlhhb1om3QZsuWirn7e33ZzRybigPKmQ6N+rh28DKBr0K0tRwsi/24cYKDLl4VEFoDoWdK6CL2FaQfL6CYH3ZXpP+b29RVk/PNoo2mFQjo2ybbRCUpuZ1NCwEX4f1SceT7IWOg4aCVBGqwrDboDJoj7HKpso55Y3gRQ0Rn33Y+NhrVr1EVZpq+PReOi7sH/9SnjnmyibZ61vXCb/XNchnE/SqflHja48TZUX1HdeGMgl2WxS0cI1yPgm8aDh4ra4xjtlh8871Yxt6m7XQF5+hjoKCcZ0jXU8c58Pkje1Q9kRBD23Ozs6O2f1r6x0+Q42cyondLns+bTnRz/f29gwbaOsLJQaUcdJ1rm04ODgw+ll1sa4jtl0Bg4JbzqvKu8quAgKOG+24Opf6Pe+v48nvGXHh8VR6Lx13dTTZLv5Pu8Q55nV8UbfR5uhaUdvBcae9ZqRieXnZhNApv9wZrbp+Y2PDnOihtk/XBG0OAabaO5tc0DXP+dPrqOe2t7fxARcVY5Ya+uOkE1Gmp6ejtbXVRVmxIYoE7QFizgKRMZWy/Sx2Xo2YNlYNPpWmUqJsl9LXWvtL62qwjcrmsP+2Z3AYaFH2gALJvzo5qmgOi5VTcaoQqvGxFT1/z8m0kbeCBC4YNUr2dfR6acx0Hvm9vfAV3FHYVbnx+WqwVAEo06ThCluJ20ZL+8oxVaNkGzo+R8GxshPq0fDAWQUoquxVges86a4fZRt0Dg9jHdUB4BgpkFYFTUXM+SNbQnlQj5fFMm0vmPdVb17H0Tbmh4Gvw4yVAgbd5aNJyH8HanXuVMbsOVSjRRZFw2wK4nTM1ViwThZD3QoE7Xbp85WtPcxw2+DZzvfh2HIsNCymu1jJUKgusIGv6jZ7jStLy+frerKBPQu7kmVVIGavJ3Vm1QE/ODhwyQfjGiGgIAOra1eBtI4x26KOhAIXlTXqUdUzCh54rY4h2SZdIxqKs8GGzpmCKJ0T1QfqVKuetUESn8USG5QplXf2376XgmjVqdpm9odtU+dDbaU6O5wTGyjZelt1OXc02/pfAYcy43SY1c5vbW2ZvEzmQGoepRIjlHN1vkhqkORYWlpyudfy8rLZ4MMIAde9w+FAZWWlC1O2u7vrssNRmVCOnz3Hikds+6rEBP//QDtlgxf1CHnAM8+70ri3ZvJvbm6aatVq3JSSt7fLq+GhcmESOYWPSkV/u7OzY4CirRQU6HCwyWIpYmXyKhcp22wbRr2fzf7Yg65CrYtSFxKFkL9XY3UY+2ejZgU4qowIVLkQbLBE1M+qxvTSVUFwLjR8p4pYlZHOqwIgbaMq7cM8S1V66jmo/KiitoXdVpC8nh4/E40VOCiI3t7eNsfp6PM5/pQ5KlzeV0MgNIa8/2EerOamUM41HMBnaDiTLx0j/t42JLrYlRFSA2Q7Uuyfyp6Oo3qwtnFUxc5nsQ1aT+ww9lE9Yo4pGRu7mKfqFg3p2WDSHlMF8/rSfDhbdlWf8Hn6uW3s2H8FZQpuqEPfvHnj4tzs7+8b4Kx6Vn+jDpGuj93d9+HoN2/eGFnZ2NjA27dvXYCXOka8lnPB31OH2rJB+bDBAnWjhpLVIVBQT6PIdUVjt76+7lIHTXWnpi5w/BkKUr2s409Z53c2ALB1MvWI7lRXB0D1GvUy7QT7oWOlOpF9ICOkRMPu7q5LWRnKtuZD2wQI26xOn65RvpR94X01j1hzcHWzia33Kbca7WGfCUZUdys+UIeEnzFnT3Wngm/KtY475UyrDJBtom179er9ub0EVmS3eYoGTxjg73gNN9Q0NDSYXbhKSKgsqt1Xu6n20c6fOwwIK676QG+oSka3f/Lz0tJSc/o5J4U3Ug+aC40KhRNASlI9OAoUE7l5j+npaVO5nPdmp7W0BBUnhZKCpsKqCkjBJHcbacK7CrGCGAqrsjxUdFysDCVqTgEndHPzzyRG9lsVP9vM+yhKthlDe4HxvZ1jokwLP6NC4G84LrpLRgVGARvn8TB2QMeYc6jjr6FmBaI2g6fKUseKgIafKxPIZ/HIIH3ZzsD+/r7LvHO+NB+ETBcXPkPhHCMqDwVV9JQUANjsiDIpfG+DaI6hKiLbwz9MRjknbIcadfZJWVzOBx0mXsNNCfZaUCPAsaeXS5nQExh09yCZUK5b7tbjjkJ+Ro+ZOw4XFhZMdezZ2VksLi6a+nh8z+9nZmawsLCA6elpLCwsYH5+3vx+bm4OU1NTZrcgt/VPT09jdnYWU1NTLq/x8XFMTU1hdnYWExMTmJiYMAc0j46OYnx83NQA44vPm5mZMW3is1jUlPdk29mPqakpTE9PY2xsDCMjI5iYmMDS0hJmZ2eNAZmbmzPXzMzMYHp6Gs+fP8fMzAxmZ2cxNDSEZ8+eobe3F06nE11dXXA6nRgeHjbf9fX1YXZ21jizbDN3lrKN3M06OjqKyclJjIyMmP9Zi3FqagoTExMYHR01fXr+/Dn6+/vR19eHiYkJLC4uYmpqCiMjIxgfH8fIyAhmZ2cxMDCAkZERPHv2DM+ePcPQ0JDZSTsyMoKRkREMDw8b/T4yMoKxsTH09vait7fXPKO/vx89PT3m94ODgxgcHER7ezucTid6enrMdUNDQ6btHI+uri40NzebchZ1dXVobW1FU1MTGhsbzc5sp9NpdoxXVVWhqqoKDQ0NZgd0U1MTmpqazK7z+vp61NTUoLGxEU6nE06n09yT/1dXV6O+vh6NjY2orKw0ZTaKiopQWlqKvLw8ZGVlIT09HWVlZWhsbER5eTny8/NRWVkJh8OBhoYGcw+WwaioqEBJSQny8/NRVFSEsrIylJaWorCw0LwKCgpQUFCAkpISlJeXo6qqCpWVlSgqKkJFRQWqq6vN2Zg1NTWorq5GQUEBcnNzUVRUhKKiIvM+OzvbnISSlZWFgoICFBUVmedXVFSgqKgIdXV1ph8pKSnm97y+pKQEWVlZSEpKMgVjy8vLkZWVhdjYWMTExCA+Ph4REREICwtDbGwsnjx5gpCQEAQEBJhj13x8fODv74+goCCEhobC39/ffBcZGYmcnBzMzMygpqYGxcXFJsqiuvkw1kptLnWuTc7YDKneizb1LwyXehrq+e7s7KCyshIxMTFmUefl5SEzMxPl5eUoKChAXl4eKioqUF5ejq6uLlM2oK+vD8+fP0d3dzcaGhrQ2tqKtrY29PT0oLOzEz09PWhubobT6cTg4CCGh4fR2dkJp9OJ/v5+8z8XTVdXF4aGhtDW1ob29nZTeoDX8W93d7cpT+BwOFBbW2uEiElzHR0daGlpQVtbG7q6utDd3Y2uri5zyCwXL8suVFRUoLa2FrW1taiurjaLrbm5GT09PWhrazNtaGtrg8PhQEdHB5xOpxG6gYEBtLW1mfIFDocDbW1tKCsrQ3V1NbKzs1FaWori4mIjkOXl5aisrERFRQUqKipQVlZmDo3V/7nwiouLUVhYiJKSEpSUlCA7OxuVlZVGaRQUFKC8vNycOp+amoqcnBwUFhairKwM9fX1qK6uRklJCUpLSw3Y5vcNDQ2oq6tDSUmJeU55eTlKS0uRn5+PjIwMpKSkIC0tDRkZGUhNTcXTp09NQcSnT58iLS0NOTk5SEtLM/8nJSUhKSkJqampSE5ORm5uLjIzM80huZWVlaipqTHKJyUlBVFRUaaKekhICKKjoxEXF4fQ0FAEBwcjIiICAQEBCAgIMP8HBQXhyZMnCAoKQlBQkFm0fD19+hSFhYXIy8tDXFwcnj59ivz8fFRUVJgyHSzfQSWYlZVlSoqwD+np6UhLS0NmZiYqKirMPWtra9HW1oampiZUVVWhtrYWpaWlZmyysrKQmZmJzMxMJCUlISIiAhEREUhISEBGRoaZ86ysLOTk5BjlXFxcjOzsbOTl5Zm5KyoqQlZWlpmTjIwM5OXloaCgADU1NWbNct5yc3ORlpaGlJQUpKenIysrCykpKYiOjkZoaKhpQ1xcnDlc2W7j06dPkZSUZBRlQkLCX8YkPj4eiYmJSEpKQlRUFMLDwxEeHo6oqChERkbiyZMniIiIQGxsrLkmMDAQwcHBiI6ORlJSEqKjoxEVFYWoqCgkJycjJiYGsbGxiIiIQFRUFBITExEdHW0Oug4PD0dSUhISExORnJyM5ORkc5g3f+Pv7w9fX1/z/MjISPM3PDwc0dHRyM3NNbqAc89xysjIQEFBAbKysszZqWlpaXj69KkZq6SkJFNbKyQkBBEREQgPD0dwcDDi4uLMmistLUVOTg5SU1ORkpKC1NRUF33rcDjQ2tqKwsJCJCcnm3HNyMhAcnIyysvLzUHH3J3Hsi4ECbW1tejo6HAp/9LQ0GDK2tTU1KC5uRldXV1obGw0utrpdKK9vR3Dw8MYHx9HZ2cnHA4Henp6MDY2hrGxMQwMDKC9vd3o5NHRUdNm2oHOzk60t7cb8PT8+XNTUmV2dtaUG3E6nWhtbYXT6URfXx+Gh4fNs/r7+9Hf3+9iO2gDWENrfHwc4+PjGBsbw+joqGlbU1MTWltb0dnZiaGhIfT392NgYAADAwPo6uoyJVkI8Hp7ew1YJMij3RoeHsbAwAB6enrQ399vntff329+09vbi87OTjx79gzPnz9HT08Puru70dHRga6uLvT396O7uxudnZ2mjh2fzz5ybAcHB/H8+XOXNvb19aGrqwt9fX0YGhoyAJPgltc/f/7cgFm2nWNNgE2Hg6VpWNKGAJoglvNNh2VsbAxzc3PmWLzJyUnjOExMTGBqasqAfTpJU1NTGBsbMyVk6DjRSVAHjPddWVlxAfe8lg4YnRsNO66srJhySMrIKtlA0kijYRpJI3lkl45QxpDMoEZkPiBrpDv1+ECyC/xRamoq/P39UVZWhsrKSpSXl6OiogKVlZWor683gKS0tBQVFRUoLi5GXl4eqqurUVNTg8LCQqSlpSE3Nxe5ubmIiooySj0+Ph4xMTFITk5GREQE/Pz8zLXZ2dmIi4tDeno68vLykJ6ejtTUVKNICC5yc3NNXSsi9KqqKpSVlRmwkJWVhYSEBGOIQkJC8OTJE4SGhiIwMBBPnjxBQEAAIiMjERwcjICAAPj5+cHHxweenp64ceMGbt68iQcPHuDevXu4f/8+fHx8jEEPDg7Go0ePEBwcDG9vbzx+/BiBgYHw8/PDgwcP8PDhQwQFBSEkJAS+vr6mYOX9+/dx584d3Lt3Dw8fPsS9e/fg5eVlEDsNTWRkJGJjY41RioyMNAaHxUj5Ny0tzYxVfHw8ioqKkJ6ejoKCAmRnZyMhIcGMH0EDvZf6+npUVlaa4oGc79TUVJSUlKCsrAy1tbUoKyszhp2fV1ZWmvfl5eXGm6OCp2JvaGhAQ0OD+ZzKt7e3F11dXaZeGYF1a2urUTpdXV149uyZUfodHR1GCY+OjmJ6ehoDAwMYHR3F2NiYUaRDQ0OYnJzE7OwsxsfHzfX05MfHxzE5OYmhoSH09PRgfHzcsBATExOYnp42VDWrNU9PT2NiYgLz8/PmSKeJiQkMDg4ahTUzM4O5uTkMDg5iYGDAbEwgu8MCtS9evDAH4K6urmJ+ft4wC2QIZmdnDRPFUwTW19fN0Uf7++/LGSwsLLiEKPiZhooOC7nwWmXmNETCMKoqK81BIvPHv2/evDHlJnZ3/0zoZx4QQ9oMKfKZdu6SKkTNVdHwpFL5vDdZSKX22fb9/X1zVA53fLIoL59JFo/9YOX+V69e4Y8//sD29rYJ2VHhMuzGz8kQv3nzxnzGsfv999/NfZW15Xe6w9Aud2HnLWnOGN9Tv09PT5swiJ3LxLHlvdgOtlnD18rSaq4lwzqvX792KatBOecOMobQdBMV2VjO0+7urktOLUORjCpofg2fb6dlcG3w+RpiffXqlVfoEg4AACAASURBVMnp0+rkGtFQpkPXh53WYUch7DC8Xjs2NuaS2qJsPm2tFt3Udtlhwq2t96U4GK3heCsY0FJCPHqKMj47O2vSWTjOdpSEYTitQ7e+/ue5hYuLiy716DjuuhuVc86+MsrA7xjd2t3dNSWOlC2nLJBlUnCjERcljjSiovPEdra0tCAxMdGMvZ07qmOsjL9GrthXhrupL3UcKV8c0w80oV0Hm6iNP9re3kZbWxuSkpJchJJhNAVqdk6NhuQ6OjqM0PFgVu20dkgVKgdQFRrP9dKYug4cjxyhEeHEcvAYptQwCXMsOA4cTO6CIOLVxaHtIgXO32vsXEO1bDMVpz3ph8WQNayo4Tg7aVqVJ8dQ50m3fCvI1kVAA6j95bio0mN1fd10YcfBbYqVr8NyK1SQuei0rSonzAfQPBxeu7KygmfPnmF5edklZ4uLQvPpND+H7VIaWfNhlErWz+wcCzV+DIPxnEuOERUgx01BBcO3NF6qBDTsR6Voj7HOI8eK/dfdyH8XstaQrRpuzQ2knNohRwU2GxsbmJiYcGHKeV/dFKN5EQoG7fFXY6BKzs69OSyPh+uVbV5cXMTAwICpc8S1oOFVVZys/cbPX79+bXSYnttGpc7+se36YghWn3HYGtJUAe2Pgi17Lem888UQoeal2rltBMwcS+ojDZsrwNKke83HIZCmTBM4K8Dmdxp239nZMeCOfdXNHWwfQaDmSOqa1HVOwMX8KQ21a56cpmfoWrLBpYJ+e+z0+sNyLw8ODlBWVobnz58b/ap5cHYu2GFrkv3c3t42eYq///67i86hM2jnvXJMNTFdZWFpaclFnhRoaP6h6kCmYbDYsdpYTT3SsBudS0334HuuS9UVdl6gpmSoTlY7ZYNeTY3Z2HhfFiIxMdHFBqi9VUbr78aDsk4Z0vQWTd1Qe/KBjcIoeLwx0ezq6ioGBwcRHBxsFJPWoLGFQoEN77+7u4vc3FxDFxM5K0Ll9bqrgUqNoIf3p+epHpHW9tEkOwqi5ujwWgIpBWfqTdC75/M03Mr39ACWlpbMEUgKJhSwKPjhSw2FnQemaF3HVb0ve2JtYKbKnUmHnGtN1OXis9kOtp3jzO8UKOqztQ12jpL2QcG5KjpeqywLF5jSuOpx6hguLy+jpaUFCwsLpn820ONfLnQqP11oOoZ8Pt/rvCo4oAfHcaG88V4skEoPn0ZHmR2yJSqvnCOOiQIpZYTUOOlGByrgg4MDsybsuWI7NJlfx5eybq95vUbbubS0ZJJTCSA1P02NkRonOw9Q581Wunr9YfKkIE/le3V1FZOTk+Z7Gic1xOwD+85x1HxCMlFqJDgPNhjXNqlCVsdEDa5+pswW5dUGqApKdNNFX18fnj17ZmSE7VZQoP1SYEG5t0GGbk7g7whqKOc8h5a2hOdU0mi9e/fuLwCSa4mHlzPpXkGU1hOjLVK9QVaY63B1ddWchjA9PY3x8XEXFo+J0zaIshO7KeP2urXzeHSTDMf31atXKC4uxtDQ0F/kV+dK51j1uzJ+fDbbPj09jebmZhQWFqKjo8PIOO2n5l/OzMyYCA+PSlpdXTWpJ+3t7Ua/EsDzWfaYbG1tYXR0FHV1dXjy5Al8fHzgdDpdnEAy8JzLnp4ec6Qd5SEhIQFBQUEIDAxEXl7eXzavqL5Rm2LbHdVhuvHGBmcdHR2Ij493cYDULingsgmE7e1tw/byOfxfQf9htvoDezIV/LAhBBvj4+MIDQ01yJigQ71bfdEr4/f7++9LS3R1dRkqTjtH2nN4eBiDg4MYGhoyx5A8f/7ceJCjo6OGIuaRGWtra+aQ3cnJSXPUzsjIiAk1MUY+Pz9vEkobGxvR3d2N2dlZdHV1YWBgwCSUrq6uGtq1v7/fMBJbW1suBU7ZfnrBz549w+zsrDHm7JtNESsIVDpbWRydME2iVq9RlaEuBjVGGxvvj1cpLi5Gf3+/C3O1tfXnAa587uzsrMnVYGLzixcvzBhq6MP2fin0ej8F4gpYbWXFBarKywZI/EuQrIqJioLAl2D9sO3fungJLqjQ9a9ex/ur8lWjxMWoss9w4rNnz9DY2IjCwkJzTuDz588RHh6OyspKE2phaIteJeWirq4OMTExaGtrM0fEMBdmcHDQgD3tp27317bSKVGQq3N3mBJRgEqjYzNkNHB8xuLiImpqarCysoI//vjDxWjr7kUbLNrlDw5TsraTx/5rIV8bqGxtbaG3txd3796Fv78/GhoasLq6ioqKCgQHB6OhocGAel13L1++xMzMjMnRy8vLw/b2Nubn51FaWoro6Gg4HA6X9agg1V7L/JxMGllivUaBtK4HOqWc38OcEw3p7uzsmJwmAiWbueFf7hJVIGWvTQ1L2qVc1tfXcXDw/gD1M2fOwM3NDcHBwVhZWUF5eTnCwsJw+fJlXL9+3RTR5n14oPjAwAAePnyIH3/8ER4eHggLC0NPT49LzTGGnjlev//+u7FLsbGxCAgIwPnz53HhwgU0NDTg8uXL+Pzzz3Hq1Cn8/PPPqKmpMTLMSIOtJ2xdqwyHAjB7jnQ92KxXQUEB+vv7XRy4vwPVtszoOqBO59gNDw/D09MTH330EZKSkgyztLa2hubmZrPJY39/H15eXigoKICvry++/PJLOBwOVFVV4ejRoygtLcXFixfR29trjrUjCUB2amlpCVtbW4bxDQ4Oxrlz5+B0OvHFF1/A09MTo6Oj2NvbQ2trK4qKigyDNTo6ik8//RRJSUnw9vZGREQERkdH4e/vj2+++QY+Pj4YGRkx1yv7dBjA0jWqjrleq84PdanT6URsbKzBO8oecl7sqIW+bEBnz722Q+3TBwoYCAAUKND4v3z5EtPT04iIiDAerhYVU+pbmRk+nH8LCgrQ1tbm4tmpx1dTU4Pz58/jxIkT+OGHH3D79m10dnbihx9+QHx8PLq7uxEdHY35+Xm8fPkS3t7eqK+vx+rqKmZmZhAdHW12NTCB9D/+4z+Qn5+Ps2fP4tdff4XT6cSVK1dw5MgRpKam4u7du+jp6cHt27dx6dIlVFZW4uTJk+js7EROTg6GhoZQVFSEuLg4l9pTHCcNBa6srKC3t9ec06XCoYCWxomhBxpoNQwK5BSgUlEqw6NKzy6zQK/im2++wc2bN/HVV1+hqKjIbOUlHcxdZw6HAw8ePEBUVBQ+++wzBAcHm7G9e/curl+/jqdPnxoG0Y5/ax8OQ/mqtJTZOMywqILh77X/hzEJOzs7WFhYQG1trTkgWJkODblwHtUj1DAHPXMyQ0prc/5VGbBPnJPd3fd5CePj4/Dz88NHH32E48ePm3yyU6dOISAgAL/88guKiopMHszs7KwBxltbW5iYmICPjw8++ugjhIWF4eXLl+bw8OjoaNy8edMcd6LjynatrKyYki7KdukY6/yw/Qq4lAnSebZBmzIk8/PzqK6uNqyqDSKU0eJvVIaVcbHDLrZC1d9qW7RNZMa9vb3x3//938jIyMDq6iq+//57fPTRR3j69KmRiZmZGTQ2Nprd0mtra4iMjMRHH32EK1euYGlpyRw2HRwcjCNHjiA9Pd0lX+XvxlTXA/UrmW/KqwJSrVpOYHMYaNVx0AKoTIpX+Vaww7kgSLMBh830HAa6dJxfvnyJvLw8fPLJJ7h16xZWV1dx6dIlBAUFISMjA8ePHze25ODgAKmpqaiursb6+jr6+vpw+fJlnDx5Em5ubrh586app6SyQEfp9evX5sicpaUlnD59GrGxsQgLC8Mnn3wCLy8vPHjwAHfu3MGtW7dw8eJFc24s54lrwWZZta9q0FWf8BrbSVDAxbkvLi5Gd3e3i2zqGlJDfhjIUv2otndvbw+5ubn49NNPERcXZ2xUc3MzvvzySyQnJ2N7exuzs7O4fPkyAgMDERsbi88++wwxMTHw9PTE119/jdbWVvz888/w9fU1BAhDhdxxu7a2htnZWbOpobi4GL6+vqioqMDZs2fx+PFjzM3NYW5uDn5+frhw4YJJPUlOTsbJkyeRk5ODiIgInDhxAp2dnYiNjUV5eTnOnj2Lp0+fmt3FtC+H6RzFHTY7rM63jhXnua+vD7GxsS71Am0gTXugDp39PHVO6dRqSoBGXdbX198zXGRZaLjIXtlHJszOziIsLMwAAFuhKALk5zo4m5ubZmcP3+t29dXVVRQXF6O4uBiXLl2Cv78/MjIyMD09bRLIueuPLNT333+P+Ph4LCwsoLe3F99//z3q6uowMjKCmJgYVFZW4v/9v/+HjIwMuLu7w8PDA8vLy4iMjMSZM2fQ0NCAqqoqzMzMICMjA+fPn0dBQQE+/fRTVFRUmOT1wsJCVFRUmMNzlaVSRufFixdob283YSNViEpV873SpcpIKPOoIUaOqdL46qUq+FJ2Kzc3F5999hlyc3Px448/4vjx4xgZGcHm5ibi4uJw48YN9PT0YH19HWVlZfjpp5/Q1NSEzz//HG5ubsjLy8Onn36K2NhYBAYG4tNPPzWnDiigstkKO4xymJdoKzhVamq8VfA5DjaTwRc9aipp23vU9vxfXtL29rZJZlflqHKtc6uxfN6TpVA4nkeOHMHg4CCSkpKMt3f79m2cOnUKk5OTWFtbQ3R0NL7//ns4nU6z+NPS0vDxxx8jOjragLWbN28iISEB/v7+JuFUQaUaYHqkNkixARM/4z30ezXuOlc6FlwLGxsbWFxcRGlpqXE49Bm6dmz5YR8IAP5u/dDYabsIaFQWVekuLy/j4cOH+PDDD5GUlIT19XUEBgbi888/R2FhoQFH5eXlOHbsGPLy8gwI6+/vx2effQYPDw/s7e0hIiIC/v7+iI6Oxj//+U+EhIS4GHJbzthXVcq29852s9+2o0VgRSCg42WnCdA4NDU1oaamxmU9ELApmCP7RT1iM1xsg4bL+CIzy984HA58+OGHePjwIRYWFlBRUYHk5GR4eXnh+vXraGhowPb2+xp4ISEhSEtLw87OjgkHTk1NIT4+HlVVVcYwTk5OumykcTgc5v38/Dy2t7dRVlaG3NxcPHz4ED/99BPq6+sxOzuLmZkZREZGGnnU00C4bnUsD5Mzm9VQsGWDNV0v1AVVVVXo6uoy+kt13mHPsFlSXZt6b/b7ww8/xJMnT0wYd2pqCoGBgWhsbDQOcnd3N/Lz8xEUFITIyEjU19fD3d0dZ8+eRVNTEy5cuICbN29idXUVTqcTAQEB8Pf3R3BwsNlR6+fnh9raWuzt7WF4eBhPnjzBb7/9hoSEBOTk5JhwsMPhQHFxMVZWVrC9vY3GxkZ8+OGHyMrKQnx8PC5duoT29nZERkZiaGgIXl5euHr1KgYHB1FbW4vx8XGzPmzGUO2CgqvDgKrNlg8PDxsChXpBdSH1k9orZbpsW8C1oOvZZrYNw0U0zFwdDfswlLS6uorp6WkEBweb62xlZndQO03hrqmpQVFRkaHR6dExJDgxMYG5uTl4eHjAw8PDbPX09fXF8ePH8eOPP5otoevr6/Dw8MDVq1cxPT2N6upqfP7556ioqMDy8jLGxsaQl5eHI0eO4OrVqzh58iSuX7+Oubk5xMbG4uTJkzhz5gw6OjqwsbGBsLAwnD59GlevXoWPjw/m5uaQkpKCjz/+GF9++SVCQkIwNzdniqfRy+SioJfa0dFh0LAqUdtTOcwb0vtpKM4OM+hvbSNlC9329jYmJibg5eWFK1eu4OTJk/j4448NwOrq6kJdXR1mZmYMsK6srMTjx4/h7e2N4uJipKam4ujRo4iNjUVQUBA+/fRTFBcXu4SLmaDKfAqly7XPGgJR7+AwFkONpsqV7ZnafZ6fnzcL3V6gh83BYW09LKyl7bABmzJ6amgJPpqbm3H06FF89tlnGBgYQEREBP71r38hLi4Onp6eOHbsGEZGRrC1tYWhoSGUlpZiaWnJGPD8/HwcO3YMISEh6OnpwalTp3D58mUUFxfj1KlTaGxsxP6+a0Iww2w2mFVPzFb22j/tsyq4wzx4VVLs9+LiIsrKyoyh5/zZz+e91emg8da2HGZsbMCrjofdj52d9wnuPj4++N///V/ExMRgY2MDQUFBOHLkCHJycsymhPn5edTW1prNDqurqxgaGsInn3yC27dvY2trC7Ozs8jKykJISAji4uLQ1taGly9fYnx83IU5ZfhKQ+CqiG1miqCG4IrzqMdfEZAqu8RcWTUa6+vr6OjoQFVVlRlPVoE/jNHh/8raaDtVXvT16tUrE1Lc3d1FR0cH/ud//gdeXl6YmJhAb28vHj58iIiICGRmZiI/P98wGCwnwfWztLRkdDQdw93dXVRWVsLLywsBAQEICwtDUFAQYmJiEBUVZdZOV1cXfv31V/j7+yM2NhY5OTmYmprC/fv34ebmht7eXqysrBhmcn5+3qwZGk/KM1lZdcgOM+SUWy3yqYCYspefn4/u7m4j2wp89cUx17CzFtre3983ifEkSyorK/HRRx/B39/fhGdHRkZw5swZhIeHG12SnZ2Nb775Bt988w1u3bqFiIgIZGVl4cMPP0RZWRnOnj2L4uJiQ7qMjIyYshcDAwOmtMXExAT29/eRn5+P06dP4+jRo4aVnJycxPLyMkJCQuDm5mYiKJOTk7h06RIePXoEHx8fxMbGYnh4GNevX0d+fj7OnTuHu3fvoq2tDcePH0d4eLgJhdKeqmNLXavrR5lesqAkHriRbmxsDKGhoSbKRMeGmISyrtG/wwDfYTZLbYEN4j6gAiKtraiOoIvgaG5uDqGhoUYhsfMKJmyDxAYwvFZXV4eioiIXMEFmaHl5GfPz89jd3cWVK1dw8+ZNjI+PY2VlBX5+fggJCUFvby+ampowMTGB0tJSuLu749ixY+jp6YHT6cRPP/2EhoYGLC0toba2Fg0NDfiv//ovOJ1OXL9+HXfu3DEM17fffouGhgbk5uZibGwMISEhOHv2LEJDQ/Hhhx+ipqbGMGq3b9/GnTt3UFZWhgcPHqCzs9NQ+xyHlZUVkzvEmiH6/WHgVJlBBai2QVPDZgMu3kfZJlXoRPTXrl1DUlISfv75Z1y4cAEzMzPY3d3F06dP4eHhgb6+PqyurmJiYgLXrl3DrVu34Onpibt378LhcODrr79GYGAgfHx8jOLy9PTEo0ePzLPIYtC46DyrUVaAo4JqLyZ+Zud12cZBmQPmq+Xm5pqEZ32uLgKbIbHH2mYeFIzZBt8GwDo/Ozs7qKmpwalTp/DZZ5+ZWj4nTpxAQEAALly4AB8fH+OF5uTk4PLly2hrazNjER8fjyNHjsDd3R0zMzO4f/8+zp07h6amJpOL4eXlhXv37mFmZgbv3r1zUebKPNpstM022m23QYvNjKmjwO82NjawtLSEiooKY9BsEKFzqSCdDoztZNhAQMeaRtlmfmz9tLGxgZCQEHzyyScICwvD0tISbt26hY8++ggJCQlmc0xLSws+//xzZGRkGNli2OaXX37B1tYWSktL8c033+Cnn37Cd999Bx8fH3h5eeHEiRNobW11Mdw2AGabKJeMHHAM1dGwZZX3UINug2W9vru7G1VVVeZemgO1u/s+ZPn27du/nBdoOz+6DhQg7OzsmPyvra335QpCQ0Nx9OhR/PDDDxgdHYWvry9OnDiBTz75BMeOHUNCQoKJctDQMsG6q6sLR48exeXLlzEzM2PGiUDkjz/+MEn7muKxsbFh2OL/+q//wieffILc3FxMTk7ixIkTcHd3x9DQEObn53Hp0iVcunQJU1NT2N/fN5X3NXxolyk5TOeovrUdN9vJKykpQU9Pj0lRUL1ny7c6OIflw25vvz+27NWrV2hvb8eNGzdw+fJlXLx4ESUlJVhfX8f4+Di8vb0RFxeHtbU1vH792tR0u3v3Lu7fv4+BgQEsLCwgMjISHh4eyMnJMaQKHQZGWbRcBdOOnj17hoaGBmRnZyMqKgrDw8OmdE57e7thkWkbJicnkZycbKJXi4uLqKqqMrUQWZj3/v37KCkpMeufwIfyquOl4OswJ2tn589d+HQEg4KCTK43P7fXoM6rzrWt/2ybYTv5/N0He3t7f9kRpwaTYOnly5dYXl42cXdV1IcpNV2wVPC7u7uoqKhwoeg1vsln1tfX4+zZs7h06RL6+vowMjKCR48e4c6dO3A6nXj8+DEcDofJe/niiy8QEhKC2dlZPHnyBPHx8cjPz0deXh6SkpLwzTff4MmTJ7h48SJ+++03jI+Pw9/fHz/99BPS09Ph6emJkpISfP/99/jxxx/h5+eHY8eO4cGDBwgODkZJSYkpsPngwQMcP34c+fn5BqRSca2vvz/XqbW11aWCvBoMG4ioUeN7vfbvxtf+/LB8Ip2L5eVlPHnyBI8fP0Z4eDhGR0dN/llKSgoCAwMxOjqKtbU1DAwMIDo6Gj4+Prh27RoiIyMxPT0Np9OJ4OBgBAcHo6WlBcPDw/Dz88Ovv/6Kubk5F9aKLIr2zzbWNlOkRkMNEReVzXppfokqN+bfZGRkGHZIc5t0bJlcbBtne6HZ4/5/gT9VmPx+aWkJ8fHxuH//Ph48eICamhpsbGzA6XQiMTERaWlpBqBznQQFBZmK22RlWYyTxQpZVLSkpAQrKyuIiopCenq62RRxcPB+C72G5mwQZb+oHGzGiHOrY2U7AoexSVVVVX8BXP+XPCtY1c8PA1z6UrZAmQfNQdrf38f4+Dji4uJMkdFnz54ZNiQuLg6Li4s4ODjA4OAgQkJC0NjYiL29PSwvLyM7OxvBwcF48uQJlpaWTG3B0NBQBAUFob29HaWlpWbuKD/0su0+6TrRdU8mQ2WJjBYT2nVMOFcEYAzxcay5QYhjriy0sjH6PNuIaJvtPC7u0uSamZqaQkZGBqqrq83OPFbO7+/vh8PhMID6xYsXGB0dxcjIiHkeQ9GMVqg9IWilDaG80GCyzt2zZ88wNjZmGPi+vj50d3cbnc2q88pG0JjzxXprh7GAOi7UV/Zc8nMCuYqKCnR1dWFjY+Mv68B26nS8bUeccsS/L1++xPz8vMlR5Frl/BJI8P3W1vsK6yzjsL7+/rgl2nYlVTTPlb9Vkkbvrfnf7DvrnREw6TPYBsoi8QDvsb297VKPS8eWNleZYhuQ7uz8ublPmaf19XXjbPGevEZtsx1dYhs1HeKwlwJBBcofsHNsvIZElNZkeDE6Otpll5KtPFRhc9LVyLJIqXZcE+jp3ZSXl6OlpcXE3lmZl0c/zMzMmMrFrO5OCpW/XVhYwOTkJPr6+tDb24u+vj4MDg5iYWHBpXpvV1cXJiYmUFVVhZ6eHgwODqKjowPPnz83uxfr6+sxMjKCoaEhNDQ0mCKTFFRl6ph3Q++AIJZjZbNXNhBTxsEGWwpWDkvU/LvFy3nkYaEc+729PcNiUrh4DMvExISZHy4YFuZkHTWGfHUjhfbHlg/2XwGXDWRsg3mYAbV/a7M4q6urKCgoMLKt+RZ2nsbfKb7DFB3n+TBWSI26AgKOBUuhsByKltsgONLQ0+rqqrkfFdTGxp+lUXTNkG6n58k+0ED/3dmCtvwo42oDYJ2zvwM7Cr52d9+HuMrLy41caEhMx1WBlj326qDYbeD822BBr9UcJSpB7oIiMGWenjqZBIyc74ODAxdDQwNFo6DlZ7jrkIaWcqyMNPWssr/6Peeec0zHwXY0VE+oQeB9Dw4OMDw8jPb2dnMNHQ09u1LX22Fsp71OyTDpzlrqPNvAqu7jjmjKG0vUEOzoWGxsbJjCtCoXe3t7pp+8j60r+Dw6Hbp2+b/KkRaVpbzQUTlsI4Gti1T+OV7qSO/v76OmpgZdXV0u+p9j/3d6x3bq2D6CE8oIx5C6nc9UdowyzlCktpHPJuiwAYitB3d2dky9RN0sxzazHXR6tV3UfUwl4vfEFjaYY9tUF2g+lTL2uoFPwRfl4uXLl1hYWEBERISpPcbj9BRkKQhT22pfo3NvX6t92t7exge6jZvCSNRIY8wXPWgaZwULOlmKNikgFJrKykpkZ2ebgdIO7e7uGuPPgaZhZ7E0GiL+VSNDlM36L3t7eyZEQ+HgZBEwraysGAXM+6lx04nkNbyOQMQ2ktwerovKZgBs71sVm+3t2oLOCT0MnKiB4n20LTs7O6ZWjnofOvdcDO/evcOLFy+MkeJ36+vrpiAni94xSXNnZ8cU4lNPWJWLzQypd22H+DRvxQY4Nuuh2+DX1tZQXFxsWCP1ONSj1+KDulgUxNnAVhWoghg1+Dbw2traMmFzDTuoQtP2sYI01wS/p2Hj+mTZCK5VKti9vT0TDlGQqcD3sJfNPGkfbTBlG0B1rmh0yQKRpdCq5vbat+WEBlPzKBRw6bhr+E1lxwbiuq54YDCLbe7v7xvd8/btW9MeApKDgwP8+9//dtFnmqdFYGzLqTJU/xfg4nvKMcEH5YP3U8bEPjyXcmHrHB5PxjW+vb3twpKpnlFnTdeZyjTXm77evXv3F2DJ+d3f3zfjvbm56ZKkr7pJZemPP/7A3t6eqaJur1eOF9tEcKk649///rcZY4I7vZbPVWdHnQdbt9qgiLKscsm1qoCUbWeumrZJ78H/NcXH1puqx1WG+ezd3V38+9//Nrqa/aRs65jShtE5YkiY9dEUPCjYIaDRvvM7rSFIncVn8HNey5DwysqKscmsi7mwsGAK62ob6GBqbhXXkB010/z0ra0tU9ZifX3dAC72QQvCchwPIzBsIKxgS59PgOkCuNQ7Vq9ZaT3+z5AiUbK9QHXR2kafk1NfX4+ioqK/AAh9NoVD0Sm9dgVQPFaAcWU9hJqDv7e35zLY9ADU2yF44md8rnpR2k5+zj4TkPGol+rqagMWba/Vvpe+FBXzpYDX3hF4mBDyXkqvEkDSIChSV4FQMKfCp4DcpqXZFi442xOwx0gNsm1AVbErsFFlbytm3o9MBtm8xcVFVFRUmGRN9Xj/DjTYgFaVrRp429NRBa1jol4jx0bnVOXv4ODAyOf+/r45+ka9bR1T/t3csav7/AAAIABJREFU3DS5JzYo0bFRMK3hAduY6liwfQp+7PmlglF5VX0xPz+PkpISs1OT97DllQ6EgkLVScq82wZKgbCyHIfpJtVZlBW9jg6DlnbgETFkS2hQCRx2d//M9VGZpz7h2CrY0TWgzg7HW/WnglL2neBa+8k+7e/vm1MaaGxra2vR0tLiAq4V4B4mw+oQqYOiRwMpc0oZ5ZyoA8E1SAOswJBGnu8VhG1vbxswwbnTHD3buaGjuLe3Z5gxriMFgwQqNthSG6Djr/KhDvHf2T7b8eV88yxImw3SDSRbW38et0fbpjvWea3+z3GxZUf1Dx1kAi9u/CJZQVkk2KEzzvqSLGK7tLTkcqYhD1qnPeamMh5QPz09bc5H5IHui4uLJnrFszjn5+fNUWajo6PmWDRGo8bHxzEwMID+/n5zRBqPeuvr60NfXx+cTqc5u5hndPI85P7+fnMOZ1NTE3x8fDA7O+sCftX+chzVRqkT8XeYx86103X+gT3YdnhPB31lZQUpKSlm4tR48/e2gtTyCevr6yaRncCIwqSJeExqU8WspSv4/87Ojjlzjp9RSNkGChgXkgIL1hThc9QgEWCwT1QeBH1qUPl7Fkqtq6tzCTGoMqOSPmzSbONOpUd2ZHt72xT/o2FQFkWNJulxrRbOhFgqS1XUalDUCCiTyXvZHp6G0nhOnu4M0b5Q6elv+KJXSiOmdD2Vu1LqOmZ6fh+ZiubmZuMcaKhJDaJ6MmqEyGiq96+eDGVSTymg8qJsUbGQ2VpYWDDKaWFhwUX50LlRGaY3xusp51qIljLLw11Z/4YKk+1TEETHhM+zFbp6hrwHE+DpSFDZk/lmm7hex8fHzY5jlknh77kTlgqav7dDUWyfjitlSo/o0Vp46kAwrEcjwQLO7P/S0pLLuHEXl47TxsaGGXuOibaL+lEPsqUu0qPAOE6c24WFBVPHaHFx0dQ5mpmZMYZnZmYGU1NTmJubM8aJeVC8ht9xzlkk2sfHB01NTZicnMTMzAwKCwtRV1eH4eFhzM7OYmBgwBw8PDg4aM4Mff78Ofr7+83hxjxvlGd50vDxoGE99JiHKQ8ODpqDnnkGakNDAxwOhzGIPDS6paUFDofDfN/U1ITGxkbU1dWZw+Hr6upQUVGBxsZGNDY2GhtSXl6OqqoqVFRUmAPYq6urzcHbPEuXr+rqatTW1poDunmAt9PpRF1dHUpLS805s9nZ2cjJyUF+fj7y8/PN4e8ZGRnIzs5GYWEhysvLUVpaivLyclRWViIzMxNZWVnmsPrs7GxUV1ejqqoKBQUFqKysNPl/ycnJSExMRGZmpjnYXQ8fj42NRWRkJKKjo01tyejoaHNAfExMDOLi4hAaGor09HTk5+cjNzcX+fn55gzjwsJC5OfnIzs725TKyM/PR0FBAQoKClBcXGzOJy4rKzNt5MH3WVlZ5qzcvLw8pKamIjs7G5mZmaavKSkpyMvLQ05OjjmHt6KiwhxQXlNTY8awqKjIzFNhYSGqqqpQXl5u2s75dDgcKC0tRUNDg+kHU5EKCgrM2cg8w7egoABFRUWmr7m5uSgqKkJZWZnJsczIyEB9fT0qKipQX1+P8vJyhISEmGOEGFKkfbGZS83HUnBL+6zpWNSB1Llqxz9QkKEAgwhddyUwh4uLkSen9/T0mBPau7u7zfuBgQFz8jivzcvLM4mQCpaIeBXpElEPDw8bhaiGigqNiJeHFtvKaXZ2FpOTk+bE86GhIXMC+tDQkDn9fHh42KBpnhTPbbCs1NzS0oLW1lZ0dHSgtbUVzc3NqK6uRl1dHRwOB2pra00Rv/z8fFRVVaG0tNQIri7ogoICI7w8fPvp06dIS0tDSkoKSkpKEBcXh4iICJSWlpqFmJqaipiYGERHRyMtLc28mAjs5+eHwMBA+Pv7IywsDAEBAXj06BG8vb0RFBSER48emcO3/fz8cP/+fXh4eCAgIADe3t7w8fGBu7s7PD094e/vDy8vLwQFBZnfenp64vHjx/jtt99w8+ZNeHp64uHDh/Dz8zO1WoKDgxETE2Oe7eHhAV9fX4SFhSE+Ph7R0dHm8O34+HikpqYiKysLsbGxSExMRGxsLNLS0pCVlYXs7GykpKQgJiYGjx8/xqNHj8yB4rdu3UJoaCj8/f3h7++Px48fm52TN2/ehLe3NwIDA+Hl5YU7d+7g7t27uHXrFm7cuGF2nt64cQN37tzBnTt38Ouvv+LGjRv49ddfcfv2bXh7e+P+/fvw8vKCt7e3OcCcu4F++OEHnD17FhcvXsStW7fg4eEBT09P3L59G9euXcPVq1dx5coVXL58GTdv3sRvv/0GDw8P82yOJQ8+DwoKQnBwMMLDwxEUFARfX188evQI/v7+5j3r4gQEBJh5CQwMhK+vLx4/fgwfHx9z6Dm3z8fExBilzcPNQ0JCzPZsXsvn+Pv7Izw8HAEBAXj8+DFCQkLw4MED/PLLL3B3d8dPP/2E8+fP48cff8TZs2dx8uRJfPvttzh37pwpXPztt9/ixo0bOHbsGM6cOYOvvvoKp0+fxrlz53Du3DmcPn0aZ86cwdmzZ3HmzBmcPn0a58+fx40bN/Dbb7/h6tWrcHd3x7Vr18yc3Lp1C5cvXzbjyTn19PR0GVfuwLp16xbc3Nzg5uaGa9euuczv1atXcfXqVdy4cQPXrl0zFdApHzdv3sTt27fN57dv34anpyfu3buHe/fuwcfHB97e3nj06BEePnwIHx8fI5/e3t6m4Cblh/Ps7+8Pb29v+Pn54eHDh2bOuCY9PT1NH3hwvb+/v5nfx48f4+HDhwgNDUVycrJZGxEREQgLC0NwcDAuXrxo5i03NxexsbHIyMhAamoqUlNTkZiYiIiICHh7eyMyMhK+vr7w8vJCQkICwsLCzOYOymJSUhKys7MRERFh3qekpCAlJQVpaWkGhNAI0rDSiPKz+vp6A5yam5sNgCK4qqmpQUNDA+rq6lBfX29qbDkcDpOL29XVhd7eXrS1taG1tRXt7e3ms6GhIYyMjBi7RIBI3d/d3Y3a2lr09vZiYWHBOEEKcHmAPW3O4uKisRc8iF4dKeYwETwvLCxgdnbWHILO1JWtrS3U1tbC4XC4AGUF5dPT0yb3mI4A20KATkdienraGHk6lnQ2dKcdyQQ6qZr7pmHe/f19l81rDDkqY8bIkqaNsAC6Hm9FJ5SpDW/evMHm5qY5uYWO8sbGn4e6v3jxwuTaEbjQUaHTTRKAOWgM/+kmPP6O7zk/dBJfvnyJvr4+JCYmuhQ+VYaYTjUZVxIY7DMdfGWuNTrI/+mQcZ4+oDer2zxt5oqs0urqKiIiIlBUVGQqLNvKQBVEcHAwIiIiEBkZiaioKMTFxeH27dvw8fFBQkICEhISEBMTg6SkJGN8o6OjERQUhMTERCQmJiIpKQlJSUmIiIgwhiE4OBixsbFISkpCeHi4qSocERFhdtHR8D958gShoaHw9fU1SvD+/fvmPjQsBDbR0dGIj49HRESEKQzH+7LeS3p6ugE84eHhCA4ORlRUlFFmYWFhKCwsRGNjo1Ea1dXVKC0tRV1dHWpqatDY2IiioiLU19ejtrbWeEJNTU1oaGgw1zQ1NRlAV1NTg5aWFuMV8lVfX2+OeHE4HGhubkZbW5spDtjU1ITW1lZ0d3ejq6sLra2tGB4eRlNTEwoKCozHkZGRgeLiYvMZn0kw2dPTg5aWFlRWVqKmpgbNzc3G+6yrq0NLSws6OjoMpUuPtb293WxsoIdJZctnVFVVoaamBqWlpUYh0ztuaWkx4Jftp4dLqnh0dBQDAwPo7Ow0Hnd5eTlmZmbw4sULA8SV2VhaWjJM1NzcnGEayB4x30pDawy3kqkgc6MHUTPcwwWqTJIyr8x3IIvHsAM9KGVZyUwyP0tDG8py2knDdvI+FYuGN6nANIdO80KomJWV5TguLi5icXERS0tLZlyY10eF19raitnZWZcEWxoVzomyZWwT0wRoYMgaLSwsuLB8VKJkzMg8UbfROFLJs9/KQGsKhTJYGlqgDGiOoaYCaA4bPWUaju3t7b/NW3rz5o1hhjWJXY0Vd5pyR6CG+vh85vNRXsgAHhwcYGJiAqOjoy7hvt3d92cf8j3vq/mIfC7bwSN43r17Z8pIaL+YV/T69Wv88ccfZpffYec76jiqrP5fGyso/2Sm2UebkbAjC1wnGrqlvNqMN+fcDhceFkLS+bfD5JQHDS81NTWZHF/7zFzmMHHNk2VdWFhwYdApz5Rhkib8f2FhwYUp5lE8BBwKlMjiMvzH8aGe0xAl9ZZGrHhyBcdye3vbtFlrbfIkGOZ1sn020842Kxidnp7Gy5cvDQjd29szY8JUBU22p16gjt3a2sL8/DzGx8cxNjaGjY0NDA8PIzY21uzS5LxqehDHWFOAOMeaEmPrVY0KqV7Z2pJdipqIpnFhBV5TU1MIDQ01IQ6G/sg8zc/PG0XIsggMGfD/6upq1NfXu+Sy6HmCi4uL2NjYwMzMjAtq5e6u3d0/E+v1OBoKiOZnad4MBYoCwOfqTjGNifM9x0NzxTSMoYnzDHE6nU4X1Mske4bTbKOrhpOLVPMTNjffFxNVFG0rAj5DvYvFxUUXepRK7P/T9d4/baZL+/j+dWdPeXX07ibbzm42yUlbZVOUIkgEAkzvJhTTe0dUCwOiWDbFDWNwwQ2wwNgGF9mmKNkk2nN9f+A7cwZ/8v4QBbD9+Hnue+4p11wzk0gkOIUoDa405KSUJD/m/Pyc/y4FmgQ2k3sleVNkBCSPi56FZI24HqQwM1OtkqdEzyQ/S3+jNPnCwgLPLJTODF1LElNpP6XM07rQvcrvy+QHSc6RhJzpb6TcJI+CjId0uEhupXNAay8JwbJiST77l7humWlracToHEqEm34mI0ScL2lI6PvorGWmIul8hUIhzM3NsWImZS5lRO6N5DZJ/olUelJupMGjdaJ1l0b0S8ZUyoKUkUwOxv+17/Sdcp1lOl6ukXyWTEf8SxwzugfJHaF1kXw2yVuk80bRv+SgGAwGrK+vs4OWKUN0D5lcvUxnnRyr/4tMnzmcXKbkvySP0tH/kpzS89J9EAlc8ucy+TXymb7090xZIXml56Y9ldfNpE9I/pa8d3l+5Tmka1Falfh1drv9ml4ilGlkZARmsxmHh4e4vLzE6ekpXC4X2tvbMTIygtnZWa46lefZbDZzL6uVlRU4HI5rdl3ad+lEGQwGKJVKHB0dYX19HXa7nZ+RzmymTaC1I1mjZ3e73Whubsbo6CjL6uLiIqcyqTkwrZN0viioUqlUmJiYwNzcHPr7+xGPx6FSqXj+Jsk2IXv0eybX+eTkBFarFXl5eSgtLYVKpUIgEODG0xR0ST0g7ZO0B1I/ScdV/qPPSAqRlKuvJARHDy0VDglnNHo1vFWhUFxzXGSuUnbDJQMjOSfRaJRz5ZFIhFN/1PafIlxy6CKRCKMOdOPhcJg96L29PW7U6ff7rykHqYQlaY3ujYROeuyZ0Ww6nb723QS3SsMkUQLy+A0GAz87oSd0wKWijkaj3HSPjF4qlcLR0RHnsS0WC6xW6/+DfqRSKezt7WFsbAxbW1vMTzk8PIRSqcTa2hpOTk6uVajQs1E/GlJkkrA9NzeH0tJS1NfXo7u7G+3t7eyU0nsyjZd0BqRyk1EovY8MduZsMnpd8sgkaVcKPX1O8o/Oz6+KIxwOByKRCI6Pj7G0tMRRolT0mYcp02GTClDuWSZvTRrTTKMlScaEEEuDmEn0lZw1aXjk+yWSIrlskndGTj3B4LKiSxodaTil/Mvn/lIFpqwWI+MqHVWC2z98+MDnZHFxkbl89Lr8PnlNWlPphEqFRteWaygNpNw/MgLSYEpeYWabDCkfmYo0s3BAOvxy72mdpT6RjpvkNMqg60sOsbxneZ9079LY0loT0kVrEo/H8eHDB+j1eiwtLeHi4oJlkWRAyjWlbr605oRuyQHXXxoULvWBDDKlrpDIq5Rnuja9RyIulBKj9ctEuOSZo0BVyjE9D6GEFADItZLnW54huR5SXjKdd7IHsgejDArX19dhNBoRj191PX/79i2cTiffVzJ51WW/rKwMOp2On5cck8nJSYyOjmJ/fx+///47T0Gg9+3t7eHp06fY29vD+vo6KisrkU6n4Xa7sbCwwCDJ3NwcT00JBoOw2WzIzs6G0+nE4OAgjwKijvLUrPXg4AD9/f08Xm90dBTb29tYX19nxMlgMKChoQHV1dVsL/Py8mA2m7G+vg6lUgmTyQSdToe+vj54vV4cHR0xncbv96O9vR2NjY3Y2trCu3fvkE6nkZubC5fLhfX1dQwMDKClpYX7qmUGq2RfE4kE1Go1xsbGOFsUj8exs7ODmpoadkKls0YBZOYAbQkQSfBFyr7ca7KZEhX7SjoN0tmSkBkhTAcHB3j58iX29vb4y2WEKiFBUv60CfTa3Nwc5ubm4PV6eXTMzMwMNjY24PV6MTQ0hO+//54bb05MTCAajWJ1dRVdXV04Pz+H3+9HbW0tbt++jbW1NZ5lJoVcPpOELSWkSZtC6JVceLp/qfhpLQjxIidOcuCCwSCWl5exv7+PaDSKmZkZKJVKVgB0aEOhELq7u9Hd3c2kZIrgTk5OUFVVhUePHsFgMODt27dwOBx8qD5//oyLiwsEg0E8fvwY3d3d2NragkqlQjqdRlNTE9RqNR8ocrLcbjdOTk7Q3NyMwcFBJBL/JRZTVHBycoKKigqoVCo4HA60tLRgd3cXDoeDnUmZDpPKPhMVoPy4NDbyf1LmsptzNBq9lnLJjBjk7+TAkdNAqW6VSoVoNAqtVnvNwEgUjq4hS/alcyOvn4mMkVGSTR/JcGUqazJIZJgzjao0CnQdGZ3Ta7I/UabhlQZGokHSiZDROT2LrH6U15SpHumEyDRWZkqL9kYaXEodTk5OXuNDZDpw0lmXn6drS0SNXpcOs/xZBgHSASSnl/QWGWhp7KWjResh02BSBjNRJrlWtCcSHZEKWToOpIMkd1Y6i/T3TCSHdHNmRWbmupJj4XA4YDKZ8Oeff16TB0obyl5hUhaSyeQ150kiWySzdBbI4SGki9aArpOpIyj4pe+QXBkpn+fn5/wctP4kX7SeMoCRaXUZYEnZIf1F75OFR5lO1ZeQYZI56fzLPSV5z0TCaP5jMnk1gujp06cYHx/nZ6KA+969exgbG4NCocDCwgLS6avMxcTEBPLy8qBWq/Hy5UsGO0iHHh8f48mTJzCZTOjs7MTw8DAuLy+Z6tPU1IShoSEUFRXh/v37SKVSaGxsxNjYGP72t7/B6XRys1iNRoP6+no8ePAApaWlCIfDUCqVGBoaQmlpKYxGI3744Qem9Ph8Pmg0GtTU1ODly5eorq5mW6FSqfDNN9+gsLAQVqsVMzMzqKurg8ViQWFhISYmJlBaWspE/KamJkxNTWFtbQ29vb08X3N7exuPHz+G3+/Hq1evsLW1dc3Jksg32WaiIZSUlPD4OofDgcrKymv2nnwHkjGSr0zUVwZDmSimDF7IJ5Bg1FfyBqXhlREoVfoEg0G8ffsWgUDgmgGih5XeokzTyHyyXq/nYaSDg4OorKzE+fk5ysvLMTo6CofDgZ9++glbW1sYHx+HTqdj5+T27ducG15bW8OjR49QWVmJhYUF+P3+a/lWelA65BJBopSnbH5IaR9SgNQ3RKJeZ2dnnL6k6xE6RZye/f19aDQaViZmsxnPnj1jgiMp/6OjI5SWlmJqagpDQ0PQaDQsnBcXVw3yHj9+DI1Gg5ycHObIEJRO+5KVlYWqqir09/ejoaEB0WgUIyMjaGtr4wawBoMBfX196O7uxuzsLB4+fIiioiI4HA6+DgnVxcUFGhsbme8WjUbhdDpRUlLC5PbDw0NGvUjQqL8LIVSk6KSTKgWajAYZRFI4EgGRETwdJqnESEnSe58/f47u7m5MT08jFApBp9Nx9YmUVelASVmXhkAiWjJ6opSnlHt5IKXhIcMqIXjZxE9+j0QypFGRn5XXIqcv87XMNAitqXQopCGV75eOITlztIcS4ZHfk0r9t3KW9lmu99HREQdNdF5kxQ9F9XTuSP5l2iATsZJOO32WnonWjhxQiZgSupRI/DelnqnDJGIiFahMOdLrlBaSClYibXRPEgWVzpF0JOX+0JmkM5VZhSzlIDMFTfcrncn3798zr5LuScqOlFPpbFFQSc6JNDLyvmQwQe+TcpfpLMv7pL0gB0vKH31W7jXtAe2pRAszgwOJ8Ep9JI2ndOJIvsj5lMGcRJFktoLkmdAO+kcBtDzD79+/h9lshl6vRzQaRVlZGUpLS6FQKNj2JJNJtLS0YGxsDHV1dZifn2fkLZm8GiVVUlICk8mEgoICpq/Qd56cnPBor4GBAaytrWF3dxcPHjzA0NAQenp6MDs7i/Lycrx9+xYejwc1NTUIh8N48uQJDg4OuDfVwMAAxsfHUVVVBYvFgmg0irq6OlRXV6OgoAAmkwmNjY1YWlrC8PAw7HY7Ojs7MTs7i56eHhQWFvJadXV1YWxsDCqVCs+fP4fFYkFdXR0SiQRyc3PR1NSE6upqrjKsq6vD3NwcDAYD2tvb2T5brVY8fPgQS0tL6O3tRSgUwvLyMjs0er2ebb/NZsPh4SG3pnj48CFToba2tlBeXn4N4cx02L6EUGcGUJn/5BmXvgOBPl/JqEOiXDK6IqcpGo2iuLiYUzRS4UnkR1YDyGvF41cE2vn5eSQSCTQ2NkKpVCIUCqGzsxM1NTWwWq34+eefUVVVhampKe7lU1tbi//5n/+ByWRCNBrljvBPnz6FQqGAy+Vip4QUkUS35CEj1IeUPBlH2lSK9IhQKZ02OoixWIwjAclZIRTo5OQEfr8f7969w82bN9Hc3HxtPWlMTk5ODiwWCwKBAEPv8fjVzLbs7GyYzWYoFAosLS2xkpIVJ2/fvkVdXR1GR0fR29uL4+NjDAwMQK1Wo7u7Gz09PaitrUVfXx+GhoZgNBpRUVHB6bZQKMQNC+kZe3p6uDiAiNE0p5JGzZCDSdysQCDABMZ0+r/EclpL6WBJB02+n8jmnz594mvJyhSKTjMdjUQigcPDQ9y+fRvLy8vIyspCMBjE+vo6E1Ep8o1EImxUCKElfhwp23A4jMvLS05xk8E8OzvjxqOECpBSp2Gx5IDQ81ErDkJB6d5JPiWiRA4B/UxRvDR4ZGhoHekzpNAlOkWkd/qZDNiff/7JTpKcqUfXJTkg5IAMIa2ZRHaSySQ+ffrEZ4mcZ1I4NA6HBtCSjEtnhPYkEymKxWL49OnTtdQrOZrkUND9vH//ng2wlDtplMkZJINM659Op/H582d+L8kBrSehkIlE4lpvJ1qrzIIGei/tz9HR0TUFTc4EIcwkEzKFlon8EZJCjiOtBa05/R4KhVgW6L1nZ2fY2dnB1tYWLi8vuVCEntHr9fJ6bW5uMvmZZuylUldUjp2dHV6z4+NjeL1evr7T6eSfqe3FxcUFdnd34Xa7mSridrsZkQmFQtjb2+OKN5vNxmthNps51UZzR5PJq5FBRJfw+/1YWVlBPB5HOBzG0NAQ3G43Pn78CK/Xi87OToRCIc6seDwenJ2dcVNkOq/UioL2taurC0dHR7i8vMT8/DxWV1c52O7u7mZd1dPTA6/Xy/yqjo4Oto2NjY1wu91IJBKwWCyYnJxEMpnkqsulpSU8f/4cGxsbuHXrFoxGI9No7t69C41Gg7y8PLx7947TYKFQCOXl5SguLsbs7Cxu3LgBrVaL/v5+rmKcmZnBP/7xD27VUFBQAJ/Ph+zsbAwODsJqtSI7OxvPnz/H119/jaGhITQ2NkKtVuN///d/MTExwc5fbW0tcnNzUVxcjEAggFgsxtXpv/zyC8rLy/Hy5UvU1dVxhfjKygoqKiqQn5+PGzduwGKxIJ1OQ6FQoKmpCfPz83j9+jUsFgtXwRYWFmJubg5Pnz7lIrTffvsN+fn5qKqqYkQrFotBq9Xin//8J54+fYrq6mocHh7i7t27MJlMcDgc+Prrr7G1tYVwOIwXL17w3OZQKIS7d++yT2Kz2VBZWcm/fym7J/0WmTmQZzgzyCUbLR01+lwqlbpKKdIFpZP1pb9Ho1GUl5fj+PiYX6MLkZImLpEksEui3vLyMjY3N3F8fMx9RUKhEF69egWtVguj0Yhnz57B6/VylZtarUZ+fj5evnyJ/Px8nJ6ecoWeyWTC77//jq2tLUSjUXi9Xu5r5HA4WCFRlU4qlYJOp4PNZkMikYDT6YTJZGKDsL+/zwOzI5EItre32Zg4nU6eLH98fIzNzU388ccfiEQi2NraYgdmYWEB5+dXBEmNRoOenh7cunWLK+HS6TSam5sxMDCAZ8+eobS0FE6nk5uTRiIRNDU14eHDh3A6nXj79i3GxsbQ3t4Oi8WCUCiE9+/fY39/H8+fP0dFRQWmpqbw22+/YX5+HrW1tRgYGEBzczNKS0sxMzOD0dFRHB0dwel0oqioCFVVVSguLsbr16/h8/nYaHk8HigUChQXF8PtduPly5dYXFxERUUFZmdnkZubi5WVFfz444/Y3d3l91H6NxaLQaFQwGAw4PLyEhsbGzyzKhgMIj8/nx1SqkJNJq9IlS9fvsT29jYSiQQqKiowNDTEiB1xB1OpFAwGA0dhU1NT7IRXVlZifX0deXl5iEajPIw7GAxy6vbi4gITExMwGAx4//49DAYDD2tNJpPo7+/nlPPo6ChWV1dxeHgIp9OJtrY27O/vY29vDyqVCgaDAclkEhaLBSsrK7i4uIDf74dSqeTrtbW1YWhoCKlUCi6XC/n5+ZzGra6uhkajwfn5Oebn55Gbm4tkMgmv18uO+NnZ1XDxsrIypNNXJdlPnz7lKkBa6w8fPsBut6OoqIidvWfPnmFrawsfP36EyWRCeXk5o7eFhYXwer349OkTOjo6eNyW2WxGSUkJDg8P8f79e6hUKqyuruLi4gLuypPEAAAgAElEQVRmsxlDQ0OMENfV1cHpdOL09JSfMxwOw+FwoKKiAm63G0dHR1haWkIqlcLq6irevXvHyFBrayv0ej1SqRRmZmbQ2dmJROKqqooM1sHBAerq6rC4uIh0Oo3BwUG0trYiFAphcnISOTk5OD09hcFgwJs3b7C3t4eLiwtotVrk5+czh6+4uBjT09P48OEDNz0kB6a6uhpOpxPp9NWA8draWtYlDx8+ZHRaqVRicXERqVQKNpsNL168QDJ51RlboVDwoHGDwYCioiKmGPz973+HyWTChw8f0NLSgoKCApyensLj8eDRo0dwu924vLyEUqnE4OAgPn36BLvdjidPnnBEXlVVBY/Hg/Pzczx+/Bijo6OIxWLIycmBSqVCOBzGxcUFiouLMTMzw/qvtLQUp6ensFgs2NjYQCqVgkKhwPPnzzk4/Omnn7C9vQ2Xy4V//OMfWFtbw/HxMf7+97/zAPjLy0v89NNPWFxcxNHREfr6+qBUKhEMBrG/v483b97wLFalUonp6WmcnJygs7MTSqUSqVQKs7OzyM/P56xCb28vysvLkUwmsbe3h5cvX8Lr9SIajXLrmKOjI9TU1CArKwvxeBzz8/P44YcfEAwG4XA48Pvvv+Pg4AAulwsvXrxgfpTVasWdO3fg8XiQTCYxNTXFiEskEsHz58+xubmJdDqN+vp6tLW1IZm84ig9fvyYbcfAwACmp6fZDtbX1yMcDuOPP/5AWVkZOxQOhwM1NTWMqLe2trLD6PP5oNVqWU6Xl5fR1dWFuro6GAwGbu8Sj8cRCAQwNzeHtrY29PX1oaCggJ2/tbU1tLS0oK2tDe3t7XC5XPD5fGhsbOQWEgsLC1CpVJienobNZsPMzAw7rT09PTg6OsLm5iZmZ2extLSESCQCi8WCubk5zigFAgF2kurr61FaWoqOjg5u06RWq7G+vg6LxYL+/n6Mj49Do9FgZWUFLpeLq9bHxsaYtO9wOLC5uYmBgQG4XC4sLCyguLgYi4uL0Ol0ODw85PYfp6enCAQCsNvt8Hg8MBqNeP/+Pc/XpFnA1dXV0Ov1ePz4MU86GR8fx+HhISKRCNbW1uDz+TilSLaXUoo1NTXX0n4EdsgsmczYSZ9HopfS4ZIgVObvqVTqv324ZMpN8gTklx0fH6OmpoYdKkmWzeQdSN6UJJhNTExge3sber0eRUVFqK2txeDgIBYXF7G3t4f29na8ePECAwMDUCqVGB4eRn5+Pnp6elBRUYHXr1/D4/Ggvb0dvb298Pv9UKvVODg4gF6vR2dnJ5PHGxsb4fF4cHp6ioqKCiwuLiIcDqOtrY27wbe1taGlpYVThYODg1Cr1Ugmk9je3kZFRQVXWra0tMBisTARmIzH7u4uVz/s7+9jdXWVBXN8fBzDw8MoLCzE9PQ0Dg8PkUqlsLGxwX2mSkpKMDc3h1QqxX3FqK2FSqVCV1cXDg8PUVhYiMnJSYawDQYDuru70dHRAYPBgPLycrhcLvT29qK7uxuDg4MYGRmBx+PhZnGUC29oaMDq6ira29vh8/nYaV5fX0dfXx/GxsYwNzeHmZkZOBwOdobn5+exs7ODyclJ7O/vQ6lUYn9/H3Nzc9je3uZebRaLhRVMZ2cnV7I2NzfD4XDg4uICs7OzGB4eRjgchsFgQElJCWw2Gy4uLlBRUYG+vj7E43EeBkyVsM3NzUwWpd4+5BCo1Wo+5CaTiR290dFRLo8mxXJ5eQmdToeenh5uWqtUKq85ETMzMzg6OoLNZkNVVRX3f2tra+PI12g0Ynx8HOl0Gn6/H319fRxkUN+2VCqFQCCAqakpPj+Tk5PQ6/XM7aivr2el/+7dO565ptFo0N3djXQ6jf39fR40fnJyApVKxSNbXC7Xtai+v78fdrsd8XicZ4zG41dl0yMjIzg4OMDl5SW3FYnFrhqSTk1NIRgM4uzsDFqtFna7nREPrVbL53t0dJSddZPJBLPZzJ2mFxcXeYSGVqtFOByG2+3G2NgYc+paW1thMplwfn6OjY0NLC4uMp+R0IOTkxNMTk5Cp9Ph7OwMo6OjGBgYwMnJCTY3NzE2NoaTkxM4HA4MDg5ylTMpdyq6mZ6eZqfKbrdjcHAQqVSKeZY+nw/pdBpbW1tQq9WM1FCgEovFoFarmTzscDjw7t071pm9vb0wGo24uLjA9vY2uru7ueiH9ov2khz8/f191lHn5+dYWVlh+ff5fIxYx+Nx9Pf3w+Fw4MOHD9BoNMxdGR8fh16vZ1rA/Pw8UwWCwSA2NjZwcnI1Y5acD4vFwqmqw8NDDA0N4fDwEOFwGCsrKwgGgzg/vyJ4e71etgVer5fRyVAoxIY5kUjA4/EwWkfc0fPzcw7ACWk+PDxkA0RniZAl2jtKZ8ZiMQ5oj4+P8eHDB57fSlkUOY5N0lgkEkwpIJkiJ2MqubWS3E+/y3Q/oeSEykv79/79+2t0AZmuJjm7uLjAxsYGLBbL/5MdoqyBTL0SgkLPSnaZjDcBHFQ0JTMBsh0K6QOZwcqkzFBmiN6XSqW4r1pXVxc7j4T4E0KdTqc5uCTE+fz8/Fq2g3wHQhepCrOgoABTU1NcYCb3Txao0f0lEglOlVZVVaGzsxNOp5P1PX2O5CJzTShdGovFYLVaORiRzpJMe0saTKZT9aX0tPxdvi7v6ytaYBJYmX6THl0sdtVo7d27d9egt/8LOsski1GF2+DgIFwuF/x+P5xOJ7xeL/cxCofDcDqdcLlc2NnZgc/nY3TB7XbD5/PB7/dzYzlqnEoLu7W1BYfDwbC6y+Xi1Nfe3h63SfB6vQiFQjg9PWXPl3hc9Fna+L29PU5fkbNE90q9hQjuJaieyl5JiMLhMEO+tB50WNLpNLxeL5e3JhIJPiRutxuRSASBQADn5+cYHx+H1+vlNSYeFSkIWg/pINN3Ee+K0hiURpK9WaRg037SASLkQXKmIpEIO7SSR0JpHqlMJJeP5IOUCMmfLFwgJUv3RH1XyCml+6c+TJS2k7JssVgQi8WularLKhNSGqR8JI+Irk1oDKXU6WdSPpR6JJ5FJqlZKlZSeKSQ6IxIzoDkAGUqboKxKQ1OCpL4RKTcKD1HCoxSg3RtemaZ5nr//j1f60uR2eXlJZ8NSTyn9J28f3m/VLwgn4uMFskmjSaiNi2SSyO5X3J/aP/oOnSvFxcXPByZ/pGRImUqDSoZtkxOE6UESfeR4qe9pzMvDTW9RxbuyLNF60rPSLJI76V0Jt0zrRU9GxkCeVbpe+m5ZTpWcocMBgMsFsu1wdF0n9R/i3Q96a5kMgmfz4fT09Nro3Bkej8Wi7EjQilRmQqlMye5sqS/yBGQ6yw5eJR2NJlMsNlsLLP0zKnUFR9XrVZjYmICNpuNzzvtMX0nrReleUlfyjMo5Z5k+PT0lFPdc3Nz6Orq4n2XaXHp9MnzbLVa0draira2Nuzu7nLfxPn5efT398Pr9WJsbAzV1dWwWCxQq9Xo6uri/nR0fmm93W43ysvL0dDQwB3ipSNFeyR5bkRhUSgU3ES8r6+PnSC6f5I/snFk84PBIMuD1FFy3+i56QyQjia9RPIl9TbZYGmD5NQOOguS1kNOG01gIBsqgR7aB7JVdP2ioiLOrhAvmQJLyWMl2ZUOl0whkpxI/Um/Sz0gU4u0D1/J3CRtsBQgyV9yu91obGy8dmhkylFyS+g9dEhoAbq7u2G323F8fIzt7W14vV4cHBzA4XAwwY1IbsfHx/D7/dja2uL3bW1twePxXFOy9DPd58XFxbUGlgS9Hh8fM1eK2jFQxLSzs4N4/KpbsMFggN/vv0aclAaAIgj6Lqk8Q6EQLBYLt7uw2WxYW1vj1hgulwtWq/WaA0IbSFEgbTY5fufn59yXTBK0SZnRvdDvpHA/fvx4jadEEcj79++vpX4lwZbW8vPnz3ztRCLB889oz8/OzniAtTTo8nXiDEmFTVGwLF0nI0BGn36mdadrktNDCo2+k/gvbrebURZa+/39fZSXl3NjXEJoTk5O0NTUxKTTT58+XXMo3r9/j8nJSXR3d/MYCUItTCYT9Ho9IpEIj2iJxWJYXV2Fy+VihUOVWuQIk3GnaJci2svLS3z+/JnXQyrNVCrF6yWNm1x3ybOKx+Pc8Zm4SySnFxcXzOUiuZZIADXBpPuTrRrI8JNs0nN8/PgRx8fH15RQdXU1Xr9+zRwgagB89+5dKBQKKJVKeDweRiFp0gKhIrTHFEgZjUaUlpZiaGiIOYQkA5KvlE5fNRGls5FIJPCf//wHWq0WTqcT+/v7UKlUeP/+PWZnZ+H3+/mcSUdPp9NhbW0NbrcbtbW1zM87PT3ls0LGXjpkEhUhGZLoCZ0DGlFFxoI4TbFYjOWAnpG6b9OZ+PTpEztnp6enfG6Jx0U6MJFIoK+vDzU1NYzMkd5Jp9Po6+tj1ILOquxr5XQ6kZ2djZqaGuTl5XG3b5Idugdp1N+/f4/Pnz+zviFH/vLyEn/++ec1gx2JRHgt//zzT3YQ/vOf/7ADSPajoaEBCoUCf/75J+sUMs5NTU1YWlrCxsYGV6GRI0826fLyklPwFCBRD0ep4yjIo2CeECJKlZ6enuL58+eMsEWjUU63Uod7Cv4kwPDbb7/h7t27MBgMUKvV0Gg0cDgc+OGHH1BSUoLt7W309fVhZ2cHQ0NDWFhYQFZWFp/vg4MDPq+RSIQr/GKxqwHMOp2OU7abm5ucQVlaWmL0yGw2o7OzE3a7nek4gUCAu/G7XC6cnZ0hGAxiZ2cHJycn2NnZuea8SXtO54X0TCx21RJJFn+Qs0UABc0ovby8ZOCBAicqYKNO86TrJE+Y9AIFq9KRIV1J90I6lGR0fn4ef/3rX3mt3G43SkpKcHR09EXy+5fQKomW0u8UtEknXVKzyH7Re76SUSx5gtJpogMcj1/NR2tsbGQlQs6aRLvoUNJNkVKhDers7ITJZILdbsejR49QWFiI6upqZGVlYWdnB52dnfjpp584hTgzM4OGhga8fv0aKysrKC4u5sZulCo0m81IJpMwGo08v0qpVGJ0dBQqlQo3b97kUSkejwfd3d3QarVobW3lbuxZWVlQKpVYXV1FSUkJw5S0iIRUyWclZUkebix2Vc2p1WoRjUYxOzuL3t5eLv/V6/XIz89Hc3PzNWItrSXBxzLKIkeYInmKSMkZpDWXCEIsFsPS0hKMRiN8Ph/UavW1xq1kvEmQ6JBIR5sMhkajwfLyMgwGA1paWliY6f7oPjKHwUrvnxQsKWJykknmSGbovdJo0vVojWQ0Qc4RRTZNTU14/vw5V9RSh/ONjQ0UFBRwwDA6OoqWlhaYTCaUlpZiY2MDyWSSu2rTPoyNjeHFixfweDzo7e3FmzdvEAwGMTU1BZ1OB6/XC6vViu3tbbjdbjx58oRTaQaDAVqtFnt7eygvL8e7d+8wNzeHzc1NTE1N8RgTeVCJhC4PPu3Fp0+frlWF0TpK4iYZOJIFOsfkgMkUiUS2ksn/zgqlogApW6QLJMJB+0C6g5Se2+3Gs2fPMDQ0hKqqKiYsn5ycoL29HVVVVYhEIsjOzsbKygrzp968ecPK8NOnT6zolpeXUVJSAo/HA5VKxVw8p9PJgdj6+jr29vYYBYnH47BYLNje3kYgEEBpaSmnJQcGBrC/v49Hjx5Bq9XCZDLBaDQylzMYDCInJwf9/f3Y3NxES0sLUqkUvF4vlpeXYTabcXx8jI2NDXg8HubxSSSLnBeSI6m8KaiQa0hOiGz9ISPlzPeSfiWFT2dFnpHz83NkZWWhqKgINpsNOp2OjXE8HseLFy/Q3d197SyRLguFQnj69CmcTicSiQRGRkZYp7S3tzOfs7a2FjU1NYjFYlyUMz09fW00z97eHmpqarCysoKenh7o9Xq0tLTA7/djeXkZPT09aGtr47L9qakpvHv3jtctHA6joaGBZxVSWvz8/BxarRYlJSVIp9PY2dnBxMQEfD4f5ubm8OrVKxQUFCCZvKr6GxkZQV1dHVwuF/On8vPzMTo6igcPHqCkpAStra0oKChAYWEhZmdn0djYiO+++w69vb1oa2tDKBTCgwcP0NDQgLKyMnZ4ampq8O7dO54zLM/kxMQEXC4XRkZGEAwG2ZlPJpMYHBxEUVER+vv7mQrR1taG2dlZvH79+pqTKLMYs7OzyM7OZqrFzs4OKioqeOTb1NQUFAoFysvLYTKZuML89evX0Gq1mJycRF1dHex2O3788UcMDg6ipKQEkUgEnZ2d6OnpwZ07dzA2NsYOA8kjgTLk3JDTRLpYIvMyzUZ6i/wFshsSFSbbQ46sBHWoeENSnGQXe/o72TiJPG5vb+PJkyf49ddfodFouABEoVAgFAqxXiQdKG0XPUtm6lA+lwSUMp9TOlzpdBpfScNNhpAiJHnQ4/E4vF4vamtrmRj4JaKZVMwS+SJSm1qthtVqRSQS4VE9lZWVnFbb3NzEN998g8nJSfT19cFgMMDn80GhUCAvLw/j4+OYn5/H2dkZdnd3eXhnJBLBxMQESkpKYDAY0NPTA7fbjb29Pdy8eZPHwnR2dqK+vh6hUAhWq5X7ik1MTODx48doa2vj4dOkGMlxpPWRqAspSxLE4+NjTExM4OTkBC9fvoRWq2UjbbVaMTAwgNra2muKUqYPZMQpNzvTiMqyael9E7pSXl6O9fV1LC0toaOjgyMyQjtk2oqum5lGSqfT6OjoQHt7OyYnJ6FQKK5FBHToyFAQGiIbW0qYV8oSoSSZB5CEVxoUioTpWpQqkBV2Z2dXlVIFBQUIBoMIhUIwGAw4PDyE0WjkShuz2YysrCwMDQ3B5/OhqqoKMzMzHMFLpMhgMODevXvo6+tDVVUVT1no6OjA7Ows6urqUFVVhZaWFuj1evzlL3/hAasUqY6Pj6Ovrw8//PADFxbcuHGDx0bJg0voBRltcoQJ6ZEVjFI50R4S0kHPQdeWMiN7nEnZIedKGnSJoEh5p3uQKRWSu+PjY3R3d2N8fJzJ4WQkaexVLBbD6OgoiouLOeLOycmB3W5nFInOw5s3b9DQ0IBk8moe3dLSEvr7+2Gz2dDX14elpSW8fPkSCwsLrC82NzehVCoxMDAAp9OJO3fuoLOzEwsLC3j79i0sFgu+++47aLVabvQbDAahUChgt9vxr3/9C/39/dDpdKisrITb7WYkgfRLXl4ejEYjlEolNjY2rqVVKeihdZLKX3JlZARMuoP+TudVRs2ZgZV0hMlYUAByfn4OlUqF3t5eDA8PY319HTabDclkElqtFo8ePcKjR48YpaN7jcVi2Nrawt27d5FOp7G+vo7CwkL09vbCYDCgrKwMvb29GB8fx4sXL/DNN9/A7/djYmICbW1tzIPc3t7mAKWgoICD6bm5OahUKoyOjmJxcRF9fX3Izc3F6ekpcnNzYTAYsLS0xEg9NdEsLCxkHinJv0ajQVlZGY6PjzEzM4OsrCzodDpkZ2cjJycHeXl5XMARj8fx8OFDbk1AA6O9Xi8Xaen1erx79w51dXUYHx/H2toanjx5wkUR1PfQ4XCgoKAA0WgU6+vryM/PZ6dRptgSiatxPRaLBZ2dnUgmk1heXobJZEIsFsP4+DgXewwODiIev6qeq6urw/DwMI6Ojhj9JF0aDAahVqtRWloKk8mEyspKOBwOPH78GGq1GqOjo1Cr1VAoFKiqqoLJZML9+/fhcDhQX1+PmZkZOJ1OtLS04PT0FHl5edja2kJZWRnzmw0GA/Lz83lEECFKVExEekciTT6fj2VbtpYIhUJwuVzsKzidTgQCAcTjVwUCNpsN4XAYx8fHWFlZ4TNgMpmwsrKCRCIBh8PBRTMOhwPDw8MIBoPY3d1FT08P5ufnYTAYsLu7i46ODh7fs7i4CI/HA7PZjNraWvz6669oaGjAwcEBdnZ2UFBQwEVwdF6lPpM2TIIsEmiQdlnqWfk3qWu/kmkCgsKlwyUVu91uR3Fx8bVcPL1fkvLo83QzlGo7OTmBTqeDXq9nxfztt9/i559/5pSh2WzGL7/8gpKSEvT09HAqbmZmBnl5eXjx4gVHCJOTk1AqlXywbTYbCgsLcePGDWRnZzNsfOfOHayuriIej/NMREpj3r59G7u7u1hfX4fP58OjR49QUVFxzXEkmFN68bSgMhURjUYRCASwsrKCUCiEZ8+ecdUFDSXVaDRoa2tjKJsM3ZcQhExvO3NjZeQsnVziVhEqRwfX4/FwpQYZXdmWgCINibwdHBywEbDZbKyYyUkiKJnSgjISo/UnQ073R6kLyT2gJo2yFw+tBV2D/iUSCU5ZyPYAbrcbxcXF8Pl8SCQSXBm0urqKwsJC7s1F0RwVJyQSV73NyPgQIqfVanH37l14PB60tLSgtrYWgUAAs7OzGB0dhU6nww8//IDbt2/D5/Ph5s2bMJvNKCwshNPpxPr6Oqqrq7G5uYnffvuNCcNVVVV4/vw5V6bSc9IzSceS0iuUEpZG+uLiqgkupUkILZRrRJ+lKFmmEImQTBVuNJlAyhyhkMlkktND5AzJlBnNHaN97+7uhkaj4VEhgUAAHR0dPE6jtrYWKpUK8/PzOD4+RlNTE7q7u6/xk1KpFEpKSrilClUnt7W1we12c6fqkpISLC8vY3h4GIuLizAajXjw4AFu3bqFdDqNoqIiLC0twWw249WrV4hGo3j79i3cbjf3Nfrzzz9RW1uLg4MD/P7779Dr9djd3UV3dzcCgQDzPfr7+9Hd3c2GnlqwEBeE9ujz5898z5JLIjlZtH5ELSDlT84lyT1xMWndpZwSFYGcECIrk5NgNBrx4sULbGxswG6349OnT6ioqMD09DTu37/PaTTiP52fn8NoNOLGjRtwuVzY29vjvkl2ux319fWIRqNYWlpCSUkJbt++jf39fUxMTGB6ehrhcBg1NTXY29tDVlYW/vjjD0xMTMDj8aC/vx8zMzPo7e3F4OAgo77//Oc/sbq6iurqauaEkuFqbGzE9PQ03r59i7y8PGg0Gq5WtlgsUCgUSKevKkMfPnyIUCiEvLw8RruCwSDKy8vh9Xrx9OlTzM/Po7i4GBUVFTAYDHC73Xj69Cn29/ehVqtRWVmJV69eobCwEEtLS/jrX//KLXz29vbwyy+/YH19Hffu3eN9yc/Px/j4OOLxOGpra7G6usp67P379xgfH+dq7JWVFXa4nj9/DpfLhampKS7OKiwsRE5ODrKystDV1YXBwcFr/Ez6jtevX8PhcOBf//oXpqenufBKp9OhpqYGBQUF+Omnn66BGq9fv0ZnZydWVlZw584drK2t4fvvv8f4+Dju37/PqCXZ3sPDQ5jNZuYfV1RUYHx8HIFAAKurq6itrUU6nUYgEOAzEwwGUVVVhfn5ecRiMeh0Ovz2228sp9TO4eLiAm1tbXjy5AlisRh2d3fxz3/+EzqdDsfHx6iqqsLPP/+M09NT9Pf3429/+xtcLheGh4dx48YNdsi++eYbtLe3Ix6PY3p6Gl9//TV6e3uRTqe5j2UikUB9fT23k3C5XHC73SgqKuKOBhTUSpBF2leZPpW91TLts3xdAjJkT7+iTZReuTTgMnVIzdYkkYyQHUmclkpEcjLi8auGY0Qqb2trQ2lpKdra2vDy5Uvs7+/D6XTihx9+wO7uLkwmE9rb2xEKhbgp6q1btzA0NMRom8FgQG5uLvR6PYaGhjAxMQGv14vHjx9jY2MDh4eH+PXXXzE2NoajoyNMT0+joKCARx+8ePECu7u7mJiYgN1uZ5SMKnvcbjenKdbX1/k5PB4PV19RCokOoFarxcnJCWZmZtDd3c2VQJubmxgaGuLGdBqNhqvI5AZLh/f/yiET4iAJerTWRGSWQzwJsaCUZWZJa2aKSMLYFHHTPdB3yqjYbrfj1atXjFSWl5fz3lHEFQ6HEQwGUVFRAYfDAZ/Ph4qKCvj9fm61QBy7+vp6GI1GxGIxeDweDA4Ocv80pVIJu92O/f196HQ6zMzMIJW6ajuQl5fHnAtK/4yPj6OsrAw2mw3V1dXY2NjA1tYWfvvtNwwPD7MTdnBwwH2zDg8PMTk5iadPn3JKkRoFDg4OctPeqakpNDc3Y3NzE/fu3YNarcbIyAhX2I6OjmJwcBBPnjzhliXr6+tQKBQIBAJc3ry7u4sXL14gFApxs9tY7GoQbUFBAUZGRhCNRtHZ2Ylff/0V8fhVhdmdO3eg1+uZL1JcXMwIR1FREXQ6HT58+MDl+WSQ8/Pzsbm5ibOzM+Tl5aGzsxOxWAxGoxF5eXlc0aZQKLgVglarRUNDA8LhMPb391FTUwO3241U6qpJ4tLSEk5PT/Hq1Ss8ePAAjx8/RiQSwfz8PPx+P8rLy1FSUoK1tTVkZ2fDarVCqVRiaWkJFRUVGBsbQ15eHnPCTk9P4fV6+V51Oh3UajU6Ojpgs9nQ1taG5eVl7rfT3t6OoaEhWCwWbjliNptRWVmJ8fFxbGxs4MmTJ7DZbJz2HBgY4OrYx48fw2q1orq6Gh0dHVhfX8f9+/dhNpu5orK0tBQWiwW5ublYXFxEbW0tRkdHMTMzg4qKCpyfn3N18Pn51ZDd+/fvMzJcXFyMyclJpFIp7O7uorCwkDl+N27c4OhdqVRicnISp6dX41yKiooQi11VnpKTk0gkMDo6isePH8PlcnFbiJWVFezt7aG4uBhdXV1YXFzExsYG/H4/5ufnuW9RQUEBo0q5ubkIhUKsK5qbm6FSqbC8vIzKykrs7e1xOw2n08k/E7rY1dXFI19KSkowODgIhUIBm82GhoYGGI1G1NfXY2JiApWVlVydXl1djby8PMzMzKCqqgo5OTmclotGo3C5XKioqIBGo8Hjx4+hUqk4lXRxcYHFxUXk5eWhuroaAwMDiEQicDgcLNPJ5FXvK6VSCYvFAo1Gg+zsbJSVlSE/Px9LS0tQKpWYmpqC1+vlyuSRkREsLCzg3r17GB4exubmJpaWllBbW4vh4WGoVCpotVrMzs7yDMJgMIjOzuXh0UIAACAASURBVE4sLi5ySpnSV9Q2Zm1tDVtbW9DpdGhoaMDy8jKCwSC3FVIqlWhoaEBXVxdmZmYwNDTEiEkymeQqveHhYTgcDpjNZp4CMjs7y3Z3ZmYGOzs73CtNo9HAbDZjc3OTU+Eejwerq6tYXV2FXq+H0+lEfX09enp6eO5gTU0NzGYzcxsdDgdnl1ZWVrgacmFhgXlg8/PzsNlsiMfj8Pv9rJ8pYKJh1F6vFwaD4Rqgc3BwwKiWw+HA+fk5fD4ftxmhdg/EuSMuGunK5eVlpv74/X6ueqYKdxoj6HA48OrVK0YliXOd6SBJRJl+pgA5M/UoMw0Ezki/KJX6/9tCyIGz0vGS/IxYLIbZ2Vnue0NpDxL+TN6XJEhKoqTBYMDa2hofJPKm37x5A41Gg6mpKeTk5HC7g+7ubiwtLaG1tRUWi4WFlTrVWiwWtLa2suEcHh6G2WzmkvWFhQUoFAo0NDRgZ2eHUxxzc3M8SNPhcKC9vR0DAwMIBALQ6/WMhoyNjSEUCsHj8aCzs5MrNshYEMzb19fHw7vX19eRSFyVsC4vL2N2dhYbGxssEKOjo9jc3ERjYyP3kKJNpDXPLEbIdMAyCYPkHEkOHsHy0ikjZ1l66dKhowid0lkkeJKsStGWvIeDgwMMDAzg8PAQ6XQaCwsL3PXXbrdjZmaGYWmNRoO9vT2Ew2FotVpubru8vIxQKIQPHz6gp6cHm5ub3NdpcnKSI5Genh7uk6PX67GwsIBEIoHFxUVMTEzAYrHg+PgYRqMRgUAAS0tL0Gq1vNdnZ2ewWCysuLa3t3Hz5k0YjUZek2g0iqGhIXR1dUGr1XKXZrvdzj1sHA4Hz+eKRqOs0MkBX19fx9HRESwWC/R6Pfx+PxobG5Gbm4ve3l6kUlfDZuvq6rC7uwu1Wo3T01MYjUZuVUL9ilZWVnB2dtWCor29HbHYVQuHtrY2HuhqMBgwOzvLCJhGo+EeT0ajETqdjs/y3NwcDg4OcHFxAZ1OB6vVylyJmZkZJgOTkk0kEvD5fNDr9Xz+TSYTE923tra4ETD11nE6nawU3W43DAYDK31qlOv3+2EwGGA0GuFyuZCTk3MtVZFOp7GxsYGpqSmsrq7yDNa1tTVYrVaeC0frvb29jf39fRiNRmxsbCAWi8Fms0Gr1WJzcxMajQZ+vx9Go5HRkp2dHZhMJqyursLr9cLhcLCsaDQa2Gw2brhJpH2z2YzV1VVotVrs7OxgeHgY9fX1vKdkSIjqQAUxRFImbp40OJTuicfj7GAmk0ku5IlGo3C73RgfH+cGm+QIUUBkMBi4ktlut8PhcODo6Ih5s9Qqwuv1wuVywW63w+l0Yn5+ntM+wWCQq8N3dnY4y0Btb8h4UpX2wcEBFylFo1EmalPATTaC+iFRUEjyLbMllIoiI0eE6mQyyVVpkt9IKD7JpCTxk54iHhR1Ja+qqkJjYyNTUST/jZ6NZtI+fvwYWq32Gm+Z9G80etUtnoIV6ncmC5hkkUMqddUD0mw2X+PbkZyTrSW9ajKZsL+/z89BRHJZMEPPRyl+ug6hp6TvZTWgLDohZ4UKwtbX1zE+Po7JyUnYbDae4kI+AtkXmhccDAYRi8W40t9ut3NlKyHvkvebTCYZDaf0N6UqiWecWR1O9kwWx5EMke0k+aHMCb2HdJrFYoHT6eR9I4fr4OCA153soqxGJNuXCXRI2otMGUoOZiahP5lMXjlcJJzyQ7RZ9GDhcBjd3d2sEOkihHCRQZbpRDp89MWkYGZnZ3FycoJAIMAtGgKBAKLRKM9spMNFipm68NJYIcovk3Kg/j+0YfLQU3O+WCzGFWVUdkvPGAgEcHZ2xoJzcHAAq9UKp9PJMCPdH/HXCLnL5LNRo8dwOMwCRYQ+KoWmvkR0PbmRcoMy/yb5NxKRkmgXdb2Ox+PMpyJhosMmyY3yd1k9RXsqCx/kwSYhJTmIx+OcnpKOO71GlVWkZElepHIkRURrLnledKgkmZI+T5VIxDk4ODjA8vLytdQLIXLUnoNeoyiMrkclzKRkCHEhQrF0ZmU0IxUynRFJek4kEhgaGkJDQwP3NwoEApxqJANDa/7x40dO4dF3kXKge6T7pTQkRWGUIiV0Uqa3pOIiCJyMFSkpCp4+fPjA54ie5cOHD1x1ScqaXqe/Ee/x9PSUUyhUmSYNUDKZZKL+3t4ePB4PK/9MLoXkW1DlIOkrmepOJBJcjUkp7HA4zKgvXUMS2unMSANBskXr9/Hjx2uKnIxKOByGx+PhaJr2J5MGcHb237mOdCboDNC9EZeQ9pOMN1WA0fmhsyC/U/LESG/TOq+trXGzZzrjkhZweHjIjgkVJNE5pcpxas1DKcjM6J0M5OnpVY8xep0IzvQ6fT+tk0zZfP78mSkcVLkpgQCSe/pO+g6yXfQZmZkhPiRVVe/u7nL/ONoDWltykqhtAdEiSK6IZ/vx40dEo1F2IKn6lOgJJOfHx8eoq6vjXnxTU1PY3t5GKpWCyWRihPfk5ATT09PcuJM4fJSt2NjYQF5eHqceCZVva2uDz+fjM0O2SOr9dDqNxcVFdt7onEejUU5Nko2ic0G99Oi8SP1Pg6ZDoRDm5ubg8/mgVCrR398Pg8EAm83GPgHJBdlK0t+0N7FYDCsrKxgZGeHsBcmidK4yHVK5b6Q7pSNPQUIkEsH4+Djq6urw4sULrK+vIxwOY29vD7m5ufD7/ezAnp9fH1f1pfP7pX/SdyJZluCJBEm+og2hzZGQGT00KaK2tjYoFAo+8BLBko4WvUZKhAQvGr1q1klNM+12O/dY2d/f5+/c39/nhoWRSAQrKyt8SGj4J/W82tnZwf7+PhPurVYrp6tIqIjXdHh4yP07rFYrfD4fXC4Xtra24Pf7uTO2x+PhppnkVEgHQzo/ss8LRbRE/js+Pub7pb5iGxsbWFhYYOIgXYsESPKrMp0q6XFLYp50KDI3nhxKMuakcDOvK/9J51k6iaQIaK+lkZe8IyJsn56ecnRKTgjdG8mQNDjEH5K8F3l/ZOylsybz7hQVEofFbDYjGAyip6eHB3ZTJ/v9/X0YDAZu+CnlWBLTpcKWESkZaFL6tH90H7JMX94jvUe2Ezk7O+PxOOQoUHk93QNxuWjfyfgQj5BkgyLfP/74g6sTqa0A3YuMriV6Sk4XRXmyakcqulQqxfdJFbPEy0skEtBoNGhsbGR+Fo3dyMrKQn9/P0wmE27duoWBgQEmNdOkCHJwZHBA3Edy5mgtKd2s0WiQSl21j/D7/bDZbCguLobH47l2bgnNIKcgkUigvLwcr169QnNzM968ecN8mqWlJXYUSI7HxsZweXkJh8PBaB6dow8fPiAcDmN1dZUbltLZODs7447pDx48QGdnJwdvFNXHYjEsLCxw4YB87fnz59zQmZxpOpe0/+R0kV6ioqSsrCwmzVNFpUql4qrCw8NDzM7OQqFQoLW19VqPsMvLq9FSer0eb9++xcOHD6HX6/HTTz+hvLwcTqcTxcXFSKVSfL+E9M7MzPAah8Nh+P1+boAaiUQYRSJ0g4ImOhsUKJODIykMVFlL54tkhWSVghRZeERnh86gRDXoHunM0/eSHqLPyP0kfSAzB8RrpKzC+fk53rx5g9XVVdTU1GB3dxednZ3w+XxMXdna2kJxcTEXaPT29mJgYIA5sefn5wxGjI6O4tdff8Xq6ir6+vpw8+bNa0ENtWEhFHl5eZlbIdGgZ4vFgp6eHm4RQmlfqW9jsRg2Nzfx4MED7O7uIpFIcFbJZDLBarVidXUVe3t7uHXrFqxWK5aWllBQUMDzeqkiU6fTQavVYnt7G+Pj48yr6+vrw8TEBMLhMEpKSpCTkwOn04n29nYEAgFsbW1hcnISa2trbMOkk0b6mgIzWYxCckfntra2lidoNDY2Mir76tUrdrxJ50kdLtOJ0nmSCGtmajET4aLPkX79KhNRkPlJSVxOJpPo6OjA69evueJQco1IeMkQ0iLRe0lBbG9vs8P07t07FBUVYXR0FE+ePMHe3h5isRiX2JLiaWhowKtXr2Cz2dDR0YHV1VWYTCYUFxdDr9dzPyWNRgOFQoGtrS0uXXa73WhtbcXe3h7GxsY41fHmzRv09fVBq9UyX2JjYwPNzc2YmZlhbgMpbBJISTqWi0x9leLxONRqNQKBALa3t9Hc3Mw9P1QqFVpbW7n0WUYPtOYEoX4pL0y/yx5J0sMnYYlGo1yhYTAYOLUnhUYaLumFk3Ii4TWZTFheXobFYkFFRcU1tE968RItk1FCJnomqxrp77IdglSKdE1SoPLa8vN0CAkm3t3dxfHxMUdoBoMBWVlZcLlcGBwcxNDQEFpaWmC321FWVob19XV2KqlLNsmtrAyj76FoKJ2+Klvf3t7G5OQk4vGrESxer/faM5H8ZB5OGZiQspZDgqWzkAlxy//lQae9k40o5et0DXLCZYAkjQfdH/0uK+Po+mRk6L2EqNTU1KCsrAwulwvBYBBLS0uIRqPo6enBN998A41Gg8rKSuzu7sLr9eLevXuc0pR7T7qJuFTUhJE646vVaibOBwIB5OfnY2hoiNsatLe3Q61W/z9yLpGX5eVl3Lp1C/v7+3j48CGPkbJYLJiamsLs7CympqY4lXtwcICioiJUVFTw2B0ZgFAWYHZ2FnNzc5z6SyaT0Ol0+PbbbxEOhzEyMoLx8XHukeXz+fDjjz+is7MTOzs7XBkciUQwOjqK2traa0GU1L2USZDnZH9/H/X19RgeHmYD6XA4oNPpcPv2bZyfn8NqtcLr9aKkpAQbGxv47rvv4PF4rp01Mmzt7e3Iy8uD2+1mMvLW1haampqYrzo2NobJyUl0dXWhoKCAdT3xtkwmEyoqKtDS0oKKigoolUr09vaip6eHG3hK6oJ0+EmupVGUCLN0tiTnSfYWI11Dcix7fUlEhXiumdelM3d5eckIEp2VdDp97bvoTBFdoLCwEA6HAyqVCi6XC2/evGH0bHV1FVarFd3d3RgdHYVSqeTzRfojmUxifX0dSqUSJSUlWFhYwN27d3F4eIjR0VGef7u2tgaFQoHJyUm0tLRgdXWVi3YWFxdRVFSEhoYG1NbW4vDwEE+fPmWnioI4mu6Qn5/PhRBKpRJVVVWoqKjg8Vdmsxl/+ctfYDabodVqkZOTg5aWFrx+/RrHx8c8Yq64uBgdHR1cVUwjixoaGmAwGFBTU4OGhgYEAgE8ffoURqMR1dXVbPt9Pt+1c0ZBgXToCY2m1D39i8evqs0dDgeePHnCusjn8yEnJ4fRNDqj5LfIM0bnTgIaJCvSRkudLlOKdIbi8Ti+kpE9oRTSCaDfE4mrRnpv3ry51iAyM61GESpB7PQwdA2z2Yy1tTVcXFxw6Xh9fT1evHiBo6MjuN1uVFVV4eHDh2z8zGYzKioqUFZWhsXFRWxvb6OtrQ39/f0Ih8OwWCwwm83weDzMBauuroZWq8XAwACamppwenoKvV6Pe/fuIRAIcCNMpVKJra0tnrnU2dmJmZmZa3wfOvwS2iTDRQeD1jASiTCPp7e3FyMjIwiHw/D5fMwJMxqNyM7O5jSnTMeRcZcOTGauONMJoz0kCPX4+BhlZWVMMu7p6bkGr8voMBNNI2iW0KqhoSHunfb8+XMcHBxcWxOJkmU2nZMKke6XIk1yLCjVQEpKKnlSstLYU4o6lUoxKkTXaG9vx9OnT7mpLk2Rt1gsePPmDSKRCFddOZ1OjIyM4O3btzzyhRANtVqN+fn5awRImdaUTk0qdTUCo6qqCtvb23j06BEcDse1Ay/RX0ptkLN8fn7VyoHSarQW5NjTd9N1aF8IqaT1os9JB0wib9LQSGdQOjm0bzKNTekfQvRI4dG+EHmZ7jGdTnMX7Lq6OgQCAR7Zo9Vq0dzczAPn9/b2cHJyggcPHnCTRWqQKNfXZDLhzZs3aG1txcXFBUZGRpCdnY3Gxkb09vaisLAQh4eHyM7OxsjICEKhEF6/fo3FxUV8++232N3dvYZqkPIkBCkrK4t1xsOHD9HU1ITDw0NMT08jLy8P7e3tmJqaQmVlJU5OTlBcXIzGxkY+JyTHJycnKCkpwevXr2EwGNDa2sqoTzqdhl6vx61bt3B6eorBwUHk5+fDarVCpVLB5/Ph3//+NyYnJ9HW1obs7GyoVCpsbGxgbGwMNTU1jPBRoEZBoHQsCC07OjriMVN+vx8ulwsHBwfo7+/niktqzkuk7pcvX/KYL0KTaG97enrw+++/Y2NjAz/++CNXoGZnZ3NVGfU7W15eRnNzM5LJJPLy8uD3+9HV1YWhoSGoVCqYzWY20pWVlcxBI1SYzgkhqHTm6Dkp6KEUtXR0aG9TqRT/PZVKcTqRzh5di9J/skiIUtEUmNIAdXqd3i+DP9pjQl1Il5LcU1DQ1dXFgaHdbr+Wjvb5fOju7mZuIiG9ZFN1Oh0MBgNu376NkZER3Lt3j8elDQ4OYmxsDLu7uygrK4PVauWqRb/fz9XbhEKVlZXxfRweHvJzJpNJ7O7uXnOKiV/b19fHLXfq6+vhdDrx3XffYX9/H4uLi1AqldBoNMjKyuJZyYuLi2htbcXCwgJ0Oh1mZ2cZaTKbzTCZTBgeHuYRV2S3srOzEY/Hudce+SdUOUlrbjabefSW1WrF8PAw65GFhQVGUZuamtDa2oqxsTFOj2dlZV2rwpe8MolOSadb2gRyuDIzSzIzQXqSrvfVlxS6jJwkVDwxMYH8/HxODUkPn4zt6ekpFhYWrlU60ecvLi5gNBqxsrLCPT9KSkrQ29uLO3fuwO12Y2FhASUlJfj+++95Kvzh4SE8Hg9ycnJw9+5dRiao5DMQCHBvjdzcXEZjyDOnCejb29u4desWpzHq6+tRW1vL6cfz83MolUomeEukj5wiGuor14vy7cQbU6vVOD4+vjbQVyInJSUl3GsmnU5fy7fLSCPT6cp0vGQERmkegpgpn02kRuLikFMt0SmJqBC8SoISj8eZRxcIBHi9ZeqBDDMJPkWO5MCQcSP0k65JfCtSqJI3RM8kOSzkcFHUJxXz5uYmbt++jW+//ZbbbhA5f2dnB+Xl5Tg4OGDuw8LCAs+CHBkZQSAQ4Iarfr8fDofj2qGRkTYp9Egkwqkkh8OBT58+wWq18p7SwaTKx8xr0LrTefvjjz84ZUsKnKrbKPIkB4qiumAwyPJLhkQGS8TZonNMckDtQc7OrniLNBePaABkpKj66uLigrmQlE6k0VO03zRU/d27d/D7/cjNzUUikcDKygoXOMzNzaGlpQU3b96Ez+dDOBzG/fv3YTAYOIVDxpKMXllZGZ49e4Zbt25xNRYZdIfDAYVCgWQyie7ubphMJqTTaeTl5WFzcxO//PILV4eSPEoZisfjGB4e5vL/n3/+GWq1Gul0GjqdDkqlktPpZWVlSKVSaGpqgkqlwuTkJKNc4XCYhwvfv38f1dXV3GqBRlStr6/j559/5pRKR0cHTCYTysrKEAwG8fz5cx5irlAoMDIywoU2SqWSI+/j42Nu8UJ0DdIfVPGYSqW4IWYkEmEaw9TUFH7//XecnV0NVR4YGIDP50NdXR0UCgWno87OztjZOTs7Q11dHUpKSnB6eoo3b95gfHwckUgET548gcfjwezsLGZnZ3H//n1ukEqzdx0OB8rKyjA2NobGxkbmd52cnCA3NxcajQaRSATd3d1c5SzRwd3dXW61QAO5qQ0HtaOIxWJwuVzo6Ojge25paWEZGxgYwPLyMs7OzqBWq1FYWIh0Og2r1co9tZLJJObm5vD06VNGb7OystDb24uLiwtu80L7UFNTA4vFgsvLS+7VRyRsmjGr0+nw3XffcfAxNjaG7e1tHtzt9/tRX18Pn8+Hd+/eIScnB2/fvsXi4iIaGhpYz/p8PhQVFbG8DwwM4Pbt21hdXcXExAQWFhawtLSEQCCAvLw8qNVqFBcXo7+/Hz6fD0+ePIHBYMCvv/6KZ8+e4S9/+QsGBwdx48YN6HQ61hmBQAC9vb3Y2trinoE0Fqi8vBw+nw9DQ0N48uQJ7HY7/v3vf6OwsBBlZWW4desWiouL8f3338NqteLWrVuoq6vDgwcPUFlZifLycrx8+RIHBwfIz8+HUqnE8vIyNBoN/va3v6GkpAR37txBQ0MDmpqaoFQqMT4+DpvNhuzsbCQSCUxPT+PmzZtsb589e4a2tjbE43FMTU3hm2++4bT1v/71L+h0OgwODuKbb77B119/jZGREe5AQJ0RMgNbsv3SmaJAVWYWJLVIomryn0Rnz87OrhwumXeU6Ad9ORlpSrURUZOqxsirdzqdMJvN0P9/dH1nU5tplvb8pv0H7+6H2dqZndne2V53GLdDt92ubrtd2JSNCwoTTBA555yhyEUqUokkclJGSCoFQIAoCTDldqie6/1AXacPGu8HiiQ9ep77Pvc517lOmptDd3e3VO1pUELv5vT0FDk5OUhOTsb8/Dz+/ve/S1fpyclJPH36VFBvZ2enNA69desWNjc3MTg4KO0FBgYGZHzI69evpYtsZWUl+vv7pTlcY2Mj2trapF9TR0eHVIKcnl43/MvIyEBdXZ3kejGhMRwOSy5WNHpdVtrW1oaTkxOpvKOymJychM/nw9LSEkpKSrC6uoqWlhZMTEygpKRESq6Hh4fR0dEha8kO8LH5XJohimW2dNhOe7sEvzq3il4a2Q8tFJop4/7GArJYmpQ5LCw6yMnJwe7urrB8g4ODMs6opKREwER7ezuMRiO2traQkZGBvb09+P1+lJaWIhAI4NOnTygqKsLo6KiEYjIzMyUvLikpCUajEaFQCFNTU9L1vbGxUXoOBYNBzM7OileflpaG+fl5lJSUYH19Hfn5+Zifn5fGpampqQLqtIfLdSCw0+E6JlHzUOmkc81C6iRh/p9eFNmnq6srdHV1ITMzU2aMvX79Wkqg2W+KlX0GgwHBYFD64TD8W1hYKCH858+fw263IxKJSLd7goekpCRsb28jEokgLS0NdXV1CIevq+NevHiBvb09vH37Fj///LMwpK2trXj16hX29vbg8Xjwww8/YH19XfJLlpeX4fF4kJiYiOrqajQ3N4v3S/koLy+XKRO7u7uw2Wx4+PAhBgYGYDab8erVK0lEpnEsKyvD/v4+vv76a6lETk5Ohs/ng8lkQmJiIrxeL8rKypCbm4u5uTk8efIEHR0d+OKLLzA/P4/CwkLs7+/DYDCgublZvNloNIqNjQ18+eWXcDqdyMvLg8vlktAl+y85HA68ePECFosFTU1NiIuLkz3hsOj5+XkkJiaipKQE//7v/46ioiJJkzg4OEBtbS2++uorTExMoLW1FW/evEFNTQ2SkpLg8XiQmpqKzMxMtLW1IT4+Hn19fdjY2EBRURFSUlLQ19cnhjwuLg52ux27u7tITEyUUWRMwg6HrweWl5aWik5iXmpRUZGARjbyffbsGR49eoS5uTmkpqbKMOpIJCLtNOLi4lBSUoIffvgB+fn5MJlMMgGks7MTMzMzMiScA+sXFxfR2NiIjo4OWK1WVFZWore3F2dnZzCZTCgvLxdHLScnB5ubm/B4PMjIyJDquOnpafT19SEcvq54zsnJkX5dDQ0NqKmpEWampqZGHLWSkhKJUrDK+OTkBEajEa2trQiFQrDZbCgrKxMHen19HfX19aKDS0tLMTY2hmj0usKQ5+T4+BiVlZXY2dnB5eWljO1hVKezsxPBYFD6ww0ODkqF/NbWFo6OjtDa2gqDwYD+/n7p8dbS0iI9pni/Z2fXExza29tl2gEngCwvLyMQCKC3txdra2twuVzS63JiYgImkwkXFxcyecRoNGJ6ehozMzOYn59He3u72LSrqysEg0FMTExgY2MD09PTaG1txcTEBCYmJjAyMiIRJaYFMWpjNBoxMzOD6upqVFRUwOFwYHp6GpubmzIVwmq1YmtrC36/H2azGSaTCR6PB3t7exLyXl5ehtlsxuHhIYxGo3ze69evJSdrbW1N8rI5EpAO387OjhAfDodDCu44s5nrube3h/j4eCnC0+SGxkGxNkDbYm07tV3WdlOzpm/fvv09aV7nTJC5IurnTUxOTiIpKUnKMWk4aOwZY87MzERmZiZMJpNchx1kOXLD6XSioaEB1dXV6O7uxszMDHZ3d9Hc3Cz9sPr6+mCxWISm9ng8mJ+fh9vtRigUwuTkpLzX7XaLUFgsFhEuNkjs7OzEyMgInE4nVldX0dbWht7eXmkvcHh4iOHhYdTU1Ejbge3tbVRVVUmsnWN6jo+Psbm5icrKSvEwOzs7BbiNj4/D4/FIM9bJyUnMzc1hf39fRgmtrKxgYWFBkoG5eTpPRgOiWLD1ORqTybSa/WHhgTbyBAaxyYEUFobXmE9G5aNDhATi2jNYXl4WJe12u7G/vy+Vcgyz8SDs7e1J89Hz83Npp0GWxGQywWq14vT0FBaLBWNjY8LaMdRjt9ulSOLq6gqrq6uYmZmRsuTp6ekbSaTs3XV2dgar1QqTyYTt7W2sra3JSCB9OBieIRMZiUSE3SWrw6aieq4hww76WmRI9bmhwb+4uK5e29jYQG9vr1TfUT4jkQi2t7cxOTkpimZ2dlYYRobjPB4PlpeXRTmQUj8/P5fWFHz/zs6OMFdmsxkOh0MYRLbjiEavq9vYRNdutwvrfHV1hc3NTSkscTgccLvdODg4gNvtlnYEBMWBQAAmkwkmkwmBQEBADdkau92OQCCAFy9ewGazSWiICjgYDGJ1dRVOpxP7+/tYW1vD8fExvF6vzH6zWCwwGo3SRmF9fV3un9csLS1Ff3+/MO/Ud2zHwJmllLvl5WXp30ND4HQ6hSGl8WQYw2QySZ+3paWlG8UlTqcTdrtdnndjY0PaMgSDQfj9fszNzWFvb+9GzySr1Qqz2Yz9/X2ZC1tVVQWv1ysVg9TJNEBXV1c3eg9NTU1hfX1dntdms8mzBoNBWCyWG04mcxjPz8/lc71eL/b29iSXjtGHTXCuuQAAIABJREFUg4MDHB4einNNgEngTxnhyC1WkRFwvnv3Dh6PB/39/SJ3BC7ssq6rfslQ8jxqO3V5eSnMHFlfHaXQaTIM/fF11I0EH6zG1fmNZA85508b1lgjrat7qS+Ghoawvb0t72HuKHUMbanP54PT6ZT3UleQWdfMuy6e4fsZftZ5mpR57ouuKGYRAF9Hu6CdeR1VIQtOu85Ix8zMDBYWFuD3+wVXUMeRYeZ1GL1gVEZXMOoUJa/Xi/39/RtkkC6G49qT0add4msIxu12u7TBCAQCkkcXS1jE5jfz2rHRJk1U6KiTlgMtlxcXF9fDq2lwY3NmdCL9+fk5ZmdnZQwDN5dsQCQSgclkQkdHB2ZmZpCTk4Pc3FwZJ8FFMplM2NzcFEVEZcWHZL8UXUqq+6zwANBTJypnGwkaNJYyk13TVTynp78PLGV1DA+RTsizWq3SOI6Cqqu1KORa8Nkwk8mYZEO4lgQkutJGP5+O9/L/sTlW/xeq1qXoZ2fXbQ0+fvwoa6JLc3X1BVkbKgXKBBUR95mVM7FKhuwODyzXiICNa8H/6z4rDJ3pJG/eBw+8Bnvc++3t7RtAlWCJoPL09BTT09MS4uSBZriP+3F0dIT5+XnMzMzIZ3m9XkQi1xWDVMQ8iGwRwfvVpeBU2LriigOHP3z4gPfv3+PXX3/Fp0+fbuy/VrRku6g0NOvIn3V/G4afNQDXOWB0omhwYgG9bh/BL50IzHvj+wm2GCbTgF/vEUELjT3v9ezsTJhB7kc4HMbHjx9hNpsxNzcn1+Dn6fukstdKjYqWOoznk8afoWLtPFCeuXZck19//RXh8HU7FYZLI5GIeMfUTbw/nj3mO1H22WuIuV3Mr+L7uDY8+9xTVvBdXFxXNtL48txSR1EfcR9iK7J1EcjJyQlGR0exsrIi11xcXJRea9wPrimdB926gaw5147nXIfI+Xcd8mcfKsoGcxh1bqcOzXCAejQaxW+//SZ2hrmOLKTiudbOIs8Q11NXFmvQwjPx/v17eWY6HzxjOrTNNAfKEqMQPPM8k/q8ktnweDwoKyvD0NAQLi8vMT4+DovFIhGNvr4+SU3gmn348EGAi8/nExBxdnaGiYkJ/M///I/MFNbtbDipgtdiOoHWAZQP5l9Slg8ODvD+/XuRc55ztqdhjh33gNfWqUQnJ9d9vFj5TTvDc8A1ob3XqUvUIbwf7hvPAnUFzxKBNB1b6hyNAXjtvb09fPfdd/jTn/4kKT6BQAAvX76UEDC/tI3RtoRVrFrvaKwUa5u1XtT/+wPBEIVeX0Qr/fPzc4yPj0sXdm4ADfDx8TEWFxdRUVEhoyMKCgqEEeIDmM1m8UjZQXZyclK8va6uLszPz2NyclIa97W0tMjcqYaGBgwMDGBhYUEGg7LR4cjICGw2G6anpyVkxYRoKjkm/XFTdM4M75HfuQa6oICKj0BON2mkh8zxB36/H01NTWhvb8fIyAjMZrOEKtiLjAqW3hc/jyCDf9MK8XNfFGbuIZkNt9stXi7XgUKkFYOu/qEyJPvB3miBQEAEksqMzBrXS1OqGgDws/X/aUjJFOlrx7ZioIzxoOt7pzJnpZTNZkMoFMLExARCoRDq6+vR2dmJzc1NVFVVYXBwEGazGYODg0Lnc4+plBYXF5GRkYG8vDwMDw9jYmJCKlvGx8dvJN5q4Li9vS3skz5o7FVjMBjQ19eH0tJSbGxs3Cgy4JpRGWrwS9BDcMD//fbbbyIvBFo0mLHv0XljsYCd+81nIksXC3rpeRKc8XdNn/v9fkmwPTo6ksqggoICCcWx+mlubg7j4+NoamqSVinaGQiHw5iYmEBtbS0mJiYwNjYmbImWZa6XlkEC2Lm5OaytreHs7Aw1NTXiFM3Pz4vMUf9dXl5ia2sLvb29cLvdyMvLkzPKc0qjSrCoGU9dOEJDoc8B15DnXBc2ULfo3lIXFxfS1kMDUR3mj/Wqo9EorFYrCgoKkJmZidXVVYyMjGBlZQUOhwPx8fHo7u5GcXEx5ubm0NLSIgxvrLevZVLLDBPOz85+HyFF5qSrqws+nw/Nzc3Y2tq6kY+qnXutB/TzaPDLNaBhjWX2tVxSX+uB7JqB0H8jSOJ50cCRP/O5dIUk29LwPvgeXTyiCYaMjAyMj4+jqqpKbIPD4cDp6fV0jl9++UUaclLuLy8vkZqaKrMPl5aWRL+yzUFHR4fk6Lnd7htnO9YB0+wLHRTNfgUCAUxPTyMSiaC4uPhG1aJeOw2YNG7Q9mRpaQlGo1F+5/7G7jHfx//FgiX92RqA8ezx2rQXlCXt1FxcXOejWiwWGAwGVFZWSsrL7u4u4uLipLO9djj1WeK19JnT5zX2bMcyX5pdjEajvwMubbz0Q+kFHh4eloG7XBB6nBcX112w5+bmJEyzuLgoxoze0v7+Pvb29mCxWPDq1SsYjUZ0dHSgvLwcTqcTiYmJWFpaQm9vLwoKCuB0OpGamip5WBweu7CwgHv37qG1tRWzs7P45ptv0N/fD5/Ph5KSEuTn52NjYwMZGRk3aEOdDK8FhQKoBUsDHg1sYteMipbU9/j4OLxer8xgYyiFOQU1NTXIzc0VBk4zRbwvbXA02tZKi5+tWciDgwO4XC60trbi6OgI5eXlMJvN4q1rD1ujeq1s+DebzYbU1FTs7OygpKQETqdTlD6NDY2Dpqa5zprt0AqcHiTli72ctFLn+zQTpIVYKycCaQ43Z58jo9GIQCCA+fl5PHz4EIODg9LigkPKi4uLMTAwgMPDQ2GryGiwX5HP50NKSgosFgtKS0uRm5uLrq4uUZxGoxEDAwMIh8OoqqpCUlISrFarsEVk+9rb2/Hy5UusrKyguroaJpMJXV1d6OnpQWNjI+x2u3izfD4+Lz16VspoY0UjyCovvZ6avaQy1oCK3/k3Xc3I4gXNOOq1j1XuPOMjIyN48OABHA6HpAEwz/HFixfw+XwoKipCd3c3DAYD1tbWUF5ejs7OTvG0eX2j0Yi0tDS43W6srq7KaCZW821vbyM/P18G9zocDni9XoyNjWFgYABerxfff/898vPzZYj56uoqfvzxR5SWlmJychINDQ0y0Nfr9aKwsBC//PIL5ufnkZmZiaOjIywvL6O/vx89PT3Y2dlBRUUFlpeXUV9fL6Fv3aZFe7aauY5V0prlJFtFFliz1prlo4xokMEzxrPc29uLjIwMdHZ2Svn96uoqqqqqkJubi3A4LB38nU4nUlJShG2LNRIaaOkebZQDzTSNj4/jxYsXWF1dxZ/+9Cfpqh9r0GLZcS3XlEl9FgjAotHf28SQ/eD7CHYp/+fn58JiapaN+lyz91xf7mGs8dS6nucjtjKYQFTrarPZjPr6epSXlyMQCKC/v1/CWn19fUhMTMTQ0JCcHb7nzZs3yMrKQlZWluQsca/ZGqK4uBjJycnSN0zbAe1M6b0kqNchs3D492bQBQUFEvLU19F2hvsRy+acnZ1hbm4Os7Oz/5Ryom2XBjW0HfqL741lU/Ue85oMjfLMcO01U8fen9PT08jPz4fH45FRdH6/X66lHSV+pg4/UwZ4H9qh1evM1+vGwLTrf9BIUy9kLIINh8MYHx9HbW2txNA1wjw+PkZ1dTXu37+Pu3fvIisr60aXXn4gY6nt7e1ISUnB8fExdnd30dPTA6/XC4PBgNbWVuTk5KC/v19KUAsLC3F2dj2E0m63Y21tDWlpaXj8+DFmZmZw+/ZtjI2N4fj4WPLI2tvbUVNTI5tChUQDRoqeBpGbpQ8ZN54UPt9PcPWPf/zjxnt9Ph+Gh4cRCoXgdDqRnZ0tfXYSExOxsbGBkZERFBcX3whpULFQmWhgF+sNaGOpwR9DIVarFdnZ2YhEIpJ4rRkmftcUqAbbDGl5vV68evUKVqsVaWlp2N3dFS9Efy5BNw8uWS8ygmdnZ5Lzwc8+ODi44T3S42QOBpWkFnIqf7IG3AMqksXFRTGUTNgNhUJwu93SMoJjpcbHx2G1WmXOXiAQuKGAT05O0NjYiNTUVKSkpEhYrKOjAz/++CPa2towOjqKhYUFNDQ0oLy8HP39/aitrYXBYJAQIENTx8fHGBkZwf3795GamipjakwmE+7du4eenh6hzP+vxo36b5RbKgoaCoJGhhb0+sU2iNTtKQh8tfFiewYaOR2W1YaYCpDFE0lJSUhPTxeng+ehu7tbqkXHx8dhMBhkQPKrV6+wubkpe8BwVG1tLSoqKuR8OBwOJCcnw+l0oqurCw0NDTAYDMjNzRVAtLCwgKysLOnt9Pr1awwPD8Pn8yE+Pl6824aGBmxsbMBgMOD8/FwS4LOzs5GZmQm/349vv/0WDocDubm5sNls6O/vR11dHYqLi7G8vIyhoSF0d3cLQCJrTkeBssqIANeQOoOsLUdanZycwOfz4bfffsPbt2/x8eNHAcRaF8eyUNRbdCCZmMwkeqPRiO3tbanOpjFicnxBQcGNJsWxDAnPqs5V1GCfLPX29jY6OzulCIDTAXivvH/NDGpAd35+3W2erVI0Q/vrr7/iw4cPN37n/fH1v/32m/z/06dPN1hC/Vla9t++fSssIsGflm1tUKPRKD59+oTT01PJe4xEIsIK8eyShWWRTmVlJfb391FZWSnrbjAYkJ2djcLCQtGXx8fHMBgMmJ2dRXJyMsrLyyVdhutWVFQk8vzw4UMZ+3R2dibro0NasTpeM8EEvJxwoNN5PueI672KBXWXl5dYWFjA3NycADu+R9s0nR+u7Yj+og4jy0659Pl8MBgM0ptramoKVVVVEj1LSkqSfK/KykpMTk6ip6cHKSkpcLvdePPmDSwWC2w2G54+fSqzewnmuWYamOrP18+qMZM+i7FyroHkH2INp0bJmuaLRCKYnp5GW1sbzs7OJJ+HKPPg4AAbGxsSGiT44Wv4GZxVxj40FEyLxYKDgwPk5+fDarWiuroaMzMzODo6Qn5+PmpqanB5eYmamhr4/X7s7OxgfX0dT58+RXNzMx48eIDV1VUJXdTW1oqHyl4cZAkODg7kOZk0qvMfdM4TPUqOCuAisncJgQ7ZpYODAymZ3tvbw+vXr2GxWGC1WhEfHw+fz4empiZpkKmTbrVnqQ+I9ra4qVQe3FgKshZyXudzSlp74PpLy4BWuhQu7QVqQxuNXrdTODw8xLt376THEj2P/f19WVPGzff392E0GhGNRiX5mXkFm5ubMlCUPYUYS2eXZPYcY9FDXV0dTCYTsrOzcXBwAJPJhKOjIzgcDilV//Of/wyXy4VwOIyFhQUYDAZsbW1JywOC3uPjY9TV1WFsbEyaarpcLtTX16Oqqgo9PT3o6elBdXU1EhIS0NbWhqWlJczNzaGzsxM+nw9+v18AaDh83RCXjOfExAQ2NzcRCoXw+vVr9PT0SEI2+8SwdQPzcEiZO51OAVacV3h5eSlhbIZd2SKBuYVkOY+Pj2+sNZPSeRZcLpec2c3NTQkNHh4ewmaziWHg+nK/vV4vxsfH8fLlS/zv//6vDBNmLl1/fz9SU1NxcHCAiooK9PX1we12o7q6GnV1ddJniA5SOHxd6q0Nd1dXl3To7uzsRH19PZKSktDW1oaenh50dXVhbm4Or1+/lp5oeXl5qK6uhsfjwatXr7C6uoqEhAR0dnZienoar1+/xvv37/HmzRusrKygqqpK5qo+evQIe3t7yMnJwcbGBjo6OlBcXCz7ODw8jObmZqlkPD4+xvr6usg7gT8B8sbGBvb394XJ0M/LSQjhcFgY0Egkgra2NnR0dIiDwbDou3fv4PP5JBk+EomIPJydnUk1nk6xGB8fx/fffy99nQYGBmCz2aRPk8fjQU9PjzjSNKqa1dJg/NOnTzdAF3UsAZgGLLHhGsomdRl1zcbGBhoaGqRoZXBwUCrACWAuLy9RXl6Oubk5cfjKysrgdDql83pBQQHev3+Pg4MD1NXVSfX1+Pg4qqurEYlc59Tm5+dLRWRFRYVU5bpcLjx58kSKcBITE2UG6vDwML7++ms4nU6EQiHcv39fKilXVlaQn5+Pw8NDJCQkYHZ2FjU1NTg5OUFxcTH8fj+am5sxOjqKpaUlxMXFYWJiQgBQWVkZXr58CYPBgDt37shc1cvLS/T19eH+/ftITk5GWVkZUlNTZQ6pTsUgyPpcqCuWoaLscL80Y/m59+vmshqMRaNR6SxPexTLiBGcaFzA9+vo0+cY9Kur65mwt27dQmdnJ8LhMBoaGnDnzh1J1fnzn/8sM2NZlLG/v4+KigpUVVVhbW1Nep4lJSVJkUYsgx+bz8yf+Vr+/3Msp/45NgR6I4dLI00afuYuUPmVl5dLQiiNQCQSkS7yubm5yMrKQnd3t3R9pYd3dnaG/f196Y306tUryeHgFPX4+HiMjY1hcHAQaWlp2NvbQ319PbKysrC0tISsrCy43W60t7ejt7cXqampmJmZwfPnz9HZ2QmbzYZnz54hPz9f6G2Xy4WmpiZYrVYEg0EsLCxgampKehlVVlbKUNr6+noBbuyAfHBwgJGRETm0DNVVVlbi5OR6NlddXZ00sRsdHYXH44HNZkNiYiLa2tokcdLhcKC4uFgOSmZmJsbHx28kRev4emz8XYcgNBPJv5PSvri4EGOvQ4CautVoXgMxTanqA6nzG2hAuL/stUOlVlxcjJGREZyenmJ2dlZaPgQCAeTk5MBisWBqakr6uhmNRqSmpkpC4927d9Hd3Y2TkxO0tLRIOxKz2Yy7d+9KxV1ZWRnGxsak6qS+vh4tLS2IRCKYm5vD6el1G4rCwkLY7XakpqZiYWEBJpMJd+/eRWpqKrq7u6XVBGP0Gxsb0ivGYrHg9evXmJubQ35+vtD5mZmZ2N3dlWddXl7G/Pw80tLSsLKyIjkykUhEQlVkt0pLSzE4OIjy8nKkpqbi5cuXMBqNKCoqwsLCAvLy8tDc3Izj42OZehCNRjE3N4eHDx9Kf6yffvoJa2truLy8RGNjI8rKyhCJXA88/vHHH+FyufDrr78iMzNT+kttb2/j2bNnAoqzsrIwPj6OSCSCra0tATiRSATx8fFYXl5GOBxGT08PMjIy4Pf7YbFY8OTJE1gsFlxeXqKlpUXaeMzMzCAlJQVGo1EA18HBgfR6am1tRV1dnfzvl19+QXp6OoaHh3Hnzh0Z6HxxcZ0PxrWoqKjAzMyMdDNnZ+2XL18iIyMDqampKC8vx9LSEkpLS6XauLW1FU+ePMHIyAh+/vlnTE5OIiMjAz/88AMGBgZQUFAgf5ucnERbWxvi4uLQ2tqKr776Cq2trZiamkJNTQ2qqqqwsLCA169fw2AwIC8vDwUFBejt7cXTp09hNpvlPefn13mvX3zxhTR1/stf/iLgqaqqCt999x1cLhcikQiePXuG7u5uuFwufPPNN+js7EQ0et3TKTs7Wyox6a0TVLGf0OXlpeRseTwemb3Hlg3b29s4OjpCT0+PVHSfnFxPpeAcPDIvZDxofHSDUBobj8dzI9xHPUOdwJQAzaLSEGlWlX3qeC2Hw4GGhgapfGxvb4fD4cDJyYkknUciEUxNTWFzc1NsS39/P1wuF87Pz2G329HT0yMOIYeuX1xcYHNzU/L32KqBOYGbm5vY2NgQh3J4eFjYS+bBXV5ewm63o6WlRZz3zs5O7Ozs4OzsDA6HA7Ozs1LYtbKyIk5MRUUFQqEQ7HY7tre35bXb29s3HHi2TzKZTLDb7RJlWVpawvDwMKampmAymaRqlEypZvG4X9T9OqStdb4mWZhLq+1OLFDWuXH66+3bt5LuQ7ukw46xgIQ2hgCMOEOzcwSQlMXDw0PpShCNRuF0OqUIj9XJh4eHODk5wf7+vjQ21SG+09NT7O3tiQ7k88dWJjIViiSMjtbRIST7zPOhw68aV3Gt/8CFpzGmlxKbyHl6ej1ksrGx8QYLc35+jq2tLTx79kzK2MlcsFuufr3dbhf6dW9vD8PDwxgbG8PR0RGcTidmZmakNHppaQk+nw/7+/sYGxuTHI39/X0Zgm02m+HxeLC1tYWpqSnpyzU6Oorh4WEpq29paZEWEHqu2NHREaqrq7G5uYnDw0NMTk5idXVVWADStdvb2xJrZ1yYyYFsqMkKmu7ubgSDQXg8HumVw6Rz9qViyfzAwICwDQQ1sXlbmmbVIEkDLx22pfBosMScBwpjLLjitTVFTDZEgz39HoaQ6MlzXhr3mf8Lha6HgZOqtlqtwmy6XC5Eo9fVVmR82OXbYrHg4uICNpsNS0tLUp3FOV6Xl5cyS/P4+FhaebA9wfLysqw3WRxWOAUCAezs7GBra0vGPmxubt7IPbPb7fB4PPD5fDJonO0PWCrv9/vh8Xiwv78vSsNqtSIUCmF9fV3kPxz+vXWC0+mEy+VCMBiEzWaTEnCCTc7BI8iy2+0IBoN49+4dvF6vyF00et1DihVAvCaVE+eTvn//Xp6FVUAc4fL27Vu43W4JIUQiEXkWGhaGqbhfZEtZ2UW2kUztwcGBNOA8ODjAxMSEnBPuAeXy4OAAfr9feuU8ePAAdrv9BiPrcrlgMpmkrQfnou7v7+Pk5AQul0vWkDIXCAQEEHDf+J2M69ramgyyPTw8hM/ng8fjQSgUwuLiIqxWqxhLNhHWlYPcF5/Ph5aWFqSlpQmjxUrXg4MD6RlHxpCVrhaLBSsrKxIuYoPhs7MzkWnev9frFW/c5XLdYJXY+Pbq6kqGSx8fH4sxDofDElK8vLyUvWLo+OLiQhjOra0tbGxs3HDsNODSbBdzh5iqoV9Dhowyxi8aKLZTIdjS4S2mNMSGxpgOQSZERyl0OghfSxvGa+gkeDqnfB11ok7viGU9NGBhnhhDq7qqVecC6VSJi4sLdHd33wAiZP6Oj4+FNSTA0HqZ1+ZZZ1Ui38t74Ngx3rtmWXiO+ZlcS64d94Fro++BryMg0iyVfhY6nTy/n2PUdEiTIXgW4vF5+X4CfE0w6HvW7+Ez6sIT/j41NSXOzOnp9Rg4Js3rUKcOB+rCON2Zgc/AM6OZOF6H9xRLiPxB5ypphM2F5aK/e/cOY2NjmJ2dvZFbEolEYLVaUVFRgYSEBDx8+BBxcXF48+YNgsHgDdDG0AbDA0SMLI9mzxbmMTCExAd4//69KESyazSu7Pis0SQV49nZmYwDoOBqwabg6cq7q6urG/2r9IGncHHNqLwYgu3q6pKE+FAoJJV+uhFpKBSC1+uVogIqTFbM8G+xX1qQYwVft7VgxZE+9FROFIr/K6Sow5tUQKzSoLLiQWepvPZk+Dk634rrS3nTSpEKifkPVNakkbUC054TFTNlTA/81YaOnibvlc/K8nl2lidrx+pbKjeCBzK7HC9EMBoOX8/w+vDhw43743nS4RTeL5W7bsnAvSIjTGXO6/H6uoyaP/O9fO27d++kpxlzg7SC12O3eF5o8CjvuhKTcqdfR8XIkSBUcroVC9lhtm7h2SZ4YKhSA2FdFcTSdHqZlF+tzPizPiM614zJ4Dy/uipZe6t6LXTCLPWPZgn4Gj5vWVmZsOQ61ELjza/YVimRSESmCbD0PBqNSn8rDQj0eBoNTHhOef75mW63Gx6PBycnJ9LPbGdnB6Ojo/B6vXA6nRgcHITdboff78fi4qI8K+WQxoTshwZfsawFdSbBi+4XpZktMgK8TmyuGK+nx1/xdcxl42t1bhnfp8NAum0LZZbnm7pW2zsCSP79w4cPNxgZbfu4Bsz/ic3bOz+/rhbPz89HbW0tjo+P0dHRITarqakJVVVVaG1tlXB8fn7+jXZCmuXRIS4ditXgSif861QSDeK0Q08Zdjgc4gzYbLZ/Ymu0jeD79Dnh39kwledRrx3vMzZKEwuWYsON+jyxFQWvwddRbokj9MSV5eVlxMXFYXp6GsXFxfB4PFhaWsKPP/6Ivb29G2CasqufV+sbvWaUQ135qkEh9br++gMXNVaJxDIprHxhWEIbToaRVlZW0N/fj7a2NtTU1Nzw7nmd9fV1SZxvaGjA8PCwlPPv7Oygq6sLHo8HGxsbWFhYwPDwsORG7OzsYG5uThqaut1u9Pf3o7m5WbrnEowxnMlF1MCSxkEjbQohlS8Xk8JNA0zloxU214cGhPMTnU4nKisr0dbWhvb2dpjNZlgsFgwMDKClpUWeS4+90fO/9EZpkBUbCtQIn0ZlZ2dHPGNWaVJQNXtAxaXBEo0/+7K4XC4BMDzIVIY81Npo8Rl4L5HI7+OCCDS0EqXA85B/ri+QPnT0qLkvNIyTk5M3OjmT1h8YGEBpaanIbyAQgNlsRl1dHebm5uSwhMNhacjKqlKTyYSdnR0UFhbCaDTC7/dLgjvv+/DwEIuLi1hbW7tBr1PxxjKKOq+Fa6KVqO7hxffEUv2Uh9gcGL2mOp+D3q8GUjoplmtAz12fe54hvp/7yb0hiCRoqKiowODgoDDXo6Oj2NvbQ21tLRITE9Ha2or6+nrpLP3o0SNMTU3dcAQ0GP+cftLKms+rGRl9VkKhEHp7ezE3Nwev1yu5bXxunZ+kHQd9bW18+DuNP/+nrxG79nydZl30mdNgVq+z/jwNrDSroMEIz+7GxgZycnLQ2NiI9fV1jI2NCdP79OlTqfquqKiAxWJBa2srbt26dWN9eSb5eXq9eD9cHz670+lEU1MT3G43cnNzpdO5lkctc7we9QlBjzb4BEvcV+6X3htdcauT6cPhsADF8/PzGzNLtZ6iLjs7OxPmiOeQ1+d12YxV5zhpZ5FM9/n5OQwGgwxxPjk5kShQbW0tmpqa4Pf70dDQAIfDgbGxMWRkZEiYkteOzZXS66f1SCwI/RwY03JJ3enxeJCVlSWtltiMO9a+cK1iHWud87y7u4uFhYUboEzLsj5b+ks7NNT9Wt/z86nrKaMa7NHB470wB9vtdsNgMKC+vl7GV/3888948OABzGbzDeeI98hr8l60vdWAMRYnaV0aG6WKRqPXgEvHGz+n0KgIuru7MTg4eON/WhGur68jKSkJL1++FAEj86g+AAAgAElEQVSLne/G0MDBwQFSU1PR0NAglV0WiwVzc3Ow2Wx4+fIlnE4nhoaGkJmZCbvdjurqahwcHEjVh9frxdDQkFQ7tbe3o6OjA36/XxIAWYmovUcaPS5KrPegFTifTyuCWLqcC03mYGRkRGYnJicnw2QyYW1tDTk5OcjJyUFZWRna2tpQV1d3o+cOlYM+SHpvPoe8NSCjkrBarcjLy8Ph4SFGR0dhMpk+GyImENVUMj+bHmBNTY0ksba2tsp9cF8JLPSB1AdMJ9droMY11V4Bn5fVRZpx1N6RNoZ8rmAwiMTERGkjcHZ2JjlEW1tbSElJkVmdra2tcLlcSE5ORmdnpzAF7969w87ODjweD7xeL1JSUrC0tISLiwskJSXB4XCgp6cHtbW1Euoym80y6ysvLw82mw2bm5sYHR3F7u4uZmdn0dfXh6amJhiNRjQ2NsJsNmNiYgLr6+s3DK9WktpbZRWV9m5pBD5+/CiviUajUtnF9xCsafaMoWIaFL2ONCpcYyo4HWIgW6m9e8qg2+0Wjz4xMRF+v1+mBJhMJqSnp8Pv96OtrQ3V1dXw+/348ssv0dTUJGCQz0aDT+VL2dWAW7NH2vhTPul8PXv2DEajESUlJcjJyRG2koyHPk/aeGnmhHpO64hYMMSzqauwNGjU5zjW+PC+ybrrUIx2ZugsEshRZ/Ne3r59i42NDdTU1KCoqAhLS0uYnZ3F+vo6otEoOjs7ZR7f6OgowuEwdnZ28M0339zQOaxGj83d0gBA/z8SiUguptVqxRdffAGr1fpPBl8DN55rXR3IStUPHz78EwOmqwsJfsiWca2pZzRLxnXlvRwdHcm1uf+0D/pM0vGkc0edxXMSW8mmHcuTkxM8e/YMZWVlaG1tlXy05eVlJCQkSB8+FlxYLBZkZmbeqBaNBTj6/Gu51+QB5SgW2Orr8SyxCCc5ORmbm5vo7e1Ff3//DZugbYyWWz6nZgSDwSDsdvuNCICOimgGiGQDyQtNzGjHnWeen0nmVDuz3JvDw0PZK54Jj8eDzs5OTE5OIi4uDsPDw2hoaJBO85rB5vPR+eN9aTus7aTeFy03+vU6JPsHCg0fWht3zWRdXl5Kk1KCC406OUSX1WUrKyviMXNBOER1YWFBvLCsrCzMzc3hb3/7G+x2O8xmM0ZGRqSiz+Px4KuvvkJPTw8KCwslHygrKwvb29tYWFhAdnY2HA4HVldXpdomGo3KhrO/zeXl711vdQdbslvaS7m4+D3R/+3btzfyThhr53soxGTBRkdHcXp6KgN8LRYLAoEA0tLShI0rLy9HTU2NCAjHuWilpD0I0qQ6pBELtrjZdrsdDx8+hM1mQ21tLbq6uoTVI+vCXC4Kt6ZI6Tl8+PABdXV1aGtrQ1tbG3JyckTh8xrawGjW7+3bt/D7/TfaF1DZcc0pR5Sxt2/fivdIQ0TGi68JhUKiAPn95OQEHz9+RHNzM7q7uxEXF4fT01NJvl5cXERaWpokLqenp0vVUVNTkyhHPj+N34sXLxAXF4eMjAx8/fXXWFtbg91ux7NnzzAxMYG6ujosLy9Lf6m6ujpsbGygra0N79+/l8KN//f//p/sw5MnT2A2m6U5rg7VHR0d4bfffsPFxYWATg2KYo0/ATNlkYAr1mnQDAP3VTsP9AgJxHg/lP1YA6TzFegkUBYZOuSs0pOTE0nOXl9fx/Pnz+HxeGC1WnHv3j0cHh7iyZMnGB8fx/n5uQw112EC5jJpwB3r2WvDxOdl6I3ViYODg+jp6ZFKSf08nAJAg65ZFW3ANLvC/eAaUXfQeHNf6OwRQDPsR2dPh6ZoJNihXRsRPh8dIoYkdUhMswosMlpdXcX8/DzsdjvevXsnRUrffvstioqKJBT0ww8/iM6k7FE2+LlaR2lQyvU5OTmRSMPQ0NCNES9at8WyqxqQUTZZvanBN0Pt/HusA8DUDMr9P/7xD3HwuM7Hx8f4+PGjtEFhRSmfKRgMCqCNBXV878XFhRRQXVxcyFlm/hDz/V68eIHFxUW0t7djc3NTRs9lZGRgenpawnnMEeXM2cvLSxmp9TmbrNdPOzyaAdSsoJZPHRbT0Qzu78ePH0U2qQ/1PWiAp5mds7PrFB7mTeuzqcFarOOh9Y1+Dp4zbT/MZjPS0tKkY4DJZEJlZSXevr0eY5eRkQGr1Ypo9LrAiDnh9+/fF8eYo6mePXsmeZPUw1of6wIzDb60Q6wB7eeejfdOjPUHTdPzhXphuZDn5+cYGRmRSi5+OA+52+1GeXk50tLSkJycLCXhBAvMdZqamsLS0hJOTk7g9/uRnp6O1dVVvHz5EoWFhTJq5fHjxwgGgzg8PMT3338vTSrD4evmqSkpKbDZbDAajSgoKEAwGMTMzIz0+WFuFBNng8Eg9vb2BHBQsTDOq/MxqPSYKMe14caQeaFC4OEjuOPsOLfbjbS0NFitVtjtdqSkpGB3dxdTU1NIS0vD7OysMCpky/TGaZTMDefexLJd9FgoEH6/XwAWwacGRzQG2uvQxkIrdQ12aGh1vggNLRmlcDiMtbU1rK6uIhq9Tvpm3ym2D3G73fB6vVhYWEAgEMDFxYXk211cXGB/f1+G2rLihArdZrPJPgaDQUk4t9vtKC0tlXEZHF/CafeBQABzc3PIysrC8fGxhFxOT6/nEVIGmFeUlZWF2dlZuN1u6RO1vb2N1NRUbG1tIT09HQkJCZienkZaWppQ8pWVlQiHw8jJyYHRaMTDhw8RCoWkCevz58+xsrIirUO0t0nDxsTlSCQirTGYmMsZpefn1wUrh4eHksTMjurn59fl9cxZtNlsMmT58vJS2jtQifH3cDgs1WzRaBSbm5tSbMK5fcxHXFpaQiAQQDR6nbxP5cXw6/fffy8zTpkmkJKSgkAggLKyMhQUFCAQCOD+/fvo6emB3++X/A/KJJVvrMeuPeZYL16Hk8h8sGVGOBwWBoGh3bOzMwGhsUCLRkgbsFhGXIPiaDQqqQNkiVj8EIlEsLKyIgPFQ6EQFhYWRE+OjIzI/FGj0QiLxYJoNIqtrS3Mz8+LQZucnBQAwoISMpTr6+vS+6ygoADd3d0oLy+HyWSCxWKR8IrZbEZPTw/S09MRjV7PzLx79y7cbjdMJhMGBgZE7/AZNYMY+zvXhPugnRft/WtmkHunAVs0GpXKdDpn7LYeCoWws7ODxsZGfPz4EaFQCFVVVZKntrW1hRcvXiAajcLhcCAjI0McgJycHEmvSE9Px8LCgrBL33//Pbq6unB1dYWhoSE8ePBAig3S09NhMpnw7t07dHZ2oqCgANHodV5gXFwc1tbWcHFxgdbWVlRXV4vNSE9Pl2a/tbW1qKmpgcViwcjICHZ3dzE3N4eioiKsrKygvb0dFotFKpxnZ2exvLyMnJwcKZ6IzQeNdTq0Y8V11sA4ln2Jfb1mlrR90VEu/q4ZK203qKe3trYEeOrP1E7g56JkGlTq+9X/t1qtePHiBRwOBy4uLjA4OIhffvlFQocPHjxAf38/Tk5OUFtbi7q6OmkLUVdXh8nJSQSDQezv7yMhIQEej0d0hc6RjgVcmlDQLG+sztFrFwuWIxFVpagXTz+0fuPw8DCMRuM/hSDJXtXX1yMhIQH5+flYWVmR5OKTkxMZory6uord3V25RktLC5aWljA4OIj8/HxpCvfq1Sv09vairKwM2dnZsNlsyM/Pl3wElszX1NQgKSkJo6OjyMvLk+Gx6enp2NnZEYqWwIxx5urqajEitbW1ck9sM3B0dISmpiY0NzdLKLSoqEiqj0ZHR9HQ0IDz83MJo+zu7sLv92N+fh5erxerq6v4/vvvUVZWhurqagwPD4sn+fTpUwwMDKCoqAj19fU3QpSxB0ALXeweaXo4Go3KzDMNsnQ8nQdXU+TasOjD87kETDKF+uCenZ1hfn4et2/fxvb2Ng4ODpCZmYmcnBycnp6ip6cHf//732G327G5uYmff/4Zc3NzcDqdSE9Ph9PphNvtRmFhIVwuF66urqRUn8xITk6ODL8tKSnB1tYWQqEQpqenZS8NBgOePHmCjIwM6ctyeHiI8vJy/Pzzz2hpaUFNTY0AjOTkZGRmZmJrawuPHj2C2WyWg7e4uIhHjx6huLgYHR0duHfvHvr6+tDT04OEhASMjY2hrKwMpaWlGB0dRUlJCRITE6U31PT0NBoaGqTZKXtWnZ2dITU1Fdvb27Barfjuu+/g9/sxPj6OsrIyvHv3DmazGV9//bUY7crKSrx58wbRaBRTU1P44osvpBdZQkKC9AZaWlpCamqqnLlnz55hcnJSFFNmZqawpHl5eZK/UFJSgtraWgEk8fHxMJvNuLi4QE5ODrq6uoQxzMjIkPzJX375RcKi5eXl0nuvqqpKxpJ4vV5MTk5ie3sbSUlJePjwIXJyclBSUgKbzYaJiQn8/PPPyMvLw+TkJP72t7/BarXeYNJ0FZtmk/g3raC1J63PCsEVz4PO32FytM4l0p9Fb1sDLp4J3iNz38LhMLKzs8U5tNlsuH37toCs5ORkqVTjaJf9/X2cnp7i0aNHol9TU1NRXFyMSCSCrq4uZGZmIhy+HhD/+PFj6X/W1taGrKwsBINBvH//HgaDQcBabW0tqqursbGxgbm5OVgsFqyurqK9vV2GiM/OzuL4+BgDAwMoLCzExMSEgDU9dUCvg052jwVQXHvqkVhgoBkaDR7IMJ6fXw9h7+7uFr02Pz+P1dVVqS6bnZ0V5nN8fFxmQrJa/OzsDF6vF6Ojo1Iwsbi4KEbTaDRKte3x8TFmZ2elctrhcGBmZkZs1/T0tPS229rakgrh8/NzGWBOp2VlZUWc4vn5eQFf29vb2N3dRTgcxvT0NLa2thAOh7G7u4uVlRVxdtxutziqdrsdTU1Nwo5yPanXyW7qc6Flk+uuq/w+B7I0+0Jmi061dur5+dxrTdRodshut4uDwdAr916zkLRDtGvUu5r8iCUd+OysRD4/P4ff74fNZpM1sdls8Pv9ODo6EuIlFAqJ00qbz2bLbH8Tmy7ACIKO+n0uvz2WXaeN5Hroez8/P78OKWpjrj9UK7GLiws0NzdLozkyPGSL2JuqqqoK2dnZyM3NvTEnkAdkbm4OCwsLiEajUt7NykS/349o9LrcfH9/H7W1tZiamhLW5OTkBGNjY5iZmZGqs7W1NWxtbWFhYUGqnQ4PD9HQ0ACfz4fd3V2cnV23LbBarfI5i4uL0gxyY2MDLpcLJycnmJqakqQ/xtVZ5cbP5QGbn58Xpmd7e1s2dnt7G2dnZ5K0vre3d4MlOzw8FPZuYGAAExMTN5SS9ia0F8CfSV3Heg1kEjXrRqVFoEQm7v+imjV1yni5DgtS0GnEKFTBYFDaaXAP2YbA5/OJwgyFQlhdXZVwZCAQwPv376VBKcO9HNFCkEIFyO96uGowGLyxrkdHRwiFQhgbG0MwGJR5kpol1CwHuxcTZJ6fn8vnkykk2CP7yfPi9XpxcXEh1ahs7UC2im0lQqEQJicnkZOTg+bmZmlcmZycLK0SuHb0jMliME/s/Px67pnJZBKgvL+/D5/PJ+yfHjhMBabPqGbx+Bw8owxlsW0Bq7loFHXuFyuDNbjnM/M755ZybiiTWMkus9cT5chiseDZs2eih7R8np7+XgYfG8qgkg6Hr7tNM/TDPSLL9enTpxtszPv374WlZUiFTk9sYYM+h3qAL8NUHz9+lP9Tr/D8UF9S3/Eccb/1OaMuZo5ZbB6J1s3Uq/yZQ4ap+Hnfb9++xdra2o1RYpQNstVXV1ciKyaTSYyaDvtHo1EBptoY6nX79OnTDYedzhyfjfmSLAIhcGMy+4cPH2TYOIsH+D4++7t37/CPf/xDdCHl8v3791Ixy6701Hv8TjDIs0VdoFkOPhvPjQbw+jzx/by2Bh/cN7bOYFrLxMQEtre38euvv0pbAZ6hz8kEzxPXlKkgbGdCoKvX6u3btyKjXNvT01M4nU45/4wKUA9zHfUaUYZ+/fVXhEIhOUe8F547htdCoRD8fj/W1tZEd1BWWBDGs0C7pe2KbrKubRxzwRkapp5mlEO/jpEbzYDznLBXWjgchtPpxOPHj+F0OuWz2dGf60+dois69f/0c2i7rcP8Onx7dnZ2Dbh0SIkHm8ZIhwTb29uli6wGaHzQ1dVVFBcXo6enRyaix752ZWUF6+vrUgrNEtmjoyN4vV6h1Nn/5/DwEB6PR3pa0bCymozVgOxrdXx8LG0naBR8Pp8YXTYZ1El7oVBIOmUHAgHJHWPPH80QaWVDIMJDQsDFUEskEoHb7Za+TUz2c7vd0pWdB1N7L/wMTVV+Dhxpxcb70aFCKl+GTrmPsQo5lrbVAkvBpmegvRudp0LDSeGODTnHyhLlS3vEFFxtvLXyomLgAeQa0PgRvNMrJAh3OBzw+XziARHIeTweCecEg8Eb3tjR0RFsNhv29vZkrw4PD0VeaaAIuKmQCHi08o1Erkv/Nzc30draKr2bbDYb5ufnb3hJzAmJLakmIKIh0AwQz59WmLFnT68f90ono1KW+Pmx4QPuJZUKATuVrabOLRYL7Ha7dO82Go1Sbu52u+FwOGA0GuHxeOB0OqW7vsPhwNbW1g2WigZnb29P1lrnFB0fHwtbwWawGxsb0reNhpTfaUAuL6+bKK6trUkl6traGmw2G6xWK9bX12+sG/u8HR8fC8jVjgs9f5/PJ41oacwI6iwWC3Z2dmC1WsWY0ov+8OGDpDzEGpy1tbV/qsbSe0twybMVDodvzK59//49lpaW4Ha7pUraaDRiYWEBDocD4fDvDRxpNIeGhjAwMIDp6WmYTCbJayI7qKtUmXbhdrvR3NyMsbExRCIR9PX1iYOkwSOrO2PBcywY0npBs2gsviAzdHp6imAwiMrKSqSmpmJ8fBwNDQ1ITU3FysoKdnZ2sLGxcSNcdnV1hb6+PlknPoNmKbgu1BE08GT66LTokDLP6MnJ7z2csrOzsbS0hLOzMywsLMBsNsNoNOLOnTsYGRnB5OQkHjx4gMXFRYyNjSErK0vuk2CL59Hr9eL58+f48ccfkZ2djZSUFHF0CeYJ9Dj+5urqCktLS/j++++l2KywsBCBQEB0IdNFeN5igSDBjtb5OvpB8OVyubCwsHADjGkbpcN11O/acdDEgs4n1PnBsTLPc0THV9tVpjLl5uaiqKgIRUVF2N/fh9vtxtOnT+F0Om+AXW37uIdsS6MLbejsxRIXn/tZ4yRhuGIpMw246JV2dXVJR2oaY53LNDIygrGxMQwNDaG9vV1QPRf68vK6kSLBktFoRFlZGQoLC6U9RHp6usxsXFxchN1uR1FREUpKSiTsuLq6isrKShiNRpjNZlRXV8NqtWJ6ehojIyNoaWmB3W7H1NQU8vPzYTQa0d/fL3Q7qemBgQExhjU1NUhNTZXQpN1uR2NjI7q7u//JS9LUONeBjEIwGMTAwIB0VTcYDOjp6UFvb680H6yurpYO+2RkKHQEPRRkvSefiwlrdlJTvhwaTEbJ5/MJI6SFSys+7dVQ2e/u7orH29vbewNg6/vVipL/54Gh0tSsnD6kPGT8n2bQIpHIP/VR0nkAFGx2YS4sLMT8/LyEwNgXLTMzE1arFVVVVejq6oLZbEZZWRn6+/tljXXoZHx8HK9evUJtbS06OjowMDAAu92OJ0+eCA19eXkpCpFrODIygr29vRtren5+3Y+nsrISBQUFMJlMaGxslO7ZZAG0oqNSJ7CgodOHPPbvHz58uAG89GG/urr6rCeo/x7LosQyFXrN6cHqMB1Z6x9//BHPnj1DeXk5jo+PZUSXwWBAamoqZmdn8d1332FxcRGtra0YGBhARkaGdH3mmlE+Wf1MD5gDZ/1+P/b29tDS0oLj42NpvTIxMYFffvkFOzs7N0Ik2hsl41RRUYHbt29Ld/yOjg7U1dXJiDEaTbPZjMbGRpyfn6Orq0saJxP40ij19fXh559/xsbGhuhOMiJdXV24d+8ezGazNGD0eDyyZzk5ObDb7SIvXq8X0WgUL1++xPz8vMiTNnQE2LpXGtfObrejrq4OJyfXvYicTqcUIXV1daG9vR1Pnz69kfdDxndychK3bt2SvDvOEuVItVAohOXlZQwODsLr9eLy8hImkwkdHR0wGAzweDwoKyuDw+HA+Pg4jEajgOyzszOYTCYsLy+jr69P5J0tEvr6+uDz+TAyMoLBwUE5U9FoFBaLBbOzs7h79y6cTqfs5+npdXPLb775Bi6XC0NDQ8jPz4ff78fAwICMv5mdnYXRaMTKygp++OEHzMzMwGq1oqOjA319fXC5XOju7paK/NnZWZSXl2NwcBDFxcX/FG2IdUhigSNzjnp7e3F4eIj19XXJda2oqEB8fDxmZ2fR2tqKQCCAlZUV2ROCCur1d+/ewe/3w2QyIS4uTkL83d3dMJvNaGhowNzcHOx2OxISElBYWIidnR04nU60t7ejrKwMLS0tWF5eRkFBAXZ3dxEfH4/29nYUFxfDarXC6/WisbERTU1NyM7Oxt7enoAt6myCOuof2sBw+HrknW4fRP2iw2+8ho6SEejys6h/qGP4O0EXp6joHGuSHgSQzBne3NzE3bt3UV9fj+bmZhkV9+TJEyF2aAO0LtS9vPSecy24N9QBOsROUKgrMMPh8O85XESDWslS8fLi7e3tGBoaEm+RioYhwbm5OTx//hyPHz+WMAIVMq/N/Jn19XXcv38fDocDLS0tUl3w5MkTOBwOTE9Po6ysDMFgEEVFRWhqaoLdbkdrayt8Ph96e3vx17/+FTs7O9LgMikpCWazGXNzc+jt7YXNZkN6ejoODw+xsrKCjIwMYZt6e3vxww8/iJGwWCz461//CrPZLEl5w8PDcLlcePfunTBdBwcHUqXCtWH+BkNJbG1hs9mQnZ2N5eVl7O/vIy8vD0tLSygvL8fQ0BAqKioERRPsUOA0mKWHzNfwZ23odez49PQUpaWlUqDQ0NAgBoZgi8qVxk0Dbwr22dkZUlJSMDY2hra2NjFsFCJdVMDrMVRBj0sDR8oWhZQKi4CBz0NwRu+RHdR1SIF7QO/y119/RXV1NVpaWuByuXB8fIzl5WUcHBxIB/PCwkJsbW1JSK60tBRVVVU3BiYTsB4dHUkC69TUFFJTU2Gz2RAfH4/c3FyZnxcIBFBRUYGhoSGsra3h66+/hsFgkEKNi4sLMZyjo6PIycnB7u4u5ufnZShyS0sLSktLMTk5KWyMPtRcKz4rDTTDM0z4Pj09xcePH2+MYaECoFFj2Ob09PcKOf58cXEhQ3xjwww6P4Sgm0CR98jRM0VFRRgYGMDm5iZsNptUKRqNRvzrv/4r8vLykJmZCYvFgp9++glmsxlPnjyRIddkDwjeh4eH8eWXX0qI32Aw4OnTp3jw4AHy8/NlLunXX3+N5ORkhEIhfPfdd3j69Kn8rp0TPkM0ep3gzgHABoMBpaWl6O7uht1uR2ZmJp4/f47vvvsOKSkpMBgMsNls+PrrrxEXFwen0yneNZmelpYWPHz4EPX19UhMTJQmkuHw9aDdr776ClarFQaDAS9fvkRjY6Pk/P3Lv/wLSktLsby8DIPBgOrqatjtdmRlZaG/v1+AL5kzPauQQIDG4dOnT0hPT0dqaqoUInEM07Nnz1BdXY3MzEw0NzeLE6PB3MbGBv74xz+ipqYGycnJMJvNmJqawvj4uLRLKSwsRFVVFcrKyjA/P4/q6mqMjo6ioKAAKysr+PLLL7G5uYnCwkIUFhZiYWEBLS0tWFtbQ2pqqoxv4/rR2a2rq8PU1BT6+vpw7949mUF6cHAge/Af//Ef2N3dFSb37du3WFpawl//+ldkZGTgp59+gsFgwLt379DS0oKpqSkUFhait7cXW1tbsFgsuHfvnoxX6+rqwsTEBAYGBjAyMoIXL16gsLAQPp8PSUlJGBgYwMzMjDApOoTHcKYG8zzH09PTqKqqQmVlJTY2NoRZZHpMXV0dHj16hIqKClxeXsJsNuPOnTtyLnUo6/T0FO/fv8fq6iri4+NRXV2NlJQU7O/vw2AwoKurC7m5uTAajXj16hUSEhIwODiI+Ph4yZPu6OiAy+VCSUkJrFYriouL0djYiMrKSoyOjmJychKdnZ2Ym5tDQUGB6HhNLuiwIPUKHTlOhYhEItKhgM4A5y+zep26i2khfEbaBFbqataIekmz1JxnyXA+zwHtEffa4XAgOzsbFosFfr8fCQkJ8Hq9kuqiCQCCS51rxi+tl6lfdfsSTRjQFvJaf+AD6BCDpniJ4M/Pz9Hc3IyRkRFZcF787Ow6uXB3d1foeI/HIwqbAC0cDkvVU0NDg8zR297elk7Njx8/Rk1NDb799lsZq5OXl4d79+4hJycHJyfX3cLtdjva29tx+/ZtSdBvaWnBrVu38OTJE0mEjI+PR2NjI3JycvDq1SsJX/b39+P27dvSXfn09BQvX75EdXU1srKykJ+fj8HBQckr03lQOq7PDdIU5/z8vORLsL9YIBBAUVGR9OQqLCxET08PwuGwUKDa0NI46jCdDvtqVknfCwVlfHwc4+Pj2NnZQXV1teQsMUQYmxvCaxHZ8/N6e3vR3d2Njo4OpKen32C/OKybz02ZiGVHeDA1S0IPQANJXTig5Y7GgELNECKFmsqtsbERzc3NyMrKEuDL+Yvj4+OIi4tDeno6lpaWcH5+joqKCpnXSAXAdQwEAnjz5g2ysrJw7949bG1t4ezsDPfu3cPo6CgqKirEcHZ2diIpKQk+nw9paWmSE0gv6+Liupqyu7sbd+7cwfPnz2WIqt1ux+PHj9HW1iYD1rXnFpsvo/eJh54eJA2yDkFrxUDlwJwVhjC1/FDuNHul2V3KOWWAcqKVjMfjQUZGhozE6ezshN/vR3d3N5qbm3Hr1i0ZOEvG5PHjx7BarVJco3VGS0sLfvnlF5SWluLq6godHR3iUExMTIgeycjIkLzKFy9eYHNzE3/848nN0sMAACAASURBVB8lFMgJBGTs2Q6ivLwcjx8/Rnd3Nx49eoTm5macnp5iZGQEaWlpWFpakrmtV1dXyMrKkmptzSgxd/Tu3buYmZmB0WiUMDoZoDt37uD09FSYoGAwiNLSUpycnOD27dsyy7K3txddXV2Ynp5GXl4eFhcXZS8I8mKdJN3zsLOzExkZGcjKyhKWmvPnbt++jaGhIczOzuLbb7+VCQ0HBweiHywWC/7zP/9TioUODg5QWVmJkpISNDc3o7e3Fx0dHZLc39zcjMHBQSnNPz4+xk8//YT19XV0dXWhv78fGxsbqK+vx8jIiACuqakpcVxZtp+SkiINjNmvKiMjA6FQCEVFRfD7/bhz5470FaOBXV1dlVYjk5OTMBgMcLlc6O/vx9DQEKampvD06VM8efIEXq9XnPv79+9jfX0d4+PjKCkpwfT0tMw8vLy8RH5+PsrKynB6eipNoAnWaeidTqfIxPHxMdbW1hAOh6WlTnt7O1ZWVrC5uSmzegkec3Nz8eLFC2H+4uLicHJyArvdDovFImHwt2+v2xOtrKwgOzsbx8fHePXqFVZWVpCbmys21GQy4bvvvpM+l3fv3oXRaERLSwsKCgrgdruRkZEhczNZfdnb2ytzNQ0GA5aWliQEHgpdj7NbX1+XoqKxsTF8/PgRo6OjqKqqkjnFnF/MkH1NTY2E+9+8eYOKigpEIhH4fD7U1dUhEAjg8PAQHR0dkhZSXl6O1dVVXFxcoKOjQ+z0/v4+Xrx4IeHgoaEh/Pd//7eM2Xr16pUUSAwNDaG3txc7OztISEiA0WhEfn6+jJ17+fKlFMHpSJK2vcRE/K4BMJk3OqSxDJiOPvHrDzp/K9aoa2/w7OwMzc3NUjmmwcHp6SlevHiB5ORkZGRkoK2tDUtLSzdGO/BmNjc3sbOzg8HBQfzwww9CUzc2NsLlciEtLQ0ulwuZmZno6enByckJ8vPzxdvb2NiQ+YTBYBC5ubmSoF9bWyvNDRMSErC7u4vExER4PB7Mzs7izZs38Pv9MJvNaGlpQX5+vpSUslqFlUL/9V//JX2cuEHBYBDr6+vC7rjdbgFEDodDwl+rq6uSp/Pq1SvMz8/DZDKhtLQU/f39ePLkCVZXV2WQ8fz8/I110i0cYkGW3rxYVpK0Lu8pFljpEFdsUh9fR0SuWTd6AJxdx1wa7QkcHBxIdc/l5SV2d3exu7sr68TqIZbJezweeQ9DaWx38PbtW0xMTGBtbQ3R6HUS+ezsrIQWh4eHsbe3h1AoBKvVip2dHVxeXqKwsBDr6+tITEwUxpW5QYODg1hbW8Nf//pXobwrKirQ2Ngo4IxrQ6DEgdbd3d14+fKlVJxtbGygoqJC+shVV1djaGhIcliGhoZgtVqxuLh4Y31aWloQHx8Pp9OJiYkJzM/Pw+VyISUlRYbCG41GOJ1OjI2NiTGyWq2w2WyIRCJS9Ueju7i4KDlrXJfLy0ssLCxgf39f5Ki7uxu7u7sCZIaGhgR0sAs5w2cDAwPw+/2iTDm7z2Qyob29XUBLbW0t3G43wuGwDBUOBALY3d1FUlIS3G43AoEARkdHEQqFkJmZibGxMbS3t+Pf//3fZebqo0ePpKqxtrZWQODJyXWFqsFgQGtrK/7yl7+I0c7Ly4PP58P6+rqcYYPBgMHBQRwfXw/8Xl5exp/+9CdsbGygu7sb6+vr2NzcxODgoHzG6ekpdnd38W//9m/SnoZyODw8jOzsbCmsiY+Px8nJCXJycjA4OIjFxUW51sXFBba2tvD69Ws0Nzfjiy++QHV1tbQwOT4+Rl9fH27dugWr1Yru7m4Zfq6ZM1Z6d3Z2Ynl5GTabDYmJiejp6ZF8KofDgc7OTpF/TrYIhUKSTjE2Nobc3FzcuXMHi4uLWFxcxN7eHiwWC27duoXa2lp0d3cjPj4eW1tbaGxsFKaLY2f+8pe/YHp6Wiphp6en0d/fj+npaSwvLyMrK+sGWGWOb1xcHDY3N/HTTz/JxAayz+Xl5WhqakJCQgKys7NhNBqF1R8eHhagkJ2djcnJSTx69AiVlZVSRVxZWYmenh589913aGhokPBRMBhESUkJvvrqKzQ3N6OwsBCPHj3C0NAQysrKUFZWhsrKSjQ1NSE3NxculwsvXryQqE1paSmam5vx//l605620mx7vL7Pff37An1f9S2ph9vdNd3qSmpKolQqUSVREgRKIOCAw2BmsJknM4hZTMJgmcmMNmBjsBksMGDwIBsIylSqXv8XaO3euEv/FyjB+JzznGfYe+21p5mZGXEp7+zsCFglS9vS0oKamhqRH3Nzc7i8vERfXx8ePHiAzc1NbGxsiBEwODiIgoICtLa2wu/3Szaj2+2GwWDAwMCAZOCHQiHU1dXh+fPn6O3tRW9vL/Lz86+1DAqHwygsLMSzZ89gtVpRX1+PxsZGTE9Po6GhQUo3/fLLLygoKIDJZMLi4iLKy8tRW1uLly9fYnx8HFlZWZiamoLBYEBlZSVev36NgYEBNDU1SVV2i8WCqqoqtLe3S1Jce3s74vE4amtr8fDhQ1xcXKC+vh73798Xd+y3336LhYUFRCIRzMzMoKKiQgqiZmVloba2Vtjw58+fY3t7G7u7u8jOzsby8jL8fj/MZjOmp6cRiURgtVoFd+zv76OkpAQTExOIRqNYWFjAixcvEAgEcHx8jMzMTNjtdpycnEgsH3W72WzG5OQkTk9PcXh4iF9++QVbW1vXPHnUp2TstO7Urk3Neml8Q2NVl0zSxu8nqXSZVvA6hisWi6GzsxMjIyNyIw4mEonA7/djfX0dvb29qKqqQn5+vlD5HHAyedXax+12CxgpKyuDwWCA1+tFeXk5fvjhB1nYFy9eYHh4GLdv35bD8fPPP2NgYAA5OTkYHh7Gzs4OWltbpbhhfX096urqYDabRWh0dnbCaDTiH//4BxYXF1FWVgaTyQSbzSZVrlmj5fXr11KwlEGHNTU1qKmpkTov9LWnp6fj/PxcCtmxgv7Y2JgUvjMYDMjKykJRURE8Hg/W19dRVlaGuro6DA8PY3h4GLm5udfoTI2wdbA75zIVMDFrgyCJgYRcN6JzzSgxPuj33JT8jMySrjtERUirnuzHwcGB1Bw7OztDQ0MDrFYrTk5ORGmSvSgpKZE5qqioEFdsfn6+pGCnpaWhrq4Op6encDqduH37tiRP3Lp1C319fWIVse5WZWUlSkpKJFaEgKu1tVVKMdjtdtjtdgG8eXl5mJiYwGeffXatNlVRURG+++47qVD+3XffoampCV999RWysrLw4MEDVFdXw+Vy4eHDh6KYKyoqRJilpaUhErkqCuz3+/H06VPcuXMHFosF6enpaG1thcFgQH5+Ph4+fIihoSGUlpbCZrOhqqoKjx8/RiKRQGNjI9ra2iRg+KuvvpJkkEePHkmJjLy8PAwODuL8/FzAJPfDjz/+iO7ubonRSU9PRyAQwLt375CZmYmBgQEkEgn4fD5kZGRgY2MDFxcXqKqqkqyj8fFx1NTUSIr1y5cv4fV6pSQM689tb2+jqqpK2J3e3l5xx2ZkZGBtbQ23b9/G6uoqiouL8csvvyAtLQ02mw2ff/65lKs4PDxEZmamsMG3bt1Cfn4+ioqKkJmZifHxcYyMjODBgwdwOp3CNI6OjuKnn37Cy5cv8e2330o5EKfTCZfLhVevXl3LCo3H47h37x6Ojo5QU1MjsqCmpgb379/HwMAAent7cfv2bTgcDnE7ra6u4vbt21LfLBQKoba2Fvn5+dLShZb+7u4uampqYDAYJF41Pz8fbW1tqK6uxv7+PsrKysTl3NDQgJaWFvh8PikrwyD2jY0NKfC8vr6OzMxMCZg2GAxYXl7G/v4+2tvb0djYKOV4mLAwNzeH2dlZTE9PS3JQc3OznH2W0ZmYmMDKygqWl5flLK2ursLj8WB3dxculwsHBwfiIlteXsbGxgYWFxclAYJp+2tra/B4PNjb25OiuNPT0xIgTkNgfn5eCmAfHR1hfX1ddEs8HpfM4fX1dSmbQiaW87G9vY29vT14PB7s7+9Lg3m6n/b29vD27VtpIh+JRBAMBqXmFZupR6NRPH78GM+ePYPb7UYkEsHc3Bw6OjrEiCL5EAwG4XK5JLCaJWY4nwcHB3jz5o3UJCSLzrZ4DJnY2dmRcgYDAwOYmZkRuU22n0lA3FuMHWbT8ng8LqwRi+bu7OxITTImhbFHLJu/E1BWVlaivr4eFRUV0oMzmUxKFjhjtTweD968eSOZ4LHYVccCAh6GMtC4icfjQlJw3JwDGvVM2tAeE4bCEMzwWnpjWO4hGo1ia2tLsr5ZtYBrxbkmU/b48WNZcx17Rz1LVyA9TARqTPzQgIrAS5Me2iVMIuM/GK7UQGhenEgk0Nvbi9HR0WvgjBkRRqMRL168wN27dyU7RLsneU+Px4ONjQ2pnTI5OSnULDfD9va2MD0McAsGg3Id3XUseKfL8+/s7GBtbU2sE8bZ+P1+BAIB7O7uykHb2dnB6uqqbGC6fo6OjoTNIUikUPH5fDg/vyq5wFT9WOwqAykYDCIYDF6jRomaSQczlZgsisfjkWKVZKr4dx7WZPLfjZl5ULmQZNWYhcfx87ATkZPFo7Wkg/5SA+/1htNMl/6+pmDfvHkjm56f6c1GgaJTp7lxScnSLXtycoLffvtNrFa6Kzc3N8WdxYPP4Elmq7JcAZlVu90uAO79+/cSc6SbAlPw3rp1S+Za9xM8OzuTmCcdV8EyAKlgNpFISOAzDQ6muXM9CFKZFandpzxTjx49kgKXkUhEYqu4HhT0fCYBtHbjMzaGsVpcn9TCnrwnm13zObwP14BBsnt7e1IzSbscdeA24ykYtKyfzTEz2JrzMDo6ipKSkmtnhq4UrgefwTiOt2/fSnV+7h/uJ20gcN3oXuIzmNjBtHbOJVkXvhfXh2eI7si1tbX/cM+yYTifqQtQUr7x2SxVoQNvGZekY4IYNP3mzRs4HA5pscb5437gOHUrG2ap7e7uiiufyoRKjqVFdB/CUCh0LT6Mgco6ZpTJN1x3rSBTs8/C4bAwHUajUWIqqew0s8D70gXOkiBcZ64X9cjbt29lnZmpxr2gg7Sp/HQAN+efrnnegzFVzDC8uLjAwcGBzCMVNNdch4Bw7DrWifpvcXHxWuyjzvjk/XS2MD+nvEtNYOEe0GVF9BrxPmQD9VpwzxMYMdZyaGhI1oNrybPBtaaOor5hFjhjG/WeIHDRoQrae0aXto455b4j/iBTpAEYzzxL9xB06hACgi6931lpnolLXKvfA1wEdZQZ3Ac6ro3joX7XJIb+XXopavfU77FeZ2dn6Ovrk5RfrZi3trbw6tUrNDc3o7u7G01NTbDZbDIIXUqAwCcSicDj8UggLCctEAjA7/djY2MDu7u78Pl8UkOLDNH29rZYIbSEOJF+vx87OzvY2dlBIBDA4eEhPB4PNjc34ff7r7lBSWv6fD5R4nz2yckJdnd3xfrRaanaXacDjMn0DA4OikVxdHSEra0taQ3EgxSPX9VCYQFCvr9WSJOTk+jp6UF/fz8mJiYkOFBv3u3tbbS3t0uz4N3dXczPz2NoaEiAADeUPlQ6sFPHAFEIhUIhOBwO8dtzkzMzjOCUe0bXfeLeOD09lcBHbYlyHrkJdZKGjkthALX+rj4YGvwxpmJxcVGs9pGREYmPIwgjyKIiZiyB1+uV5AgKIQIErQA100hWkUCQ3yPApUAiqOHfCZSoVFLdxLFYTIr5ca8Q7Ggmk6COwpyAnIwnU/J1zI+OU6NC1lYYzwWVOf/V5UHevn0r9dyi0ei1vnJa0NCI6ujouCbIeH+OKxVI8plcWwbucw0peDk+bfzpM8o11lljnHPuLYJ+bVDwPOhMKR13SBCk4za4PtyLBIzxeFxa9jAwmMAldZ9o45b31YqLqek8p9wLPM868UTL3cvLS3FPjo2NoaysDC6XCw6HA2azWbpEtLe3Y3Nz81rGIufY6/XCZDKhvLwcy8vLaG5uRm1trXRyYGFXDRgrKyvld+6Js7OrDEwdC8t31q1cNMBMTRbRSo77mcCc78z9RfnBIGsdj8g9Eo//u/ci9wmzcHVRaNYKY9A8wRKDwzXA0lnC8/Pz6OrqwvHxMTwej4QE6DHpeGC9H/UY+V0NgrkXeAZ1cVECaL0feD8aDzwvOmGG49cAXrM0Ws6lvjf1N3/X2Xt8B73HKZ8pb7UXRgMyziXlAc+oDomhHNb34Jg5n9T9oVBIYs3oCeJ863vy+zx3XAsyWXrPaZmhw4A0kPtECzYqsVSfJG/W09ODoaEhGQhvQmBBAefz+dDQ0CCB2hx0MnkVXEgGimniNTU1yM/Px87ODpqbm3Hnzh3MzMygq6sLdXV1GB0dhcFgwM8//yy0++DgIJ49e4asrCzJRgsGgygrK4PFYsHi4iJKS0vhcrmQn5+P9PR0dHZ2oqamBicnV/0Ya2pqMDo6isbGRthsNuzv78NsNsNgMEjX+4WFBREEGqDw3Snk9ec9PT3Cbi0tLSE3N/daBXj+rb29XWLWtBDn5rbZbPjmm2/Q1taG4uJimEwmmXda+qypcu/ePfT29uLWrVsYHx9HWlqaUMVUMNyMBKd7e3uC1LXAjkajsFgsqKurkxYTDDwma0GW0efzidKPRqMSu6bTaXmgqLBppWqwxX1I4cF9qFPWqWiZxaKzQqLRKJ4/f44ff/xRMpoGBwclC4VMHNeQAomHmZ9x39OKfvPmjYBkCiDNSGirUlszGmDotdeAglaZtgI5Tj4rmUwKk0MhRcaNY+HnWhAnk0kpE6HPtk44iMevWtowm5LXcV45Fs6PVgZaQaUWJKVADIfD2N7eRkdHh3xXrynvy9+pgPQcsI8mf3TdG46JAp/j0wKdApDzQCWhFbt+dyppgl2yC1S82nDg3LDcCveiHifPHBWNfmcqLu2C4F7W9avIcHMc+j400vju/JfzyXdfWVkRFv7BgwdIT0/H7OwsGhsbJSbRbrfj+fPn/8FEUr4xNurw8BBtbW2oqKhAMBhEf3+/GKtdXV3w+XyYmJjA999/LwbQ4OAgbDYbAoEALBYLxsfH0dHRgZaWFjQ2NmJgYAC1tbWS/UcZwLnWrX/I6HEtCHx0ELMGBGR/tMzg+SbQI0BgL1cCPs4fGUuOJRwOy37VcoX7hoZYOBzGd999h+LiYpyeXhV0Hh8fFxaVe0VnEhPU8940ZLU3gOdNM2w8X5qp1MBVg1MCNxpenJ/UMhda93F8utSDPmsXFxdCbGjQqQEs5aL2FrB8QzgcljZvGmxy3LrOoCZx6GIkk0XdQ08QvWA0KBkL/OjRI2xubl4zRrWM0IYPvU2U2+wWoUGnZmlT14g/n/CQ8o+/xzRwEN3d3RgYGBAUqOlGsjf82/LyshT/5MZLJpPY3t6WINzOzk6Ul5djc3MTf/7zn8W/zWzCtbU1eL1emM1madezuroqzVezs7NRUVEhKJlsD2uNLC4uSv2ogoICJJNJFBYWoqGhAW1tbWhoaEAymYTdbsfExITUcmpqaoLP55MirZph0ALy8PDwms+WBVsJNg8PD9HT04NPP/0ULpfrGk1+enoKs9kslcdNJpMcLM79+fk50tLSMDc3h+rqarx8+VIoU67N+fk5HA4H0tPTsb+/j3/84x/SX+rJkyfIzc2F2+3GvXv38PPPP6OoqAhmsxlWqxUvXrxAeXm5tHQ4Pz+XeX/8+LHEPSwsLIjP3mAwCPCzWCzIzs6WInr5+fl49eoV/vGPf6Ctre0aqKIrhlYBD1QqkNGggQqDLqdff/1VrE4KwQ8fPsDv9+Pjx49SR21qagqJxJVLkTWztMDhc/jeqVYMFRp7vPGAa6ZBsxh0O/32228C5JjuTKHKtaJQoxLQAEh/xjFR2PGwc65SXXoEdRzrxcVVXS4NWHmddlXwrFPwaeGtgRnfnfOgQRBdv6enp/jtt9/w4cMHmTfWpWNmJIEK54AsKO+rYyY4PipCKn8qIj4/FAqJEqHRosETwQ2FeTJ55TYmWxeLxfCvf/1LmqFTkFJZaFDJuaWCodx8//69rDmVIKuyc451qxwCGsoObWG/eXNVsV2zG7/99pu4zDUI5Zxx/ele4rN43mZnZ6XSeGdnJ548eYLCwkI4nU74fD5UV1djcHAQd+7cQSgUEkBCd/jR0RFGR0dx48YNVFRU4ObNmxL7yvIDr169wt7eHkwmE0pKSnDjxg3Mz88jPz8fKysrGBgYQGdnJ7KysvDs2TMYjUYMDg7iiy++kJY2lKk8X1w7spuaLafuoduH7CEBI88vGUYNSrSLku5pghvuJSpP3WlDM2Tcs5QdPH+U4WdnV7Ggz58/R3l5uXQ+cTqdsn85jmAwKCwOjWO+F+UHwQ2f/fHjR8ks1YwbzyrLMGh9rfc155rzyI4flGXcq5RH/GHoxcXFxbUOHhcXV43AGf9J+c+zyHFqnJBM/ts1qeteEXRqkoJrTs/KxcWFeKEowzTrzRAlbQQTCB8fH+PBgwfiUiQG4nnWjH8kEhEXNX9YT5DsvN4PmnnULHksFvvPoPlUhksDrq6uLskC0oBLU7h602gLjpO0v78vBQkHBwfx448/4sWLF6itrcXp6SkcDgceP34stbFWVlZwenoKv9+PtLQ0DA8PY3d3FycnJzAajaioqBD339HREVpaWmAwGPDw4UOp7t7b24ucnBwcHh7K3/Py8jA2Ngav14uKigqJJ7Db7TAajZJWrv3xZCji8biASU2nsv3LyMiINM8uLy/HgwcPxMKh0iCb98MPP8Bms2FgYEAUnlbq9+7dw9TUlMQ8EEDwMNId8Pe//x0FBQVobm7G1tYWsrKykEgkYDQaYbfbsby8jOfPn8Pv9yMcDuPWrVvIyMhAYWGh+MV5cDY2NvDw4UN4vV5hHLu7u/H06VNUV1fDaDRKzTVW7HU6nVJz7IcffhCfN10m3HjcX3rf6X2j2YdUK4lzncpeMH5jZ2cHVVVVEhA6NTV1zX2q76VZhVQXgN7P2n2hqWwKQb4DhSTdDpraJ5jRVirHw71FYMrvcM74OQUCrTzN6DBeh8qAB13fVxsKmk2kQCFDw/dPFULauuM4tOuCwky7DGiUDA4OXnOtaqXCedZFkrW7ie9EhZBIJETJaHBElon7inWxtEuOQp9zp2OfuBfYmkkLXc4X15BrzLnku/K+2rXKOdeMDOMpNetFhUqlxjAJnk0GPyeTSZEtqdY1FSzlkXYxLSwsSJZqc3MzvF4vvv/+e1RXV+P4+Bg+n0/qAzJOli1huI/GxsaQl5cnRmVLSwuSySTMZjMmJiZQVFSErKwsVFdXw+124/vvv0cwGER5eTkODg4wPz+P+vp6mEwm9PT0yNkwGAyora2VziCBQABnZ1fttfj/8/NzrK2tyZ5ktjr3Ot1Y6+vr8Hg8SCSuOh4Q6NPbwDlkE/aLi6si0S6XSxQ8G4onEgnMzs6KF4AZoolEAsvLy5ifn5f9t7CwgI2NDRnf2NgYtre3UV5ejtu3byMtLU3ikCcnJ/Hhwwd4vV4sLy+L+39ychLx+FWoSV9fHw4PD3FwcCAZ/GdnV5XmmUV8fn6OpaUlrKysSFxST0+PxFRNTU1hYWEBb968gdfrhcPhEEDjcDhwcHAAt9stWcSJREIK5L59+xZra2tYWFhALBaTDOVY7KoWJV2kbGU3NjaGSOSq5lVZWZmU7FhaWpLiu0xwIwhaWlrC0NAQTk+vujhUV1cLIKqvr4fD4UAsFsPq6ioyMzNxfHyMYDCIzMxM8ZI9e/ZMyjDl5+ejoaFB8MK9e/ekzlx1dTUyMzPFjbmzsyOtfRiKoT0VlIk8y8QyJE2Wl5cxNzeH8/NzyRLXJIjGUzzbkUjk34VPeVApoDVtT2Hd398vpRq0S5G/awtExwVpxRsKhSRIngXtJiYm8OjRI2my+sMPPyASuaqOvLCwgEQigb29PWlSzcOQn5+PiooKnJ2dob6+Huvr62hvb4fVasXq6iqWlpYQCATQ1dUlBVBzc3PR3d2NyspKDA0NSWHVoqIiiVtiIUKPx4P5+XmMj4/j5OREGpsmk0kJzqf1xMN9eHiI0dFRCYjPyclBZ2cn/vznP1/rNWiz2VBdXY3GxkakpaVJUD6BFt0x33zzDUZGRjA0NIS7d+9KJX3ObyAQQFtbG7777jspxeHxePD8+XMEg0E8fvxYmggbjUbU19fj4OBA0q1zcnLgdDrR2NgohzEYDCIjIwOTk5NYWlrCN998A6fTidevXyM3Nxc9PT1YXl5GWloavF4vfvrpJ9jtdqSlpaG6uhpdXV3weDzS9Liurg4rKyuIRqMYHh6WgoU2mw3z8/NIJBJSmO/09KpVS1dXlyiVQCCAgYEB2bSjo6OSOcMfHmiCyt3dXTidTnGhzs7OSgzM9PS0uEgXFxcxPj4u726z2bC3t4doNIrZ2VksLS3h7OwqVor13o6OjmR/UFiMjY3JYV5ZWZH2Um63WwwEu92O0dFRnJ6eYnl5GT09PXK2xsbG0N/fLzFOFotFgk8XFxcxNjaGRCKBUCiExsZGcaHX1tZKhtD4+DjcbrewGw0NDVhcXMTZ2RkCgYBcl0hcZT6yIv7a2pr0D93Z2YHVapU+mAMDA5ibm0MkEsHCwgIsFou4kxsbG+FyuRCLxTAyMiKlCvb399HT0yOtQ8bGxhAOhzE1NYXW1lZhIerq6kRJdXR0yPofHBygtrZWauS0trZK5fb19XV0d3dLdpPVapVMScYcxuNXsYbj4+PiRnU4HNjc3MTJyVXPy56eHpFT3d3dkpHc2dkpZWYCgQDy8vLgdrsRDodRXFws2aI2mw3Z2dkS6Nve3i7vYjabMTY2hlgsJrXamCTDwpsXFxeYn5+XThahUAjLy8sCxKuqqlBbWytKprS0VLpFNDY2ynvu7u7CarUiHA7jzZs3aGpqwtLSEhKJBLa2tsQjMTs7K904WLme3s2d4QAAIABJREFU3TcODg6kTiFrgJnNZpHnZCBMJhPu3r2Lnp4eGI1GKf2Rk5ODmpoaaatTWVkJl8uFf/7zn1ICqLe3F52dnRgfH0d2drZkgzOIns9zOBzIz8+XPVpQUIDT01Ps7e3hxo0bcuYyMjJgNpsRjUbh8/lgMplkr1RXVyMSiSArKwudnZ04OzvD+vo6fvrpJ2FkHj58iImJCZyfn2NmZgY5OTmIx69KAN25cwd7e3sIBoMi22KxmJQDIWgtLCwUkMzCo1TWBoNBsjONRiMsFgui0at+hpOTk7i8vBS3aiJxVRIjKysL+/v7cLlcSE9Ph9frhcfjwYMHD2RN19bWkJ2dLX1nx8bG0N3dLXPEchYkH8bGxgRElpSUSAB4c3MzNjY2pBA3z2R1dTVmZmaQSCQwOjoqwJgFtJmAZjabr3UNGBwclLjs4uJi2csejwfd3d149+4dtra2UFJSIsa9w+FAd3e3ALX6+nppNdTW1oapqSkkk1exua9fv5am0waDAW63G8fHx7BYLFhYWMDR0RHa29sFHxwcHEj5iEgkApfLhYmJCdnPrMPFnpLEKQRdOh5TG7PERMQ71D3aQOffydTx/8fHx1cMFxWZDjzjQ2npxWIxDA8Po7u7+xrt9nssF0EYrTf+Hg5f9Uv0+/2Ym5vDvXv3kJaWBqfTiS+//BKvX7/GwcEBMjIypGTE1tYWdnd3UVFRgb/85S+4efMmrFYruru7cfv2bdy7dw8GgwGff/45RkZG8NVXX+HBgweor6/H3bt3YTKZ8Pe//x137tzBs2fPUFdXh4ODA/j9fmRmZqKoqAjZ2dkYGRlBMBjE/fv3cffuXZSUlODZs2fC7CwsLEgF32g0iqWlJdy+fVtAz7Nnz+B0OhEOh2G328VXT2bqzp07yMjIkF6OrEny+vVrPH78GNnZ2VKRnAza3/72N3z77bcwGAx49OgRPB6PxEYQgbNY7P3791FSUoLT01MMDAxIPbGcnBxUV1ejp6cHU1NTUrG6qqoKDQ0NcDgcWFxcREdHBzY3N3F5eYlQKISZmRk8fPgQv/zyC7q7u+HxeBAKhcSCDYfDGBsbw9TUFJaWlrC6uopbt27BaDTi66+/Rn9/P4xGI/b39yVO4+3bt0hPT0dvby8ODw+lAnUymcTY2BhycnKksN+jR4+wt7eH8/NzdHV14eXLl8JA5ObmYnBwUKpTa6BCJpEKPhwOSwcDn8+Hd+/eIT8/H6WlpVITjK4QljNYW1tDOBxGZmYmXr58iXg8jvn5eUkjZtHEtrY2hMNhdHZ2wmAwiIX97bffSveDFy9eoLi4GJFIBMXFxcjKysLFxQXa2tqkCOb+/j7y8/Px9OlTiYG7ceOG1Pipr6/H8+fPEQqF4PV68eWXX0rmbnp6OlwuF05OTqQt1tnZGQ4ODpCXlydlXJxOJ3Jzc6VwY1paGubn53F8fIzh4WHU19eLSyErK0uSUWw2m9SJ83g8KCgokFiJnJwcscppCJyfn4sVTmBGI8VqteL58+fCOty6dQtDQ0NIJpMoKytDeXk5jo6OMD8/j8zMTGm7kZ2dDZvNhkQigf7+fjx79kzKOrx8+RLr6+uIRqPo6+vD4OCgGCuVlZXCspWVlaGvrw/n5+eYm5tDeno6YrGrjN+SkhLpV8j6QvH4VUuhhw8fSiub5uZmAb7si8k9yWrrl5eXaGpqgt1ux5s3b+B0OvHw4UOpO/fkyRMMDg7i7OxM6koFg0Fsb2/js88+w8bGhgCPqqoqxONxUaS0xq1WqxgTBwcHaG1tlbppAwMDoow2Nzel7pDb7cbq6ioikYgklZAJoNGwtrYmwfTj4+PCEjJOjIwHz4DH40EkEoHb7cbm5qb0rN3c3BS5yASpg4MD0RcMKbm4uJAq7y6XS1xUg4OD4hLSYRtk5xOJhGSVa5aYhhFj2tgB5cOHD3j37p2ALTJp9LwwvojuNLKtjNtirCPZzlTG8sOHDwiFQpJYlEgkxHCmfiR7Rpmt2Wd+LxQKST9LxnJRz7KCuk7SYXgA1+fi4kKSWchEEQxoTxVjcROJqyQvzhsNXGZ0U88TD0SjUQl5CIev95HUxjoNG93ZhDGIrCygiQWWtNjZ2ZH55tox3opu7mg0KnG5sdhV1XoygWSOedY4JpZlIagk8ZOVlSXPJN7hu9IY03HGXFuSUKkxXBpw/R6RdXp6ik80M6U3UmqUfjweR39/PwYGBuTmHJB2b3Bg3BhkIBiHsr29jZWVFRwdHUlD6Xg8jkAgIDT64eEhVlZWZBMzrmhtbQ27u7sIBAJCPbPuD7/LBWJgN1kN3of0YTAYxNHRkVDG3KBsaLy1tSX+6srKSikpwYxCMnWMMVhdXcX+/j729/fR398vtUX4bG4a7bKhJc6NwcPB/oqkbHm93+9HS0uLKCnOsQ4c51pwXLSCv/76a+lXp9vkUBhwk2jgTWZSH1bteiGgPj4+htvtRmlpKTo6OpCVlSX1VpLJJOrr6yVTU9eu4RrRBcdN+q9//UviBDRLqoMetXuQ49KuWBZV5Zxw3bVLTRsOdGMxFib1MDPGjNYZDz/XVLsAt7e3JZaC9WA4T3TDUSCkBnbzHUhNUxho4avHzndh4C+fSzcT94C+loc/NeYjVcBeXFxIiQy6f+gSo8LU88U9o8sb7O/vo6+v79oe55qSiufaRyIREbRUrFw33o9rq139nCcdK6ddlto61W5C7frjO2m3sY4R0m4C/XcdoMy9yNg0nhnKAq4FlRbj/7gmfA+9VtwvVGxauNN1yv8zC1K7NfmudHlRDuuuDoyx5Bgox7S7n+eK667PJcemXdqURxwf4yO1DInFYlhcXJQSBNxDdJt/+PDh2vxwbTnPDFvgPbmX9JnhuFhOgd8nCKBM4LvRQ8P78H25ftyHLEuhY3U4Rr1v+E7cs2T1qKP43ixloeUufy4uLiREhwwyDTPquFAohP39fdEZ1DdahoVCIQmzYU1DgqSDgwPRNWSmCXjJOrHsQigUkrANAuz9/X0cHR1henoaMzMzWF9fRyAQwMbGBra2tqRiPXspezweBAIBbG5uYmlpSb7HGmwejwdut1uu3d7exurqqpSd8Hg8cLlc2NjYkL6cMzMzcDqd4t1irTbWgPN6vVhdXRXiJzMzU3qZ8qxyX2umi3uG36EsSJWb/L8OnudeoAz+RDNT3Cz6YdpN2NbWJs1+tdLR8QpUztxwmi1jrBWrtXOTpgpEWp5UPrQMmI1A4R0OhyVDkbQ3v5tIJAQUcFx6THt7e/D5fLKpeQ0FPu+nwRoFPsdAQarjb46OjiQOQlsjvB8PJw8jlbDO9NPBefzhYWAgNp+nBTmBLn/nHJ2enkqFf2ZrUJFRyGp0z7XSAI5rw83EVFr9HZ/Ph6mpKTidTrkfn0EhpzNXqfSpFH9PifC99LN0sDg3OEEKrSO6kXRskq7rpAWpNhgSiYQ8nz0JackxCJ2KUo+RdZlodRPM8F6piojrw79xPDoDh+usg8B1PBnHxQwezTQzeJpKXCsDHQ6Q+t1k8irwmBlafK4uzxGPxyX+iXuClirXlsCIbK5+Dx2LxznQcWU69iHVMic44thTmQhtIHINOFbOKf+mXQE6hILX6zmjfOC+p1LjedWWOZUmM68ODg6ktIzf77+mHFmIkxY8WaKTk6vODmQyqTCp7AKBgMgw9oelAmNdQbaG2d3dxfj4uFSbp6HLjDLWJNzY2MDKygq2trakF6zf7xelRReXVoqrq6tYXV2F2+2W65eXl7G0tCTKdGlpCV6vF06nEwsLC5idncX8/DyWlpYwPT2NpaUlTE1NYX5+Hk6nE06nU5pds0CrzWbD7Ows5ubm4HA4MD8/j+npaczNzWFiYgIzMzMYGRnBzMyMXDMzMwOHw4GpqSlMTU1hdHQUNptNGlhPT09Lx4fR0VFMTU1henoa4+PjGB8fx9jYGHp6emCz2TAyMiKu0cHBQXR3d0trKfYobGtrQ3d3N7q6utDU1ITW1lZh91m8uL29HS0tLWhpaUFTU5P00mxsbERzczMaGxvR1NQEi8WCyspKabjMYt2VlZUoKyuD2WyGyWRCcXExCgsLUVZWhpqaGhQXF8NsNqOyslIq7FdWVqKqqgrl5eXIz89HdXU1zGYzioqKUFlZicrKSvmstrYWLS0tKCkpQXl5OWpqaqTifGNjI1pbW6XAtNlsRkVFBfLz81FZWYmKigqUlpaioKAAFotF+mwWFBSgrKwMRUVFMJlMqK+vR0lJCSorK1FTUyPjLC4uRkVFBaqqqlBSUiK9OouLi1FXV4fS0lJUVVXBZDKhoqICxcXFKC0tRXl5ufTFLS8vh8ViQVlZGWpra1FTU4Pq6mrU1taira1NSjYx/CQYDIq8ovzRyUla91Cfa6zD71EGU79r9ksD+k80MtNf4u/al9nY2Ije3l5R9BqQUfHr4LHf+97h4aHERHz48EEUKBvwUvjq4FaiezIbqWmgVOw6U4FAhZ9zfFRUtPyCweA1ZfX+/XsBM6k1jjTzQwC1t7cnQY9kNEZGRgTYaIBIhoTomOPh36PRf9fuISAhkxWLxa4VVSP4o4XJ72kwRrCXGgCorU1tcepMHSpebfVpBuT9+/dyfwJjPf8EfVRoZHNI3xMMMjOMgd8M/tXtLNiImXPCvUSgqA8C58flciEvLw8WiwU5OTkwGo2SRZmXl4fc3FwYjUYUFhZKVXCLxQKLxYLGxkZUVFSgoaEBFosFHR0daGhoQE1NDVpbW2E2m1FVVSWCjsKlvr5eWm20t7djaGgI9fX1qK6uRkVFBSorK9HS0oK6ujpUV1ejtLQUNTU1qKqqktYnqQLFZDLh9evXKCkpQW1trQgYdnOoqalBQ0MDjEajvCPvV1BQgMLCQrx69Uri77KysmA0GlFVVYXKykoUFBQgLy9PnldUVCSxfoWFhejt7UVzczNyc3NhMBjkp7i4GAaDAa9fv0ZGRgbu3r2LJ0+eIC0tDU+ePJHEk8LCQtTW1oqyMJvNyMvLw/Pnz2EymURoU9iWlZXJv7W1tbBaraioqJD5q6+vF4VC5dTW1oa6ujrU1NSI4G1qakJ9fT0qKyvR1NQEq9WKrq4uVFRUoKamBn19faiurpZs5b6+PilD09LSIuvO71OhmEwmNDY2yjtRIbGNCp/X0dGB2tpaNDY2iuJsbGyE1WqVNTYYDLBYLDCbzaiurhZlZjKZ0NHRAZPJhPv370tT7cbGRglRaGpqQnFxMYxGI0pKSlBcXCxjKCsrk+s5fjbDbm5uRlNTEwYHB9HT04P29nYJgOd4Oe/Nzc1SB3BgYAAtLS1Sdb+jowM9PT0YHByU9jj9/f2YnJyU7/f29mJ4eBg2mw3j4+Po7OxEZ2cn+vv70dPTg8nJSTidTgFIq6ursNlsmJiYkFZCo6OjcDqdsNvt4u4k4GImOptCO51OafVFgOj3+wUMEjAuLi7C7/dLXA/vQeBIdoU1Hbe2tuByubCwsICVlRVxv7KGpM/nE6DrdruFZSFwZbHvzc1NqYLPwG3Gm5INOjo6ktgvVp0/Pj5GIBAQ5pElOPjZ1tYW/H4/Dg8PxRCgoU3Zz/jio6OjawwZjWvKY7r+aEhQZzNRg/ej4cFrGFMZDAaxuLgoupfGAJk3jo//klGlUZJawJulizgOXVmfniZNxuzv78vvu7u7wuRxfLpIalZWlhTsTg10T2VjOR86w5J6iAZgalb37/1fguZ/zwomsuOA6uvrpaCmRoXaGtSD/T3mKxQKweVyyUAJFnTxPwIXzbpo6/r8/By7u7vX4sMI8PTLafeotqI5frqRCAYIpFJBnL43gQfvq4tbsoVDW1ubuO40Y0akSyCVWulbu/A4l3TbEbyxECdBDcfJz+gu1ezc6ekp3r17d83Not1gtPS1a4gbni4R0vWcEx4WHh6ydJox0OCUFDctfgJbrjfXh+BKf8aDol3WmsYlUON78b6zs7PY2dkR6p20t7beKYgXFhaws7MDn88nbm+Px4ODgwPpPODxeHB4eChxhXT9MgaHn0UiEWERjo6OpJH17u6uuKUpPCkIKQQ4VrYpoTVGJoJ0P10TLLNyeHgoRQc5XxRiDHQlc0KXgo5j4b7n2QsGg8JcEUTrGE+6vMm8UE4wJkS7hmiEcW0ZY0aWm6UyuGf0OaX1qJk67jUKuTdv3oiioJszHr8KB2BdJe1612eGsk27WxkHxGcx5Z5j4v6mocByHh8+fMCHDx9kb3Mv6nc8OzvDx48fpeQC2ULu/Tdv3uDjx49StiIej1/LQtV7/ezsTFjV1BImdMeRZV1cXEQgEBBXGQ21SCQiZTl4v3g8fo3NJcNJ2cs55r+M+WGslGaSKY91NifnSMserjmfyfdhJX5dXV2XHCAzyzn/+PGjyB3tMtWKj0wn55H3oeuTc0fAQh2h553sNg1QujG57qnXkuHWcpEyjGOlPOfe5n1ZT4p6R+so3l97OlK9RZoQ4bnQ4SOpc6WBh45V43OYmce/E+Akk0kJ8aH3R88P50OHf1D+8GxTxlAuUvfqdyReoO7n2SeDrkkNvg/1Iq+JRqPIzMyUrgGpcVoa/6R6a7QbMRwOi1zVrny+M4Egn/sJB/N7LgcNuOLxOCorKzE8PHzNP030pwFYKlLk905Orlq0zM3NXUPjujcSBaEuvMciadp9qQFPalwAQYPeMJpB4vgJRriBOVYuLq+jQCe44rvqMRBsHB8fS5aiTkDQ7BA3GpUf4y8ItrSLkwfk91gr3oPjpeKma5TvxXgprax0YUVNk9LPz3EwC4uHm8DS6/XKnBH1c04494yl4dxrpa6Fpt7Amk3jGEKhkBwc7RrSTKiOreAzmNLMv3M9KZwJKAkKtKuTbkMtBFKBPOdSx5jw0PJ5qe5Z7lW9T/k97nkd56QFkRbS+tzpOCa67hh/wvmkQOR8p4Jm7frlXPN+fG+Oh/OhBZQWUhwPzxbPDeebz9OKR8cucV/qkAAtFGlZ08jQJRA0MNEASZ9XKgkqK73+fGcqUL0X9VrxPvr9+QwaKXxXLQe1vOI51M/U8jcajcoZ1PtfG0Z8tgY0HJsOr5iZmZHeg9qVncpIa48F/8bftUwkeNAxg5RRBGWaddZAh4ox1R3DtUwF6hoc6fAAnjFdc0zXluOYtKzgWMnSc200+OK1lF88S9rg1C5/7ZqPxWJy31gs9rshE3xHXeBZ12gjwNW6QwMHrq8+pxqM6ngyfS553rUnSss4zp0+Q/rcpYY3aBJEAxaOU78zQ4M4Jq3Hqc9SgSP3t8YX+nctbzRA1eVh+Nnp6SlWVlbg9/vl/GdkZMDr9crZ1zKb86ZxjZYHmoihd0vvBZ5nvgP/9okGWrxhagwXF4fdtnmYNdBJjbvQ1p3eODs7OxLjs7+/D7fbLd+fnZ0VmpMxAET0LpdLwNfCwoKk7nu9XmmsenR0hJWVFUlXXV1dlXskk0mhhtnYc3p6WhgXh8OBlZUVJBJX6dRsuUP/fzR6lX68t7cngIZ1nqLRKObm5iSokFlNjJ1iFtnc3ByGhoYQi8XQ3d2NhoYGRKNRTE9PS/HQSCQCu92OiooKHB0dYWNjAyaTCQsLCzg9vep6np2dLfEbRqMRKysrWFlZkS7zfr8fL1++RH19PWKxqyK0P/30E1pbWxEOh2G1WvHLL79cq2c2OzuLWCyG6upqGAwGHB8fY2pqCllZWQKOX716JTT9o0eP4HQ6cXx8DKPRiP7+fukRV1paCrvdjnj8KmWYpQRisRhMJhNWVlYQj1+V0rBarUIZWywWyUybnZ2Vcg0+nw9WqxXBYBCx2FW2rMfjQTQaxdraGkZGRgScDQ8PS7uGqampa1YOQRQBgI4JpECiQojFYsIsUQikMp8UerxGs46aqSNLx7NGQcvn8H46BoBC5PLyUmKqtBVHIcfv6SwZHQdH4f7x48drRhUZJzKfVA4sBEqWg4qFAdl8hlaWdP+y0CeVBd+FQIFKi8CYsoHsBcfDdyFo47UsXEowxbpTqXEXnF/NimgGiHNPIKGL15Kt4TzoMWqWV2cqpbKrOqBaGyEa8BGIsdYVr+U+I0OQqgB1whJBKeecbn0qA73PGEDMmDG6eTQw4D6Mx6+ybdfX17G2tia1sGgU6Iw96gatrHThUp4HMiN8BteMjKdeA63MGYJAnURjQoc+aNCtAYuuPs/ftceAe1Tvae1a0mdRx3cSaLHArGYB9RpR56XGZfJfsohk+3QckJ4j6mEdA0kDi9fp88j9qoGpBg3aEKMs5LpTlpFtZdkjDUj0WnM+yTqlGi7ayOMzNctK8kHvac6hvr8GX9pg5DM4v1qW633X3NyMr776ClarFaFQCPF4HC9fvsTGxobsBa6ZNv5SgSENEb4P9f/vsZ68Tn/2ibaoNODSwpuf1dXVwWaz/ccGSLVy9e96IGdnV66ExcVFRCIRCQbkBD1+/FgKndbU1Egdp0AggMLCQuzu7uLi4gIZGRkYHx9HNHpV44m1WrxeL54/fy51vgwGA9ra2gRpMn7k/Pwcbrcbt27dEqD24sULZGVl4fT0FN3d3dLY0mw2S6Vsk8mEyclJnJycYHV1FU+fPhVQ9OLFC0mzpyvr5OQEDQ0NsNvtiEajqKqqgtFoRCwWQ0dHB169eiWFUjMyMiRtu6amBmlpaQiHryrXv3z5UirhDw0N4ebNmwgGg/D5fLh7964Ew2ZkZKC5uRm7u7soKChAXV0dYrGrWlBPnz5Fd3c3wuEwhoaG8ODBA3GX1dfXw+l04uzsDL29vWhqakIikcDS0hIKCwuFiSsqKpI4g5cvX2J+fh4nJyfIy8vD0NCQAJDs7GwMDg4iFovJs/x+P3777Tc8ffoUQ0NDCIVCmJycRFFRkTQKNxqNkgTB+jKRSAROpxMmk0lYxpycHAwPDyORSMDpdKKwsBAXF1cFDMvLy6X6MIF4LHZVD8nlcl0TZixPcHFxAZfLJXEtDodD0ua5d7RLig2Z29vb4Xa7hT2k4goGgzCbzbDZbLDZbLBarZifn0dvby+8Xq9Q4MzUZXNcBiJTmMTjcaHV6d5j7bLz83Ps7OzA7XZLxhBjCc/OrmIiKcxisZjUD2PdHyp+AkKdVk4h63a7MT09jaOjI6nKT4F9cnIibCeBCwUez/+7d+8kvoGClHPe09OD169fw+l0CusYj8elMGJFRYW0BOJ9tbCjQUMgyu+dnZ0hPz8f3d3d6OzsxOjoqCgfrfRPTk7kWrIkZCsJLql8tFxkuyQqbYIz3oOKSsvPf/3rX6IUtJWvM//4OdksxpbwHhp8cJwcGxUuCwBfXFwgEAigvb0dfX19CAaDcLvdWFhYwPDwMD799FOYTCZUVVVhYmLimvvl5OSq4W9jYyP+9re/wWAwoKKiAo2NjUgm/50hSpZRM+R6nxJQpv5o9x/dsXRNanZLM3ac+/Pz6z0DU5lX7kNeT+BweXmJjx8/4vz8qlsF5yrVbUYdlUo6aKZGu3cJPPi7dk9zPLp1lh4X55rAnuusAZUGHXwXjoU/ut+kBh58Tx2yollNykDt+iXwu7y8lOsTiYS4uLleqWwjga/2SnFuotGo7BkCPM3GsU0Z5TSBpPYkpLp0NctMYM8zpV149BgdHBzA5XLh5cuXyM/PF/Y5OztbyqJwrHwuzxnjzqgD9V7XHojUueU6pDKNn2iglEqZpdKEbW1tckD1hKeCrVSaXdP5u7u7WFhYwNnZmcSyUJltb29L/FAkEpHMHcaG8L5bW1sIBoNSFZoKNhqNYnNzU4QW42GIWBkbQ3aDge2xWEyCH7loLApJK41j15QuG7ZyrLynw+GQQENNlfJ9uHhURhRevBctXD6LSpcKmOweNwev064rUqucf+0OpZtOu6702vP72m9PZaXdWdyI2j2kNyPHrhU/35tCngqblhiFEvcEFRj3oHbD6M91ij3HSAYzGo2iv78fGRkZ13pH8t0jkataQiaTCYWFhZiensaNGzekLhnniVZTW1sbTCYTlpaW8Nlnn2FxcRHhcFiy4Q4ODtDV1YVvvvkGExMT+PTTT+FwONDY2IilpSU4HA5sbW1heXlZ2LtwOIzc3Fx0dHQgFrsK+meh3PPzqxY57e3tmJycRHp6umRNZWRkoLq6WrLg9vb2MD4+LgHGzARLJpPwer1oaWmRdk2sdJ1MJrG8vCyU+8TEBA4PD2EwGKSdlNPpxNTUlJy75eVlKULJs0dlv7CwgN7eXsmSY/Az22QdHh5iYmICr169Qnt7u1i8Ho8HN2/exM7ODrq7u2E0GiXgmWdyamoKe3t7EpzM4GZa7ZeXl3C5XLh58yZGR0exsLAg7cNsNpukh7tcLszNzSEUCsHpdGJpaUmCojlvqawHlYE2MvWe1e4p7plIJCJME+9BpkWDBs6Bdt2RqaCS1wpWA0cNzCh3nU6n7I1wOIy5uTksLy8jkUjgu+++g8PhwNHREb7++mu43W65jsDhzZs3+P777yXT986dOxgfH4fFYkFvby8sFgvGxsbQ0NCA4eFhzM/P4+XLl1hYWEBeXh4aGhpQWFgoBVm1+5fzwecREBN0abaHgEYD5lSXpGaqODcEVKkghYBOu/Mor7gGBE5aFxJ8a4CTyoBpFi7V/aXHmUgkJFmIrKFmnbiXOD7thiao1YwZ50S732k0acKE+oIhMhq880cnKBEcatDPfcfx0ljg55rV0Ywz66ZxnzGUiPfV+z5VtxEgUddofKEZY96TscKMG+bn1dXVMJlMUvLi6dOnIlvovk99Pn+o2zQJpYkkfZ2eN70msVjsP7MUtcshFbX19/fDbrdf22DaTaFBm96sHAzdQ2RTOJGcbCpuHXCnqUht4XLCtauHBc90c029UFSGrE+iDwNr4/B9df8sWiS03jQK53sxVuXw8BCTk5OIxWKSQcGgQA1INH3KsSWTV1V1WQuMG4WsBeeHIIBuC7ILBFxaCGskTgHOZ+lJWzk4AAAgAElEQVTNrmOwaF3HYrFr86RLb3AtSKdqq14fLB1zwuso0LSSIDumXVAUkvxuKjVOd4R2J3C9wuGwKPhI5Ko6/ffff3+NkdF08OXlJerq6pCZmYmKigoYjUYRCBw/1/727dvo7+9HPH7VgHx7e/vafBNIpqeno6enB19++SUqKipgs9kQDodRX1+PoqIiFBUVYWZmBmazGRsbG/j8889hsVik6OXIyIgUGo7H4+jr68PKygru3bsHq9UKi8WCgYEBmEwmqXvm8/mQlpaGsbExyWI0GAyYn5+Hy+XCq1evEA6HYTQa0dXVhdraWkxPT4ur2uPxwGQywefz4ccff0RGRgZmZmaQlpYGm82G5uZmWCwWzMzMoLa2Fqurq9eUQzQaRVpaGrKzs1FZWYnV1VXcuXMHQ0NDuHXrFjY2NlBTU4P5+Xnk5uaiq6tL1nZ4eBh//etfsb6+jomJCTx58gSzs7Oor6+H3+9HRkYGenp60NnZiYmJCdy5cwcdHR3Iy8u7FnMXi8Xw5MkTLC4u4s2bN3jy5AmsViu+/PJLVFdXIycnB9nZ2bBarRgYGEBfXx9++ukn9Pb2oqysDJmZmdJWhMpOuwlTwZVmFvh8zfRpZcxecjQeNHjj3uGe04whn5Uaz6rPA1k/3mt0dBSFhYVS4JeFSr/88kupnv7zzz+jp6fnWrwOFdiDBw/Q2dmJWCyGx48fy1wvLS1hbGwM7e3tKCwsRFpaGvb29pCTkwOHw4EXL16gu7tbDFgNSigrtLtPs2O6IXQq0OLvep54D7oiyUDyfrxPqvHGOeVnDCfgHGtXJJkturA1q0m5rEEbn8FQAIIz7YIl0NQxbeyrqN3d3C/MyNMyk4CPTGs0GhVmnvI2GAxKaAB1EWNwachT3pNhpexmQpDe0/rePp9PWFV2Wrm4uMr8pzdqc3MTs7OzQpSMjY2JLmE3EMZAOZ1OaVN0fHyM3t5eSQgaGRnB5uYmjo+P0dbWhtnZWfmODg0aHBzE5OQkDg4OsL29fS2BjdnQfK9nz55ha2tLsALPlJblnAsNrri/eN55HlP3unZLCuDijVJZLh5wjdwGBgYwPDz8u4CMG0l/RiDDAHXGN7FXFRVraqA3NxlRZ6oloQMGk8l/9zjTB1cHU2uFTtBHi4vvd3Z2dk3Bst4VD/f5+b8DKGOxmMSr8PBwIweDQczOzooC5GTr7ENdrkL7rjlOXaCVz9QgT1tEzOagVaODX+lm0tcTkGoQS1ROy4Xrfnp6KtXHuQ7cG7SUCGiojHRQO617LTi1hcl3pptA927T9DvfWa8n6WsKQh4aCtzj42NhknZ2dnDjxg3893//N6qrq2XP6Jie8/NzlJaWIj8/H263G//3f/+H5eVlnJ5eNWQmqE4kEvjiiy8wMzODePyqI8Dm5qZYehSk5+fnKCoqwr179+ByufA///M/GB0dRTweh8PhQFFRkbgXX716hWg0ioyMDPT398NkMiE3Nxd5eXmwWq1SJJXMxc2bN6WK+MHBAfLz86UhLquqLy4uIjc3F2NjY6ivr0dXVxe2t7dRWlqKQCCA0dFRdHV1oaOjA21tbVhfX8eDBw/w/v175Ofnw+/3w2g0ora2VjoXZGdnSxjA//t//w/fffcdtre3Zf4ikQh+++03VFRU4E9/+hNyc3OxsbGBx48fw+/34/79+xgaGkJWVhZOTk7Q1NSEnp4eYcn29vbw7bffYm9vD1NTU9JyxGAwwGq14o9//KP0QQ2FQrh9+7ZUg9eZv7FYTDpYXF5e4ubNm3A4HPjf//1frK2twe/3o6SkBP/85z9RV1eH8/Nz3LhxAwUFBbh9+zbMZvM14MNzTkaCLDH3MvccQR9dZEdHR3j//r0oQZ4zumQpE3nueC33JN2vmhHhmSTjSjb4119/lTPEQN7JyUmYTCZEIletfZxOJ96/f4+bN29ibGwMwWAQf/rTn7C3t4f19XWJkaPR8uOPP2J8fBzHx8f47LPPsLW1hYqKCuk6YTQa0dvbix9//BGBQAB2ux03btzA8PCwAL3t7W1sbGzg5OQE09PTcDqdcu7Hx8dF2Y+MjGB9fR1nZ2fCRoZCIbS2tmJiYgLHx8ew2+3igj4+PkZXV5d4Pnp6ejAzM4Ozs6sK/i0tLbi4uEBtbS0WFxfx9u1bvH79WrLS/H4/ZmdnRc81Nzdjb28PFxcXkrV8cXGBtbU1DA8Pi1uspqZGyh6MjIygqalJlHRpaalUzC8sLJQWOQ6HA01NTXJGmpqapDad3W7HyMgITk5OsLa2hrKyMsmmY8eCt2/fYmRkREJYfD4fDAYDtra2sLe3J61u2L7N4XDg7OwMGxsbePLkCZxOJ05OTsSg3Nvbw8uXL+FwOBAKhZCZmYmRkRG8f/8eExMT0rdwc3MT//znP6VVGcvUJJNJ6aJCwJaeno6KigrE43EUFxfjxx9/xOHhISorK/GXv/wFwWAQHR0d+Otf/4r5+Xns7e3BYrHgj3/8I5aWlnB8fIybN28iLS0NFxcXcLvd+K//+i9pVfWHP/wBWVlZ8Hq9+PTTT3Hnzh0sLS3h888/x507d3B0dASPx4M//vGPuH//PtbW1tDU1ISnT59icnISdXV1+MMf/oAvv/xS5uPFixcS4819QAKFep/nXRNLlHfU19ooSmU7NUD+XcDF/+ubEpCMjo5icHDwmt+STIGm2DRK1LWjGE9E65HIUbNgtNJ4fwIUzZjwbxRKOtiN39H+cCpgjTS1v1hPNO+j3RSareM767nRlmEoFMLAwIAoEU33n56eXivkSqaHi0bWj/PHeWa8EWNLUu9JK4NrqINJtZtNu0U0kKQi4EbhO3NMBDNaMfA6giC9MQk+NB2buh6aFdWsgXYD8H46QJbzTOuTQJxWHPcqhXg4HMbAwABKS0thMpnw5z//GV6vFyaTCevr67JfvF4vCgoKUFBQAKfTicePH6Onpwf19fUCeglWS0tL0dzcjLW1NRQWFmJ0dFSSBDjfJycnmJqakh6eDx8+hMvlQjh81Uw9Ly8Pu7u7WFlZQWZmJo6OjpCZmQmz2SwuS7oF6dZ1u9346aefpFbVixcvpAcbe+sFAgE8ffoUo6OjeP78Oerq6qT+1ebmJnJycrCxsSEdC1g80ev14vHjx1hbW8OjR4+wuLgIo9GI8vJyTExMwGAwYGlpSfrW9fb2ori4GHNzc7h//76A+5OTE/zyyy8wGo149uwZNjY28PTpU8zMzODrr7+G3W6HwWCAx+OB0WhEcXGxnCWv14svvvgCc3Nz6OvrQ35+PlZWVpCVlYW+vj7cvXsXy8vL2N3dhcfjkfZVt2/fhs/nQzR6lam7uLiIBw8eYGRkBOPj46ioqMDGxga++eYb2O12TExM4Pbt2ygqKkJ6ejq2t7fR3NyMV69eIScnR7oiNDQ0wOl0SiuxeDyOlpYWUaTRaBTt7e0CiIeGhjA/Py/hDMPDwwiFQkhLS5O+mUajUXpTut1uFBQU4Pj4WOJAp6amJImnuLhYyn1kZmYiGAzi7du3sFqtGBsbw8XFBVZWVkT5Xl5eory8HAsLC9ja2oLRaERWVhb8fr/0pZ2ZmcHTp09RXFyMyspKzMzM4ODgAJmZmZJ5HIlE0NLSgl9++QUGgwGvXr3C2NgYvF4vsrKy0NTUhJ2dHRQXF6OsrAx3796Fw+FAIBC4tm8vLi7Q2NiIhoYGnJ+fIy0tDcXFxYjFYvD5fHj48CHcbjdisZi0pdIxm4lEAmazWWI5s7OzpZevz+fD48eP4fF48PbtW5SVlWF8fBzv3r2Trhenp6coLy/H7OysAHSPx4NYLIbR0VEUFBSIUZuZmSnJASxwStaV/SZPT0+Rm5sLh8OBZDKJkZERtLa2iqwrKysTMGo2mwUssU8sWSKz2YytrS28e/cOU1NT0okhGAyiublZQl06OjrkXDudTjQ1NSEej8sZ9Pl8iMVisFqt2NjYwJs3b2Cz2bC+vi4se1VVlQSGz8zMoKqqSpKvGDZjs9kk0cvtdmNwcFBiYgcGBqQd3eLiosRf7+3tYXJyUuIy29raMD4+Lkx8aWkpwuEwVldX0dDQgGQyic3NTVgsFunc4Xa7UVdXJ4TJyMiIJKixMKnT6cT29jZyc3Nhs9mksHhnZycODw8xPDwMi8Ui96ioqEB/f78YpuxY4/P5sLS0hOXlZfEgpaenS7y3BkjU59ptqXUef6cO1wSU/ldjIuqGT0jzaqCV+nDecGhoCF1dXfJAsiJaoZKVooLk/Xmv1dVVUSJa0erARLquCA4ISEh3ahDG61LdWPyd4IpKUzNKqf56/R6hUEgsSgohKn/trqSFSQF8eHgoQkEXn+P7kC3iOxB86FIKHAuBC8fJgEACrcvLS7kHGSiyXbyPZvsikYjUZdKB3gxYJFjimAiuGIPF9dXuSM4BA8H5HZ0Oz+rydMtxDeg712CQm5Pvzu/zvTiXOnuQ+4egk/dl/AmbFff19aG+vh6Li4u4e/euNF6+uLjA9PQ0Wlpa0NXVhZ6eHoyPj2NlZQWPHj0SAchDs7OzI+zQwsICBgYGcOvWrWuHj/T+9PQ0zs7OpFdnJBLB+Pg4BgcHJd6qu7sbwWAQKysrqKurk56ZdrsdXq9XBMLKygqsVqs0A5+dnUVNTQ1sNpvMz/7+voxraGhIKm13dXVJc3a69VkFnNmgrPY9NjYm7TBaW1uxvb2Nqakp2O12+P1+LC8vw+FwYHl5GYuLi/jiiy/EhZBMJoXFttvt8Hg86O/vx9TUFAYGBrCysoLFxUVMTExgaGgIAwMDcs4PDw/R2toq1caHh4cxMTGBkZERbGxsCCvn8/ngdrvR1taGkZER1NXVCTtyenqK3t5e9PX1CSPCFiTt7e0YHx/H5uYmWltbMTg4iMHBQZyenkrdM1rzu7u7yM3NlXYh8/PzSCaTcg8afe3t7QiFQrKHmOl8cHAgTbvHxsak9qDFYpHm7X6/HzU1NVLOpaWlBX6/H/H4VcLCxMQEYrGrumhNTU2SkcgxxWJXmd5URMlkEg6HA+vr69ja2sLw8DDsdjv29/fFXRMKhaR+G8utHB8fw2q1yhomEld9M1mnbmdnB+fn51KPjvE4LCrJGFruP46ZbK7b7cbZ2Rl8Ph8CgYCw9z6fT1i6YDAoBmkkEpE5YTzOxcUFDg4ORN5dXl5K71mGg/D/2g2p4+FY946uM84ZDeVU+UWZRfl1dnYmLXB4T10ehc+irKVsIYFAXch3YMA82VGOJdXFpfWYfpaOf0v1TnGM9A5wrLrUCo19zeDwPfmZBgycH+1K1fFc/JsmRX4vpotj18wP9STHyD3EudB1OalbeS/qcH7v5OSq/RHjRkmK8BrGib948QKBQEDGo70r1Ml8Pt+BZIgmkTRIS8U7nAPO+SdkbTTLxd/5Yrzx8PAw2tvbhXLWcTt8cT0AzZRwE1MQ06IdGhqSjWyz2bC3t4elpSVkZGRgampK0C3p362tLZSVlWFlZQWRSATz8/PSqZzVi0OhEBYXF7GzsyOUvtVqlViqlpYWOdDv37/H8vKy9IvyeDxYWVlBLHbVE29oaEh86BMTE3C5XFK0cnBwUAL8x8fHpUt7f3+/BObV1tbCZrPh4OAAnZ2d6OjoQDJ51aw5OztbKu/Tirq4uMDQ0BCMRqM0jCUjcHh4KPE9Z2dn2N3dRWVlpZSjoKV7dHQEo9EozW63t7dx+/ZtaZo7PT2N7777Dqenp9jY2MCXX34Jm82Gy8tLTE5Owmg0SlB9Wloa1tbWcH5+joGBATQ3N8uBKCgoECH25MkTCb51Op2orKzEyckJ+vr6YDAYpGl5eno6dnd3kUwmxSVBUGU2m6U/JZmEaDSKnp4etLW14c2bN3A4HLBarQgEAvjw4QMmJiYwPDyMi4urxre1tbVycEdHR0VZ8DDEYlfJD319fQJmtYAhqA+HwwgEAhJUrhlHHStGi8tqteLXX3+Vw6jj3bSw1PXZdNIED7uOZdOtowj+CUapiLT7XTOc+/v71wL5Uy0uKhkduMr3f/v2rcRjaJcWrTqd/s2m35plpKKj240uZp4/AhLGlGiWlQYNQfnJyYkYBxTKtCxpvOjihZwbbZlS4emEC44j9Xt876OjI8ka5vzx3bSCYRC1XifthuRzKOi1u35nZ0eMBSp2KkIdCvDu3Tv5icfj0r+SSovzSoOL+0Z7C1iBXWc2plrmv/76q4AQLc+pyJgAw9p8PFeMc+K6Mx5JG26pXUFYEoHnSocPxONxyYZjZibPG/ck/8/n6lip1IB2/aMZcgJ0zbTzWp7JVHaermU9Du47FsDVngMCAR3fynfVWZTaw6CJCp5njk97BrQnRMfG8R14hri+PJPau8S9zbPIM8uQGcY/cUw6uUvXVaR+pyzXBirnUzNH2o13fHwsmdb6+wS6mgzSeIV6mXP99u1byXrkWeeeIyDneT44OMCTJ0+wurp6jRzQ683xp+KiVHLm/w9wUbZS5kiWIm/KiUllq+LxOOx2u1CjXGBubL0pfy9ll/dkfSXGGGRnZ2NnZwd2ux13796Fz+eD3W7HvXv3MDk5ifn5edy4cQONjY1Sj4suiljsqrxCc3MzTk5OUFhYKPRzUVGRZEMODAygqKgIR0dHUqOKAZ0nJyeoqamBy+XC6ekp2tvb0dnZiUgkIlYuu5/X1dUJO7e+vo7Xr18jFrsKLKfLJhQKwW63y+Zrbm7G4uKisBzd3d0IhUJYWlqSd9jZ2UFDQ4NQnQ6HA+3t7aLYnE6ntCyYm5uT+lp7e3tobm4Wq8tut0tMhN1ux+rqKuLxuFCvLPoWDAYxOTkpwrqoqAhra2uIRCJYXFwUUBWPx9HY2Chs0tLSkrhDtre30d/fLwq7q6tLgBSzoggKh4eHJXuU34tGoxgYGMDa2poAlNraWgliLCsrk9IPs7Oz19gqi8UijOXY2Bi6urqkSnt9fT12dnYQCoUwPj4uNdm4x8/Pz8UAICjiQaR1rw8LjQkqBypHHmLdK1ELBSofbeFpIcfzQeuTrndavVRcFDA8R6kWIxUin6mVEcfK61MzjrQbV78HhbgWipw3KhxabjpeIRqNyvgp9LUgo5KljGAMHUEm76lLQGgF8f79e4mtPDw8FEXPdHadHs/nc65owVJJ8Tk6E45Kk/OhlYkOkdB7g8/UgJ6KXTMcVL56/rUi4l7S4Jw/VMZ8R84/lSUNDM2OUyFyHWdnZzE7O3sNbOqxc+1T65Xp8AxmgOlioDrkgueLjKxmr6nUtSGiwxq4f1INf63ktbLVypFASZ8tPX98jlaQek31+eX8MA5Px7RqzwPHqEEdx6L1H9dMrz3fi2vJv2lvk/5XK3p9/jluBvGnAgAN8DgP/EwDSP3DedfGSOpzCYa4D3TbHgJygh1t0Orwm1TwwvnSrYLIBGp5zThvykMajvSAsVl3NBq91pCbZXF47lnmaX9/XwwgnrvfCxfSZ4Rni+vLd9HzrxlDTT59ooWHRm76AbyYqeE6WJyTpi15TbVpoZdMJqUxKV+G1mg4HJYWKKS82fzV5/MJ+qZw0UKZAoY0Nq1f/p8TTBBE+pobJxq9yuaIRqPY39+XxUokEjIGXqtTSLmpuLG4+ex2uwgXbkyt6Fn/KnVTU6GnKgbNHJLC1jFNmkHk9ynwOT4GxBIgabSv54zKQbMBHB8BoBaW+hDwwNCaTwXvnF8d5E6lxGQJvhPfRws43ldT2rwP4wK4NoeHhxgdHUUwGJRx8++prgO+C//Pvcl7M5tHC2cqAt6H1+t4QDJZOvWaLhSuEddRU/y6rYwGZzzsWuGQ2UgFfYlE4hqA1KneGjRRUWnBwvtp61DLAu63VOtdt7hItfBSs8O0kUarWCsKjmd5eVn+ro07zjOBA8+O3tPck9qY1O4isjl6X52fn4uLnfJEyxI+l2ddKyjOF8fO9aGlTmZPj4MuEI5ZC3mOTYMinVjCc8I10OCQ/+d1LI7Mfa2ZGV1KQTOCel9w7vUaaCBIgKuzBLW7i3uKz9TnkYk1qcbCx48fr+19XQaG76/fQRcifffundSOIvulgV7qPtQgQIMyfp9rpM8t2UQt/7mulDlcBx2HrNkpve78l7KD9+EeZGswlluhyzcQCGBnZwderxebm5vSv3F9fV2aj7vdbqyurkqtv5WVFbjdbrhcLvnM7XZLA3G6rdkcXP+/u7sbPT09GBsbg8PhwPDwsPTNdDgcGBsbg8fjQSAQkObmbJTOYtJsrfb/0fWmP21nWfp4/1v9bmY0mqnppdLVtaaqkqqsoEpIFEABBAIMGDCbAZvdgNnBYhcYBBiZzewYDDY2YGRW2xiZJVFVklbP83vB7zl9Yer7IgoJ9me599yzPOec57jdbmxubgoCOzs7C6vVir6+PhlsznT41NSUzL5kOQPnWK6vr8PpdIqcLy0tyUDyxcVFTE9Py/stLy9Ll7TH47mVAVD1oOpkqw4pzxj1kOpsUYZUf4o/h8Ph3+9SpCDehTmdTiccDsctKFh1tuhcqS9AIeS/5+fnYbfbEQ7fzPDiYaAwvnv3Dh8+fBB4nTBjNBoV8joVaudLsouHUSMNOBUJjQ1be2nc1cjj48eP4gAwqqIyoSPEdfr48aO8E9M60WhUOI5Ub5obxMPk9/tvef90Ei4uLiQdoBp9NYXCz9Lg08hRsVNJslZDvZZ6wC8uLuS7BwcH2Nvbky5LolF0VtQ0BR1In88n78e04sHBgSBshHtZM8Z6DNYxkbOMxLM02D6fT56TkYT63oxUGDGrjgrvQWVGNJIKnASIJPuj3DMqV2WYhy4YDApqwsBArTVh2iYYDN5aMypp8sRxriZlgevEvVNlgQ7s6empBACUIzrOd+Fr1XDQuLx796+5fJTzcDgsEfhvv/2G4+NjITmk0eT5IoLBc8SzcRfRVteMxk51uNhtp7b6cw28Xq+gvTMzM6IQp6amZFAxa8D4DKozQeNFp4bOBKNWj8cjiNXR0RF+++03kVM6+peXl5JK5PXI5af+m3JLY8tyAv4/HTf+m0EX5Yi6VeXouby8lKCO16Jjy8/yu3wWdjZSrxK1Pjg4gN/vl4CSZRLBYBAOhwM2m03Wc3x8HCMjI7BarWhra0NDQwOamppgtVphsVjQ29sLi8WCjo4OdHR0oKWlBS0tLWhvb0dfX5+QBA8ODqKxsRFtbW1CGcIB3PX19aiqqkJdXR0aGhpQW1sLo9EoQ9L5MwdvFxcXo6ysDGVlZcjPz4dGo0FGRgaKiorQ0NCArKwspKamIiEhAfn5+cjJyYFWq4VGo0FmZiY0Go00PvCPRqORP0lJSYiLi8ObN2+QkpKCjIwMJCcnIzU1FRqNBikpKfInPj4eiYmJ0Gg0yMrKQkJCApKTk/H27VtkZGQgJSUFr1+/RmZmJrKzs5GZmQmtVou8vDxkZGRAq9XKIHGDwYCSkhJUVFQgPz8f1dXVqK2tlXc1Go2orKxEZWUlysrKhDKGw8j1ej3y8/ORnZ0tw+N1Op10VXNwvUajkYHyJSUlKCwsRGVlJQwGgwxL1+l0Moie65ORkYG8vDy5Z0FBAXJzc1FUVISSkhIUFBTI/nBge1VVlfzh9evr62GxWNDY2Ij29naRnYaGBhlmn5WVhfLycpSVlUGv16OgoECePzc3F1lZWULbUlpaiv7+fjQ1NaGqqgo1NTWoqqpCeXk5iouLkZOTg/j4eDx58gSPHj3Ct99+i7/85S94/vy5rNs333yD+/fv4/79+/jP//xPfPHFF/jhhx+g0Wjwyy+/CPcngyradAbtPHtq+lb1eVTHSg1M1ACVQefp6ekNDxe/dDdnfddrW1tbg81mw+7urniuOzs7MjTX5/NJsavNZoPNZhNmbJfLBY/HA6vVisHBQXR1dclGcmO5odxUHkij0SgLrtfrUVFRAZPJhObmZtTX18NkMsFoNKK9vR0WiwUNDQ3o6OiAyWSS75SVlaG8vBx1dXWorKxEfX09mpub0dDQgPr6elEUFRUVqKysRENDA4xGIxobG1FRUYG2tja0trZKG31zczPGx8fR29sLs9ksCqupqQklJSVobW1FU1MTBgYG0N/fj87OTtTV1aG2thZVVVUwmUyoq6tDTU0Namtr5ZBptVqUlpaiqqoKlZWVKC4uRnV1NTo6OuQaTU1NMJvNMBqNaGhogMlkQlNTkyhE/qmvr0d3dzc6OjrQ1NSEjo4ONDc3o6qqCo2NjTCbzaisrERTUxMqKipkrRobG1FdXY3q6mqYTCaYTCZUV1ejrKxM/t3c3Czv2NLSgsbGRjQ1NaGxsRG1tbXynHV1daJgDAYDmpqabq1jZ2cnWltb0draKuztXM+2tjZYLBZ0dXWho6MD/f39aG5uRkdHBywWi7xbTU0NysvL5e+KigoYDAakpaVJ5EXmce4nlU1qaiqysrJgMBhQXV2NkpIS6HQ6ZGRkICEhAampqSgqKkJ6ejry8/ORmJiI5ORkJCcnIy0tDSkpKSgpKRFFn5iYiMTERGRmZiIpKQlZWVkoLS0VxZ6XlycK/tWrV0hOTkZGRgbS09ORmJiI9PR0JCQkICkpCRqNBm/fvkVmZibS09Oh1+tFhqurq4VXhu3aJSUlKCsrQ1FREYxGI4qKilBYWIjS0lLZ28rKSjQ3NwvTOJV+V1cXurq6ZI94nkwmk5xLdjtWVVXJOeR5LSsrk7NTUFCAmpoalJaWwmQyyb1qampgMplgNpthMBjEWJJglQYzLS0NGRkZ0Ol0qKurQ11dHcrKytDa2oqWlhZ5jtraWtTU1KC5uVkUfWlpKZqamtDc3Izq6mp0dXWhqqoKFRUV6Orqkuc3Go3Q6/Vobm5GY2OjGKaysjIxAqWlpSgrK0N3dzfy8/Oh1WpRV1eHoqKiW4avo6ND1sJoNKKgoACNjY0oKCiQzxQXFwsvGs+22WxGbW2tyFdZWRkMBgNqampkf/mu5eXlMBgMYrzRK1MAACAASURBVHDMZjNaW1vF0LHrsLq6GkajUZwdfq6+vh5ms/nWWea1KisrRYcUFxfDZDKhqqoKra2tMJvNqKmpQVNTE7q6utDd3Y36+nq5Zm9vL5qbm2EymdDa2orGxkZYLBZYLBahERoeHkZ7e7uUVHR1dWFsbAzDw8PCgzY2NoaxsTFMTk5ienoadrsds7OzWFxchN1uh8vlwvLyMlZXVyVL4nQ6ZXQakRCn0ynoicfjwdbWFra2trCzs4P9/X3s7u7C4/FgbW0Na2tr2NzclEYAn88nNBZbW1tSB0nDy+CSCKJabsOshYqM0IFnWuvTp08YGBiQJgsif6qR5ndVwIOGnHV8KppIFO/jx48SNH38+BH/+Mc/bgEKatBJxnh1pBCv8eHDB3z8+BGfPn26NXqI3ycliYpY0unntfk79fmPjo5kooga4KkpcrWMgUGUmiHjNfk3A2B+NhAICD0EG2+2t7elIYbj+thsUVVVBa/XK2AHg0MVNVaBChV9JrDEZ1PTxSpKyvchmiujfRgx0Wujd8a/I5GIOFAejwdjY2OwWq1yMMbGxmC329Hb24vW1lZxMjo7OzE+Po7JyUnMzMxIFOVyubC4uIilpSU4nU4RdsJ9S0tLWF1dFWfN7/fj4OAAu7u72N/fFz4dj8cj12H+ViUcZXF8IBAQtGVrawsej0dI3ci8zg07ODgQNOXo6EgK4I+OjuQQMkXJVCcFyufzYXZ29tb/q52KjLyJgDEyJwrEw83omUStPLT8DoWAxdR3U45qlH55eXmLUJBCoyIYPERqWoTyQFSGaRe+C+VCRUbVLg81tUzB46EiYsjvUkiJnqiz7PgMd1PUKnqnwvBEhgYGBgS9W19fx9jYmEDY29vb2NzcFII8Inv8HZEWolOUHZ/PJwgJuz3ZFUOkhDVkalqWZIAqOsZOKSpzlelYRfS45kROiLIR/VRT5mqXDxFXoq9nZ2e3pjCwJke9p4ogqSlI7p/aXXQ3zcP0l9frxd7enihYp9N5i61+dXUVe3t7ouiIzJ6dnWFrawvT09PCSzQ8PCwoIJUejSOfW+3mVQvrVXkNh8MYHByUlnmeD5/PB7vdjvn5eemg4z3YpMLolsgl154/q1HxXX1K46muIevl7qYCKf9q3Qw/pyKLKrnm3cJtXos8dJOTk9jZ2ZEJB0SHV1ZWZP1V/jAiw6QuWF9fh9lsFr4rPnM4HMby8vKtdD/vy6he7WKn7DY2NsJqtd5ak2AwiM7OTvT09EhNKtHCq6sruN1uaV4hSnpX5u4av7sOC++lpvBV3aM6NqqOIwqpppT49129pzoa3L/5+XkUFBRgaGgIJyc3c2c5j1dNP6tOBNeSmYK7WSiuC+WYTpOaSeL9VaSa70waE97jLi+kWu/G/VZT6VxD1UFS0Rz+7m5qjnpaLc2h/lOzGGpJAB0eosR3U3S0sUSg+T78WWUQoK7h74uKiiRTw/vwDN9NKao1bKqtUuv31PdUHTBVfv7wex9SITF1o8fHx2G1Wm8ZUW66auzuEpGq9UGjo6OYmZnB3t4esrKyUFRUhMbGRjQ3N2NnZwejo6N48OAB2traUFdXJx2FbrcbdrtdFFt7eztevHiB1dVVdHZ2Ci+HWkPCTb9bg3N6eor19fVbaQkaL36Ozg07bKjA6XzRMaGCjkRuit/dbjcGBgbg8/nESaRRoJJXUzJqOyydP7UAlsKrOlZMc/H+ajcGa8UoQCoEql5P9cJZ2KseHAo9DTivz+uoUZ/aecc1pkOhGhC+FxWeeqDvRjl3D6z6PX6Xh4NrpcK+kUgEVqtVHG29Xo+WlhbEx8fD6XTKszLlUl9fj/r6epSXl2N8fBwGg0FmUfI9GZWpKXOuHevjQqEQzGaz1BRxzQKBAMbGxqQrj2ukzuG7izAzOv29dL96mNWUp+oUqcW9NAhcV9UZppwzrc57qI733WdQx9Oo+iAUCiEmJgYpKSmw2Ww4PT0VagKz2YysrCwsLS0JpxbPM+uUBgcH8dVXXwndRUFBgQQfHK21tLQk3dJMS6tdj1xbtabx5OQERqMReXl5cgai0SjMZjOGhobQ3t6OkpIS2R+myEtKSsQYXF1dSQ0Wn4lOnpr+UwvD1dpE1bnh+eS5UXWWWlepRsc0nNStfGfVQFOfXF9fIz09HSUlJfB6vVhZWcHo6Kg44QkJCXA6nVJfquoFp9OJp0+fIjExEQsLC+jq6sL19TW2t7cxMzODw8NDrK+vC0/a0NAQZmZmMDQ0hObmZiwsLKCzsxMWiwXz8/MYGRlBX18fDg8P0dXVhfLy8ls2htMNAoGA8Ia5XC5pgGltbUVPTw+CwSBmZmZkxm5XV5cgnhxmv7y8jJaWFqytrcHj8aCsrAxzc3O3ardUW6caSv6OtWPUSSxVUUsRVOfs119/FRkgysNz0tXVhdLSUiwuLuL8/PwW35fqbKm1iWqwzG5P1VGPRv81ZeP8/FzOP2VJ1ZeUXTroalczA2zeV3WCiX6pfgAdODaUcP4o1+Fus4iqX9hhy/NCVIwyR7klBYj6XdXpUvWjWppAJ4lng++lOpRqUBaN3nDikWNMrZdTkS3KDa+rOlJ3nXo1vajej/scjf7/w6tVAVR/qSr4d+/eweFwYHp6+lYkrBppeq78oxpDCrDdbofD4UA0GpX02vv375GUlITh4WGhMJiensbi4iI6OjpwcHAAm82G+/fvSycguws5F2xtbU02PxKJSD0WN4lRk1qseXn5r4njFDK+s/puND6sm2JdzdHREa6vr295zeHwzdBkCo8aCdwd+8DNUA+eyo/Fjix10/ksFF51H9QIjspeFU7VieNzqIJC4blby6QeOMqD2oUWifxrHpj6LhRM1WG5K6S8Jp0yFc7lAVJRVioRv98vxp7vwz1m7djU1BSOj48lbfr+/XskJCRgdnZW2p/pmL19+xYfPnzA7Owsenp6sLGxgbi4OOh0OkxPT+Pw8BDl5eXQ6XRYXV2VlFhlZSX6+vpQU1ODiYkJuFwumM1mhEI3fFAajUacuS+++AJ2u11qSphSLygoQHt7O169enWLE41KkWkDGgDuFQOd33OkuYeqkb+LFKpogbrvaiE1FbsqQ9xv/r/K83NxcSFpNqLC7Gbd3t5GfHw8FhYW8MUXX2BpaUn2mRF3IBDAkydP8ODBA0lFkfWeRJmZmZl48OABbDYb8vLyYLPZUFBQgPr6erS1teHrr7/GmzdvUFtbC41GA5PJJOz6ycnJEhyen5+juLgY+fn52N7eRm9vL2ZmZjA2Nia1I69fv8bp6anwgU1NTWFkZAQFBQWw2+2orq7GyckJrFYrNjc34XK5EAgEoNfr0dXVJXWW3AsywkciEdlPNUikwqYuo6Hh79So/927d4JgMlihAx8Oh5GRkQGTySRF0qOjo4hEIlhYWIBWq0V3d/ctCoVPnz4JMt/Y2Ijk5GRotVphh9doNDISamJiAs+ePYPD4cDIyIicsbi4OKysrODZs2fIzc3Fy5cv0dLSgsTERExPT6Ovrw/19fWCNlAuYmNj8eLFC1RXV2NzcxONjY2YnZ2FVqvF4OAgzGYz3G436urqMDIyguHhYSwsLKClpQVbW1tCI1RcXIzFxUUYDAbEx8cLo/n29raQWav1sdSnrMFjAwYDczVroDoyKpLF86emufi5xsZGTE1NobS0FLu7u6ioqBCS3k+fPsm+874qOheNRiVoZcpQRRl5HzrjfCeVbJzPHQqFJIVHW8XfUS+QikNFDGknVRRKzaAwsCbKRD3Dz5OmgoHH9fU1vF7vLfvCrsa7QAGdW9bY8mciYVxzyrt6rhnI0T6o4AE/l5eXJ+SvdKhol9R6ZTppDODUPb/rO6nOO9eWz31+fn7b4fq9L/Pvi4sLDA4Ooq+vT4SAjoCKLKipp7vXuLy8xMzMDKampnB6eor09HQYjUb4/X7odDoUFBRge3sb3333HQoKCtDQ0CDDJQcGBvDs2TN0dnZK2jAQCIjCnJ+fF2SNCpybz64vNXLgQboLB/J9VO9ajYRYBEvvWd0oXpMUBkwbcuNVBIOHXI3CeR0VxlY3jUaJ70d4mMOs+Uw8tKrzpe6PiprwcxQI9VDzwKnQMfeT78tDzXVX2+BVY861VfmJuA5ES1Q54bXpnFKZMK+vzhXj/XZ3d2+lejhU+ptvvpGRIKwH4RqcnJygrKwMubm5ePfuHQKBALa2trCysoKUlBRYrVb88MMPmJycRF5eHpqbm1FeXo7u7m5kZ2fD4/FAq9VidnYWX375Jfb392U0hsFgEPmcnp5GTk4OPB4POjo6kJmZCZPJhGAwiOzsbPT29sLlconDSBZ8NWJUI2G+u+oc8WcqZNWYqk4z76HC/zQ2/FtNb3AfVeqKi4t/pX3D4fAtR9FoNMJsNqO4uBjHx8eYmJjA8fExlpaW8PTpUzQ1NSExMVHY+dW0RzAYlILjp0+forGxERsbG2htbYVWq8XIyAgaGxuh1+txcnKClpYWIW8tLS2Fy+XCvXv3sLGxgZaWFimettlsmJqaQlJS0q3u4YGBAaSmpuLhw4d4/fo1srOzsbOzg76+PkxNTeHRo0fw+XwyMiU5ORkTExMygkSn02F2dhY//fQTAoEAenp6oNFoxAGx2+23jAsNhZoZoJJXZ9rt7e1Jowrlm1H4zs6O7CMNHveRyPPq6ira29vR2dmJsrIyLC4uwmq14vLyUuoU09LS5HwRBaAO6+jowObmJuLi4mA0GnF6ejN/MzY2Fj09PXC5XKiqqpIxOI2NjZicnBSEKi8vD5FIBHa7HZWVlfjpp58wPT2N9vZ29Pb2ytm+uroSGpympibcu3cPNTU1qK+vRyAQEOLchoYGjIyMyJSDgYEBGcy+sbGBoqIied/j42MsLy/jzZs3WF1dxdjYGLa3t7G0tCQND5wrGQ6HsbGxIeUlHIxOfUQ2d64p09+bm5vY398XveZyuWRvd3d34XK5hOnd5XLBYDDA7/ejvLwcbrcbwWAQdrtduuFXVlawv7+Pq6srzM7OymD1hYUFzM7Oih2Yn5+HzWYTHT08PIytrS1cXt5wVC4sLEizzuLiopzPiYkJCXxHR0clsD85OcHMzIzo1bW1NSwvL0ugPzk5KU0YdrtdmoJYq319fY2trS2YzWbJhDBoiUZvRijl5+eLA8RSDdoWpqvPzm5ogubm5nB+fg6/3w+TySQ2r7S0FA6HA6FQCBaLBa2trTg/v5kXajabEYlEMDc3B71eLzZybm4OLS0tYmMtFgvm5ubE8SLCxbOpAgVExVX7TIBD9RFUFOuuw6Wi1Tzzt3i41FSG6v0ycu3u7obVahXjeje1eBeJUB0uPqzNZoPVakUoFEJSUhLKy8uxt7eHly9fYmhoCF6vFw8ePIDD4cD6+josFgs8Ho8U8MbFxeHg4AAej0faT+Pi4jA4OIi9vT0sLCyIkvL5fCIErEfgQq6trclmOhwOeDwenJ3dDOS02WzyPY5jOTw8lIJLRuJksWaK0uv14uTkBKOjo9J953A4ZGTG1tYWbDYbQqEb0sPu7m6p4xkaGpIxFy6X6xaXFxmsLy4usLi4iPb2dkHtOjo6pFZmamoKU1NTokTb29sl7dDR0YGRkRGcnZ1hc3MTbW1tggQ1NzcLL5nL5UJbW5vk100mE9xuN66urqQZgikV8vrwEOzu7uLy8hKLi4uYnZ0VJ9Nut8t6LiwsCNlcIBCQupLd3V20t7djdXUVl5eXsNlscmhHRkbQ0dGB09NTOBwOtLW1SZfZ3NwcRkdHcXFxIUzq7OLiYNSsrCz09vbi+voavb29mJ2dxebmpjisnZ2deP78Oa6vr7GzsyNOWWFhIRYWFhATEwOr1YqioiKsra1hamoK/f39MJvN8Pl8KCoqwvr6Or777jshnSUiVltbi5iYGExOTkKn06Gvrw9WqxV1dXWydk1NTTLixePxYGVlBbm5uZiamkIoFML09DR2d3cRjUYF7aVjTkctGr0ZDktS4XA4DJvNJo4826yvrq6wsbGBpqYmCQg6OztlpIbT6RQeulAohO7ubmxvb4tsDA4OSm0j0ad3796hsrIS6+vr8Pl8SEtLQ19fHzIyMhAKhWRky/DwMBITE3FwcICEhAQptCbPG7tM6ciycN5ut0Ov1+Px48fQarVoamqCTqfD5eUlTCYTent7UVdXh+LiYqytreHevXs4PDyEyWRCWVkZUlJSMDQ0hMHBQcTFxYlckouns7NT9MjTp0/h8/mwvr6OtbU1PH/+HG63G4WFhZifn0dnZ6eglEzbjY6O4scff0QwGITH40F2djZaW1uxurqKra0t1NTUwOfz4ejoCCaTCZubmzg9PRWkhjWAer0eAwMDOD09lU4xr9cLvV6PrKwsmXDw3XffSXq6oqIC2dnZ2NzcxObmJgoKCuBwONDd3Y28vDyYzWbU19fD4XBgdHQUk5OTePPmDSYnJ/Ho0SPY7Xa0trbCYrGIE764uIikpCQ4HA709fVBp9Nhb28PP//8M2JiYqDVauF2u5GdnY2amhqsrq5Cq9UiKSkJycnJ6O3txZMnTzA3N4eRkRG8efMGX375paDCqamptwK5rq4uJCcnY3JyEs+fP8fo6ChKSkrQ3t6O8fFx5OXlISEhQUb+FBcXw+FwoKCgAAkJCUhLS0NycrIgYvX19ZidnUVraysMBgPa2trgcrnw8OFD7O7uYnp6Gg8ePMDOzg4ODg7w8uVLYe5vbGxEQkICjo6OsLW1hSdPnmB7exsejwc//vgjVlZWcHx8jMTERAwNDYmtS0xMFEdoYGAA2dnZQsTM0piTkxNoNBq43W44nU789a9/xerqKoLBIGJjY9HQ0IBoNIrc3Fzk5eXh8PAQ1dXVcq3z83MYDAbk5uZKHXBGRgaWlpZwdXVDTM35owcHB8jNzYXP58PV1RUyMjJkxA9RQH6uoKBAgI3JyUmZ+0j9T+fRbDYLT+Lk5CTa29vFKTWZTBLwzs7Oore3F+fnN7Nmm5qacHBwgKurK/T396OyslLKAbKysrC1tYXj42OYzWYZlu71epGeng6fz4fr65vZlMPDwwiHw9DpdMjMzEQoFMLY2JhwdFK2aZNHR0dRWFgoGbG+vj7YbDap1c7LyxPdo4Ih9G3ugkh309Jq4EQfSv1ZBWSoc/6gOltqCo0RtRoBm81mGV6t1s2oN/89KI3XODs7k/FA7e3tuHfvHr777ju8efMGDQ0NgnR99tlnyM7ORkxMDJ4+fYo3b94gPz8fOp0On3/+OaqqqlBcXIwnT54IxD80NASn04m0tDRp9WQdyfHxMerq6lBeXo7j42NsbGwgISEBa2trMnizu7sbJyc3M6E0Go1EKS9evJCi/cbGRuh0OpydnWF+fh7fffcdfD6fRMBNTU0Ih/81w48Kvbe3F4FAAL29vcjIyMD79++xu7uL+Ph4uFwuEfrGxkZEIhGB1ImO5eTkSERvtVqRnJwsdAM6nU4EPTc3F3q9HqFQCA6HA//2b/+GkZERnJycICYmBjqdDtfX15iZmUFcXBzC4Zu5ZX/84x/R0tKCSCQCvV4vUf3Ozg7u3buHiYkJRKNRJCUlQa/X4/LyEqOjo9BoNFLT9vDhQ8zNzSEYDKK2tlae6+rqComJiXA6nTg+PkZWVhbq6uoQCARgs9nw8uVL4Y65d+8euru7EYlE8PbtW2g0GhweHiI5ORk//fQTvF4v6uvr8eWXX0oRrU6nw9OnTxEMBuF0OqHRaITPbXV1FYeHh5KGMplMMBgMGB8fx6NHj4RnKRAIICYmBi9evBDF9PLlS3z55Zd4/fo1/uu//gt2ux0FBQV4/fo1urq6kJeXh/j4eKSkpODFixcoKirC119/jba2NsTGxqKsrAw6nQ4JCQl4/fo1vF4vYmJiJNURHx8Pj8eD5eVlGXcVjUbR1taGkpISDAwMCK1FTEwMLBaLTAL405/+JMX+3377LcbGxnBxcYG+vj7ExcUhGo3K7+hYJiYmiqIeGhrC559/jvn5eUSjUTx79gylpaU4PDzE/Pw8YmNj4fV6EQgE8Je//EXmAFZWViI2NhY+nw8ulws//fST8GSVl5dLlF9bWytDsk9PT6W55m9/+xtiY2MRHx+PxsZGnJycIDMzE3Nzc5JWyMnJwffff4/S0lIZfcMZfuzGXFtbw9OnT6UBori4WNatu7sbT548gdVqxeTkJOLi4qTl/vXr13jz5o3Mp6Nxe/36NR49eoTy8nLMzs5Cr9ejoaEBlZWV+Pbbb1FdXY3BwUFsbW3B6XSivb0d8fHx6O/vR1ZWFubm5tDW1oaysjLYbDb4fD5oNBr09/fD7/cjOzsbnZ2d8Hg8+POf/yxOa2pqqqChY2Nj+OMf/wi9Xo/t7W3cu3cPz549w+bmptAZ+Hw+tLS04N///d8xMDCAo6MjJCQk4KuvvpImo7///e8y37G5uRnt7e3Y398Xh8tms8FsNsPhcKC3t1eofgYHB6WecXJyEt3d3WhtbcXR0ZGgAisrK9IteHx8DLvdLkbc4XDA5XJhfX0d29vbMkYoEAjI9At2BKoM4dfX11hYWMDy8jIaGxvhdDoRidzUw5IZn6kqMp/v7e3h/PxcGNCZTSACS05FBnUXFxfo7e1Fbm4uLi4u4Pf75VycnZ1Jp9r5+Tk2Nzdv0RYNDQ2JIaa9iEZvpqT4/X5Bj5le4zMQQVJ/F41GkZKSgvn5edFXTAf7/X6hfOFnaTf5DkRi7tblMk3KTANRf7XMg4z9rAMjGseyGKLarA8mMs73U9OvdEJIQExgRSV8ZeaDPkAoFJLaNl6H78JrEsklihgKhW6N0mOakggUHSNmkH799VdZd9ZuXVxcSBMcfRDSpeTk5MDn891C/FWkiu/J1Pddp0vNNKjlNaoPpdbFRSKRf9FCqI6X+mU1hTQyMoLx8XGB/5lCUqvwVZSL31Xh8/HxcUxMTMDn82FhYQFra2twu93SMaUSt3Gel9frxcbGhrTz0kPleBNCo0SHuHE+n08UOclUw+GbsSder1cifI7kYcqR/FShUAhut1tgaLfbLf8+ODiQLrejoyMZTXBwcIDe3l7ZeA49JX/U8fGxCDY3lEKh1jOxFuD09FRQKpUkkelTdf+ISjFlsrW1JXuwv78vdWOBQEBY7Y+OjgSZC4fD8Hg8QgbH1Ab3dnd39xbfEN+BSo7rznQI951s70Qw+F2uIw/b4uKiICbLy8uCBPj9fuzu7sp6EjbnfclrptYyhcM3bPuUi62tLaytrQmyoNVqZY+5v0S2gsGgzIjjWqkHjwqEEQyLlLmGrF9U94Lvyk5XdjWSzsHtduP8/BwbGxuYmJi4VaSpvt/Z2dktZU7FpSoIds6wjo/RKpUK0VZ+nnvCoEudi+l0OiU6ZTqLaXXOzeNnWV+npnX9fj+GhobkOdRUMh0INc2t1h5SmascaVTQao0klfL19bV0XaqBIJ+JSpgBIxXz6emp6A0W7TItc5dXjfvNkgU1zU6Z4DsywrdarZK229/fly4xdaYp0V4ag6mpKZH/s7MzkYFAIIDp6Wn5fw7mpVNyeHgoa6RG6ePj47dQZ+rNcDiM2dlZeDweMXSkD1ANDNEQ9Xu8P1OaajZDPf9EY6gHVURBrY1REQK13EEtNVC7Qnmu1LQPn4vOAnUkG51Uu8R9Yj2kyrzO+joWj6slFnQY6HQwFaUWSDMdvLOzIwjZu3fvkJCQgOXl5VslIXyGw8ND0V9XV1fSjb+zsyNzJ+86WsvLy9je3pY6PcqgOqdRXdNo9IbvkDQaXq9XPsO6Z9YX8izt7u7e0pVMD/L/KFNq0b7qSzBjRv3COkS+p7rHqj0LBoO36oLV+lOuBfec91RJhilnDAi6urowMTEBv9+PYDCI/Px8GX+n+jBq+Q/PPdkG1PQhQSXV91F1j+r7cD3+8Htf4JdUL/Xi4mY6OsetqL9TYba7eUzVu2N6aWpqCpFIRHhWpqenMTs7i93dXWxsbGB1dRVOpxObm5vS0swUIIlT6fXT6WL9wvb2tsx/8vv9wq47OzsLp9Mpm7Czs4NAIIBQKASv14vFxUVsbm7C7XZjdHQUGxsbtzZUPcyq8laFjvQBLS0t2N/fx+LioqRh1UL69fV1gaap5OlBr66uoqenBwMDA9jY2JCRNRxTQISOHZBLS0uitKhQaKBU40ehpALks9NQUZFRIdHwUcApeKpcqAeE3+GBogLkvWmQqLx4L9VRUuWHB0alj1AhXBpfXoOKZH5+XhTC9PS0ONTkgSNPCw0sFRyNgdPphNfrlX/TKVXXgwePe7exsYHx8XE5mGrAoSp5Gh46jnTsWNNxdXWFhYUFDA8PC2qpruHs7CxmZmbg9XqF8oTX5ZqyLpG0AENDQyJnfC4Wr7J+Tq37orJVI1GVjZ77zPvR2KgKjjQtp6c3Ux2sVqsEG263Gzs7O7f0AmvTuOYulwvd3d2YmJiQwchqbSgdBrXegsXpbW1tcDgc4rSpBoqBB88FHUa16Jzn2GKxYGZmRhzm6+trmZ86Nzcn8xsXFhZukdjyGXndkZERDAwMiCwFg0EJ8FTnSE1B8Gc1UlbP3O/pJb4nZYKch0xZ1dbWYnp6GhMTEygvL4fH48HAwIDU0NrtdqmFobwSMWHjCbkLuX+UT66fWr95enqKjx8/3mocYq2oajfUblgV+WCDEXXK7zm3qlG8m12h86TOPVQNoJrNofzxGirNxj/+8Q9Eo1EBFugkUDex+UQdW8Wg6/T0FIWFhUhOTkZOTg4ODw8RGxuLlZUVXF5ewuPxwGAw3DqXqs6Ym5tDfHy8zOBtbm6+dRZCoZCQ1lqtVsTGxkqwt7e3h8vLS+Gn4tk8OTmBz+cT4lCHw3ELGSOCd3R0hOrqarx79w49PT2iSymzlHkifURAt7a2RB7oFKp/q01YZ2dnt3QNn5F6jOeAel+tZ6W83yU7Pz//14QDOmDhMQr3IgAAIABJREFUcBipqanIyMhAWlqa1O8VFhZie3v7/9RpUQ/wOdVSKzpZfD+17kv1e7ind52v3x3tox5obhLTgQMDA/L/qkenRg7qH7UAOhqNCmdXOBwWckej0Yiff/4Z29vbGBsbw3fffYfBwUG0t7dLd9CzZ88wOTmJsbExFBYWCkLV1dWFxcVF7OzsYGNjQ4gxX716hfb2duh0OnzzzTfQaDTIzs7G3t4eysrKMDY2hoaGBkxMTGBhYQE//fQTCgsLsbq6KjULdIJUKgAedrWDgoqESt9iscDv92NqagqJiYmYnZ1FQ0MDOjs7ZWh1UVGRKCbVYZycnMSLFy/Q1NQkJHvh8A2XEWu1tFotbDYb1tfXUV5eLpA0jYLKb6RGZbyWCvWqgk9IVnWe1GiBioAoCp9fhcAJzavGjukAHgjKyV2Op7uIDQ8eDxqflUpNRWWj0agUSJvNZqnn2tnZQWNjI2JjY9HW1oaUlBRxBpgSuLi4gM/nQ0lJCex2O169egWbzYbr63/NU+Mho6I/OzsTIsLNzU08fPgQTqdTlANpPC4uLvDPf/5TiBFZC0jklfWBvKbH48GbN2+wtrZ26+xYLBaUlpZidHQUz549w/b2tqTx1DWiIvz111+xuroqrfvcK64dHUY6k2p3Dx0sToGgYeHPbFigAVJ1wdbWFl6/fo23b9/i4OAALpcLdrtd3jE/Px8DAwOyNldXV9Idtb+/LySxc3NzyMzMRHt7+y1onx1RqmzRmTs8PERubi56enrEeEWjUfzzn/8Uncb70DmiQ0e55RmyWCwoLCxEIBAQZ7C6ulrKKrRaLaLRKDQaDfx+v0TW5LvjmZ6fn8f9+/dFsR8eHgoqxAHxPJN3O9FUg0M5p/yx0UTlRePvTk5OsLS0hNTUVDQ1NSEUCmFgYAALCwvY2trCZ599hoqKCiwvL2NwcFD0aFpamqSeVCSRJLDBYBBlZWVCOLqwsICZmRlcXl7K2JVIJCL8X62trbDb7Whra8Pi4iK2trag0+nQ2dmJ0tJSoV9hhxtZ709OToQI2Wg0yr5R5tTUGGVDDVw5RJ1rwzOu6r7z83MhAOV5JapHVIZ6if9mSoykofwd5YzXZGDFEpmNjQ20tbXh+PgYz58/x/r6umRTXr16Jcj73axSMBjEy5cvMTY2JrVsnz59QmVlJRobG0XHcQ5vbGwsdnd30dDQgNLSUkxMTMBisaC+vh6ZmZmShTg+PkZrayuqqqpu0Q1ptVqUlZVhenoaSUlJ+OGHH1BVVYUHDx5I3V9KSoqQ+er1eqlRGx0dRXt7uzg0+/v74qRy+gSdKRXNZDqP9kZNITJ4VNFL7l8kckM1oYICtMkq2MMAqrGxER6PB6WlpRIs6fV6SYnTgVXtCf0a9fypmYf/l8PF79Jx4/+HQqF/dSne9coYPag54+HhYQwODt6C1lTjql6LP6tR2cXFv2YphkIhaYtnRwoV6s8//yw1BxyWrNPpkJSUBLfbjfHxcVFcT548QWVlJY6OjtDb2wuj0YilpSXo9Xop1n78+DH6+/tht9sxMTGBrKwsSas8fPgQe3t7aG1txePHj9Ha2oq2tjY5eFw8esqqEeShUVGlYDCI/v5+7O3tYWVlBQkJCfB6vTg8PERGRgaOj4/R0tIiNTOE6Ol4hUIhpKWlYXp6Gjs7O9LtVlhYiOrqajgcDvz973+HyWSC1WpFe3s7dnd3kZSUhMrKSqSnp8v63nWS7goG02NEve7CqUR1KCxskyadghoJU/mo7c1q1MCDRcNHY686W4w2GXFRYHk/Oo1E6Kjs6ACnpqZiaGgIP/74IwKBAObm5iRVotFoZOB4aWnpLecuFArBaDSirq4Ol5eXcDgc6OjoEOdXq9Wip6cHPT090Gq1aG1thcvlQnt7u/ycn58Pi8WCtLQ0tLW1yb4yWmSdU2JiInp6epCTk4Pc3Fz09fWhv78fh4eHGBwcRH9/P7RarUSlPPATExNITU2FzWaTjrCvvvoK7e3tqK2tFeX37NkzrKysoKKiAu3t7VL8/PLlS2Ge7+7uvlUfQXlQFR6jdbWeU23FVrtaVQTm9PQUKysrKC4uFmZv1jS6XC48ffoU6enpt1AC6oZwOIw3b96gvr4eh4eHGB8fR01NDUZHR/Hw4UMkJibKBIP8/Hw0NjZiZmYGpaWlyMvLk2CJhc8DAwOStqETWlpaipcvX8JoNGJ1dRVPnjyRItzl5WXMzs4KC31+fv6tc1FdXY2EhAT09PRgZmYGc3Nz+Pzzz8WBSE5OhsFgQE5ODqLRKJqamjA4OIjPP/9cul4ZZLK4mQjjXR3Mc6tmGIi+8Gxz3SlnKsJGJ6u1tRWhUAhFRUVYXV3FwcEBKisrER8fj6qqKvT19eHy8hLT09OIj48X54ROps/nk1o9l8uFnp4etLe3Y2ZmBi9fvkRmZiYMBgMKCgqQk5ODiYkJjI6O4smTJ3C5XFJnGxMTA6/XC61Wi+LiYvT09CArKwtmsxm5ubnSqXj//n1sbm7CYDAgPz8fqampWFpakoCHnFPcE76zSpnCOqpoNHqLGZ16ic64Ok+UDpqqz+hg8RpnZ2fyf3TOicQRTaPN4LnY2dmBzWaTIvLk5GSpb2MTgcVikb3kczJ9zbFFOp0ORqMRKysrePv2LZqamlBWViZUGS6XC48fP8bQ0JDIsk6nQ05OjtQw+v1+sWWdnZ2ora2V1L3dbsf333+P8fFxNDU1YW1tDenp6Tg6OkJhYSEGBgYQiUSQkZEBt9stjQ4OhwNpaWmoqKiATqdDRUUFFhcXZS8YKHH0HlFs6graG5YU0W4wQGUam8XtTKuraUx26RN5ox1VmQLOzm4ajDo7O+W86PV6Qbu4Z5QzBhsqh5fayUj7cbdO6y7odBfMutWl+P9ymmgwx8fHhctFhcLV9ID65/euNTs7i4mJCZydnSEvLw8PHjxAXFwcNjc3xQj/8MMPaGhoQGtrqyz81NQUCgoKkJSUhIaGBkQiEfT29krhst/vx9zcHNLS0m4VJYdCITx58gTj4+OIRCIwm83QarU4OTmB1+vFDz/8gNXVVfT29mJychJPnjxBSUnJrfSFWhOh1mfwUNBgsNaIJKyTk5NITU2Fx+NBIBBAcnIyvF4vamtrUVFRIYJGZIjCqdFoMD09jaOjIzidTlRXV2NtbQ1ZWVnw+Xz4/vvvsbCwAIfDgdzcXEQiEdTW1mJ+fh7Z2dno6Oi45YlTgRNlULlFmHq52/qvpplVWFR1wCiQlAHCvRRgNe1Dx4MpCsqFGplQ8dF5Uw3y3YiDTpiaMlpaWkJfXx+Kioqko3F7extHR0eIi4tDfX09Xrx4IQ4HD9HJyQmePXuGlpYWeDweGI1GpKWlYWJiQsh1e3t7kZmZicnJSWRmZsJoNEpRcm9v760RNyoCw2ff3d2VkTB1dXWw2WzQaDSIRCIoKioSp8jn80Gr1f4fJvXp6WloNBrEx8cjJiYGdrsdL1++FGZ2vV6P1dVV/PjjjxgeHoZer8fR0REyMzOxubmJoaEhJCYmwmq14uDgQAIpzj0kckBFqDriTCuq6SI6ZjRavMbx8TEWFhaQn58vdY59fX0Ih8Po7e1FSkoKHj58eAuVo6O9u7uLzz//HA6HA7Ozs3jz5g3evn0Lu92Ot2/fYn19HZ2dnXj16hW6u7uFw8xisQgPWnp6usyZo+Ll+T05ORFnIz4+HsfHx8jNzcX09DS0Wq0g4tPT0xgaGpIOJ66D1WqFTqfDixcvkJaWhr29PTx48ADLy8tCFWG325GTk4Pl5WVkZWXB7Xbjb3/7G3Z2djAzM4P09HS0t7fD4/GIs0+lrtaAcQ+o4FW9qpLNUgfxu2ok3tfXh/b2dkQiEdTV1UnXLkllv/vuO/T39yMUCmF5eRkJCQlCjcKale3tbTx48AAulwurq6uIj4+HXq/H+vo69Ho9dnZ2sLm5ibKyMmg0GjQ3N2N+fh7l5eV49+4dUlJSsLGxgZiYGGGan5mZETb7iYkJqWtqbW3FF198gbW1NXR3d8Nms2F/fx8+nw97e3s4OzvD3t6etPKzKzQcvqnBHBsbkyCS1EGqQ8EgemlpCQsLC/jw4YO8Ow3t3t6eECN7vV6hsNjb25PGgoODA4yPj8s5Pzw8RH9/v5Dmut1u4Zr88OEDioqKMDY2huvra7x58wazs7MSTNTU1CA3N1c62kmQGo3e1OPFx8cLJ2VmZiZmZmaQkpKCqakp4cU0Go1YXFzEt99+i5mZGXG4LBaLjDzT6XRYX1+XKRmcZ7i5uSmj2Z49eyYDoH0+H+Li4uB0OpGZmYmmpiYsLy9LA5Tb7UZmZiampqYwNzeHxsZGGa01OjqKqqoqhEIhrK+vo6qqSpwok8kkz8EGJnbKd3Z2ShlCUVGROKkrKyt4+fIl3G43Tk9PZYwWGw9iYmLgcDjgdrvx+vVrVFVV4fT0FHa7HUVFRZICLygoQG9vr9RRG41GbG1tiY5TbYyKnNIHYBCqnkfaKtVe8gz+Xv3arRouOhJ3b84LT05OYnJyUj6n3kDNff7eHzpddrsdg4ODCIfDMmeuvLxcnCCfz4dHjx7B5XJhaWkJJpMJ19fX6Onpwc7ODl69egWj0YhAIICioiLhfllbW8Pg4CDa2tqwvb2NxMREjI+PIxqN4quvvoLdbsfp6SkWFxfx9u1bqa949eoV/H4/qqqqcHh4CIvFgqysLLx79w42m03qvjwej3CjRCIRTE5OSsfm+vo6RkdHxeFqbW3F4eEhhoeHERcXh9XVVZSXl6OjowOBQAAlJSUwGAzY29tDRUWFFKMzEo+Pj5e279TUVKSkpGBsbAyPHz/G0tISvv32W5llRsPK9nm22w8NDYnjxVoAdg1VV1djbGxMeF4KCwslBZKXl4f5+Xm8f/9eRjHxsJSVlcHlcuH8/BxDQ0MCk7tcLhiNRni9XkQiEQwPD2NkZEQUNrt+otEoJiYmpECcM6+oXGgQzs7OMDw8jOXlZYTDYakxOTs7ExidVAicIn98fAyn0wmj0Yjq6moEAgFMTk7Knmi1Wni9XnR0dCA1NRWLi4u3JgZoNBo0NDTg/PxcjLbT6cTbt28RDAaxsLAAnU4nir2wsBAjIyPS7p+fn4/29nZotVo4nU5hv6Zjs7Kygry8PKSnpyMvLw8jIyMoLi5GKBRCcnKy8H3t7e0hPj5eUlBEWKqqqgQOf/r0KcbHx2VWZEdHh6AL9+/fx+joKOrq6uDz+fDy5Uusra3h5OQEb9++lXQeU0NHR0fQarVyVnp7e5Gfn4/9/X3Y7XZx7q6urqDRaNDa2opI5KYJoaKiQjqrGhoasLGxIecqIyNDjKXNZsPe3h5SUlKwurqKuLg4DA0NweVyobW19VYAkJKSgrq6OoTDYcTGxsJoNMLlciEvLw97e3twuVwoKCiQ1H1VVRXGxsawuroKu92ON2/ewGw24/Xr11heXkZJSYk0DBweHuKHH36QDuiuri7k5ORIoNbS0gKdTofx8XH09fUhPT1dCmwPDw+h1WpRXV0Nj8eDgoICRCIRPHr0CB0dHVhZWUFcXBz6+vqQm5sLl8sFnU6HQCCAt2/fSifc999/L9Mz2BUZDt80q9TW1grzNRnwo9GovD8bQGpqaqT2ZmRkBHV1dYJemEwm7O/vy/3z8/MRDAZhMpkwOTkJh8OBJ0+eYHl5WYYAR6NRVFVV4auvvhLuIrPZLGmd5uZm6HQ6zM3N4eXLl7BYLJidncWLFy8wMTEBj8eDhIQE/PLLL3j06BGqq6vx9OlTDA8P49GjRzCZTPj73/+Ovr4+CUw4/LmgoAAmkwmjo6Po7u7GL7/8gtbWVlRWViIpKQl+vx+Dg4OoqKjAxcUFysrKkJ2djbOzM3kXdlLev39fOihLS0tRXFyMcPiGLufrr7/G/Py8ZEsSExNxdXWF7e1tPH/+XJyz+vp6/Pzzzzg9PcXg4CD+9Kc/weVyYWRkBP/zP/+D9fV1LCws4K9//SusViui0SgcDgf+4z/+A1arFRcXFzAYDEhOThYER6/XY25uDr/++it0Oh2WlpaQnJyM8vJydHZ24vHjxzKfknQtPIvPnz9HTk4OSktLJbtkNptRV1cHt9stnHTd3d3IysrCwsIC6uvrRY5tNhv6+vrQ0tIi6fHZ2Vm8ffsW8fHxMrSbFCDNzc1yjnU6Hfr7++FwOJCVlQWn0wmDwYDKykocHh5ibm4OpaWlWFlZwfLyMsbHx6Wb9/nz51LPmZ6eLvVf2dnZmJ+fRyAQQEtLC5aXlxEMBmUWMQNynU4nwYLT6URiYqJ0uFZXV6OmpgbHx8dYX1/Hs2fPsL6+jlAohPz8fDQ3NyMYDMoEAzYw0EnlvrCWkc4UHanfq9kmonk3haiiXndr4RmEqr/7gwqjqgWEdKL4xXfv3mFqagpWq1VqOVRkS82ZsmiXSAjrmyKRm7Eck5OTGB8fx+PHj/HixQukpqbiq6++QlFREcrLy/HkyRNh4y4pKUFTU5O0c29vb0sx6IMHD9Dc3IyYmBjU1tbKwRwaGkJOTg7cbjcaGhrw/PlzSdOR70Ov1yMzMxMejwcOhwNJSUnIzMzEzs4O2tvbcXp6KmOHGCGRXykUuuFOSktLw+XlJcbHx6U+zOPxoKWlBT6fD3q9XjhV6GyRnygvLw9DQ0P485//jIWFBRwfH4tn/+bNG+G0oSHV6XQwGAxYXV1FTU0N4uPjYTQa8fr1a9hsNuTk5CAvLw9FRUUwGAzo7e1FWloaIpGb5gSNRiONBJmZmejr65PCakafe3t7iIuLE+M7NjaGtLQ0gXYTExOxtraGi4sLdHZ2ori4GIFAAB6PR6L68/Nz6PV6ScvSsWBOn+gdSSsrKiqEkVyj0cDj8eD9+/dIT0+HxWLByckJ5ubmkJ6eLrw5BQUFMvFgYGAAdXV1cthiYmIE4ZqZmRE6jhcvXsBoNCI7OxtTU1OIi4sTQkG1TZh1Os3NzaKYGhoacHBwIAa5q6tLRpuUlpbCbrfLIObk5GQ0NzfjT3/6Ezo6OuQ8bW1tSY1ESkoKGhsbkZGRgZKSEuTl5WFlZUWGKhcUFKCyslJqgT5+/ChUG3l5ecjOzhYk7PHjx3A6nTJM+fHjxxgcHERtbS2Ki4uFLHRyclJmCYbDYaSkpKCtrQ1+vx+pqalobm7G2dkZkpOT8fjxY0GTnj17JrPvUlJSxOFaW1tDUlKSjFQhXUMgEEBBQQHKy8vhdDqxsbEhSj8jIwOTk5OoqalBYmIixsbGEBsb+3+KrpOSkpCSkoKuri709vbC6/WKUT49PUVnZycqKipkNmZLSwuqq6sFXRodHUVOTg5qa2vx5MkTNDQ0SD2IyWRCZmYmNBoNJiYmxFiVlZWho6MDDocDpaWlKCwsRHZ2tjTPRKNRVFdXQ6fTIT09HXV1dYhEIpKiPjk5QUlJCSwWi6A6FotFUL26ujrY7XZBI4LBIJ4/f46ysjIpQ3j06JFQBTx9+hRVVVU4Pj4WpJw1nQUFBRgdHUUwGERvby+0Wq3M7yQdCwlDifqUl5fL8Oj6+nrp1uKzbG5uyn6NjIxIJoMI/tjYGDo7O7G3tyfzaB0OBzY2NnBxcSGNJisrK9jd3ZU/LpdLSEL39vZwcHAAt9uNw8NDaVxSC5QZABFli0Qi2N/fF45Cn88n3yHlC9F0zsUjn9T09LSgiETCfv3111vdjbzXhw8fBK2qr6+XIJvF7qenp7BYLCILw8PDMkHg6uoKNpsNfr8fl5eX0tHObAg7VIl2Eb1WuzPfv38Pq9UKt9staU61w5Cds1yny8tL0amsJ/v06ZMgpWqamjQPJCxnPRrHeLEekB2ZKoKq+gRq4w33iUgoMxRkkrfb7dLwFA6Hb420IvjCa9PP4OQENYOmZkfUbBv3VW00CYVC+PTpk1yfJOfMHHFtGNyVlJTIbFU+B2WDz6mWXPC+asMQ/1bLL+iY8XlV+f4Du3DoNKnpI9VDYzqQ5GO8gFpnohaJcVPUAu5gMIjFxUWZrUbOFpfLhbW1NXi9Xuzs7MDr9QpycHR0hL29PeEpYaEx0TDSSOzt7Ynh3tvbg8/nk4XmoGF2CUWjUeEI4uKzkPX09FQ84qamplsM9ixIJyLjcrmwtbUlrf57e3vwer2imNgdxg2jx8y0nNPphE6nE94YFvipETmpLX4v5asOSCZ5YigUwsHBAex2O1ZXV28V79GTZ70cn0XNeasF1Czo5v3UDirC+GdnZ7JuaiE2hTgcDks64OLiQqg5rq+vBdGj4848/W+//SbXPjs7k45Myha/QwXN9BSbHBiZz8zMSOcq64m4hyTJVCMRFtKr9W9qapnyxGdQGwSIRgWDQfh8PuTk5EhxLNeS54zXVWtQWPOgKhS1po5rS3qPUCiEnZ0dMTIsxOeAbLXwd25uTpAYPoPRaMTm5qbIj8rLw7qGYDAo3ZRq0KQ2LnCPqYhV7h6mV0jAqp6DDx8+wO12Y2RkRM4k9QbrGdXzQsWr6ip+Xj1jbBChPsrOzpYOq0gkIs0KTK2cn58LqSzfiwZc1YE0kFTkaucndSTb6Jnu4rkiJU1WVhZMJpModoPBIDQkaqcyC+rVLmamv3ltVdeSeoZGh/qY5+rq6gpVVVWw2+3CncR95H5Rvi8uLuByucQ54rrx3NwtM4lGo/KcHMrMM8GzonZEq3Kv1nSqpQts/GAXHN+N70I5U+k6aKNIaUIggeUKv1d/y/OhprVZXsF6LLVjkbVcrHVU61ZZxK/+jrK0tLSEra0tXF1doampSZolyMNHZ9Dr9WJzc1OekTJHtGZsbAwOhwOHh4fY2NjA2NiYkGpzz6PRKLa2tnBxcSEMAGpNGGVITWFzXdW6TrWAnzLBOityJVJmmRKnbKj0M1zLu00BKlhD/aZOgWGTFfeD9Vg8/2pZA50zTpRRZYnX7erqgsFgEPb98/NzYf3/PedPRaZUJ+vun99zItWaLp5dfvYP+/v7woVEBacqLzXKGR0dlSJM1fAyQqVHzoOg1vbwoDkcDuFR2t3dhdPpxPLysvAd7e/vywiGcDiM9fV1aYVfW1vDxMQEHA6HsM1zPMLOzo5w16ytrYmQMbph5BUO30y5n5ubg9Vqhc1mw9raGlZXVwXtGh8fh8fjEeSDAsViPxbi7e/vw+PxyOE+OTmB3+9HV1eXGOCdnR3hMWEETwSQDg2dQRoJrimNDdfz+PhYhIxKjp0n3APWSTHCIs8L76/mqEk3sb+/f6suivUj5C9TjWEkEpE5hpSVuwY5Go1KJMkaNd5T/QzlTY261KJUoqV8f5XzRkVY379/L84pI+CzszNhnT87O5NI7Pr6WqgYVCdncnIS8/PzovycTiesViscDodEhzyIbGYg3E75oLJhMEHFygPOvVDr3/hudICJGqjF2iw2pTxTTlRnj/dmEa9qUFhDRu4vGr+zs7NbcxC5v5ST9+/fi1yS14fPQxk5Pz+XYbZUfE6nE319fZLa4uQGk8mEsbExrKysQK/Xw+12w+/3Y2RkROpmVOeKRptULypqfnFxQwkzPT0taQlSThCd3N/fv6VQ+V58/4GBAWFi7+rqgs1mw/z8vKC/vH80GhUddHp6Kl2uVKyqoWLaQjWCJycnWF5eRk1NDVpaWiRdrNZKnZ+fCw0F95ljkTQajTCG/x6ZopqV4LqRlb28vBybm5swGo1YWFgQFLCiogJFRUVinFnLxxSOVqvF27dv4Xa70dfXh5iYGJnwQN387t07zM7OYm1tDXNzc9BqtaLruSZMY7GZhjqQhpU/04BdX1+jq6sLfr9fsgR0XCjbRGVUg/7rr7/eWgMiROyuvby84dTietFgq6kknm8VpVCvwz93x2ddX1/j06dPci81Y8R5m+Xl5Tg8PERJSQn29/cxPz+PhoYGLCwsQK/XY39/HwUFBaiurpazpNa/rq2tQaPR4Mcff4Tb7UZNTQ2+/vprkbWFhQUZ62QwGBAO33BP1dXViY0imLC8vCwlLLu7u+Kw0w4xWKLdev/+vZCEulwumUQRDAYllcd6TToZXEfqF+oj2jd1ralX+Py0VdTPdGIpL5QFVX/TuVLPAm3S3NwckpKS0NzcjNraWgnwysvLsbW1JTpPdcB5jlRdxJ/VbKBa58zzzmdngE4bd319jT+QsFOtyOfD8+WpoPr6+iTPyoUlmaPqkfb39+PVq1fY39+/BRWfn98QO3LW4MOHD6UA7u3bt6KE4uPjhXDRbrfj22+/hdFohM1mw7Nnz7C0tITx8XFkZGRILZPH40FxcTHy8vIwPDyM2NhYhEIhLC0tIScnR2aK+f1+tLS04P79+9Dr9aipqZEiWLvdjtevX6O4uBg6nU6cDx5IvofqPDBCowO1ubmJqqoqKdYuKiqCyWQSVIwCRCdI7bJRjSS9bRpCRuV9fX3wer1wu90yEoHfowOnEvipBbh05Pi3qhhp9KnAIpEIPnz4cKvtnA6Ail7y/rwXP0fkhDUw5+fn0vZOB4JQuXpAGIkRQSGVAQ9WKBS6ZeC5NtfX13j8+DG++eYbZGZm4uzsDDMzM8JfxtEufF6iGFzvnp4efP7550hOTsbu7i7u3buHL774AuPj4wKX09BkZGTA5/Oho6MDSUlJggypaC8NDc+R2hzB1C7TuHNzcxgeHsbFxQ0j9sTEhDgJRAjD4bBA/0QiaDxYV8jCdioorrmKOvN3dM5UxadGdXTwaKTo8FIePn36hI8fP+K3334To0NUNjs7G7m5uejv78fBwYHUPup0Ovz4449YW1tDWloaVlZWMDQ0hG+++QZjY2NiCEkTwfNnMBgkTUxaCKLKAwMDmJ6ehtfrhcFgwO7uLtLT06HX6wXJ5b7xPXjt8fFx/PLLL7BarUhLS4NOp4PVapWmHDo9JG89OjrC8PAwzGazOH4qunZwcICioiIZaK0GTpxewJQfO6t4ZtfX1/Hq1St5zp2dHXHu//rmFYrrAAAgAElEQVTXv0rtpIrs0RlW14q6uqqqClqtFpmZmdje3kZFRQUmJydxeHiIzz77TMY7xcTEyNnn2by+vkZJSQn++7//GxaLBbm5ufjrX/+KnZ0d+P1+mM1mTE1NIRAIIDExUcazJScni8NJ0ti2tjY4nU7U19fDYDCgr68PCwsLaGtrQ19fH4LBm5ErHEm0tLSEr776Cv39/aipqYHZbMbp6Sl6enpQXFwsXeoDAwMyRYSBDGd80n6p70MjTR1Fw0nd8ttvv4lDR1n/7bffxLhSZ1B+eA5pG4hw0aFkEPzy5UvYbDahZiktLYXb7ZYh6pFIRKYQOJ1OlJaWijNLJ4lnvLu7G2/evMHAwAAcDgcePXqESOSmRiw7OxtarRajo6O4f/8+DAYDnE4nYmNj5feBQADPnj2Tms3a2lp8+eWXKCsrQ05OjtQv+3w+xMbGoqamBhaLBYuLi/jss89QWloq5T2BQAA1NTUoLi5GbW0tWltbpRGIgb/qrP7v//6vOLLUVQyWuV8smGcQr9pVNZhQ7RC5D9VMB/0QghkVFRV48OCBjH9iEFpcXCyTDejAqbXo6llT0TjaKtotOt+UD9IJqQ4Zf/cHNVL+vYur/+YIHXp0TOPQY2RR/fLyshRK09hygdxutxCfspW0tbVVZiQeHBxAo9FAr9cL1Gw0GvHs2TN0d3ejuroafr//Vk1WX18fTk9PZSYdW1VnZmakvuH09BT19fUYHh6W73d0dMBqtaKnp0fQNp1OB7fbLQWQai5XhTJVr5YjJo6Pj7G9vY2Ojg7s7e3JWI7Y2FjJOVOYuFF31/qud04kKBi8GRiamJgIv9+P0tJSzMzM3EIn6OHTIVJTIUS0uG8qnEyjSyXE51NTyqqcUODpvKj/rxo0FT1Tv88DpkKwXGf1fnw3rv/l5aXw3KjdIXzehoYGGWYbDAalmP7k5GaIbFJSkjhnTB+pyGF6ejpevHiBxsZGmfm2vb2NgoIClJWVCYHtTz/9hIGBAczMzODevXsyj+/k5GbeWGlpKZaXl1FfXy9ppIKCAmRnZ4v8arVaKeyur69Hbm4u/P7/j64v/2n7zNaff+2OZnp7J3M708m006Rt0qRJExESlAQlQUQhLGYHh9XsiwGzCANGGBAGy2wGbBbbeMHGIHZjbBmSoCy9uvf5/oCe0xdPvz+gNsZ8lvc971mf85wtPH/+HCMjI7DZbGhsbER1dTWcTieys7PR0dEhM9Co9LnHdBxpMJhe52dHR0fyGdeecqJiJVQsAvfg7OwMHz9+vKQnyKujDiOPxS6aSdLS0jA6OiqTIhYXF/H27cWst2vXruH169fIy8uTSQhZWVmCG1TlIB6Pi1H/4YcfsLu7C7fbjbS0NGRnZ4tjtbKygrq6Oty6dQvz8/MwGo346aefkJWVhfHxcXG4VNmljNGIWK1W3LhxA+3t7ZKByMjIwJMnT2Cz2VBQUAC32407d+7g2bNnEhlz7Q8ODrCxsYFHjx6huLhYGgxI0EycG53C9PR00VcWiwX5+fm4du2adEKyISYcDuPbb79FOBy+tF/cF+ogFS9yenqK4eFhLC8vw2g04uTkBA0NDRLo/vnPf4bBYMDr16+h1+sv0RowkKmsrMTdu3fx6NEjjI6O4k9/+hO2trbQ0tICk8mE1NRULC0t4f79+1IavXHjhnR8Li0t4c6dOxgcHERFRYXQS9DJnZ+fR319PdxuNx4+fIiamhrU1tYiEAjgp59+wtDQkIClp6amUFRUhNXVVdTV1aGgoADj4+MoKCiQgc/MKKhgZzW443fUQe+qbDPAY1DE9eAZU7MxDMBU3ce94XWPjy8oNW7cuAGj0QidTidNUqurq3jw4IGUQAkpmZqaEroQOt48D8fHx+jt7UVXVxfu3LmDrq4u/PLLL6LbKisrcePGDXg8HqSmpkqyoaKiAolEAi9evIDBYMC1a9cwMDCA8vJy7O3t4dtvv8XKygoyMzPx6dMnDAwMYHl5Wea+8nnS0tIQCoWwsrKCu3fvwm63w2QywePxwGw2o6WlBfX19WhsbBSoC+0AdQYdEDo1XG9Wa9SxT8FgUNZeJXkmxQ7LrN3d3RIccoKMGuxvbW1Bq9Xi1atXMn+TZ5IOF3WkapfUMqGqK9VAX4VeJesutRqjJiz+QEFUBUdVwDTEiUQC/f39GBgYkIPOh6Q3OjIygqKiImRmZqK4uFg6cGgw4/GLzjQCnisrK5GTk4Pe3l5kZGQgEAhgfHwcWq0W3333nXAojYyMoKmpCT///DOKi4uxurqK9PR0mdHl8Xiwv7+P7u5ulJSUSCaO3YrBYBCbm5vQ6XTCMfL8+XOUlJRAr9dLlEmQNMubFHQad76D2kbKchU/D4VC6OnpkVmBt27dwt/+9jdhyifegI4qr8VypVqKVUGTsVgMgUAABoMB4XAY4+Pj8Pv9IsB0oKiA1dIh/5/RAhUFhZ6Oh2pQ1b3f2toSHJnqbPPgMAWsOlbq4VLxSGpZSM0aMuKh8lezWrwvDzEPslq/J06mtbVVskiMtDmx/p///Oclhnnen+tdUFCAzMxMPH78GIODg3jy5Al8Ph+0Wi2ys7NRVVWFra0tvHjxAuvr65iensbVq1dhs9mQn5+P1dVVPHr0CBUVFeIQsx37wYMHsNlsePnypXQG3rhxA0NDQxgcHJTOys7OTmkEmZqagtFohNVqxQ8//IAnT55gbm5O5ELNZDHT8eHDB4mOVYeMkVeyfKhrzGvRGaVDq0b6KjCUYFzVkRsbG5PBvlqtVgC0sdjF4Pqenh6kpqbiypUrQhT7+PFjjI+Pi2JTA5Hp6Wn88MMPuHLlCiYmJhAKhYRrbnp6GvX19bDZbEKJEg6HZXBzZ2cnioqKRFGfnJxgc3NTrk9w9b179+D3+/HkyROUlJSITtFoNJiZmUEwGER+fr40StTX1wv+Sw1IzWYz8vLykJqaitbWVplVyXNfUlIitCEajUZmMA4NDWFsbAwpKSlwu9345ZdfMDIyIkOFv/vuOxkgnryPqhPAiJ9Zd7vdjqamJpyenso6HR0d4R//+AfGxsYwNDSE+/fvCz6GOu709KKF3mAwSBPGf/zHfyAcDqO9vR3d3d24f/8+QqEQNBoNHA6H0AicnZ1Bp9NhdnYWV65cwdzcnATfnF+bnZ2NnZ0dNDQ0YHl5Gc+fP0dNTQ2ys7Ph8XiQlZUle/3w4UOYTCa0t7cjHo/Leezr6xPHjo08m5ubwgEViUTkvvF4XKaO0IBzniUpV5aWlvD27VuEw2EZDs8gl/s7NTUlJVW73S7ZGEISOH5sc3MTk5OT2NnZkbmkpaWl8Pl8qKmpkdmgnIoxPT2Nra0tTExM4M2bNzg6OsLIyIhgH5kxb2pqgs/nQ3p6OsxmM27fvo2NjQ3k5eUhJycHP/74IxwOB9LS0jA5OYnh4WHU1tYKn6DRaMSPP/6I6elpOBwOuN1uXL9+HQ6HQzgiy8vLMTk5iTt37qCurg6vX7/G/v4+7t27B6PRiMHBQXz//fcYGRmRc2Cz2fDmzRvMzMygqKgIZrMZ9fX1OD09hdVqxfT0tFQBamtrBa7S2NgogSo7N9mUUVJSAqvVimg0io6ODqGZ0Ov1KC4ulkaTb7/9VqoYer0eKSkpkgV/8eIFjEYjxsfH8fLlSxgMBlRVVYktIw8XZV51pFQdpDpfquOlJkh4DbXJgPZTxYH9IfliaiqNhpcHemxsDD09Pf9Wz6RHzuhsfHwcGRkZePXqlQzBpVMQCAQEuFZSUoKWlhaEQiH8/e9/x8zMDEZHR7G6uirdVbFYDEajER6PB62trfj555/h8/mkQ+rw8GLg9P7+PkZHR1FbWwun04kff/xRBj0HAgFEo1GZMu/1epGVlSWDWxnRmM1mpKWlCZWA0WjE8vIyDAYDJiYmMDQ0hL6+PkSjURlkS0zY+Pi4cMSwS/Hp06ewWCx48OABampq4PF4UFVVJaUfbh4VssrrxX1h1oEcWiqGhxvNH3Xf1P3zer2oqqqSDNfo6Cjm5+dxdHQka83SR1dXF6anp6U+Pzw8LDJRUVEhwHa73S6ElsFgEI2NjcJ3YrVapWvH4XCgv79fSoMjIyOCAePIJRoJs9kMv98vLP1kAY5EInA6nWJQ+vr6ZEA5ZySGQiH4/X7k5OQgHA4jEAjAarUKlmt8fByFhYWorKzEyckJDAbDpW6lT58+QaPRYGRkRPhhXr9+Da/Xiy+++EIoBMLhMFJTUzEyMoLl5WVcu3YNi4uLgrPRaDR4+/atEGPW19cLNcDa2hoePnwo1CTPnz9HVlYWqqurUV1djZOTE/T19aG1tRU3b96E2WyGx+OByWRCbW0tmpqa0NXVBZ1Oh62tLXi9XnR2dkp5v7S0FP39/UgkEnA6nXj58qXgIskrRi6c9vZ2nJ+fY39/H1qtVsqSS0tLGBsbE5lqaGiQMSHDw8OYnJzEu3fvEAwGpYU9EolAq9VieXkZbrdbsnRFRUXY2NjAzMwMTk9P0dbWht7eXiwuLuKLL76QYcaPHj0Sfqbs7OxLIHJSohQVFeHRo0cIh8PIzMyE1+uF2+1GeXk5hoeH4ff7hc+INAY9PT0S2WZlZWF+fl4IOFmu3djYwI0bNxAIBNDa2oqWlhbs7e0hEAjIfhMasLy8jPr6ehgMBqyurqKxsRFms1mc07y8PBgMBjx69Ag5OTmYnp6WskYsFkNFRYUM7SZNSVdXF/r6+mC323H16lUhFP31118RDAaxu7uLa9euYWdnBzqdDtvb25icnJTWd5LcMpAqLy8XsHtPTw8qKysRifw22md1dRVXrlzBwMCA8BpOT0+jsLBQSrrBYBA///wzcnNzcfXqVeTn5+PLL7/E4OAgysrK8OzZM3z11Vfo6OgQap+mpiaZEPLLL79gYGAAOTk5qKysREdHB4xGI65evSr/7ejowIMHD1BZWYlr167h1q1buHLlinSMP3v2DE+fPsV///d/w2QyITs7GzqdDh0dHXjy5Il0DDc1NQmNQ19fH65fvy643b///e9YWFjA2dkZamtr8fXXX+P4+Bjz8/P4y1/+AofDgU+fPqGkpARFRUV49+4dpqen8dVXX2Fvbw8rKyv485//LHjef/3rX0K6nZqait7eXnEk0tLS0NPTg7OzMywuLuL27dsIh8OwWq148uQJGhsbhVpnd3cXLpcLz549EzkNh8PIyclBTk4OHA4HBgYG0NTUJKXJ4eFhfPPNN9K9/+TJE9y+fRuFhYVoaWm51Hmbm5uLH374Ae3t7UhPT8fr16+Rm5srQ8kfP34sEwAKCwsl49XZ2QmNRgObzSY0NDqdTvR7fn4+2tvbUVRUhLm5OfT29qKwsFDwrpWVlUIK/OLFCyQSCdhsNoyNjeHXX3/F9vY26uvrZebwyMgIZmZmcHx8wddFXUldMTo6KvZfp9Ph9PRUCHKpq/72t78JBRGhAcSn0WmjAzs4OCiJlGg0KmVXQoNU/0fFEdMHUrFnqn1Vy5kMRpnpTE5u/CHZQCd7dPT04vE4xsbG0NvbKzdXsTv0PnNzc/H48WM0NDQgKysLc3Nz0sV2dHQkTo7H48Hz58+Rl5eHiooK1NTUYGZmBsXFxcLcTW85KysLBoMBPp9PqBk4NqepqQltbW2w2+0oKCgQgdFoNOjp6cHc3BxKSkpQWloqxqOoqAgpKSl49eqVlJ9sNhvS09ORkpIiDoJWqxUSyd7eXvT29qK9vR0nJyfo6OhAeXk5/H4/5ubmUFxcLINk+/r64PP5UFhYCIvFAo1Gg4KCAng8nksUCXSYklPhahlQzQSpAsFslQr4/L30ZiJx0SXz8OFDwXw1NDSgoaEB0WgUDocDz58/l86l8vJyjI2NiQPEyCIUCgmnUzQaFWVOQGd6ejrcbjfOzs5QXV2Nzs5OnJycYHR0VOgjYrEY8vLysLCwcAm0TCxTQUEBAoEATk5OUFZWhrGxMbx//x5LS0vIz88XElyNRiMdiDabDR0dHYjHL+bHNTY2SkfVxMSEfH9qagrt7e149eoVPB6PjNTgmvb09CAjIwPFxcWorq6GRqPBw4cP0dXVJbxc6enpCIfDyM7OFqLHjIwMFBYW4vnz51hfX4fBYEBjYyPW1tZEgbW3t0uZPD09HXq9Hvn5+SgtLcXr169FdgOBADIyMlBXV4f5+Xnk5eWhtLQUY2NjeP78OZqamjA9PY0HDx7IuJTU1FRJnT99+hRVVVV49+4d2tracP36del8+vnnn9HV1YVoNCrz3di+npaWhsXFRSQSCXR1daGxsRGnpxdEvqWlpcJVo9frBVIwPT2N169fC+i2oKAATqcTe3t7GBkZgcFgEGdvdnYWLpcLL168EI6qiYkJBINBDA0NoaCgAE1NTRgaGsJ3330n7fUsSxUVFaGsrAypqamora1FUVERWlpasL29jbq6OtTV1eHo6AgVFRWYm5uDVqvFw4cP8fLlS6SkpMicQK/Xi7/97W/Cn0Sni1G2x+ORIGpxcRENDQ3CsK7RaGC1WrG0tCQ6qrKyUjIliUQCo6OjePDgAdLT0/HLL79ciqY5LiU1NRVGoxGVlZXCZk8i1GfPnqGtrU2A7cx+PXnyBK2trWhqasLW1pZk0vb29uBwOFBQUIDNzU2EQiHk5eVJ5+Ps7CwsFovQYZAnqbm5GR0dHRgZGRHnsre3V4xdMBhEV1eXNDnYbDZMTU1haWkJOzs7cDqdQumwv7+PsbExeL1eLC0tYW5uDtPT0/D5fEgkEjIzlpCNra0teDweaXri/TngmRmijY0N6Ugjjm5+fl4gBnt7e9ja2sLg4KAEOUdHF6PVqD/n5+cF00YaCxpLr9d7qUJBMuCDgwPpKIzHLzgWWV7k+DSWutVyfDAYlGYa0huoWfm9vT2cn5/DYDDg4OBAssLEdrJCQHyT0WiUObncF3VOqwo+VyEAKkZUbQogQz8bZeggqIE76SXYuMTszcePHy/BT9jRyAy4Cu84Pb2YuTwzM3Mps84ORBXKQT9CHdr96dMnwW4RB0XbyP8/OzsTezIzM4PZ2VnJSLJJhddWG4QI56EMMEOqluT5nvR7iMdjJUddBxXXrAL2VeD+vzlcKhAtGeDFzaWQWywW9Pf3X8I08SWYSbBYLFhdXYXFYsHk5KS0rfI7LpcLdrtdAJherxdbW1vY2dnB5uYm/H4/Njc3EQgEEA6HBfi6vb0t7dLEUvl8PhkeS/Ak+WjYPs8uJ5Yd9/f3EQwGsbW1JcOMo9HfKB+8Xq/cY3h4WPhlGHUzomenWzx+AZYlzQTHHlDo+Vw7OzvY3t4WkB4bFFRHS/05Pv5teHJy+VF10FSsV3Jmi58ReM20pwoyVKkNeHhUTBgFLBqNXgI0svbOA0AQMN9NZVvnvc/Pz2VGJZUQuzj4XIwg2MzB92ZNPxqNyudqYwcd+q2tLXk3jnYibQjlgp1xais+SWGJqSC/GHEFxCWoCm1rawuhUEhYrSmXfE7uIQ3T7u6utNuz7Z9dapzvRxwjG1JobNSO0idPnggOkp23p6enCIfDUtY4Pj4W2aUzSuVO6gfKCJ3caDQqe0qc1t7e3qWIjs4/nXAqe2Ze1QwtDeDi4qJcX8Uc8XqUuUAggObmZtEr3Be1S1jt3lW70tSmH4LVVTk5OTnB4uIi7t+/Lx2qNKosp7GsSkwmZYuG8+joSGSEGCGuCxWzz+fD9vY2AoGAyCTPKHUYr0UDyXVhV5haGqT88/2Pj4/R2dmJyclJOYPsLnv//r2UV7gGNDDEcPH+hAGcnJyILLNUz7OvBm/Up/wedQKrHCzb0qiqOKSTkxNxPLm3ahMDf9TuvGQYAT9LxgR7PB5hnmf5lqUdOg3E0qgdhLR7Kg+lCpdQy/SEOqiAabVxRQ1uKYtqiXdlZUWwZgaDQc6k1+uVcUvMVs7Pz4tzklz5UDG96nnjGqvOhBq8U7/ye4R1qFUR1XlTO3pVuAn3mvelXNKGEBbD51XLaby26rCppTx1/Xg2VadOfReW8nh+6BxRf6nNfrRPu7u7mJubk07KaPRibNLy8vK/2TkVH6lei+dZXTdVj6ngeRWrrEI4Lo32Sa438t9cGIvFIhkuCieFcG9vD3V1dbh//z7+8Y9/4NWrV9LKrWKggsEgZmdnRQFZLBasra1he3tbqB/cbrcYF0ZNS0tLmJ6exsTEBPx+v5TvotEoNjc3sbKygtXVVbhcLiwsLGBychIul0u4YdhxxO6FWCwmlAdU5GyPpZLjBlNp0/hQqfO6Kqna7u4uenp6xJmYnZ3F5OSkOHurq6vCGcbuMxWIp+KuKMhUCKpTRPwON5+CRkFO9sAZcfG9VYXCaEF1BNUOLAo4143CRWPE652fn19yhCjsxPrwc0aM7Iak8ledRrVNVx0rQ0WqYoxOTi7A2zQKkUhEZIcOy8rKitTr1cNE9ml1zYmHI+8MFR1H/NApIe0Dn4vXsdls0Ov14kQRVK0e2N3dXZE9HnQViEvFyDWh08ARIHxO7iEj5OTWdMrJ7u7uJYUQi8UEs0WjpGZQaXwpR1TmjFBp4FWnh58vLy9jZmYGW1tbCIfDsNls8Pv96OnpgdFohNlsFpb/jY0NWCwWbGxsiOOiNkbw/7nX3Bd1H9WokrhS6i8GJbFYDH6/XyJayqFqVLjWjOjpNLLpgHKmdnRyFqJ65tigwH9T7qkLef55ZtXsBB1HGhzehx3DXCO1hZ5GR53renJyAdI3GAyIx+NCdtrd3Y2HDx/ixYsXaGtrk0yNXq/HnTt3MDs7K7g9ZleOj4+Rn5+Pn376SaYtMNugytLAwIAMjC8rK8Ovv/76b+dDxcKqjqxKv6PuJWX/7du3kv2g3uW9Vawhh81Th1CG1IwFu8hUnCidAlXe+I7qd3kvtdGH3cPUqWomRKvVChieJTUOdX/+/DmGh4dRXl4uFBgkDaYzk0gkJDulyjXvq64/35d2gHqWDS+UqZ2dHUxPT+Po6Eiyo6qjoA605pqoVBnJWF0GFXwOtZtZlRN2LapONuWb+kN1eBlgqHqI+8h5mNTD1MWEANDmMfg/Pj7Go0ePMDExIWe5tLRUKHjULBfXWM1uqXhhroXqxCY7jarzzd/FYjH8QTXw/P/kBaFXPzU1hd7e3kuGj4efqcTJyUmp2zJVqBp9j8cjmIvKykoMDAygubkZDQ0NMJlM+P7779HZ2YnMzEyYzWbMzMzg6tWraGtrg9FoxM8//4zZ2VmUlZXhj3/8owBPv/zyS4yNjWFxcRHXrl1Dc3MzBgcHZR6aqsjUhVANnpr64zqohlCNHuh00GmLxWIyysRkMiESiUhHz9TUFH7++WfYbDbcvn0bJpNJFOTvbZIawXEfPnz4gI2NDcGADAwMSPmDQq+2hScLKJUdnQk1haoeAjo5agTIz9S1UrMOp6enonTUv6fi4n1ooFVgvko7weiKxkp17HkY1eelXPGd+vr6kJaWJtg+tvL39fXh22+/RV1dHcrLywV/8/XXX6O6ulq6ZFRZZRqcpR9i2q5cuSKZs/39fcGc0YAeHh5iamoKX3zxBZxOp2Q5mQ1TWbbVaP309PQSBw7PHg85FaEa6NBAq46H+ndcM2ZKVNlVh4yrykTlTeNZUVPk1Aeq8aMSjsfjgk0pLCxEb28vvF4vbDabMNpnZWXB4XCgsLAQLpcLxcXF6O/vR2pqKjY3N2VfVWWuyouKYST3XigUgk6nQygUuqToVcdIXR9V0SeX62OxGPR6PbxeL/r7+2EymS5F3moWh++tOp3cJzVIUksiamt8InGBcZmcnITH40FGRoaQsPI7u7u7sld0AtRMBmWWeoqBSXZ2tnTHulwu1NXVwWg0wu/348aNG1hYWMDQ0BCys7Nht9tRXV2NlpYWPHv27FIGhXrq8+fPeP36Nbq7u0XPsIlnamoKgUAAaWlpMBgMGB8fl+5Ig8EAm80Gk8l0aZQWdSyzi6rNOT09FToTnkVmCelk/M///I/IslqlURnWk5s9uP40pHxHng8GhnTWYrGY8HtR5ig3Hz58uNTEwzVhEMogp7u7GxaLBUVFRQgEAhgYGEAgEEBZWRksFovALhYWFnDv3j0MDQ0hLS1NHErqTuobdT2obynDHz9+lJKkqruj0d/4z+LxOFpaWqDVajE5OSkzRVUngk4adQcdNq4J9bpafmMJkM+STAyrJme4xtTbquPCf6vZSfonajBFfabaHp5xvi9l4/DwEPX19fj6668xNjYm19DpdAIrURtRqBdUyhfeT20aUuVYzdyrTjHPEq/zByoDVeHwl6rXl0gkMDU1JSyzFPB4PC7GnhPKiVth5oTfiUaj8Hg84iQ9fPhQUqnt7e2idNbW1pCfn4/+/n4Eg0Fcu3ZNiEu1Wi0ODw9hMplw9epVZGdno7m5GTdu3JASUGZmJlpbW9HW1oaioiIRVpYCVHyUWqb6vSwRF00twaklD0bK/H04HMbg4CDW1tZw8+bNS8D+7e1tlJeXQ6/XX/Kmf6+kyw1Tve2FhQUZDfHixQuEQqFLkb66+erGqylplk5Vr50Cpwoz95jPSGOjEq/yflwztd2az04FxeyHWgNXHSjV2VEdWzXrxe4WrgcNKp+xt7cXDQ0NktmamZkREtKnT58iFAoJDcPBwQGys7NRWVl5KatEh4atyaWlpbh586bMqrtz5w6cTicGBgZgMBiQk5OD/v5+9PT0YGJiAmNjY/B4PLhy5QqKi4uh0WiwtbWF4uJiPHz48NK4p+bm5n9zkFUHTD2TyU6mWmriWrHrispWVXJse1ejVO6NqiDVLJjqNLB7VM3iUO5oBOPxC1b7oqIiGZ8VCoWE7ZpA50gkAp1Oh+LiYlRVVWFvbw+3b9/G0tISjo+PxTEnloT3UY3p2dkZmpqaxMDfvn1bMsKUQzULrA7Z5juqHa+8x+bmJu7evSuDpmtqai6tu4qZ5HrQ+Kn8d6ozwOdVszHHx8c4P/M8/XEAACAASURBVD+Xbsqmpib8+OOPkr3j9dVyGg0LFT3PH885udBOTi6aHXp7e1FeXo6FhQW0traiu7sbW1tbuHr1qhD2fvPNN3C73RgeHsbLly9RWFgo2TOePxqb7OxsGAwGnJycYHt7Wxo80tLSpCGhvLwcVqsVWVlZePv2LbRaLSYmJlBWVgaz2XxJN6k2hvKtVlfU/abeSM5sc72ZxaIzxO8kZ6b4O47B4f3IP8g9ZNCnZnf4eXJgxr1VZYtG1uPxSOe93++HXq+H3+9Hamoq5ufnEYtdzCX1er0YHx9HeXm5UCLx/egY8vqqDqVupWPD51SDZvVvj48vhnWPjo7KPFQ1g8zkgqofVK4sOnmqPKvchpRDNaAhzCORSAhvZzwel+kfvPb29rbIgYr54g/fnc1Z8fjFlAg1g+RwOMQ27e7uCvQnJSVF2BP4PM3NzVhdXf23JJPqAFLOCMNRy920FWolKVl/qpWiRCJxkeFSN0fdJNUoxuNxmYmmZhkSiQR8Ph9ycnKg1+sxMzMjwHg6MDy0JPibnZ2FTqdDTk6O4JtWVlbgcrkERJySkoK1tTXs7e3hhx9+wNzcHEKhkIDTTSYTmpub8Z//+Z8oLy8XDpJAICDg0+HhYeTm5gqegIpD3SDV2VSVFxW8+pn6t2oKn9EIS4oczHvjxg2Z/+dyuaSLjnPKkp0s/r9qDNT92N3dlXZkOhPsNFOVl/o3VCY8SMkOtlq2UR0fNa3Oa6tRDh09Zr1UjAT/jgaDzi0dBTpONIz8jAebAsuDRkOjKhM6XDwQbHxYWFhAUVERotGodOWtrKzg8ePHcLvd2NnZgVarRSwWw6tXr1BXV4fj42N8/PhRnAjKtcPhQG5uLv74xz9iYmIC29vbSEtLkwzr8vIyUlJShFqgs7MTxcXFcDqduHr1KtbW1pCbm4uhoSHodDo0NTVJp+rjx4+h0Wgu0W1wrdSDToXPtY3H4/j111+FlkCl5KDyVfdejfy4fyyTMEumyhz3hY63Wr5g9Hh2dibBCzMrdMhYLikoKMDMzAz8fj8cDgf29vbQ0tIiLd1NTU3Izs7G9vY29Hq9sG3H43F8+vRJsmh8NpYm3r9/j/Pzc5yfnwv8YGdnByMjI/K8zAbRgKiZJz4nr6uul5opDQaDcDqdcDgcl/RFsi5Q5VUNTnm+aGiSjSXP0/T0NObn57G4uIju7u5LEAb1fjSoNELMpqjZOp5xwjWcTicaGhrg8/lgMpnQ19eHvb09fPHFF1JKv3XrlvAZTU1N4ebNm/D7/Zdm5NHxyM7OxtDQEM7Pz4XCgA0h8/PzePToEcxmM9bX16HRaPD582fU1tZicXERtbW1GB8fh8/nk/I2p0IkEhed1BsbG4KxtdvtODm5wJe5XC7RtcTtfvjwAUdHR7Db7fKcnBTC7Bg70Ag3ILVGJBIRDOTbt2/h9/sFj7i1tSV8ZfF4HDabTfZ0dHQUfr9fAgsa7rOzMwwODsrQZzbzRCIRobpglyszXG/evBHd09nZCY/Hg6amJrx69QpZWVlwu90YGBi4BMOIx3/ji2IZ+vccIzXTrX5O3UaKFCYMeF3VeeP9qENUyISaEXr79q1UuLgWDHQODw9hNpvx5MkTgWdkZ2djcXEROzs7qKurg0ajQSKRwPr6Ou7du4dAIIC3b99K8w7Xva6uDrHYxVzgGzduyFi/58+fi6xMT09Lpevg4ADFxcUoLi7G7u4uRkdHcefOHdE50WgUra2tWFtbQyQSuUTgzXdXgyriwZmBSwbFJ9tc/p2a1Dg5ObnoUlQ9NgqXavBoLCcnJ4VklMr6+PgYi4uLyM3NxatXr3D9+nVkZmaipKRE6CDolBweHmJ9fR3Ly8uYnZ1FWlqaZCAGBgbgdDrx4sUL+P1+ZGZmor29HeFwGHfv3sX8/Dx8Ph/a29uxv7+Pzs5OOJ1OPHv2DL29vbh69aqMd8nNzYXNZoPdbseDBw+wsrIiLONHR0ewWCwCjg+Hw5iYmBDQ98rKinSUzM/Py79XV1dhs9kEx2S327G8vCyAeZPJJM4jRxeRtG9zcxOtra3w+Xx49eoVDAYDtre3BUNBD5jCSsFX90ZV+qp3rZaUVC9djbZ8Ph+6urpkv6anp4W52m63o6OjQ7JW3d3d2NjYQCwWE66eaDSK1dVVVFVVSUmlv79fiFddLhc6OjpETvr6+uBwOCRK5XPHYjEMDAxINyO7vBKJC64vk8kkWLqqqioZVszI8OTkAvvU1tYGt9stJeqVlRWcn5/j+fPnMnD76OhIeHjsdjuePXsGl8sFg8GAzs5ORCIR5Obmori4WMrbBJlzLdmu39DQgOzsbOzt7SElJQXT09OoqqpCeXk5Ojo6YLfbkZOTg0gkgvn5ebhcLnz11VewWq149eoVpqen8ebNG5hMJgSDQXz33Xeoq6tDSkoKWlpaYDabsbCwgKqqKsTjFx1YPT09Atbn4OOzszMZ1/Hu3Ttsb2+jsrJSMjsDAwMwmUwCQC8qKkIwGEQikYBGo0FHRweOjo4k48EyiF6vh9PplL3U6/XY3d1FIBC4NO9vcHBQukq3t7eF2DMSiaCzsxOBQADv3r1DQ0MDKioqhCrEarXi9PQUWq0WBQUF2N3dxcOHD+F0OjEyMoLa2lo0Njait7cXmZmZ0oBCxcXgg06T6oxRKdLxOzs7w//+7/9eMjaq868SEtLJpMPEEiazh3TG1NKJaoxUh0v9TD2LydEwFS+dQ+pGjtZRsxbqGWYGhkaTgYjFYkF1dbU4WSUlJVhcXITX60VKSgrKy8sxOzuLiYkJtLW1CWu4wWCQwdsOhwPl5eUYGhrC06dP8ebNGxn4Teevu7sb169fR2FhIXp6enDt2jU8e/ZMPi8rK0N2drZ0lF+9ehXLy8t4/Pgx6urq8MsvvyAzM1MIfEmR0N3dLdmzvLw8fP78GRUVFXj27JnQIdy8eVMyGeXl5bh7967MzL137x4mJydxcnKC1tZWPH36FLHYBVP/rVu3ZLZob28vUlNTxYm7e/cu1tfX8e7dO1RVVck0kIGBAdy8eRPxeBwrKyv461//iqWlJaHKmJycRDQaxatXrzA0NIT3799jc3MTt2/fxsDAAN6/fw+XyyW2bWVlBUajEX19fTg+PobZbBZ8cmFhIaqqqjA2Nga73Y47d+7g9u3baGtrw/LyMhoaGrC3tyfdepzAwOCLwfPnz59FDpmBo/y+fftWSqvJSQX+fP78WWQ8uQTLoJzfZbmRNkttaqBjzuRDIpHAwsICMjMzJevU1NQkg63tdjtGRkbw/v17hEIh2YOTkxNMTk6iv78f7969w+TkJF69eoXT01P4fD7pWOd0Ceoup9MpRMW0ZTqdThzsnp4eTE1Nie9SX19/iYeL66U6UjxrxBqqMIrfs7Vq0kLNQjIDJhkuKgMaHDUbwh+z2Yz+/v5LQ54jkYh04I2Pj2N0dBR9fX3o7u7G9va2bDKjYTpcJycXo4L6+vrQ19eH9fV1dHZ24uXLl6irq0NfX5/wA1ksFtTU1KCvrw9ra2s4ODhAR0cHWltb0dfXJ5w/LS0tGBsbE26StrY2AdlnZWXJnDytVou1tTUB1dGoxGIxDA4OyrDb0dFRiVRmZ2cxNDQkxm14eBgTExPSrdXa2irOl9PplEhtYGAAnZ2dwlHU1taGzs5OeL1eAUsmz1vi5jNaUbMVFH5ibVSshbqPqvNlt9tRUVEhadu6ujpRHFNTUygrK5NuyuLiYqysrCAajaK3txd6vR6xWAwrKysoKioSZ7u2thbd3d04PT3FwsICKisrpbW6pKREnB1mHGKxC+LW1NRUtLW1CRD3zZs32N7eFjbvUCiERCKB/Px89PX1YXd3F7OzsygpKRGMXH5+vji1bORIJBIwm83o7u4WwlOCsWtra/H06VOUl5ejuroaW1tbGB0dRWFhId68eYP+/n786U9/wvDwsGTP1tbWUF1djaWlJfT09KCoqAjLy8uorKwU3i2dTieZHLPZDLPZjJGREeFi41ing4MDdHZ2YnR0VICzxJN5PB68fPkSfX19Egmura0hJydHOjVLS0uFb2twcBCVlZWIRqMIBALIz88Xo1hVVYW+vj7EYjE4nU48ffpUBlRrNBoMDg6KI11UVCSA6aKiIiEnJZ8OGZ1LSkqEbJVZZQ7JrqioEPJdkliSDPPNmzcSyMzPz2Nubg41NTVoaWmBwWCA3W7Hzs4O2traUFpaCq1Wi/HxcZk4QXyjmjVVy5oqTkVtEmD5UDUQqsOlGhOeN54xtXzNs6SWG5KjWbWEoJ4/NQuu/k4F8CeX/tW/UUHP6jPyudWSu9VqlbOXSCSkdDU7O4uWlhb09vZic3NTzobNZoPRaERXV5fotlgshvn5ecHamUwmjI6OSjR/fHwsXefE6Nrtdvh8PiwsLCAUCiEUCiEQCMBoNMLtdmNlZQWhUEioNtbX1+H3+zEwMIC5uTmcnJxgY2NDsloMnCKR3zrAiTldXV2VTDCxY8yweL1eyQAxi0UHhR2uhDNwjZkdYnZHNYqHh4eXsIQbGxuih9mAdX5+LnQodITYic3rqXQPalbIaDQKF5Q6DiiRSEgn88nJBY3F8vKyyI4K4ud1SeNAmee78Uct/7HMRxlPxiGdnZ1dwmWqMs9mMzWjRqA8bRGzburZ4Jqr3fXJlSUVy5dIJC4FWvycGGz1rHBPmMFkBp5OERvhWJ5Uzxufp6mpSSY4qBAEtUKjJjaSAfQqFEQN4tS/o8PKM/uHZIdIjfDVz6PRqDhI7B5QsU3Hx8dYXl5GSUmJcM1Q4NUsl9frhdPpFNwUW/B3d3exubkJn88nn1Ppk9qBxpht+IwUOJeOiprRHrFlZLhm+YsdhFTKJBVNxmcxI0QFSAeT3+GG0vtltyKzYhQYpixZrqEwEINF4UuOttV6snoIqHgY8dMRS46qeW3WoCkAajcm9/Lk5OTSvvL99vb25H5UOFwPHgQ6rox2WO+mgaHBiEQuBgwzK8K9onJkqpv3UstWjJASiQSCwaC8CwHvlDPe+/DwENPT01LLJ4kkMwukZPD7/RgcHMSDBw8uNSHw+VRKDz4vI6uuri6UlpZiZWXlElaBipxrpK4H15oYGbvdLjQiHETO8jv3gnQB3GsqFdXoU9ZYemUWirLD+7Gsy33lOVQ7xFgi4N5RcVNeVN2gyiW/x/vF43FsbGzAarXKmVX1DM8YZc3v92NlZUVA4qenvw1VVmfiqREjjQfvy47CZHwT30fNatEQqQ4Nh65zj9Szp5YHksv/v+ewJf8kEgnJUtA48Hr8f55jFVumGgA+N883nQRmI9RJDvw8kUgI8SOvwQzF/v6+ODZ8JuI8aZxUOAKN++Hh4SXKHHV91aB9fX0dbrdbZHF9fV0ajWj4VGoYtYmG8hSLxS6VhtU1UI0k70knXC3H0mGnA57cTcfMET9jJyOfSy3nnZ6eyrBq1UCr5Wnq7q2tLaFH+vjxI+bn5xEIBDA0NCRBGEti3Pv3799jb28PHo8HXV1dWFhYgM/nQ0NDA8rKyi5xfDGzQ14xngl2GtL5S7bnJNJdWlqS500kEjCZTCgsLIROp0NXVxcCgQBKSkrQ0NAgzuDx8bFM3SgvL4fNZrvUUcuzQ+gB8cNcExUn9vbtW8zPz18aCaTCAngWVIjL3t7epUYL1RFiIEI/gfdZXl5GY2OjTDA4PT1FU1OTkASrWfTkCpLarajqOurT5OxW8t9TZhKJxEVJkU4XjQIXX02Bx+NxDA0NYWBgQA4eF5CL2d7ejpGREcEDkBOG12ZJkQR26+vrcDgcmJ+fx9raGpxOJ5aXlxEMBoWl1+VySWt+OBzG9PQ05ubmsLm5ic3NTdjtdkxNTWFqagrr6+uyaYwGqNBoWKiIeJBozGOxi2HNPLgqtxWFiMpXdaS42AQPbm9vY2pqSpyX0dFRYabe3NyEyWRCKBQSRyEZZK5GIGqmis4MDQ1LJUdHR4I/4nd56PkekUhEKDqoMPl+FEwac9XxolKicuR6EUtDJ5rPQAybeljUmjdLtSyHELNEpciokMLLKIrry4PIyJCKk/tNmWKN3mw2Y29vT7jZvF4vFhcXJXtChzFZ/t++fSulMBIh8nnUIdVHR0dCScKM7uzsLBwOBw4PD2GxWGSPWdqgLDNLxGuqDRmhUAidnZ0Ih8OS8VCzIBwBxDK7umaU1w8fPojzwGCE78xMJ7uI6RypzRWRSAShUAjV1dWYn5//N6wGHUkqdBpPYmAcDgdCoZCM9uF6WK1WmM1mCU5UYlQ6izRoPAs0hMmgYNXx4DNHo1H83//9nzjgvAZlLDntr3Yd0fGjUVA7xX4vY6U6XOo1kyNj9e8/fvwoWaO9vT0x2JR/dr+p2Qz+qFE0zy6HLp+d/TbxQ43gdTod9vf3MTExIaOO7t27h4yMDFRUVIgT3dvbi+fPn8uQZe4tA5Z4PA6HwwGr1Yp4PI719XXcunVLxjPRENLwRqNRfPr0CYODg0hPT78UKPD5zs7OBIdKJ1vdZxUTxMzS58+fLzk5asBBB0jdK147FotdIvRkNkctJal4OxrYDx8+4Ndff8WnT59wfHws/6buicVikmGhTFKnJBKJS9Uadujv7u5ibW0NX375JWZmZtDY2CilVZ5v2py2tjZ88cUXmJychMlkkqkpHo9HcGwNDQ1YWFiQEXahUOiS7tja2pLzQJ64g4MDFBUVQafTiZy+e/cOoVAIz58/x+rqKgYGBlBXV4fu7m7k5uYiGAwKUS0nq+Tk5AhmanBwEAsLCwiHwwIzcblckmghPYzdbofL5YLT6ZTnbWxsxNLSElwuFw4PD7GysiKD0Ofn5y/pmM+fP0sgyP2kvTw/PxdSXNqXg4MDmU1KUvNYLIa6ujoJhikvyT4DEwn/Px2gZrxV+60Gaerv/5D8RX6BCoOGiOWMoaEh+VyNnCORCAoLC3H37l08e/YMubm5IhyMgiKRi4GTs7OzODw8xKNHj1BeXo60tDSkpaWhtbUVJSUl8Pv90Gg0MJlMUkr0er1oaWmB0+lEf38/urq64PV6kZubC61WC5PJhLy8PKyvr+Po6EgcGQocjQQXjl4ro1gKHJ+XYG5ugJo+VB0kevP8/e7urvAMVVZWYmhoCCaTCXfv3kVPTw/Gx8fx7NkzLC4uXkrbqllFfs5IgPdbXFxERUWFlFQ9Ho8YBpUXRI3AVU+cDhKzG1wfOkfMGMXjccm28FnUGYfq99RSZywWkwiekSYNmYpx4b8PDw//rTTEA0Tjy9+rxpLvwn2jYmlqakJpaSmqq6uxs7OD4eFh7O3tobe3F7/88gusViuKi4thtVoxOzuLGzduCPs6U9OxWAzBYFA4cl68eIGxsTG4XC64XC4pPR8cHMDpdMLn8yEUCuHRo0eCNevq6oLf7xeMwPLyMsLhMNxuN2KxmPCxra6uCniZZywej2N0dBSPHj3CyMgIgsHgpczYwsICnj59isnJSRQUFAj9CjEtlOv19XXBJxBczLLN9PQ0VlZW4Ha7EQgEMDs7K0EO34mZyJcvX6KsrAzz8/OIRqPw+Xxyrenpaeksopy63W7cunULKSkpGBkZQSAQgM1mw+7urgzsHh8fR2pqKpaXl9HV1YXl5WUpzVK3UHbU1nsaWq6T3W6X8UIZGRkYGxsTuVfLG7+X9lezJTS4PIPt7e1iANilqMocr5WcOUsuKySfbZ4JNYO+vLyMlpYWeL1etLW1weVyiR5RAf7JGRqecTUjzwzV2dkZmpubodPpUF1dDYfDgc7OThiNRhweHuKvf/0rFhYW4PF4kJKSgpWVFTQ1NWFxcVFm0fG6akBZXV2NgoIC0Zu1tbXiWFssFlgsFlRWVsLtdqOjowODg4Pwer0oKirC8PAw9Ho9VlZWUF5ejtbWVuj1evT09MBgMAiRK7PLzGxw75IxbTyzfFbqATpplB8GjGqGjI4Ry4GsPKiVA/I8qZmyePy3hg7VUeP+sOLAZ2YntM1mQ0VFBdxuN4aGhrC+vo6dnR18++23GBsbQ1VVFXp6ekRP09li2bWpqQmvX7/G3Nwcjo+PMTIygszMTGg0GrhcLmRkZKCqqgputxslJSUwmUz417/+BbvdLvYxJydH9o/0I6WlpZL15Pv5/X48evQIMzMz6O7uRk9PD/r6+nD//n1otVoMDg5iYmICmZmZ8Pl80jDR2dkpMB+LxSIDyevq6tDT0wOtVouamhp0dnbizZs3yM7OhslkQllZGcLhMPLy8jA7O4snT55gZWUF2dnZKC0tRVtbm5CtMxNFuactUs8I7RJ1IEvdpGgyGo2S+aqurr5UmaGtVx0k1alSzz/3XXW4VN9ATVapn8vwavWCqoemlmtMJhN6e3tFGBipMXtBEFxTUxM6OjqE+FGN3l0uF1ZXV5FIXIwRKSsrQ1VVFb777jsMDg7CZrOhuroaZWVlUnK5c+cO2tra0NTUhMPDQ+lm1Ov10Ol06O7uFnAxZ1adnp5eYgenU8iSikprwNKNuolqhEVjp9ae1XID1+7w8BDBYBBWqxV2ux3ff/89/H4/dnZ2BOPjcDhw8+ZN6fbkD6/P9WemRa2bj46OQqPRwOfzISMjAxsbG6Jg+R0+i2pgaBTUbKXa3fbx40dxStfX1+X9+G6qQ0YnLvn9uW5UmFR+TMvz73h/vi+jULZrJzv7aiYsHv+NFZwOsmrY7t27h5GREZjNZhwcHKC/v18IUDlGamhoSFL4HJ+iHpiTkwt+p+vXryMrKwuVlZXweDzIz89HYWEhamtr0d/fj97eXnR2dqK8vBwulwt5eXlYWloSckmn04k3b97AbrfjyZMnGBwcREVFBZaWljA7O4uqqipoNBo8ffpUMgh0liwWC65evYqRkRFoNBosLy9LyTorKwtmsxmrq6tob29Ha2srNjc3MTIyAovFIsBQntWhoSG0trZiaGgIeXl5aGtrw8uXL/H48WNUVFTg5cuXePPmDcrKyrCwsIAbN27AaDSiuroabrcbjY2NePHiBerq6tDf3w+LxYI7d+5gbGwMeXl5wsSfSFzgL9xuNywWC4xGI7a3t8Uxi0ajMrttf38f1dXVqKysxOrqKkZGRvDixQvJlhBPwVKCmj1SlWFbWxvKysrg8/nwz3/+U4y2CoxXnSE6bmrpRXXkKHtXr15FY2MjmpqaoNVq5XcMXngm1HOmliZV5asqW8osZfvs7KK7rbi4GHa7XWY6qlki9frM1qjlNGaU1bMXj8cRCAQwNjYGjUYDp9MJq9WKsbExRCIRfPXVV9JF/v3338NsNmNqagp6vR6PHj2STCYzPcxGlpeX48mTJ5Ixrq6uxsrKitBaZGdno76+HrW1taiqqsKNGzcwNjaG7OxseL1eNDY2YmxsDKmpqaivr8fAwABKSkqg1+uRl5cnWXS1TMN1Vzut1XIZ91DVU2pJkNkydraqgaVasqIuoZNLmePf0Xnjd1XHnRl3VXZ5z2AwiKWlJdTW1mJ3dxfDw8MCb7h9+zaGhobQ0tKC8vLyS2V6VhxYySkrK0N6erqMztJqtbh//z4ODg5QW1sLl8uFSCSC+vp66dT3eDziCDmdTuj1ethsNjx//hybm5uoqamRjCUzdsFgEOnp6ZiYmJAu76qqKtTU1GBkZETmFldWViIcDuPZs2cyvHp/fx8zMzPQ6XTIzs5GZmYmqqqq8Pr1a7jdbthsNrS3t2NqagoFBQUIh8PIysqC1+tFRUUFQqEQUlJSEAwGZRwdRyGRYurt27cCQYrHL4aSqwkEp9N5qYLA0WZlZWXY3d2VcXzHx8eor6+/ZOeSK0Sqg68mDHju/39ZLrXkqH4/Ho9fZLjUsuLvOVx0WIaGhmRwpPqQLLNotVpkZ2djd3cXY2NjkuJmRPb27Vsp6+zs7GBvbw8//fQTGhsb8dVXX+HFixfY3NxEeXk5dDoddnd3JWKurq4WZ8rlcuH+/fsoLS1FRkYG2tracHJyAp1Oh9LSUhwcHEidlvgi1VEgXkJtBWWJSMWxqNkvCj9nZbF8w0iLh/jw8BBGoxHT09O4e/eu0EIwlTs7O4vy8nLBnVFZqhtNZ+XTp0/ihBGfEw6H8e7dO7hcLonI1BZhFT9A5U+nh4rp48ePUgLk+6pGZ3t7W5SPyg78+fNnGWSsYsPosLJ8RUV9fn5+KU2vCh6JCz9+/ChlTK4178d7UwEx08bynorlCQaDePjwISwWC549e4a9vT1MTEwIfstiseDly5e4evWqgHM1Gg2qqqqwu7uLd+/eSXDhdruFJ+rKlSviZLW3t8vcyJSUFKSnp+Onn36SWYcLCwsYHh6G0WjE7u4u0tPTEQqF8PTpU5hMJtTV1WFxcRGTk5MoLi5GVlYWJiYmpMx7cnLRhVlZWYkffvgBtbW1WFhYkMzF9vY2Hj9+jJmZGTidTjx+/Bjp6ekwm814+PAhioqKUFxcjNzcXKytrWF+fh6vXr1CWlqaDH12OBzCP0Z+uHv37iE1NRUulwv37t3DxMQEGhsb0dLSgrq6OnHYtFotTk9PkZubi7y8PExPT19SOoz+w+EwWltbpclhdnYWx8fH6Orqgkajwd7eHvR6PSoqKiRDWFFRgcHBQRwcHFxiwFeddDXDGo1ejJriaDCfzyds9eqZUp0eGkLKF2WfBprZR7vdDr/fj9XVVTgcjkuBTLICVZW0igOhwlaDHupBtVzF8kksdtHyrp4VlRg5OcOnljv4fOq7G41GmEwm9Pf3Y3BwEFarFQaDAYlEAj/++CNmZ2dxcnKCq1evynic8vJymEwmuFwuAYFTbywtLcn80IGBARwdHaGyshJ2u12wvS0tLQgEAqipqYHFYoHD4cDi4iI0Gg0ODw/R3t6O0dFRKV0Gg0E8efIEwWBQeKksFgtisZhQEBHr6nK5BEfodrvx7t077OzsSHOOOoGBwTLP4enpKebm5iSLFI1GMTc3Jxg3AvtP3I7q6gAAIABJREFUT0+xubmJnp4eqW4sLS1hfX0dJycX3Y3T09PiTLEDnfjliYkJybTZbDbs7+9jY2MDRUVFaG5uxsrKijTVhEIhfPHFF4LTSklJgcvlQldXl5T6j46OYLVaMT4+jmAwiNevX+Pk5ASVlZUoKyvD119/jf7+fmlQYdZqamoKX3/9Nex2uzQFbW5uSvnv66+/xtDQEF6+fImJiQnBSu/u7sJms+Hp06eCuzs4OMCLFy9QXl6O9vZ2tLS0YGJiAg8fPsTc3Bx++eUXjIyMoLS0FF6vV75z+/btS8mTjo4OtLS0CJfn06dP0dbWhtraWpjNZqSkpMj8V6fTiYODAzx48ABWqxXhcBhpaWlCu/H48WOMjY0hGo2iu7sb165dw9HRxVi9//qv/8Lg4CD29vZQWFgIjUYDr9eLW7duwW63Q6PRIBwOIxKJoL29/VI1jLYk+SwllwzVbLeqZ9RMoap76ESfnZ1dBs2rik11xKggDAYDurq6JBIhqJxli9bWVnzzzTcwGAxoaGi4xCzMLBlxW8RU8QDn5uaioqICe3t7GB4eRn5+PsLhMIaGhlBRUYGZmRmUlZXB7/ejo6MD+fn5ePjwIb766itJ/xcWFmJhYQFmsxmbm5vweDxSsz04OIDNZpO5cXa7HXNzc4Kh4SDX2dlZdHZ24ujoSFLxnIfX39+PlZUV7O/vS5YjFAphfX0dg4ODAlSenJwUklar1Qq3243a2lrMzMxAq9UKCz4zc2rqXsVnMDon068KelRZx9VSneqVU9HPz88jJydHHKL8/HxRPv39/SgsLBTnk2nreDwOvV6P8fFxKRXV1tYKtqOlpUU6mUidEA6HkUgkoNPpZEB1e3s7Ojo6sL+/L4bV6/Xi3bt3aG9vx8TEBE5PL+YAciRSLBaTPY9EIpibm0NLS4soVq1WK913c3NzmJ2dxdnZGXJycmC1WpGSkoLt7W1MT08jHA5jbm4OHR0dWFpawvXr1zE+Po7Dw0Okp6dDp9NJlM69cLlckpJvbm5GdXU1Wltb0dzcDLvdjry8PGi1WmGItlqtSE1NFXmrra1FMBiERqOB3+9HSkoKhoeHodPpBNNXWFiI4uJieL1ecS6YAc7IyMDCwgK+++47GAwGeDwewejV1NTISIrXr1+jqqoKDocDWq0WCwsLcDqdqK+vx8TEBAwGA8rKylBQUIDW1lY0NjbC5/Ph5cuXqK+vh9frxbfffov6+npcvXoV/f39+OGHH9DR0SGD14uKilBRUYHa2lpotVocHx/Dbrfj+vXrAgjOzMy8FCna7XYUFRXh4OAAfr8f8/Pz2N/fR3l5OV6+fCk8ewsLC5Ld0Wq10Ol0qKioEOdbzYpSGdKgqVlVAutV/Klaekx2itSASXXEVAWp4jpUMKx6PdUR47+TO5zUjAgdSLUswn0nZlJV+KpzqGZPmIE+OzuDw+GQ6RNnZ2eora2F3+9Hb28vKisrUVJSgrGxMdhsNoyMjMBut+Mvf/kLOjo60NHRgZ6eHhwcHODVq1fIy8vD48eP0d3djezsbCQSCZlF+vTpU1itVgwMDODHH3/E3NwcysrKsLa2hrKyMuTl5QknksViQVVVFaqqqjA1NYXCwkK0trZCo9FgYmICjx49knJYZmYmioqKkJGRgeHhYXz55ZeSWdVqtTg/P4der0d6erpQvfz000/Y2dnB2toa7t27B4/HA4/HgwcPHsBkMuHs7EwqIyQXbWtrQ1VVFU5PLzoPf/75Z6EfaWxsRFlZmWCNbt26JSD0pqYmIWxlto6yXlRUhLGxMZydnWF4eFi6vWOxGIqLi7G2tob29nYUFhairKwMoVAIPT09cLvd8vmbN2/Q2NgoGaDq6mqplrjdbpSVlaGmpkYgCDs7O0Ic3tTUBLvdjsXFRdTX14td0+v1aGpqgl6vR0dHhww9ZydqTU0NFhcX0dnZKRAV2hCdToeamhohDA+HwyguLkZXVxdaWlqg1+sxOzuLwcFBTE1NoaGhQRzCiYkJzM3NCV9kc3OzdL62t7fDarXKwPGysjLY7XZpburv74fZbMbAwAAmJiYwPDyM9vZ2aXS6desWpqamEI1eNO8tLi6KbSMZ+v7+PoqKioQmgh3sLC92d3dLIBGJRNDb23uJh1C1o0wCqI0taiKKvlFy2T05o87r8nsCmk+O3nhh1eszGAzo6emRlDezGwcHB5KN6uzsREFBAXp7e6U7gjifePyia4kT5CORCKamphAOhzE1NQWr1SoEaYODg+jq6kJHR4fMTmRLc0tLC9xuNzY2NlBdXY3m5maYTCYsLCxga2tLxoasrq4Ku/L+/j56e3uxuroqxHRGo1EwTQaDQSba01C7XC60tbXh6OhiKHJNTY0AgLu7u9HU1IRoNAqXy4X29nYBmM7NzUmWzWw2w2q1wuPxwOl0iuDa7XZUVlYK/5fqEatlRabRVWAn06rsrFGdZG60qqxHRkaQn58vqezCwkKYzWZEIhGMj48LDcDJyYlwmLCEbLfbBS+Tn58vHYYNDQ0YHh6WKKyyslJwXwUFBRgfH8fe3h5sNhv6+/uFM6uwsBA+nw+RSAR9fX0YHx9HNBqF1+uFTqfD1tYWTk9PRZklEglREsxWvXnzBqurqzg+PsbY2JhkiWZmZtDT04OZmRmJ1g4ODtDV1YXKykqsr6/DarVieXkZHo8Hb968kfb469evC9/U+vo6iouL0dDQAK1WKwDQ2tpatLe3w+fzYW1tDXV1dejq6hLl4vF40Nvbi8nJSSwuLqKtrQ0LCwuoqalBT08PmpubYbFYkJWVhdLSUrx58wYajUYchdPTi1FRpI2or69HcXGxcKax+aGiogI6nU7GpoTDYfT29qK9vR0zMzPweDwYGBhAT08PpqenkZaWBqPRiKysLIyMjECn06GjowPhcFgIBuvr67GwsIDvv/8eDQ0NMJvN2NraQn19PfR6PZqbmzEzM4Ph4WF0dHSgq6tLlOXf//53yQKQZJLnZH19HTabDWtrazLCq7u7G8vLy4hEIgKmtVgssNlsuH//vlAcMAOl4ngo42opiaU6OjpqRJmcdUr+UQMUnjM1O/t72Cw1IEo+d8kKltkzPhfXSC1jqVhHZqt5rtU2/2T4x9u3b2XqATPdQ0NDcDgciEQisFqtWFpaEh5Bzq0lQfD6+joSiQusEefP2u12DA8Po62tTYDs4XAYFosFbrcba2trWFpags/ng9frxfHxMbRaLRobG9HQ0AC9Xi/UJg6HQxppvF6v4ALZVUcKhnA4jJ2dHZknyE7J7e1tvH//Hjs7OzJsnZQtNMSBQEAMJO0K95RDrQkvoS2LxWIyOYK/YwMNS6jMINIZoVNMKghmJwmpSSR+63Zn9o3OO6E3icQFdQ1n6BI3qjbqrK+vS5KC1SUGW3TWiTlTkyG0F8m4PhVryIoGbTsTJvzu58+f/608xnPEJAvvo2aNCYWgjKvPr5bYWF2qqqoSShnVkeHz0CFlB+He3h6mpqbELkUikUvs93wmtZrGvaVu5fozMGLFjiV4fpe6gxUvlWXh9zJaKtRG1Q0q3kt1zi6B5lWnS60n86UGBwdhNBplQSmY0ehFm2ljYyMeP36M2tpaNDQ0SKpSfWjyVFG4d3Z2xOlQ+WcikQh2d3eFOoFZKuLCSAtBno69vT3p7vD7/fI5szq8BoWS5Ru1lEgqiUgkgk+fPolQMuLe2toSzAQ5jOhwskS5sbEhKc14PC71ZUbnu7u7+Pjxo6SV1QOjbg4PLjeKrf58D5b81N+rXCIqZxHfm5ExnStVGdCYUOi5v/zd8fExtra2xOPnuvLQ7+/vS6aBB0stNVJBsBavdivR8CQ3MfAa3COWragkzs5+49rhwWKp9ujoCPPz80IdwgiI661SPqytrSEjI+MSVQg7+/b39+Hz+XDz5k2Z00jHknLHfSbFyeHhoVyba8Xy6+npKTo6OvD69Ws8fvxYOMROT09FptjgQfmNx3/DrrFMHo9fdDOxJMvzpXaTsqMoOzsbRUVFyMrKEqPEvaNs7O/vo6WlBd988w0yMzPFgeJacF+NRqMMMH7//r3gMNWuVRqRaDSKtbU1TE5O/ps8UVnT4B0eHmJ1dRWdnZ2SvVUdGJUuIHnkDwHOVLK/xy6fXBZMzkjxd+x6pbwl48fUH1Xxqs+q4hO5Z2pApUbQfBbiklRQPfGLxBCp90yGQKhGTV1r/tjtdkxOTkpmjE6dik3l+aOOpVO3v79/6bnUOYZnZ2fiVLMzne/NyR+qEeYPHUSWoLe3t4Vmgs6Wz+e79J4fPnyQM0xKF+o3ladrZ2dHOPgoC+fn5/j06RPC4TAcDgccDodAJ1TISSJxMTlFtX0HBwewWCxobW0Vh5kwB8o7M6cqjo9lyJWVFYTDYXz8+BF6vR77+/tSWjOZTFhaWhLc6/z8PMxm86WKE50+UhuwbEf9ouIJOc9Qdb52d3dRWloKp9OJ09NT9PX1SZWE8sHmAF5HZadPbiijHHCNKN/Hx8cYHh6GVqsV3cnfkax8YWFBCMMjkYiMWGI5PxwOS1att7cXw8PDaG5uxocPH9Dd3S2NNVwTVS/yTPGZmPXd39/H4OAgXr9+jcnJSelMJOOCmj2n86UmPpLPbvJnyeeaa8ozojpmf0hOu/NC6iGh8hwfH79EC8HDQIqDQCCA4eFhZGVlXeq6UF+CIyf4ULOzs5ibm5PuJ7PZjNnZWSwuLiIYDGJ7e1tA6GNjY5idnZUD7nA4sLq6iqGhIWxubspBW1tbQyAQwPr6OiYmJhAOh+H3+4XRm/xSPp9PHCqbzQabzYbZ2Vno9XosLS1hZGREymbqxtAbJ7cQwb3siOzt7UU4HMbAwAA6OjpgNBqxuLh4iZWeZZZkz5kbQ3xTcsaL2KXkTh51MHTyCBMqMdVRo0OnRkA0MKrTTWPDz/iuqqPHZ6DMMOJLvnZyVKYaP9XxYrsz14KKhe9J5UtFSaXn9Xrh8XjEmbLZbNje3kY4HJasEyk56BStrKxcciRZtuTzcp+3t7exvb0No9EoUai6HuTJIn/O8PCwpK95+FWHk44hmzfoNHKNKGc8g3RI6cByX+hs8Mx++PBB/ubTp0+iXFZWVoRkNxmbSIPNaFptSOC9+T0qF9WZZzbm/PwcR0cXkxxMJhM2Nzfh9XoxOjqK1dVVVFdXY25uDnNzc6ivr8fg4CACgYBkT+goEgumrgXfl1lertX+/r6cQ8ql2nH4e5kpNZOfnAH7f4R9+U/bWZZ9/2szGrW6p6urpK50pZJa0pWkkigJRCRRQhQEmCVg9h3CvmMs2xjEYgFGxtjGNmDA2MYrYl8MYklKWapUc74/oHP74anR9wcrsbE/23vvvnvPPfdcyiRwY1cJueq9pyJZPI4a8apcMRUR4DVyDdLRikajiEQiEsFzfqeS/Tl2qdE0x5X3t7e3JxSBxcVFQSjv378vbXmI6vp8PhQXF8s8YzBE1IDojN1uRywWw/v370UQkwiYukYSiQRu3bolFBQ+K9VG0GGbmZnB3//+d+Tn5+PJkydIS0tDS0uLpAtJ6dja2kJraytWVlZkDpHzp8o6OJ1OFBcXY3Fx8cpaOT4+RigUQmZmJh48eIDFxUWZS0wthUIhSZ1zb0gmL+UUbty4gXg8fqVqlulobrRcJ3w2Y2NjeP36tfDRRkZGRBrhz3/+s6RpzWazCGhTuJtjqRYNNTc3IzMzE8FgEGlpaQgGg9jd3RXnlt1WqBBADcuWlhb09fXJM4zH41ItycCfVX6bm5sIhUJXxFG3t7fhdDoRCASEix2JRLC4uIhAICAAhs/nu0ILoCPGSkxWbBJVHR0dxfLysnScWVtbw97eHnp6etDY2IhgMIiamhpsb2+jt7cXq6ur0iydnL3NzU3pXtPZ2YlgMCjjSrSVBSnMKh0cXHbH4PP9I94n17WaBUx1vlLRQNWPSrVdJycn+JPK31INBRcyje3Z2RlGRkZgMpmuQI1cQJubm5icnEReXh4qKyvR1NQk3iYvlARIr9eLzc1NlJWVweFwoLKyEnV1dZJSmJqaQmdnJ9rb20XyPzs7GxaLBU+fPsXs7Cy0Wi1u3LghEffq6io6OjoEDi8vL0cgEEBWVhb8fj+8Xi+ysrLgdruxs7ODpaUlPHnyBNFoFEdHR5icnMTXX3+NsbExKYtta2vD4OCgIGmqA8p/VVI+ibxTU1PCC8vNzcXCwgK6urowMjKC+vp6OJ1OFBQUwG63ixPEBaUaU0YUXAxerxcmkwlbW1toa2sTRE/Vq1KNvxqdEzHkhqputuqmo5a78ve8P84HdUPjNauLk8gcj8NNhZuy+ht+R0UC3r9/L81oGXXwxU2MxGp+tre3h5KSEvT396O2thYbGxsYHR3F7u4uLBYLHjx4gJ6eHpSUlMBsNositlarvdJB4Pj4WAR2Dw4OMD09jTt37mBzc1Mir6qqKhwdHQnZOBQKScqUvQRv3LghaZujoyPMz8/D6/VicXERm5ubcDgciEQismj5TLmZq/dNB5vPio4Wx0Kt1lSdW6Jv3OhUxWWeh1Ex719FRuicn56eCpJGA6NGvUyLJZNJeL1evHjxAs3Nzairq0MgEMDo6CiCwSAaGxvx+PFjOBwOaLVaOJ1OGAwGOBwOZGdni2yGej9cC6pEAOf0+Pi4pCdzc3MRj8dxcnJZ3KGmIlPTfqmOk5qC39raQn5+PqanpzEyMiL8wNT0o0rsV9Hl1PSlirxdXFwIH/Ps7Ey6UVD4tri4GHa7XTYpfi8VQaPDQruRWlzASF+n06GgoEAoFDabDZubm/jqq6+Ez/rzzz8jFAphdHQUDx8+lOIMFWGng8hU+MXFBRYXF9HQ0IDGxkaYzWb09PQgFouJrfb7/XJ+yqTQeaFtU50Uzpeenh78/PPPGB4eFr5vaWkpXr16Ba/Xi4mJCYRCIbx69QqvX7+WjiFqUMKWWiMjI2hubsbq6uoV57G7uxtlZWVSKDAzM4Pe3l7Mzs6itbUV3333HWw2m6TPOzo6sLKygoyMDCmaol2jXeScUgNOjg33pffv38NsNouo982bNxGPx7G7u4uHDx/CbrdDr9dLwRWdfpVzaLVa8fr1a3R2dqKqqgrRaFQqkvPy8jA7O4u6ujrhz01PT6OlpUXkaujAhMNhpKWlobOzUwRQnU4nmpqaUFlZiZycnCvcJbboef78ORKJBFpbW1FdXY2RkRHU1tbC4/Ggrq5OetmqLeuOjo7Q29sr3T7YMo1SLm/evMHQ0BC0Wi0mJycxPDyM3t5edHd3IxwOo7y8HNvb2ygqKsL8/DzKy8uh1Wqh0+kkha3ValFfXy/FAirSFI/HpZtMYWEhIpEIdnd3peMJx01N/ak2Qg1iUgMv1dFSP1Ptl3q8P3HCq3Bh6kG4kDlwqc4ZS4QNBgMmJycxMTEBv98vxphGk+KldBw0Go0QFXt6eoSc2dfXh+zsbFGH7+/vR2Zmpjy0cDgsOkTp6emi69XY2Ij79++jpaUFbrcboVAIBQUFGBkZQXt7OzQaDeLxuBigZ8+eCddkb28PWVlZMJvNKC8vR0tLC8bGxhCJRK4gMqmID9NwTOHEYjFMT0/j8PAQVqsV1dXVCIfDollCsjInGzc2PksiHXxejLzOzs7Q19cHrVaL8fFx/PzzzwgGg5J2UCNdNT3JDZsGLjXKfPfuHT5+/CjGiBEhHT92bedxGZXy9zT2appIPR5TsCqSxfs7Pz/Hr7/+KgZMPQ+NGZ+9yt/hddO5428NBgNaW1tRUVGBra0taS1Dcm4oFILf78fLly8xMTGBiYkJmQNEFRjt0iltaGjAV199hdnZWZyeXvZaq6iogMvlQm1tLSorK1FRUSHRm8ViQSgUQm5urhDu5+fnkZubiydPnuDly5d49eoV6urqUF9ff8UJ4DlVNJUOOWF+8iVVBJIOKNME3HhU7gHFbtV01cnJZXuRra0tfPr0SaQ5eG6mGXgezil2KuD4k/vB+Ts0NIT79+/DaDSKODG5fm/evIFGo4HRaMTKygpaWloQDofx+PFjWK1WMYAqYkQU4dOnT9IX7ujoskUXtXru3bsnc+3Tp09XOF2qs6Q6qbzX8/NzWUcLCwv485//DJvNhoKCAuEB0niqFAB17alrWBXv5LqgrID6Ojk5wczMDHJzc7G1tYVvv/32ivI311oqaZ9jSn4nv6cGyEtLS2hpaUFtbS2Ojy8J3wwEv/rqKzidTmxvb+PatWuYm5uDx+NBenq6bFSkERBpCwaD0Gq1yMrKEuFOaj7p9Xo0NTVheXlZpEx2dnZQVVUlWmCDg4OCLKt2iEjc2NgYHjx4gLa2Nty5cwdZWVmSzi8qKsLY2BiWl5fx9u1bLC0toby8HN3d3Vc6JvCYRUVFqKyshNvthsfjkZQoqxzr6+uRn5+PRCIBrVYrlZY9PT1wOBz417/+hWg0iszMTNk3HA4HHj9+LKR4dX5ybGjziLjt7e3h06dPaG1thU6nw9nZmVQ27u7u4ssvv5TWRD///LOgRo2NjcKxVe3b0dER7HY7cnNzMTU1hYqKCuzv76OwsFCKAux2O9rb20WklrIyXq8XOp0OOzs7ePPmDaLRKN68eQO73Y7h4WG43W6Mj4+jsbER5eXlsFqtsg739/elIfnz589FwLuvrw9+vx9arRY9PT14+/YtIpEI6uvrpRk4bVNXVxcsFgsqKyuRkZEBl8uF0tJSkZioqKhAdnY2bDYbJicnYbFY0NLSglgshs7OTpyenqKrqwtzc3NynS6XSwSnCwoKUFFRIQVg8XhcOHWcc3yuFJ/u6OgQVFwNWFLRWDUwUPdZNWj9v9KLajbw+PgYfyIMnerFqe+5uQ4ODsJgMFw58enpKWKxGN68eQObzYZAICAwHyejitjEYjE4HA709/cjIyMDW1tbSCQSiEajSCQSUtJeWFgIm80mMOzLly9RVVUlDhojnfz8fOTk5GBpaQk2mw1NTU34/vvvkZOTI82tmY4sLCzE6uoqEokE2tvb8fz5c2RkZMjAjI+P49mzZxgZGcFXX30FvV4v8hDk4LCKjtwtFVXgs5qcnBQos6SkBOFwWFCtzc1NqSSJxWLS5oLH4EAxZcj3yWRSYOCzszMxzNygaHA5gbhpMt2lOs6qNhrTXUxF0YFkdKbms1XkijwP8okODg5E9FSdYB8/fhT+GVMDBwcH+Pz5s/DRVE0wOlmMJElUJY+D5yK6oEZRwWAQ09PTaG5uxsnJCRwOB3Z2dqQpeiwWQzgcxqNHj+ByueD1eiVQUNtf8Ln7/X4UFBTgyZMnKC8vx+npKfR6PUpLS9HV1SUFAQMDA8jJyUFXVxcqKirgdDpx584dOJ1ODA4OorOzE0ajEWNjY7DZbNDr9Xjx4gUKCwuvtIviOJNHRAPOe08mk0KEpuDtx48f5bsfP36UVi38u/p/1UiQsPvrr78KAskUnbpu6cSp85HOBpEFpi2TyaTonrH0OxQKifH2+XzweDzIycnB9evXZS739/ejoqJC+IV/hOzQ6VOvib36SCVQ0ToV7eVaUNFE1RniZ0wFMQ0XCAREBoXzUk3vEGVMTT3wPEzzcY2SM0UniuvM7Xbj/fv3WF5exuHhoaTLVfFOFcHkJsw0CJFLbo7J5GWv0++++w43btyAw+EQWsPm5ia++OILUfnmOFAbic9AtR0XFxeorq5GdXU1Xr16JVpHra2t2N/fl+Ilt9stlXbBYBBVVVWYmppCc3OzUChIlHa5XJJKPTs7w+rqKn788Ud4PB6UlZWhvb1dCo86Ojok8NVqtYjH43j27JlUwdlsNnn2DORHRkZQU1MjTa9PT//NOW5vb5e019u3b4U3NTg4iNXVVTx//hxerxdarVYoAh6PB8+ePcPy8rJoac3NzUGv12N3d1eEhnd3d5FIJKRf5N7eHtra2tDd3Y3z83PY7XZBXe7evYtYLAar1Yq6ujqcnp4KaFFTU4ORkRGMjo5KJxEeq7CwEHa7Hffu3YPX68XAwADW19fhdrvR2NiI1tZWPH/+XNCqhYUF6PV6ac/z5s0b7O/vIy8vD36/H5OTk3C5XCguLsbIyMiVNDApC319fXj58iW+/fZblJeXo7e3F+3t7bKeqRFJ9Xm/3y97zO7urgivRqNRPH78GD6fD6WlpSJyqtfrRZdvamoKPT09yMzMhM1mQ1lZGTY2NqQYr7GxEZmZmRgZGUFRURFsNhv++te/4h//+AfsdjuWlpbw6tUrxONx4ZLV1dXhm2++gUajEfX71tZWCS64ltTgSUXJVJ5wKhVGdbzUY6h0Ie7pf1JZ+qrBSPXujo+PYTAYpLJP3Yjj8TgePnwIrVaL3t5eaW5KcTK+yPNyOBwIBAJ48eIF5ufnMT4+DrPZjMXFRaSnp8PlcqGjowNVVVVYXl5Gd3c3cnNzYbPZpGF1T08PRkdHYbPZ8Pr1a1E0prf+4sULzM3N4cmTJ1hYWMD09DRevnwpytfNzc2YnZ3FrVu3YLFYBOZlCvL+/fuYmprC/v5lV3GW+1P/Y2ZmRqoq/X4/hoeHJSIzGAyIx+MYGRlBfn4+ZmdnUVtbK6XZaWlpKC0thdlsRllZGSKRiBh0NZ2UGkGp/CmiPqenp1f4Wqmvs7NLDZrS0lJsb28jHo+LoTo8PER3dzeKi4uRTCYRCoXw8uVLEYYzGAyYnp7G8fFlk1hG4ru7u6iursbAwAAODg5k4lO3pampCbFYDKenlxWGQ0NDktIaHBxEMBjE4eEhpqen5Xnu7u6iu7tbChd6enowPz+Pvb09eDweqcTa3d1FR0cHfD6fVGJNTEyIWvHIyAjS09ORSCREh2t4eBgPHz7E9PS0VMqVl5fDaDSitrYWHR0dgjyq6W+z2Yza2loYDAY8fPgQLpcLra2tKCgowODgIIqKilBaWgqXy4WKigosLCzA6/UiFAohLS0NExMTIvbI9Es8HsejR4+Qn59864c/AAAgAElEQVSPf/3rXzCbzWhra0MgEBBBwkgkAq1Wi5WVFezu7qK1tVWcgNbWVuj1euzv72NoaAhVVVXiLPT09KCurk5I8FqtFm63WyD95uZmCYQaGxvFKA4ODkr0u7GxgcbGRkQiESSTSTQ1NWFqagpnZ2ei60Ouxps3b+DxeHBxcYGRkRHY7XaEQiHcvXsXra2tyMzMRDweh8vlkjQEeRi3bt2SqPrFixeor6+H2WwWyJ/pTBLG3717h8+fP19R/ladJ6I8KgmefyfqQyOpwv4qV4OOENPJKh9MPQcdKRXdUnl3avqPxyAaxnSnGmBx/tNw0wHm+z9CuOi4dXR0CEl5f38fDQ0NIjhbV1eHvLw8bGxsoK+vD7Ozs5idncUPP/yA4eFhafS+s7ODvr4+5OTkSNsoo9EolXg2mw2vXr0STa2KigqxKbOzs4hEIiguLsbc3JxwwWw2G3JyctDZ2Yn6+nqMjY1hdnZWZE6ePHkiSMPZ2Rm2trZQV1eHvb09jI+Pw+Fw4Pj4GG63GzU1NVheXkY8HkdRURGcTqc4ViaTCY8ePZL029ramjgOFRUVaGtrk4bWp6en4kjl5OSItlxTU5NU7gYCAZSVlcFgMGBmZgZarRYtLS2wWq0oLCzEzMwMzGaz7EsFBQXS5aKtrQ0nJ5eyMsXFxdja2sL8/DwaGxvR1taGvb09WK1WhMNhmEwm1NTUCC/u8PAQoVAIVVVVKC4uFjkKtt5hur6kpASNjY2wWq1oaGjA9PS0yGi0t7djZWUFHR0dGB4ehslkwvLyMjo6OmCz2WAymeB2u1FfXy/X1dvbi4aGBkHMtFottFotKisrxdk6OTlBMBhES0sLdDodRkdHYbfbMTg4CJvNhp6eHhHapWSF1WrFx48fBV03GAwwGAyorKyUlj1arRZjY2Oiizg5OYnBwUGsra1hbm4OZrMZKysrGB0dFRHXiYkJGI1G6PV6mEwmjI6Owmg04ueff0ZLSwvu3bsn9pi8PxL2u7u7pbL+6OhIxkRN+alIuIomE9RQP09NIf7RK3XN/olGSPXQ1BPR+To9vWyAOjIy8r9Shevr67h79y4MBoP06iooKJBO3DQqR0dHEhns7e1hfn4eAwMDGBwcFA0sah3R82Zz4dHRUVitVphMJildHhgYgN/vF0K6y+XC3Nyc6M2srKxgdnZWIuvJyUl4PB54PB5YLBa43W6B2km0pgIzyfYHBwcoKSlBRUWFcDqOji61QPr7+wVuHxsbw/7+PtbX1wU+Z+XOwsKCkAEXFhZgtVqlr1Rpaalwhvj8iWyo5HN1UhCmTc0X87vqOJ6fn2NxcRF6vV4IlSaTSQoXnE6nkFx3d3fR1dUlJHK73S7Cj2tra6ioqJA2MoRnd3Z2hPvAKruqqir4/X6cnZ2J/EYymcT29jYGBgaknNzlcmF2dlZSZ3q9Hpubm5I+nZ+fl+vv7e0VhLGtrQ2rq6vC17BarZKyGhwcFCeDCBeNL9s7RKNRBINBmEwm4VJlZWXB6/UKari3t4fOzk6YTCaMjIygtbUVk5OTMBqNGBgYQF5eHgYGBtDZ2Ynm5mYEg0HY7Xa43W4RuHW5XHC5XHLfQ0ND0vppYmICIyMjWFpawosXLyQKpZEoKyuTkv6amhrYbDYcHx/DYrFgfHz8ij4ZnW8aVToEbW1tCIVCOD09xdDQkPAqd3d3MTAwIJ0KXC6XyHPEYjHhmZycnGBsbEw0b7xeL/r7+wV1JDcrmUzC4/GIXtjs7CxsNhv8fr/IuSQSCczMzMButyMejyMYDCISiWBpaQnDw8OC/mVnZwvKlUpoVx0wtSCDjgntlorm8fdMFROtTnXAiFypkS6PqRaFqOci0qTydRg0qZwztXqNqUC2LSJ6ybVOB0SlL/BaeEy1moo8nePjy/J5i8UihQTz8/OymbW3t2NpaQlra2tSVJRIJAR9i0Qi4tSYzWbJVFxcXCAcDiMcDiMSiSAcDstvg8Eg4vE49vb2hAvLgqTNzU1B8Le3twWFY4A6NzcnjjDT24lE4gry9+nTJ6lMZ2U1G8iT/0bCOJ/1r7/+Ko4cbQ7nC1OwLF5iNTPTmioNgtxcBoD7+5fN1Sk2e3JygqmpKbhcLpkvzH6QB8rP+fuLiwuYTCZpwZVK0eC4cy+KRqMiL6FmG1Swg/OO90CAhHNeddb5HXXdqMU/FosFpaWlot2mAiWs+OP64blUWSLuSSoYwHtjBoXPdXBwECUlJVJ1qGaIeE88N58N9z+uQ/JLmYmoqKhAU1OTyPYwg8Ls2s7OzpV76OzsFHSegZS6/lWwSA3GVGRL5R6rgZu6dlVf6k8qDJYKifEkvHGj0XgF4WLkFw6HkZWVhaKiIokmqJukGsFkMilVSzROTFeqRG5WOFD+gVWQOzs7snC3trYQDodlATJltb29LYuWC4fyAjwWCeRMYdBI8re8Dka5zc3NcLvdstjI5Tg7+3dVk5qeo8Ix0xtqSvXk5EQcORoFtcw91SOmwSYvipONES7V6DlWqQtTNfxcCKqqvOrhpyKaLKlVU11M16goHM+jSnMwjfk///M/ODs7k1SXOhlZiEAeGXktKplf5ZRw0rKBLb/D/9MQ0sBZrVaZQ/wejYvKT0kkEoLi0Ijwue3t7UlKlMfd2tpCR0cHioqKUFJSImkF6v4w/Uw4mggNNyNuHJRCGB8fF4ST98jy7g8fPkjrI3KBuInQgHKN0lDx+mlY+BwZ7ak8O/7LCkuuVfV58drUwIzyAuT4cS2fnl42l+W52VyeZfsq34wOENcQJT64rs7Ozq40rlYpD7w+zttPnz7Je845Fc2iPaGd4Hiq1UlqCoXnOzs7E4kYtWn6ycm/+43yGn7//Xf5Lq/v4uJCGomz6pg8OM552r7Pnz9fCbLUFjKpG+fBwYFcD3/P3+zvX6pnk+t3dnYmyD/nN++fY3dyciJV09w4edzDw0NEIhGxB6n8MW7ilH/h2KvznfNKtfcqzYFrnvZQTaPz3w8fPkhA9ttvv4k941xROX8cQ7UtDyVlOK/IWVSzCOocpb3i2vvtt9/kmX/69EmeJZ8Vf8N0MJ/B3t6eVExaLBZBg/r7+9He3g6HwyH8TKfTienpaXn2vJbd3V18+vTpyrPj3nB+fi5SHUxhcw3wuCpv8fPnzzg8PJQG8ZxbagNu1QdQ0V9yPbmuGKSoczm1ufivv/4qY5QKBtD+83P1GjiPzs7OxKZwrDh3OV7kbXIe0LZw36+vr4dGo4HFYpE9pbW19QqlJ5Wjmep08aXu0f8XOpaKlHEe/0l9wwPyovmigbNarRgZGZETcqHye1tbW+LkrK2tXTGyvBm/34/x8XEkEgmYTCYMDg5ieHgYi4uLODw8hMPhQHd3t5Qxm81m+P1+WCwWjI6OwmKxwGw2Y2FhATqdDn19fVhfX8fBwQFCoRD0ej3m5uawvLwMt9sNv9+P1tZWGI1GOJ1OSZcx8tbr9XC73WLsJyYm4HK5hGhIvSE6YGoe9+joUleL3Aw6Fmw3MTIygpaWFkHo2MGdBiHVqHKS8PjkazAXnkwmsbq6KlwZGi8aWNUoqwOeWuHFyFyNStSJoTprKjn0j/LbvG+Vh6VCrvweNyU1WlGjK3Uyc86lGkJGctzw1WshUZgtNQ4OLkVdWX5ss9mED0J9rqWlJZl3qSmecDiMyclJzM3NSZsqGgDOZXa639raQn9/PxYWFuBwODA+Po53795hampKECAed2dnRwKK1HGiwSLkzufFNkzn5+cIBALCG7NYLFc4fKoRU2kC/BsdD9WYqgZGdZSSyUsR3IaGBqyvr8vcSnWG1fPQOd/c3MTc3ByCwSB+/PFHdHZ2ikadwWDAyMgIzGazjD+vg3o5PT09MBgMElDRcKrP8eTkspl7VVUVVldXUVVVhf7+fng8Hkmzpha7MNpNnbuc63SQiRadnJyIQ3h4eAiLxYKXL1+K0ebaYbUreSqsbOZ8VhEWjvP79++xvr6O6upqDA8PY3NzU6QA1KBADbxUW821pjqdLPo4ObnUJxoeHoZOp0MymURPTw9sNhsGBweFtjEwMID8/HyEQiHMzs5icHBQOFZcbww6KPzb398vcgxsa0OnipQCBjHk5arV0eTsUuU9FouJA0EdO1ZKJhIJ4XxyHqsoyqdPn658RqdBRYQ4V/meThi/S1ujOl+qs8wXHRu1GEK1iXQWuR5URJJdJs7Pz6HX60W+5ptvvpH+q42NjQiFQmhoaEBHRwfKysquoCnqHsPr4Fzh/dBpMJlM8Hq9iMVimJ+fv6Jrx98zQEmtsKV9U7mTDLi4zhlE0mfg71VxXo6Jun9wH2WPS9oS2jCuv4qKCiwtLaG0tBS9vb0y71kVfXJytak475t7tBroMo2cn5+PxcVFodbs7u6irq4O29vbcq0qwqU6TqmoFp1Dnkfdp/hMVLtC23l8fHyZUlS9aRWiVz3Ik5MTIQmnXoiKyNAgqHAn/358fKmDQt5OSUkJKisrMTExgZ9++glbW1swm83Sj9Fms2F6ehperxeTk5N49uyZOGSrq6tIT0+XZprJ5KVWyosXLzA2NibEdL/fj+vXr8NoNGJ+fh55eXmIxWLo6enB1NSUcEuWlpbE67VYLAiHw+jv75d2NXzgKvysok28383NTZEjcDqdePr0KRwOBzQajXCZ1FQFIw8OyB85v0y5eTwe4Wt0dXUJz0Z1pFT+iurcscKL51OjJJ5LFU5N3bAZcdBo8bx88W+pfBP+Xo0k+RkNOxc+o1HV8VKNBKNqHpsoCxEo9gdjSoGpa7PZjB9//BFms1kc4M7OTuEtzMzMiCPIBUTentVqxb179xAKhbC6uir6UtTw8ng82NjYQGdnp/ATysvLEYvFpO3O4OAgXC4X7HY7IpEItre3sby8LLpzFAi8uLhAPB5HdXU1ampqEAqFEA6HxaGKxWIoLi6WgEOr1eLo6EhKw4eHh7G7u4tAIIDe3l5Jtfr9fhiNRkxMTMBisaCvrw8WiwWzs7OYmJjAwMAAQqEQzGYzhoaGpA8eOTPk+lAmgwKEdCxU2Pzw8BBerxcZGRlYX18XVHxra0t6ubGogOuWDobT6URGRgbcbrdUdlVWVsJkMkkKdGFhAa2trZiamkI8HkdhYSG8Xi+6urrEeamvr0cgEEBTUxMGBgbQ0tIixObOzk50dXWhpaXlSnWs0WgUThI7J7AdSTJ52ZKssbERt27dQm9vrzjANPL19fXiyNy4cUNI6cPDw9JCbHR0FG/fvhVnwmq1QqfToaWlBXa7XficLIcfHh5GOByWzhsjIyPo6OiQtcY1qzrS3LgaGxvl2e3v7wv9IhAISBsf9umbn5/H0NAQmpubkZ+ff6Wi7+DgAMPDw3j06BE2Nzexvr4ubdsqKyvR398vZOaBgQG0tbXB4XDg1atXGBwcRENDAywWi+hn9ff3o7CwEFarFV1dXRgaGkJlZSUCgQDa2trQ0tKCqakpTE5O4vHjxygpKYHFYhGbQDvAZ08EkfZPrWZWswZESdRCBP6dwS7tFp0rOtVEWdVMhBpc0pargSVt3uzsLOrr69HQ0IDT01P09fUhHA7j4OAAaWlpiMViSCQSuHv3LrxeL6xWK8rLy9HY2Cg2SQU+aLfVwg81YN7b20NaWhq8Xi+mp6fR398vaBudHj5DNQDgnkM7zWMzFaim/dRzqs6l+n+1QwLnk/pSnTM6RnTaNRoNFhYWcP/+fRgMhitFPapDqyL7anZO/YzZhtHRUdTV1eHt27eScm9paZEMgYqEq76P6njxe6qDpQZ0qgOoOvi8x+Pj46u9FNUfqoPI79BA/BESwRtWvXz+jYNwenqKcDgMm82G09NT6HQ6aSBMcTPKNRAt2t7eFs5NZmYmwuGwPLBbt25hdHRUIO2trS1UVVUhLy9P+lptb2/jzp07WFhYwMHBgchOvHjxAqurqxgfH4fFYsHU1BQODg6kl1RTU5NEW2olHI0dowB1MJhmMJvNODw8hNvtxrNnz5CZmYnr16+LZgxL3FUjqUZi6kQiqpZMJjE7O4tXr15hdXVVigHo8NGYqMfji8ehk8NJdXp6KlU1dGa4+Hh/KhLF9KNKTKaTRCiYUVKq067CwdR04kJihEENKBo6RimMWtV5R+OnIqjM5UciEYnugsEglpaWkJmZiZ9++gktLS1CnmdD3o6ODuzu7sq5jo6O0NTUJA3V+/r6oNfr8e2332JychIVFRUYHR2VVk86nQ7t7e3QarXw+/1obGzExsYGCgsLMT09DY1Gg9u3b6OlpQUjIyPw+Xzo6OhAc3Mz/vnPf0q0//vvvyMcDuPly5fo7+9Hfn6+SFycnJxgYWEBaWlporHEUuvJyUnU1dUhPz8fRqMRdXV1mJubQ3p6Orq7u5Geng63243r16+ju7sb3377LUpKSmA0GpGeno7x8XHU1NRImx5WBu3t7eH169dShcnm3OXl5VhaWpLKQDWwOj8/R21tLfLz8xGLxRAMBmGz2TAzM4Nr165hfX0d+/v7GBwcRCwWu4LmhMNhXLt2Df/5n/+J3NxcLC8vQ6PRCLGZZN7+/n789NNPUs28traGqakp1NfXo7u7G1lZWUgkEsjJyYHFYkFJSQmGh4dRWFgIvV4vchJqSvNvf/sb+vv70dXVhcXFRVy/fl36Bm5sbKC4uBgulwtff/01+vv7hY/Ctdne3o6///3vKCoqQldXF3Z2dqDX6zE/Pw+NRoPx8XGpjjObzWhvb8fExIQ0Mnc4HLh79y6i0SgKCwsxOjqKoaEhIRqzJRL74tGOUKKDGySvJzs7G+Xl5ejq6pJ2PhSYHBwcRFNTk1SCkweVlpaGhoYGSblyfVZUVKCoqAjhcBgajQbffvstOjs7UVdXJxxQs9mM5uZm3L59GxsbG8jKysLh4aEga6Ojo6LXVFhYiEQigbKyMiwvL+Pnn3/G4uIi+vv78fz5c7S1tWF5eRkvX75ENBoVLrCaGmdq7+PHj4LWcMOkXeamS3tFEreatqXToYICv//+uwTGDE4/fPggKA8DTtUucWNV7eb29jbu3buHp0+f4u7du/D7/dDr9YhEIjg+Psb169cRDAaxs7ODb775BouLi1hcXMTy8jJ++uknQZt5DtILVH6i6hgRIZ+bmxPVdrZT+u233+RZ0XlSqRMqmsXjqvuSmjrj/pTq/KiZiP+fw6Wma+lr0Iklv87n8wm/+bfffhOHR93bVAeLY8bx5PUsLi4KgqjRaBAKhbC9vY3BwUG5DzrVKuVGzfalggmpDqf6OUELNTjg3BAOl8qPUG9KRbMISauOVOrvU3Oaqd9bX1+XyJvibc3Nzejr6xOyeklJCY6OjuB0OqWSam1tDU+ePMHGxga2trYQj8dx+/ZtDA0NYXd3FwaDAcFgEGVlZejv70dpaSnW1tawsbGBH3/8ERaLBZubm7h3754Y32AwiLm5OTx8+FBaLnR2dsJisYgwINEMRg8sESWcyDQFI32qLu/s7CAQCKCwsFA6xtfU1EjPMOqUqJNXjWRSYVp64kxLRqNRcTSpg8RFokZ7PA7TM8fHx1daLpGHwnthKoWlyBsbGxIhkaOhOlYc51gsJouT2jjn55ccn52dHVlYdF75IteLzqBqOHgf6rw6P/93O59UCHx9fR1v3rwRQufc3JwgG2azGW/evMF//Md/CMmYQng+n09QXh6L1YPPnz/Hf//3f0vlSzKZRFlZGUpLS5GRkYGSkhKUlZVJw18KQn748AElJSVYWFhAd3c3SktLMTU1haGhIUxPT6Ourg51dXXQ6XQyzoeHh1K5eufOHXg8Hum7dnx8WbH1+vVrHB0dwWg04tq1axgdHUVZWRk0Gg1KS0thsVikQopVRwUFBfD7/dBoNIhGo0hLS4Pf70cikUB2djY0Gg2Ki4sRiURw7do1LC8v4/Xr1/D5fELez8rKwtzcHDY3NwWtpRgsW7CcnJzA6XQiPT0dN2/eRH9/v8igLC4u4saNGwiFQjg6OpIeqYlEQuauz+eTPo337t2DzWaDRqOR3o4ZGRl4+fIlGhoaUFVVhbm5ObS0tIhafWNjI+bm5pCWloatrS1kZWVJ1dbk5CRevHiB3t5eSVlwk93b20NOTg6ePXuGwsJCHB4e4uHDh/B4PHj69CmCwSAKCgpkPVOhmq+Tk0uNwidPnmBubg75+fk4PDzEmzdvRPJienoa1dXVyMzMRGdnJ4qLixEOhzE7O4vm5mZEo1H861//wv7+Pl6/fo25uTmhXNDxYpBwcnIi3RcYmBJd5Od5eXlSGTYxMSHVwfF4HAaDAdFoVNKjpHKYTCZpBE0nh9XKeXl52N/fx/T0NB4+fIijoyPpHLCxsYG6ujp0dnbi2bNnsNvt0Gg0SCYvm9c7nU5UVVUJtaKnpwfhcBglJSVYW1vD119/jenpaZSWlqK5uRnNzc2w2+1SsRoKhUT6gRWYTEEbDAYJSh0OB3w+H5LJy4q++fl5fPz4EcFgEMPDw5LKpSgr7UdnZydsNpsUnrC6dn9/HyUlJUIboNxEMpmUptOcP69fv5buKtFoFOXl5djY2IDX60VDQ4OkbtlA2e/349q1a/D7/RgdHUVXV5dUEBqNRrx48eIKn5MOJp2uVISH81DVl2NQqu4pdCDIVVQRQfJGae/phNAxo39AW037n5pVURGsVAdLfZFXx2PzO2prLv7LLAD3GBWV4nNI5aJzz1haWkJ6ejpGRkbQ0NAgKW6KphL9TM08pYIgKsCSCmyo96+CTfwN7/FPqWlD1eFKPZnNZsPAwMCVkzGSYI5ehdrUwSBhMhgMwmKxYGtrC2/fvpVS23/+85/S+Vyj0cDr9cJms0nrArPZjFu3bkl6gtB9a2srxsfHodFoEIvFRKyQJezBYBC3b9+GwWCQ1kQ7OzsYGBiA0WjE1NQUNBqNRIC5ubmisVRdXQ2TyST6Ja2traK0z3TQ2dll93mj0YiDg8s+XmNjYwiHw+jo6MCzZ88wODgooqo1NTWYm5uTyJoOhQqLqgRSLgoia1xcRJc4XkSaOHaqs5VIJPD06VOsrKzg4OAApaWlUsXR3t6Onp4eHB8fY2FhARqNRpw7g8EgQrcbGxvIzs4WCYu2tjb5HR0X8j8qKiqEx2a32yUNcnx8jPr6eiwsLOD4+FjSTUdHl6Kx7e3tiMfj+OWXX9Dd3Q2n04mTk0s9LOryHBwcoLa2FjMzMzg9PcXs7Cx6enqQTCZhsVjw+PFj4WV5PB4cHh5idHQUpaWlcLvd+P7774VA/OjRI5SWlgqKsLi4KAtIo9GgoaEBHo8H33//vWz4U1NTyMvLg06nQ1ZWFvr6+tDU1ITS0lJotVpYrVa8fPkSU1NTyMjIQFdXFzIzM6HRaFBRUQGj0QidTof09HQ8ffpUpC8YmLx9+xaVlZV4/fo1MjIyYDQaRbB0e3sbxcXF6O3txcDAAG7fvg2PxyPdFhobGzE4OIiqqioMDAzg9evX0morOzsb1dXVCAaDuHfvnjTWvn37NgoKCvDgwQM4HA785S9/QU9PD8rKyuD1epGZmQm9Xi9o2fHxMYaHh1FbW4uDgwMYDAYUFhaKodnd3cXbt29x//59SXsbjUZsb29Dq9WiqakJvb29KC0thdVqRXFxsTjoc3NzuHfvHnQ6HWpra+FwOFBVVYWXL19KqX9vby/q6+tRVlaG2dlZFBYWYnZ2FjU1NdBoNGhsbMT3338Pj8cjQpr5+fkYHBzE8+fP8fLlSxQUFGB5eVnWVCKRwDfffINXr17h1atX8Hg8+O6779DW1obvvvsODocDLS0tGBgYwPPnz1FQUIBEIiEb1ObmJp4+fYqbN2+iq6sLt2/fhs/nkwbiZrMZZrMZ2dnZeP36tcglmM1mdHd3i4bhzZs3MTU1hefPn4skSUtLC+rq6qDValFSUiJV1nV1ddjY2MDY2BgaGhqkAKWkpASRSAROp1MqaAOBAHQ6HVZWVtDX1ydO9OzsLCwWC6LRKLRaLTQaDVpbW9HS0gKDwSD7wcbGBmpqatDZ2Ynu7m6Rb2lvb0dDQwMSiQSMRqPMm56eHlRUVMDv96OnpwcmkwldXV0wGAwwmUyorq6W5u+sjGMQQntktVrR0tICv98Ph8OB169fI5m81Cyjs8RqaRL62cCd2YWhoSH88ssv8Pv9aGpqkgbWNpsNFRUVkp7T6/UYHx/H8fGxVMqyobZGo4Hb7ZbiqampKZycnKCjowNdXV2y11Fqh/y5/v5+7O7uYn19XRzN3d1dGI1GxONxEfB0Op0i/3J4eAibzSayE3SmiLCpIqgquqTy29SMgFpoQweInFCVe6vyj7gfqeiX6gekCm2nIkCpDlYqIvVH3CiVj6imaZkFYfqTwbDqVKrnTKXI8O+Hh4fw+XzCySaCS9I890teH+9b5XOlOnEq5SX1nnkNaiaJzv2fUjk3f+Rs8QfT09Po6uq68j3CuEwFqRAfL5Y3SNL81NQUNjc3hdyXSCRgs9lElJTaG9RFohbM9PQ0fD4fwuGw9I7y+XzSxZ5kTCJT6+vr2NzcxNraGtbW1qSZKcXY5ufnsbCwIP26VlZWRHXZ5/PBbrfD5XKht7cXZ2dnQmbe2tqC3W6H1WrFyckJIpEIZmdnJQWq0+nk+CsrK/B4PAiHwwiFQmhvb0cgEBAYmgPBZ0WHS60YVMeGE1KtzKOIaGpunc7YyckJAoGAVMap6vmEb7lwKUZ5cXGB5eVleDwembSU7/jll1+EA8QqQDqfnz59gk6ng9vtxocPH7C2toaxsTHhwlmtVoRCIXz48AGrq6twu92SvnC73cKlGBkZwcLCApLJS8HXwcFBcdoHBgbg9Xrlell9RdmGpaUlHB0dSd/Mubk56HQ6hEIheL1eieKNRqNIM+Tn5wuX6+LiAqOjo5iZmUF7eztsNhvcbjeysrKEzxSNRmG1WqHX60V/i2Nst9ult9fKygpMJhOmp8yaCI8AACAASURBVKcxPz+PSCSChoYGDAwMwGq14sWLF5LWIIl4fHxcOIjshMA0bywWQ3NzM8xmM2ZnZwXVmJycxNDQEHZ2dmSNLS8vY2JiAhkZGSJsOTk5ifn5eayurkqBx+LiIvx+P+x2O7744gvhNsZiMek/yWf29u1b1NbWYm5uDsfHx2hsbERNTc0VdJzFC36/H9vb2zCbzdja2pJ+bA6HA36/HxMTE6isrMT79++FTL2ysoLh4WFYLBYkEgk8f/4c1dXV8Hq9ODq6bJ21uroqa9vj8WB9fV0+W1pagsPhQDgclvP4fD5EIhE8evRInCdSI5gajMVi0jCZ903OGNM+KysrWF5eloozEtW3t7exuLgIh8OBRCIhkiv7+/tYWVnBysoK9vb2EA6HRaWdyCv7vG5sbEhD+0gkgkgkgkAggFgshrt378LhcGB2dhZ9fX3wer3o6+sTIeFEIiH0AJ/PJxXYRIeSyaRoGpFmoVbdHh8fy3hvb29jaWlJkEii+6zsZs9KIvVqZRepHgygaLspc7C/vy9SFJR2YLU20WUS8LkeDg8PMT4+jpGRkSv7ikqPoIOhVkGyIlVNtVKE+fz8XNTnz8/PZW+iwC/t4fHx8RWHhA6L6myoaE0qmqGS0VkBb7FYJMBQKzjV9CWzKbT/akUoHTzaZCL9aoPz09NTqT7mMclBI2md1A6em829P378eGXv4DFTnT11LFR0J9V34F6U+plKDeFzS+WD0dHk+dWCiNS0pgpE8FhqVTr3VWZzDg4O0NnZKRmWVLSK2R6OA+2ESvHhb9Q0pPrsVIdLUoqpD+GPnC1etNVqRWdn5xXHSiXT8aWmjBj1cqIGAgFYrVa5AbUcnAuGeiy8OXKnYrGYLAi2OKHRoOfK/DhTZoR4idIkk0kxBkRM9vf3pZqMelRcIEzdXVxciOFQ4Vw6Pxwk6hNRwoIaMnwGvEdeLyeuyg3Y2NjA9va2lM7T6VKJj3zm7969k4pFFerkdzkmhGTpAHPScNPhpOX4czGpDp8a/bCkmOgmF8Px8bGkOPnM6PTx3pmGVcmZfA40XmohB6MqGkfVMNHQqkR+GnDqWKnl/2oqNBqNIhaLIR6Pw2KxyAI5OTmRzeDDhw+i5XXz5k2YTCapxmLahXOS10KeCaVLaFw5x/1+PyoqKiQFqI4Xj8NFzvEjIsrnz/FhebRqqFS02uv1IicnB0VFRXj27JmsD445n/Pm5ibevHmD+/fvQ6vVYn19XeYECavRaFTEEmngXC6XfI9zik4AK9mI6DKVzU2ZFc3qJksyOnXV0tPTkZeXB6/XK86BGpSwQpdyGScnJ4II7u7uCj9uf38fCwsLGBwcFOVyVU5AlXchZ462i3M8FQFQ12IymZSUPec6P6fDwvmrlu/TDh0dHUn6mI4Oj7mysgKtVovq6mpEo9Er8hmfP38W+QfObToLOzs72NzcxMXFBfR6vXBISdTe2NiQNcu1zg2Uzv/h4aFIEvD66BwTVaAzxVQkS+1pb1WbwjVyenoqdpPzh9fAucsNM3V/4pipc45EdfXFzZw2hvfG8VPpDWoVoOpAMNWkbpy0Ueq9ca2env5bXod2YGZmRnQJTSYTdnd3sbi4CJ1Oh2g0KgKsKysr8tuLiwusrq6iuroa8XhcUB1KekxOTqK0tFRQXer0BQIBNDQ0iN0h0nVyciI86PT0dFRWVuLBgwfo7OxES0sLysvLr1Thx+NxtLe3i/C3usbVTJaaZkx1mlS7pPK6+B0GLHRauF9dXFyI43dwcCCOIZ1cHkcdJ6471WaRcxcKhVBTU4Pnz59jeXlZ9p7e3t4rxV6qU0sbyffcJ7mHqQBTKu+a81f1k5ixupJSVL1D1YDzRtmqRL0xFXJLdbzUk/N9OBzG1NQUkslLTa7GxkappPH7/VhaWhKEYGtrCzqdDjqdDgsLC6ipqcHExIRUyjidTkQiEfT29iIcDmNlZQUzMzMStbO5bWVlJWw2GyYmJiSqd7lcot7tcrlQV1cnPRpbW1uxvr7+v2BW1TnigPBvRI+i0SjGxsZwdHQk0LXJZMLExAQSiYR0SG9pacHa2tr/IkCS71BfX4+hoSFBd2iMONDUd9nf30dtbS1qa2uxtbV1hfCoRmUcT05oFf3i/agbNn/LBaEaGxowTj46ezyW6vRxgagGjwZLPS7Pp0LLqYaT10ljnLqA7XY7hoaGJBJhlSKlBiwWC+bm5kSglly/RCIhzsfp6ak0qZ6ZmbkinLe/v4/FxUUR2Hv79q0ED3QwuTDHx8fR19cnbUDYYYHzhAKyPH4sFkN5eTn0er1sxjyWil6qGw3XGcdTdaJUw6GKNqpjwfHiebiZ0mFRjQXnKcdX1ctRx/Lw8FBEiYnamEwmhMNhNDQ0oLCwEP39/YLERKNR1NTUwGw2y73RtrCSk0gKeW50uDc2NoR7yXvhdZ2ensLj8aCiogK9vb0YHR2VcVlfX79S0s25xSrMjIwMcUxVJF8tv+f8TnVUUqNbbiw0yGqwxLF59+6dOFi8T77nOS4urlbB8fjq2NNZPz8/x8TEBCoqKjA1NYXDw0PpzhAOh9Hd3Q2dToe8vDxpGM71TK09Otb9/f1wOp0IBALo7OyUfrHUnWMxDBXac3JycHh4qZpOm055IK5rtQqaY5maZlJTZKkbKp+H+hzUqkGuRzq6dDg+f/58xTngmKicKPV1enoppJoKSvD8KjKj2i9146bqvMlkwrt376RdnMvlwvXr11FaWoqxsTFUV1dfCayTyaRULC4uLoq4N6+fHT2ys7MRDodRXV2N6elpOBwO3Lp1C4uLi/JM+C/3usePH8PpdOL27duw2+0wGAySgmWBCzmEHo8HBQUFmJubQyAQgF6vx8DAwBWbz+ehVrnzmal9RXntqs1SbRD/TXWy+fvj4+Mrch3qudWgRk0rEmDhfVMk9+joCDqd7srcV6Vn1HWv7lHqPFSRO76nn6MGA+q+KDpcKiLCycMbpQFzOBxykfS4/yiFmHpy1elaX1/H3Nyc3Fxpaal4/Yzg2BCT1UFNTU1S+WKz2RCJRFBSUoIvv/wSY2NjmJ+flzJll8slTlNfXx/Gx8fx17/+VfopGo1GKQfV6/UwGo1CKM7OzpZWQ8z3897UyUUjw2ia5EJuomazWdKg7CdnsVgkheLz+ZCXl4fh4eErEcPh4SHq6+ulObLT6cTk5CSys7PhdrslBdvV1SWcAJZcv3nzRtJQfX196OrqwsTEhGxenLjq/bASkBOWk0zdNNSJlwqZq1G1mu5MNVDqsVS9G25AXKh0rtQybG6ynz59kjw+GxhTSJLXMzk5iby8PEkRcF7YbDakp6djaWkJbW1t0Ol0qK6ulmq8iYkJGceLiwvMz8/jiy++QENDA1ZWVrC4uCjORCwWQ25uLpqbm6VqLRwO4/z8XPRddnZ28N1338Hn82FoaAhOpxPt7e0oLCyE3++XdOnY2Bg2Nzelw0F3dzdKSkrg9XoxMTEhyvHBYFA2N1XMVN2M6ByrVabq5sLnraZFVKSWz5EoGkmzqiPOcVbRBI7vL7/8go8fP2JjYwPDw8PIy8uT9Nj4+Dg2Njbgcrnw8uVLrK2twePxoKmpCTs7O8jOzkZtba2kT5juMZlMSE9PFw4UeS50YiwWC65duwafz3cFXeI9dHV1CTHb4XAgGAzizp076OvrQ29vL3Q6HUZGRqDX6/HLL79I+vfmzZtwu93Q6/VobW3F0NAQxsbGrjgOjFg5h+noqY4XAwIVXWUFHK9TRW85Vup9ckz57MkbU/ksTNGp2YBIJCI9/Pb29jA6OoqVlRVJRyeTSdTU1MDpdMo18rrY785oNGJmZgZerxe5ubnQaDTCs2NvWr/fL8etqKjA06dPYbfbkZWVhVAohKKiIkG+VKSAiBKdPNoEzkN1b+FnvD4i0Gqgo27SnB+7u7tXBH75LE9PT0Uo8/j4UphTtUXc+4hwqUg85zufuzrf1KCW1056gk6nw8ePHwUhTyYvi29evXoFrVaL/v5+obsw5Tk0NIS0tDSsr69LEYtqA5uamlBSUoKzszNpM3R4eAiNRoNEIiHpMlISaDfevHkDvV6PtrY2aLVazMzMYGdnB2NjY9BoNKipqcHMzAyqqqpgtVrx008/YXh4WCR1MjIy4HA45Dlzbyexn87V58+fZb9MJq9Wyqv2SEXx1b1BBQxUfhfHQQ0+OO5Eubn2uJb29/eRmZkpIMfp6am0plOdXJ439aXuZ3z/R3wyNbuXamNPTk4udbiIVPBCVMRFXQjT09Po6OgQh0s9WGrUxQfJ6I8PKxgMSpXi0dERKisr4XQ6odPpoNFoRBWcPQ2Li4ult9TNmzcl8oxGo0JQ9Xq92N7ehsFgwM2bN6HVarG6uiqSB3fu3JFI69mzZ5iZmcHBwWUfvlu3biEej0Ov10s6hY1H+SzoEDHK5OTg32k0OOCTk5OIRqNwuVwoLCxELBaTEvdIJIK+vj48ePBAOBWqsOPMzAy+/fZbfP3115iZmcHQ0BAePnworWP6+/sxOjoqqrl5eXmyIGngGhoapIqMTaCZpmEFigp5fv78WcaHBoYoBp0g/svPyXPgAlMFM9WIXzWENJCqYeMmkUrSpCPBqsWDgwPZ2E5PL8uE3717h19//VWuIxQKobi4GHt7e9ja2pKKLvbbjMfjWF9fx4sXL9DQ0IDZ2VkUFxejs7MT79+/F12ohYUFfPnllygsLMQ//vEP1NfXX0EECwoK8OjRIzx69Ai5ublXqia5Ed++fRv/9V//Jem53Nxc5OTkIBgM4unTp7BYLMjKyoLdbsf09DTa29tRVFQkxPu//e1v0oNzfX39CiqjClxSW43PgBs1nx83GPI3VMSKqSC1pJ0RPQMIIh4cLzUw47Fo0MiNZC/ISCSCeDwuunterxcajUbQ6AcPHiAajYpMg8qB2N+/7Kf5l7/8BWazGbm5uYhEIjLX3r9/j+rqaty9e1dQA9oh3qvb7cZf//pXfPnll2hsbMTCwgIePnwozuzNmzcxPz+Pqqoq/P7778jOzhYnmnpftD2szlajZ9Up4Maj0hx4LwwM6AxzM1B5Rkz1q+g1j8m1RqefjrCK+KhZhePjS06WTqdDd3e3iAA7HA48fvxY+ieGQiHhZanowsHBASoqKvD111/j73//O4aHh2EwGFBbW4vz83PRG2tubsbq6qogvR0dHWhra8Px8THKy8vhcDikFRqPS6eVVIlkMnllY0wNxri/EKlSyc0qKs1xUDdtBmVU8Oc1qMgPRYVpp7hJMjBNda5VFJl2UXUMVdSGTvbAwAB6enpwcHDZ0mZzcxM7OztoamqCy+XCrVu30NTUJDaTyHdraytycnJE0kANjPf29lBVVSXI2MDAAEpLS3F4eIi0tDSsrKxcQVr5/8PDQ+h0Ojx48AButxt3794VTiKFuk9PL6k/xcXFCAaDyM3NRSKRQENDA1paWlBVVYXZ2Vmh7VxcXFaIc5xJlVEpMRxTUnIoaUI+Me03r3VjYwOBQEDs7sbGBj5+/CjpTgYhlHvi8Znq5nm3trbE2SsoKLgSnPX09FzR4UoNfFTHKdWRUjOBqU6ZOhdUZCyZTP5bh0s1oOrJGE2dnZ1hYmICzc3NV1CO1DSUioioqQ+elA4Xxe1Y0Waz2aQR6Pb2Np4+fQqv14uqqio0NDRgdXUVT58+labFNpsNsVgMWq0Wr1+/lnTgzMwM6urq8OzZMxmA69evC3k0JydHUpqTk5PiEE1NTeHo6AgPHjxAc3OzcFHoENE4Uf6AXA86mDQmOzs7mJqawvb2NtxuN3JzcxGPx+FwOPD27VsRmWxpaUFfX58IrhJ+HRwchMFgwPDwMDQajYidsv9YZ2cnpqenUVhYKPpQOzs7KCsrQywWk4pBTlbKPsRiMcnrkyjPxREOh8WZ5AIgH45Viefn5/D5fFJGGwqFsLa2htPTS40tVtudnV1WfTENRq4d74/8DtXoqtIXdNYJrzONo/K06KzTEeN3o9Eo8vPzxWBxY/F4PCKmu7i4KE16Z2dn0djYiJWVFekoEIlEkJ6ejrKyMjx+/Bjt7e3SsJvGq7KyEq2trYhEIvjhhx+kYIIOyfb2Npqbm6Vqsra2VrSXdnZ2UFtbi9HRUWne2tjYiOnpadhsNhQVFeHw8FK4UqvVwuPx4OjoCMvLy2LoiRZcXFwI348GlX9THSpu1Jubm7LOKR/wyy+/YGNjA/F4XN6TKH12dibCm+TjcQ4xjURuExtfJ5OXAsTFxcXC42ITcTYt3tjYgMFgQHZ2Nra3t1FZWSmbBY/NtWMymZCXlycVq9w06DhrNBo8e/YM+/v7UhjDDdRoNKKtrU0kIaLRKNLT0+H1euHz+XDv3j0sLCygsLAQe3t7ggw8ePAA6+vr4qDRMLMwZ39/H6urq9JiaXNzE0tLS4J6LC8vCy+NaVM6puRFqXy3k5NLzhdbQ3ED29zcFOfK7/fLmlpeXsbW1hbOzs6wvLyMpaUlsdM+n0/uv62tDe3t7bKZ8pkODw9jb++ySbTP54PVahUeaDKZxPr6OrRaLYLBILq6uqT6tbS0FBsbG9IkngKmdXV10sRYq9Vie3sbdrsd9+/fRzgcFhX99fV1jI2NSZEAi1SSyST8fr/0bd3d3cXIyIgguuwYwnGfnp4WJJBCxGdnZwgEApiYmBAHicK87969g9/vh8lkkjY5dIBOT09hNpslyI5EIqirqxNHkN0LPn78iPHxcZSUlIhD/fLlS9jtdpyfn6O9vV0ax29vb6OsrAyJREJSrc3NzTg6uuzBe3h4KPIpS0tLaGxsRFdXlwTDR0dHWFlZQVFREfR6vVRWs+MDq+FLSkqkyr+urg5+vx9ra2vIycnB+Pg4wuEwWlpaBIGjo+b3+1FVVSXUiXA4jGTyUsKjsrJS9DALCwuxuLiIzMxMGAwG6HQ62bedTifKy8sRjUYRCASQk5ODtbU17OzsoKqqCuPj4zg6OkJ/fz/q6upwfHyMqakpVFdXy/7Z0dGB4uJisTNPnz6F1WpFMpmUfrXJ5GUHkcePHyORSMi6j0Qi2NraEo1BIrO3bt3C9PQ0Li4uMDc3J/svM0Umk0kC156eHgmMaBfVFOEfOVyqs6X6OirVJjUdydfx8fGlDlfqwVSPjIjF6ekpZmZm0N3dLU4GHTS+T00jqX/nSaPRKKampiS1l5eXJwaqpqZGlKzr6+vhcDhw//59PHnyBK2trfjhhx/w5s0bBINBFBYWory8HPPz86itrcXOzo6UzBsMBrx69QqxWAwDAwP44osv0NbWJmKYNTU1cDgcqK6uhsfjgc1mQ35+PoaGhjA3N4fm5ma8f/8enZ2dkg6qqanB1NQUSkpKcHh4iOHhYVEDXlpakgkcjUale3p9fT1u3bqFyspKycW3trait7cXRUVFmJmZQXZ2thjTd+/eYWJiAqWlpRgeHhZF/fz8fNFp6erqwtzcHF6/fi0l1SsrK6isrMT6+jouLi7Q19cHj8eD09NTMYbUOtvf30dRURG8Xi8ODy/bldAZ2d3dxYMHD+ByuZBMJtHb24vs7GxJUfzjH/+Ax+PB8fEx6urqkJ2djc3NTdhsNty4cUMMf0NDA4LBIN69eweLxSIG7NOnTygrK4PT6UQyeamT1djYKG2LKisrEQwGcXZ2hvb2dtjtdrx79w7Ly8soKSkRp7akpARWqxVnZ5e8wtbWVpycnGBwcBBpaWkwGAw4OjqSxtFv377F7du3pYk1Hfxr166JKCUj2LW1Ndy4cQO9vb24c+cOMjIyUFtbK/Pd6/Xi0aNHkgajkaiqqpJ1s729jR9++EE0pZqbm0VaweVyob6+Hnl5efjxxx+h1WphNBrR398Pk8mER48eiSJ4RkYGgsEg9vb28NNPP8Hn82FhYQGPHj2SjZ9q4slkEqOjoygsLMTGxgbOz8+RnZ2N2dlZnJ2dyXXQ2crJyZGxpIjlyckJ1tfXUVlZKUUWr169wuTkJI6OLgUV8/LyEAwGcXR0hKysLGlB1NfXh/r6emxvb6OnpwdpaWkiOTA+Po5oNIri4mLcvHkTlZWV0uB8fn4emZmZePz4Mdxut6AePp8P6enp8kyePXsmcyMUCiEnJwePHz9GZ2cnbt68icbGRuh0OjQ1NUkQ0NnZidzcXEnVUoy2tLQUgUAANTU1cLlcePLkibTZMZvNyMjIwOjoqGiZcfOoqKgQXuWTJ09gMplwenqKrq4u3LlzRyoO09LSMD4+jrOzMzQ0NODNmzc4OzuD3+/Hjz/+KM7t4OAgKioqcHx82YHjwYMHQkzv6+vD27dvhaDb1dUlQVJmZibMZrNoCZWWlooWV0dHB7a2tjA8PIznz5/LWHZ1dcHv98PlciE/Px8NDQ3o6enB7u4usrKy4PP5ZB+g09Hc3IyqqiqMjY1heXkZxcXFWFpawuTkJLq7u9He3g6DwYDNzU1pI1RXVwefzwePx4Pi4mK8e/dOnNjV1VW4XC4h7Le0tCAQCMjcGhoawocPHxCLxdDd3S2FQ1arVZpEBwIBDA8P4+zsUpupv78f6+vrOD4+hs/ng9FoFCSLduDi4gKBQADT09MSYNBmnJ6eYmxsDHa7HcnkZUW0yWQSlGZmZgYrKyuC+hAxpHBmKBTC2dml1ITT6ZQig+npaWxtbSEUCsHpdEpVr9lsFn7pwMCAVNk6nc4rCD9pBvPz81IdT8SN6JDP5xNnlI57PB6X30UiEZHuUZ0EcuwYENBZYHX+yckJVlZW4PV6sbe3h/n5ebjdbmxsbGBtbQ2rq6uIx+Po6+uTwhcGtycnJ7Db7VhZWZHrJPq1ubmJ5eVlCUwikQh8Pp8g7gsLC9LYWw3oWbTEteD3+wXEYVs+0nsWFxcl4GYl8P7+vtAbwuGw8B3pdBPRpKOkIqipaUVVYkP9Lv+mphfV39Mf+hM/5GL7I++NjpfL5cLQ0NAVL48XklqWypQVL4qRTDwex+joqEgJBAIBQSlIbiMcGovF4HK54HK5xFhsbGwgFotJuTYNFInIfr9fWpxEIhGsrKxgdXUVi4uL2NjYkGrHyclJ7O/vS7sKj8cj8hA07HTAqHYcCoWk2oTqzRcXF1KJxTLturo6KbOOx+NSCv3/+PrynzazZO37391PuuqZud09M71NT6enlyidRVmUJiJiC5A4bGHfN7PZFotBtkEYWzZewWw2xhgMCLMZL7KBRAlJK3q+H/ie6oOn5/vBYrH9vuc9p05VnaqnnuKG2drakrCyTqfD0tKSbARGUhhlSCaT2NzcRDQalY3z+vVrydFvbm6KAHu9Xjx69AgDAwNyArbb7dfoNc7OzuS7FNJoNCr4LqZeGUlYX18XbMHS0pKkl1ZWVrCysiIbgoJ8cXEheKu3b98iHo8LI/7JyQkcDodEBkjTwLExevnhwwd4PB7hYGOalqdwKu1k8orXjYouHA5jZWVFooYkr3U6nVhcXITdbpfwttfrhcPhEFZmtb3F2toajEYjXC6XtN5hVG1lZUWuR8Dx5uYmqqqqBBPHlBDxX0zxLC4uSgNp0oUwgkUHOBQKoaOjA1qtVhTC0dER7t27h1gshsPDQ0mJX1xcyPpSftxut0SgnU6nRE2CwaC068nlcjCZTNjb2xNZXltbk2hVKBTCyckJ3r17h1AohHg8jo2NDezt7WFhYUFkZ3t7WyKWjP4mk0mEw2HZVySnjMVicirl5+hob25uynoycsGqRkZDaCCYgl5ZWZGxsQXS+Pi49DnkKZrRArZUIkaUkQg+BxuZM6q9uLiIu3fv4saNGzJeRppPTk6EaiKTueJHW1xclAgsnR86h2xkTqP9+vVriSzT+SL+jQ4CdRV1gMrFx3QX9S3/pk5mxoI4ptevX2N4eFgMldqzNZFIoLu7W/Y806QcE69LwDlT2aqRUaEV6XQaFosF//jHP4ROY2NjQ2hjqKd5PcIKEokELi8v5X/EDjMlrmZfOCZGCvnc6vcY5WI1NedNxV/RweE9+Dm1ITvtIg9k6vwwGEF5Y/RdLXhhVI7zNjc3J9QarNjNh2FQLplpYISK2SLec3t7+xpOmjZWxTaRgoIymclkpDqVWQXKBK/BCv1cLicpQ1Ve1Op+7kfeh2ny/f19GSe5rlKplBR2qHhRfof2iFAIFZLEjBIr/pkF4TpRhjY3N6UynfNMuaNDyO+Ra44OH30V1eFSXypOVg0kqXit/GCVuj9TqdTvTPOcOA6A3BLMm19cXMDr9QpBHDecCoBTgWNqZRWvn0gksL29jbm5OUl38PsqkJeCp5ZecuBqBRUXjYqYKRe+1Lx+Nvs7l4iqkLhB1DngIqopGPV99frEFDHKt7W1JRVanFs1pMh7M6+sNjKmgHE8fE51/jKZzDXHlu8RP9bT04ONjQ0RKm4Ebn517egAUoBVJ5mYENVz52fUn2qFBmWGGIn8ShR+nmFxtRpRFdg/Enb+n7gJdQPQoc/Pq8/Pz4tR5wZR0+BqapyAUlW5co7Uw4eKXaT8kaZENQwqAFOV7XzcDZUtr80enE1NTdje3hZlwhOsisug8lBxGvmnq3yDoSox7neuF2VMxS+qB6j8NVH3HfcXnYNMJiNYurm5OdnL3It8/kzm96bX+dgXgpo5NvZ1UzESlFk6F/v7+9foBGgEme7lfTkH+UDZi4sLUep6vV7ILFOp67QPHBOvRRA355yOE1PmfI58Bawq5/wUBq/HuebBllgvVQeo17+4uBADxvuzxQ/lkHNG+eYzMY1HncLfaRi579UqT9Xgk+6GLZzUdA0NNQ9YNIycOz4vx5DNZqUSm/LDezCNTQyaeigifxIrgtWKbt6Pa6xiD3kN9Zp80dgfHx9jb29P2ocRp7i/v4/9/X3pk8kD9/b2Nvb39yW1Ojs7i42NDYRCIfnJQ0AkEsHGxgbW19exvb2NtbU14ZDc2NiQzweDQUkfRiIRCQSsrq7K4Ynvvnn8+AAAIABJREFU8/9LS0tYXFyUdPrKygqWlpbkZyAQkO+urq4iGAxiY2MD4XBY7hMOh7G8vIxwOIxgMCgcc/x8JBIRTkISjS4uLmJ1dRWBQAA+nw8+nw8LCwvw+/3weDxYWFjA0tISPB4P5ufn4XQ6JQMxOzsrxWaTk5PCZ8j/W61WzMzMwGg0SleG4eFhDA8PQ6fTScup8fFx6dYwMzMjVZj19fXXKhv/yN6oBRS0b38UCVMdfrXISNW7qVTqKsKlKgBuSBUQTePi8XhgNpv/zWhz06qGndeic8DNsre3h7m5OYku7e/vIx6Pi7Dy1McUVywWu0ZMSKD5/v4+YrGYtPnZ3d3F4eGhCPju7i52dnYEKB2JRLC5uYnt7W3ZFAcHB9jf35cIFqNne3t78jtf7GS/s7ODaDQqwhiLxUTg19bW4Pf70dfXh4WFBamKNBqNmJ6ehslkwtTUFMxmM2ZnZwW3Mzc3h+npaUxPT8NqtQoWjRQXLpcLHo9HQsuqgFI43W63kFrOzs7C6XRKrt3lcl17zc/PY35+HrOzs3C5XELK6Xa75XozMzMwm82wWq1CAMux8qfNZpPX3NycbAD+7nK54Pf7ZYOvrKxgbW0NGxsb1yKPKysrWF1dFWWytraG5eXla0pieXkZi4uL8r+FhQUEAgGJdPC7q6ur2NzcRCgUwujoKBwOh8yb2+1GMBjE8vKyKAuv14uFhQVpLu33++H1euF0OjE/Pw+XyyXPzvnhZ71er7y/sLAAj8cj8+jxeCQ6y//zM6zSczqdAiz2eDyw2+3yP4fDIXgJKh2WbPNzNptNGlLPzc3BYrHItbgm/K6qmEwmE8xmMzwej5Sc8xlIJJw/p1yPQCAg88c1WVxcRCAQgNvthtfrvdYlgiznW1tb8Pv9WFhYENJgq9UqMjM7OyvPZ7FYYLfbYTabZU9w/DabDTMzM7BYLPK7zWbD5OQkLBYLJiYmYLfbYTKZRLmOjo7C6XTKe9wbdrv9mhxT4dvtdkxPT8v7VNA2mw2zs7Mwm81yD6vVCovFArPZjMnJSYyNjWFoaAg2m02qG0mwazKZxHAQEzM0NIShoSHodDrp5cgG2319fejp6cHIyAiGhobQ3d2NiYkJkSvKn91uh81muyYXs7OzIjvEBmq1WsGHGgwGjI6Oyuemp6cxNTUlFaHj4+Mwm80YHR2FyWSS6KHJZILRaITJZJLfbTYbLBYLTCYTxsbGrq3FxMQEZmdnMTU1hfHxcZkHEvXyfpOTk/J/6snp6WkYjUaYzWZMTU3JPHJ8k5OTmJqawuTkJOx2O6ampuBwOOQZTSaTyI/VaoXD4YDNZhPZmJ2dhdVqhdlshsFgkDZKfC7KGOeRsmKxWKTROz9vtVplHfh5/p+yZLfbhV3faDRCr9fLOvB3zhG/PzMzI/JO2TGZTKLTfD6fVLNPTExIE/GJiQlYLBaxJ1wD6nSOUX026jJVb5GomPpzbm4Ofr9f5Gxubk5sgsvlwuTkJMxmM5xOp8yJKqvcY5RXt9sNt9st+2hqagpTU1Mik2az+dqLc0F9QVs1NTUFrVaL1tZWtLW1oa+vD0NDQzIfnLeZmRl4vV4EAgE0NjZK0IEHjnyIleoDMfCk4t35P/UQrtIVqddNpVL/3tpHjRCoHz47O5MmubOzsxgdHcXw8DB6enrQ29srbRtYkUH8CgVpbGxMBIJNaLu6ujA6Ogqz2Yze3l4MDg5iYmICQ0NDIsz0TOm4mM1mDA8PY3JyUoSEi0PBorKenJwU5ULFNjY2JsqCilIVbG7oqakpube6ufkMfX19GBwchMFgQE9PD9ra2qDVajExMYGOjg7ZiOPj4zAajZidnYXNZhMm++XlZTkZBAIB+P1+cSTIgM8XHZLl5WU5GfEE4fP5xMhRsB0Ohxh+1RmggPr9fjmZsIca54oVSVNTU6JgTCYT9Hq9GHgqZyozGr6xsTFotVr09/eju7sbXV1d6OvrE4MxMDAgc6bX62E0GqW9DzcQnU+LxSL3MpvNGB8fF+U0NjaG8fFx+S4VFNecTktHR8e19Zubm5MNzdOSqhD43tzcnBhei8UijovJZILD4cD8/Lwoqfn5edjtdiwvL8sc2+12oRehA+zz+eByueBwOLCwsCBrYzabxbmiAbJYLLBYLLJvKJM0ZnxOOvKzs7PyPg0ojRibs3N9RkZGoNPpZF8ODg5KO5fe3l709fWhra0N1dXVqKmpQV1d3b+9GhsbhYestbUVTU1NqKiokCbT/Dk8PCzA2IGBATx48ABFRUV49uwZnjx5guLiYpSVlQk/V1lZGaqqqlBeXo5Xr16hrq4Oz58/l3u2traiu7sbbW1t0Ov1sFgs8ndvb688Ew10T08POjo6ZO/Nz8+Lk0NDPTExIeuuzgv1FY2rXq+H3W7H5OSkGFHup8XFRbjdbnH8jEajfIYyRiPJ/UTjx8/wEERHlMaIRmptbQ2BQEDkkvuehozyxKgBXy6XC6urq6irq4PJZEIgEMD29ra0lNne3sbGxoaQme7s7ODg4ECwN0wlMxrEgyejVUz9kt1+Z2dHIslqJICRQKakWNmrktYyesB0KStl0+nfaYgYlVOLbNRUDqN+TIUdHh4KvIHRYpWLjuNkFCI/esn3+L4aFVXTt2r0m4GFXC4nB34S0LJCn/Ohzg3nWE2dq/xQhM4w4qcWX6iRSY6TEWsSdqtpTEYB+T9GK/l8asSREVxml9RMDD/HFCPXixg7tRBGhSyp66WmXxmZ5PVVBgV1fFwDRrDVKKZ6Lc6xmv48PT0VGilyMDI4pGYI1MgVX2q2R5VvRsTodDG7o1bRJpP/j2leTR3wAnw4NUdps9mk+SajSqxk4wIeHh5ewy+RzZvM25ubm/B6vYjFYhJxYAsQYojYU9Hr9V6rzCCIklUnBMxtbGzA6/VK2SgflptADQ+qoUE+szqZTKOqJcj8SaHhPdS0mZorHh0dxc7OjggEhVHN06tpGW4oNTzP99XoI9chPyXFNAs/qyoh9dnUVJzK8szyaFIwqMBAtRhCdb4poMxnqzw15NJ6+/Yt3r17d+31/v17fPjwQd77+PEj3r17J6cM9V4cJ3tpMX/OsV5cXFxrsMr07uXlJU5OTqQihbiBdPqqio/j+/Dhg+A5YrEYNjY2JNLq9Xpxenoq7UBULA0xHrlc7lrzVdI1qKSZmczvTPnqWnFNKUfJZBK//fabpKJUfA7nmfOjrgnXTm0toYa71eaz6uvy8vIaJ1oul5M149pzflXZ4N988drE3xAoy3Y2rDijXiB+iniKy8tLmYd0Oi2HChJ/qhWZVJbEwHH/8N5UzurJlJ85OjqS/pHcR6lUSlpeqZW1TI2SETyV+p2TjJW4NGhcR46NLXEoD/nwinycj2pw840qf6fRyseEUAeo8APCJPb39+UgcHBwgJmZGSl2YFsqGkc1PZ1KpeB0OqVYIBqNorW1VbIOKjaIPUtZkUkqC9oCFUtDIz8/P4979+4JMSrnfnZ2FoFAAHa7XeaU6W021ea9eS9ihYh55bxSdqgTmfb+8OGDOHOqjeDcUj/zp2oT1OiFSvSb/14+zMZsNuNvf/sbWlpakEwmMTc3J/qI+DGmirl3qZup//iT+zw/3ZWvA1X9oO5jle9MDa7wOmo2Kz9qQ92gZrUog/QV8u+rPscfgcj/CAeV75hx7PkVgPnA9fz0unqNs7MzwUTzO6enp2hoaBD8rmrf/wi7pa55vn5Wv6faXh4w1MDVf6kfUCciP8KVTqcxNzeHyclJeY/Cn39j9aHpQfMktL6+jpmZGUSjUZSWlqK8vFzY1dkV/qeffkI4HJYoRCKRgNPpRE1NDbLZLPb39zExMYFPP/0Uer1eIhZUIKryUMGE+ScZFdeknna4sOozcUPyulRUVMzEoZycnMDj8WB/f1+Ekzgj1YHi92loVGzJ/09ILy4uxPhRCHgtnur4rAS4/9HzUNmrm53rmX9fChy/x82p8mlxTDTcqqevbmLVeeL7xOeoG57f43dU7InqaKqyp55Q2PCcBIIejwfRaBQFBQWCWaPj5Ha7pZqzrq4OPp8Pt2/fhslkElBzKpWSPnvpdFqiAQSGE9S9u7sLk8kkxRQsxAgEAjAYDIjFYtLP8fDwUKII6+vrWFxcvLYWKlGtCh7m2nFTq7g0VRmrspaPhVTlSw2hq6ezfMdFxfWp96LzwUhEX18fnj17hvn5eWxvb0Ov1wsNATl9ioqKYDQarzkKh4eHMBgMwn1ms9nQ39+Po6Mj6SV4eHiIgYEBdHR0YH19HTabDZubm7JWTqdTojuxWEx6tCaTSTQ3N0vTbeqjmpoarKysoLOzE3a7XQDwm5ub8Pv9GBsbQyaTwdLSEubn5+WAxwgxQbqENtCYMjXLOcl3jtQDlTr/6iFMXTd1H6nrqq6p6mB4vV7cv39fKC2Gh4extraGs7MzhMNhPHny5Fq1F3VLJnNVRPD48WN8++23MJlMYpj8fj8sFov0DS0rK5O0FqN0BoMB0WgUw8PDgrMxm80YGRmB2+3G9vY2Hjx4IK2zSN7M9k1DQ0PY3d2VaB3/t76+jpWVFYngsoiBqVn2pZybm4PZbEYoFMLc3JxE/FQHKh97qurXfIdEdVoo6zzI5B9iVCeA69nc3IyHDx/CYDBIxR/xcbwGdaF6P9Ww8//U+epnVZx1foor33HI1/20PSr+lXs+P6DAfU/nh7pexfnycMkDi/p3Pq5UdXZVX0J1VvM/p2Kd8521P4p+5eMbVacqkUhI03c1Rag6c6rvQAdLjbblO2eq46rOm3pI+o8OV/7ip9NXTN7j4+PyEPmTpwovv6NO1vHxsThVmUxGGuEmEgnodDq0trYKG/To6CgsFotUOzgcDty8eRPr6+vY399HOBxGY2MjfvjhB3R2dsLr9QoxJ0PK+WFS9ZUPcP0jr1g1Yqowq3laNUTNkCXbx6hRENWRUIWfDpOqbNU5o3HM97DzAXr8nc4EQ+iqcf5Ppwr2reIG5hjyS2C5qXgiVO+b73CpikpVcmqrByrBdDotYzg/P78WOeHJjgpKjQDmnzhVzq7j42NpsfTzzz9jbW0N5+fnqKioEPqMbPaqD1xxcTHGxsaE383lcmFoaAgajQYVFRWIRqNwOp2S+lpaWkJ5eTm0Wi16e3vR1taGtrY2TE9PY21tDc3Nzbi4uBA8weDgIOrq6vDVV18Jr01VVRWqqqqg1WpRWlqK+vp69PX1XYtWkEOLkSM+N5UA5+/8/FwOApxvyokqQ+qeVudQnW8Vf6A622oKRo0cMaLCvy8uLqDRaFBWVoa2tjacnJxgcnISiUQCS0tL+P7779HS0oK//OUvCAQCopg5voODAxQWFuLLL7/Ey5cvJZVdV1eHu3fvCo0EiRtramrgcDig0WhgMBhgsVjw17/+FVVVVaivr0dzczPa29ulj2JzczNyuZxUJP7888+4f/++HPw6OjqEt21yclJoNqqqqmAwGFBXVwej0QiNRiO8b+FwGO3t7fD7/ejo6JDWXUajUXixVB2Z7+iqhiffuPBQqOpTntDzgfP87Pn5uTi3pMwZGhqStiZjY2N4/vw5ZmZmrqWN1DQU07g3b95Ea2srUqkU+vr60NzcjPLycmxvb6OyshLRaBShUAhNTU1YX1+X+aqoqBDcXGtrK7RarXAe3rlzR1JUiUQCy8vLKCoqwtdff42ysjJYrVbBK42NjaGjowPLy8uorKyUdjaBQABarRY2m006B4yPj0uKf2pqSpjxX7x4IX1P1aikaqi5F9TDJfedqueoT7kf1XTiH0V4ent74ff78fLlS0QiEXi9Xom2XF5eivNFG6M6R/nX4/1VR1uVp/zIVH70R5Un9Tl5uFOdOx5geT2VdFrNoqh2U3VGVR2k2is1/Zt/mGNqMD9jo/Z4VCOq1OHMCqhzQqdK7U3LHqkMKrS2tl67Ft9T10J1xNT9SZ9BdYr/KNL5bw7XH30w30vnwzscDuh0umve5x9FttQwoxriT6VSiMVisNlsSCQSGBkZwatXr3BycoL+/n40NjYiEongu+++E7AzS8+bm5vx448/QqPRCEngzMwMent78emnn8LpdF6r5GJDVzo+ajqPYyRfEZ0zKmJWwdCQnZ+fCyO0GtFTFRWNYyKRwPz8vKQC1IiROgYKO6+pzp16fTqqv/32myw2y7X5XDSadP4o7OpGYmUTw/T8HiNMTMtQYHmSyo9y8MV0AD9PR0+NuKmpGHajTyaTMiZGDNV0ETcfCxp4+uJ1+Yxq2TDnhffipvZ4PNjd3cWNGzcQCoWQzV7xtpCIkpvy8ePHcDgcQt55eHiIhoYGTE5OoqmpCTMzM6iurkZ1dbVEDRobG2Gz2eBwONDU1IT5+XkxNqWlpXj9+jUePHiABw8eSAuV1tZWnJ5ekZoy4vD69Ws8ffpUUg5cp/Pz3ytwSVnAeWB0IP+UrX6Oe5nRRDpKmUxGWm7kKzamDbgWqjzxtKpGElWni2txcXEhDs4333yDnZ0d6HQ6acJMpvOKigo0NzfL3uNe4fxptVr8z//8D+x2OxYWFlBcXIw//elPcDqd6O/vx8DAALa3t1FfX4+VlRU0NjZCq9VibW0N//jHP5DJXHGKVVZW4t69e5iensbQ0BBevXolCvrg4EDao/z5z39GYWEhSktLhRrG6/WioKAAfr8f33//Perr61FeXi6EzMnkFTeXyWRCQUEBDg8P4XK5cPv2bVRWVgoBpVp5TAVPx4b7lHuTc8q9woMJq/uYimVEnXuHOpftpSwWC7xeL7q7u4XOh/Qb5eXlKCwsRFVVFTKZ69WDdJ6piysrK1FUVISzszP09vaiqKgId+/elR6YS0tLCIVCQpnx5ZdfYmdnB4WFhQI5aWhoQFdXF4qKiuDxeHDv3j2hAXnz5o3g7/b29nDnzh00NDRgbGxMaGz0ej2CwSCKi4uh1+uxuLiIo6Mj9Pf3w+12Y3BwUDCFHo8HyeQVN2JpaakUSO3s7GB5eVnmPhAIyKFxa2tLdNnp6SmsVqsclJmtyGazEnmjfvZ6vYLNmp6exvz8PE5Pr9jNDQYDdnZ2cP/+feh0Ouk4wQr9RCIhLZbevHkDm80mae25uTksLi7i/PyqgfX8/Lzo4aWlJWlU/fr1a0xPT4s+I5idsqbX67G7u4tM5opPjHMTjUZhNBolej82NobV1VWZt0AggGz2qsp7ZGREiH57e3vF+XE4HHJAZJu8xcVFJBIJeL1ejI+PI5e7gtiQPDqVSmFmZgYDAwN4/fo19vf3UV1dLTqvqakJExMTOD8/x+zsLIaHh5FKpeBwOPDkyROhzSktLZU9YzKZ8Ouvvwp2UKPRYGhoCOl0WlrrsUL0xx9/hN/vlz3X0dEheLr8oISa8aHj/UeRQzqufxTlzD9EicOV7x3/kcOVy11xOg0ODv7hSSz/lR+loXe6u7sLh8MhLLcvXryAz+eTHnIOhwM3btxAOByG3W7HwMAAAoEAmpubMTg4iG+++UbSkmzhU1FRgcnJSezu7kKv10tlY09Pj+T4SZ53enoqDaGJ7bDZbIhEIjg4OMDm5iYsFouUB9vtdhEIl8uFYDCI09MrNmmz2SzXsFqtUt7s9/vFkJB3KpPJwOfzIRqNCheRem2bzYbt7W0kk79zDGUyVzQYLKtPp9PweDyIRCLyHDabDa9fv0Y8Hpf2I7lcDuvr65ifnxfDMjw8LO+xmoaO0/j4OM7Pz8WxZTqUpbvn51etEgYHB8VBYoPwdDotJfSMqGm1WlFooVBI0hq5XA69vb1CFuh0OjE9PS2YFa1WKy1sBgcHEQ6Hkclk0N3dDafTKUrE5XKJsTEYDMKAz76JfC62lCktLcXExARWVlZQWloKv98vHCzJZFKA3/v7+xgaGpIWNDqdDsXFxVIA0tnZCYPBAKfTiaamJqmWqqmpwcjICIqLixEMBoVNvbi4GA0NDSgoKIDH45H+ci9evEB3d7dwWHV0dKC9vR3Z7FX7LBKClpSUIB6Pw+fzoampSbCAjY2NQtaq0+nQ3d0tUb3GxkaEQiGcnZ2JzGez2WuOTzp91WdwaWlJIk8mk0kctbm5OWxtbeH8/BxjY2Pwer2SajIYDBLV6u3tFYJdn88nLNE//fQTent78fjxY+zu7mJsbAzxeBwWiwW//PILPB4PysvLodFoUF9fj2AwiFTqiqF/fHwc33zzDex2O54/fy4s54WFhfjss88wODiI3t5eVFdXo7u7Gw0NDejr68Pjx4/R0NCAiYkJPHr0SFrbFBUVobKyEq9evRKwPrGg8Xhc2iwNDQ2hsLAQz549g8PhwPDwMKampnD37l1sbW2hpqYGTqfzWmutw8ND3L17FxMTE9IFY35+HlVVVWhtbcXs7CyWlpbQ398Pp9OJnZ0dVFRUSGTP7Xajq6tLxlJRUYG1tTW8efNGCkeIJ9RoNMKh1t7eDpPJhMPDQ4yPj6OpqUlgDaSFqa2tFYbz1dVV6aXIajaPx4Pbt2/DZrNhbGxMCIhPT08RCATw66+/oqurCx6PB8+ePZOx19XVoaCgQDpgsN9oQ0MDWlpa8O233wqZssvlQjQaRV1dnThrZrMZd+7ckbTg+fk5JicnUVNTg4mJCbx69QoejwcDAwNCmNvS0gKdTgev14vOzk6Mj49jZ2cHGo0GU1NTsn/8fj/a2tokmjc+Pi772e1246effkImc8WzV1hYKNQZzc3NmJycxPn57+zkxN80NjYKAfPAwABaWlpk3xYVFWF5eVnWZHBwEKlUCtFoFBqNBuFwGKOjo6irq4PVakU6nRZ2/ePjY5SUlEhHEDZwz2QyUiCUy10Rqvb09Aj4m4VJjLLwkHF2dga73X6NSb25uRkbGxtIpVKwWCxwOp1IJpOIRCIYHh4WaozR0VEsLi7i4uICHo8HMzMzyGQyWFhYgMlkkq4jw8PDgo+bn5/H+Pi4HIRJ4HpycgKXy4WBgQFxboeHh8UxdbvdAkti5JWOpk6ng8PhwJs3b+DxeGA0GpFOX3WnMRgMAtMYHh6WgwUpdMi5ZTAYMDU1JY3TGxsbhatzdHQUGxsbcsBsbW2V51EzAGp0Kz/zpaZA1egXX/Sd6HCpkdRMJvO7w6V++D85XHNzcxgYGLiGKaDnzZc6MP7OyA2VKitnuru7MTw8LA2o2Y5lampKKA9Ygm+z2bCwsCAnNlbOzc/PIxQKYWFhAdFoFE1NTcKj0tnZKZPNCq5U6oposbOzUyI909PTQhkRDAYxPT2NdDqNWCyGwcFBAYOOjIzAarVKmw9uMDp6rNTxer0SHmXT25OTEzidTiwvLyOZvCIz5X1IAkvyUFYy5nJXbXJGR0clNDo9PY2VlRXkcjlsbm7CYDAglUoJtoV0FiwHfvv2rXSWZzqPpcFMT3Eukskkent7xTkilQUjZmQS5+Z2OBzyPTUf/uLFC3g8Hrx+/RoLCwuCAUmlUtBoNMJIPzw8LPO7vb2N0tJShEIhxGIxFBYWwuVy4d27d2hubhYlUFdXh+HhYekR2dXVJSzR0WhUHIJEIgGr1Srp57q6Orx48QJutxt+v19ShYyGkoldr9djdXVVKhzZZSAYDKK5uRlarVbwIZTPyclJTE9PQ6/XY21tDY2NjfB4PBgbG8PAwADMZjO2t7eh0Wjg8Xig1+sxNjaGWCyG/v5+cWrY5qa9vV2YugkofvTokVSHFRYWYnx8HIlEArOzs+jv75eIFDsPXFxcdS0g6Htvbw9arVYUDKNyxPRQ0aVSKUxNTWFjYwPn51ddC+x2O7LZLKLRKJqbm7Gzs4NEIoHJyUn4/X6cnZ0hEAgIINjn82F8fBwrKyviRCUSCUxMTKC3txczMzOYmJjAxsaGMO0zHd7Z2QmtVgu73S49Fzc2NqQq0eFwIBQKoaurS8iKSU3AClxix+LxOKampqRxPbGeu7u7opNYHdrZ2SmcRDqdTmhHZmdnEQ6H4fF4YLFYBGs3Pj6O/f19jI+PY3V1FT6fD3a7XXBd09PTsNls2N/fR1lZGZxOJ+LxOOrr6wW87nQ6MT4+LlV7XV1dcuBg1SFxfn19fYjFYkilUjAYDHC5XDg4OMDKygqmpqYQj8fx9u1bTE9PY2dnB+vr63C5XJLSVMe2sLAgrcdCoRCGh4fR1dUlezsYDMJqtcr9SdYaCoWk5dHR0ZFgDxk1IZM3i6bYMobYx2g0KpxT7JRAbsatrS35Pw94Ozs70hqMhw1GdzOZjPSK5WcImN/a2hKbxkMsq0WpryKRiBhBEkHTHvAQzAMZ3zs4OEAwGJTxMHvDTAgjvCzw4ph3d3dxfHyMy8tLLCwsXItMMhCxt7cnUSsSKNOe8j7MhqiRFTWNp6b8Veym6iiwEIjfuby8FAdCTcvRvjP7QVvOlCwzC/QBGIlVU97v37+XTIeaelP7KarQFFZoqpAFFftFO6QWkai4LEbZ2c6OUfNUKoW3b99KtovBEDpqaoo0Hx6lQpJ4HxX7nR9kUtPA+QGndPr/tfZRna7/5HBls1lYrVYMDAzIZ9Uw2x+B2HgdLhDLhpm+YTibgsCNRAdFJaijMJGlXMXqpNNXTY7X19exvLwslS+sgPr48aNUtahCTBZfOhisQKOjQ+FUU6RMz/B/DMGrAhkIBCQNqTL4MiWjEqlxkdTcOQX3w4cPklbgNdTvX15e4rfffruWfuRpQU3x8lpMWbx//17ScqzI5HpRoNXQKN9nZSFTmBwzn+v8/BzxeBwfP36UNVUr9JgGe/v2rcgQweDc+GoxQP6L76lkp3QS+Hwqno79HQm8Pzs7Qzwel9MT772/vy8bnHOmYvA+fvwoz/Lbb7/JBlUxT5Rzpnzfv39/LaXK+eHpKp1O4/3797h37x7KysqkOS2rgPn509NTqepkKoKFGkw18VDD/Zff9SGdTotBpuIixo9YMTU1y+rFk5MTfPz4EZeXl3J9tSCC8sh9o5aNc97/pUO4AAAgAElEQVT39/eh1WqFlV3dC0tLS9JPkX0YKSdMz9NoMfRP4/jhwwdJAzHKzDHy3ioOk7LFZ2ZfT643U/I0sG/evBH9Q13DvcBCoIODA4mW7e3tib7h3maqjx0UKCMqHIERAo6R0Vmm0ikvlDN+VoUU0NCw4lId/+npKd6+fQuTyYRwOCz3p74lpQPXknNHg0XGe+oE7ls+p/q3CgtQqSTOzs6EhDQej+P169fiPPLz5+fnkrqjXuf68RmZ7s7lrgiQ+XyUSa4/oSG0YRcXF3j//r3QSNCxYbFOPB6XamNVVvhMqo6mHKZSvxey0Cn5o7TUxsYGVldXsbW1hbOzM8zNzcl8pdNprK6uCtyCa8r1NJlMwr3m8/nkmbg/FxcXUV9fj8XFRVRXV0sbMDqI1M0fP36Udchms5iZmZEUrMPhEHtCp4R4p6WlJWQyGdhsNsRiMVxcXAieNpfLSQ9XFdNL2adeZqAgv/iJkAk6ZWrxD1N0qVRKKjNpH1QdT1gOv0snkmtH+7u7uwuNRoOGhgYMDg6K0/7q1SvpKavacPWl4iO5Ztw7+fAf1XdSHbZrKUXVO8uPdOVHuGZnZ8XhohBSENUIlwrsU6NgzIM7nU5hRdfpdBgfH0dPTw88Hg/i8bgQ1Hk8HmHgHR4ehtvtln5ZVGJqCX8ymRSFvLq6ikgkIqSGRqMRdrtd2oEEg0Hs7u4iGAxKg2Or1SoYs8nJSXEKuYG5WdUKIlUp8nNsBhsIBISvilGvg4MDLCwsSDsWVWG9efMGfr8fw8PDgv1QwXdcuN3dXdnobPmjgh8ZqleFk46A6lTzReeZBlVdc96T4+AJjv+nA0SF/P79+2v4sPyyWI4lkUiI06YaRhUHxg2kOjV0JKhkVTwcIxE8LTL1eHx8DJPJJLxadKo5Zq7fzs6O8GIxHZvNZqU9imq0+d7r168lfen1eq8BOVWM1B8ZKRp3ytKbN28QCoUwMTEh/DA0frFYDDqdTrjpWGJPw0SZ5Ponk0msr69jdHRUDB+dNT47lSLHpRp+PgeN7OXlpTgRuVxOHG/KiuqEOZ1O6PV67O/vSy9LHgTY7oitp9j0m2ubyWSEZ83lcsHn88nYVL2kglbfvXsnRMnUI+rn6SDT4BKozHFTqVLJn52dwePxoL6+XtpEURcybU2uNhpNYjYpw9yzp6en8Pl8GB4elhQ5/8/DJfcFn4mtfygXqmJXdSv3OZ9TxUBubm5iampK0rwk9bXb7aisrJQo5IsXLyTFXldXJ9/nHBNrYzQaUV1djcbGRmnAzMIDztn29rY4JVwPRp3ojMfjcezt7cmBmk4Cr0d55qGC+pw6gYccNdJDvURbph7KeMigw8b/c8wqlIbywMOoWuDDqI8KNleB5qq95J7KZDJ49eoVHj58iIqKCkmN0dFk1TQxWHSQeI2hoSH885//hNfrFUzpyclVk/bNzU0cHx9Do9EIKJ/FKaS3OT8/F1omtd3UysoKKioq0NbWhnA4LE5tJBIRCI7JZEJNTY3wVbndbkSjUSwuLsLpdGJra0uY5ff29qRJOyOeXBvOGw9yfD6uJXUQ51ANZqjV/eohXfU3qKtUPLJq83K5qx6mRUVFqK2tRUVFBba3t6UwhPLLManOknpg5ZrSCVcPTqqzpRayqWlH/v1f6oX/fw7XxcUFrFYr+vr6rv2fr3ynS70m3z89PZXedwcHB2hsbERtbS2GhobQ19eHaDSKg4MD3Lx5U8hHm5qaEIlE0NXVhYKCAsRiMUxNTWFzc1MAdRqNRviTOjo6sLW1he7ubnR3d6O6uhrT09N4/PixpCrJWnxwcCBVSQ6HA5988omke0ZHR6+dItXwIk9hXAgKDo0v04hutxsPHjyAw+EQFuHNzU0UFxdDp9Ndi0rw9Lq2toaysjJYLBbEYjEhrSOz/sHBAZ4/fy7VLn6/H0dHR0KIyianXCOewimYPJUxCnJ+fo4PHz7IZueGUNdNdXZUocqvTKTgMSqoRkG5ISiAVOi8Pp1Dnt5YncgTjlqNyOvw3rxWRUUFRkdH8fLlS0kjEC9XWFiI5eVlFBQUoKOj498chb29PZSUlMBsNgtJ5+npqZT9MzXtdDrFedjc3MTy8jIODw/R0dEhAG5iqLiuXAtyzKVSKWmVsba2JsUbTDuXl5cjFApdcz4tFguamprg8/nw6NEjaejNfpShUEh47dLptLQRKS4uFtZ7Eu6yd+d/crCpLDnvlG11HSjz+Ubr9PQURqMRhYWF0tWBeJFEIoHW1lY8f/5clJFaEXZ2dgadTodnz55hfX0dHR0dMBqNiEQiQojLHoaMkicSCWHxTyQSaGhogFarhV6vh8/nu5YiSaWuaFuYhmXzXJXqgJFvi8WCiooKzM3NibI8PT2VFPnCwgJqamoQDAbR0NAgqU7SQVitVnFIFhcXUVFRAZvNhmAwKPjHsbExcY7VVInqYNA4swJXjcIy+so1UNNGkUgEnZ2d6OzsRDKZxPz8PFZXV7G3t4enT5+itLRUaDeId33w4IHoITo9rDL9/vvvsb6+Drvdjrq6OkQiETQ2NgrB8djYGBobG4UQuKKiAu3t7ejp6YHRaERnZye2trYwODiIqqoqaYDNz/AA3tvbi7m5ORiNRnR0dKClpUXgBDR+asRRPfCrB1/qp3w9RN3GSDv1FZ1XXkfVe6p8U+dQ76jXUw0tjbPBYMDGxgacTidOTk5kL3BPV1VVweFwiIwyW5DL5bC8vIy7d+9iZmZG4BAzMzPo7+8XKEZzczOWl5fR2tqKsbGxa8TRq6urMBqNiEajGBsbkyhwPB5Ha2ur9B3lvQgzsNvtqK6uRkVFhYyBuNzCwkK0t7djdHQUDQ0NcDqdGBkZgclkgtvtRl9fH+Lx+DUsE20PZYvPynnkIVZN2zGqy5/qAZAHZcqDOt/qoYT6aG9vD6urq9IbmVHAuro6qVzk/lajnKqfo96Hz5AfpMp30Dkmfjabzf57hCs/8qE6VA6HA729vfL5fOoFtaJJzW+qKS42wD0+PoZOp8PPP/8sgNDDw0Ps7+/j1q1baGlpQWdnJwKBgJzwy8rKUF5ejuXlZalIXF5exosXL4Q1+cmTJ/jXv/6FiooKmM1mAR3fuXMH0WgUR0dHePr0KRYWFnB+fg69Xo/GxkZpfvuvf/0LWq1WNoHKhURlyMiFKjw03qenp3C5XIjH4/D7/cI7xMqdra0taDQawd3Q0DAMHI/H8ezZM3GoTk5OUFdXh4WFBdTX12NtbQ2ffPIJOjo64Pf7UVpaimw2i4KCAjQ2NqKiogJTU1NIp9PY2tq6dlpT+btoLHma5uc4Dm4W9qEjRoAnRio0KggShNJBouOtpvPUyJAqrCQk5BjVEwPHml8lwnQvr5dIJHDnzh3MzMzghx9+EOJHNiwuKSmBw+HAX//6V7hcLlkzGrK6ujo8efJEsCnV1dVYW1vDnTt38Le//Q2PHz9GTU0NhoeHUVNTg6WlJXR3d0s7Ea1WC41Gg6dPn6K3t1cMFrEJ6+vrePLkCR49eiRA92+//RZLS0t4+fKlrHtHRwcePnyI1dVVSS2l02l4vV588sknePr0qbRs+uKLL9DR0QGdToe6ujqMjY3h7t27CIVCqKiogMFgwE8//QSv14va2lqUlJTg5cuXUiXEued6Xl5eSmqEioNKRyWAVdeBFY9cT1Y0lZaWSmsfFk0cHBxAo9Hg4cOHsp/UNOXm5iY+//xziTBWV1dDr9djeXkZjx8/RmVlJcrKytDc3AyHw4GXL18KANxgMEg1mNlsRmlpqWAd6cxkMlfEynfv3kVRURGam5vh9Xrxr3/9SxRwKBTCvXv34HQ6UV1dLcUlPGAtLi7iyy+/xN27d4Ur6h//+Ad6e3vh9XpRWVmJUCiEv//97/D5fHj+/DlisRgqKiqk5daDBw9gNBoxNzd3DW6xv78vKVSmTzKZjDS1VolUVaeAUTFGbsgIzyruRCIBt9uNjY0NZLNZDA0Nobq6GmVlZTCbzUgkEhgbG8OTJ0+unfKTyStuNNKW+Hw+FBcX48aNG1hbW4NGo8Hk5CS6urrQ39+PqqoqFBYWIhKJoKCgAGdnZ2hpaYHf70dVVZUUyTx9+hQHBweoqKhAMBiURtddXV3SYWBtbQ337t1DKBTC0tLStdQ8o19nZ2ciV4ymq8bt4uJCIrOMzrISlzLPCJUatVdtIdOY6u+0Y+o1aCt4HxUP5XQ6hZvPYrHImG/fvo3Hjx+jpaVFbAFhJLlcDmtraygqKpL+w1arFRqNBuXl5SgtLcXS0hLq6+vhcrnQ09MDk8mEpqYmwYGyOOXTTz+Visjz83Ps7u6ioaEBVqtVcIBMMbJ/6MrKCgYHB5FMJlFZWSkN4Ovq6pBIJOByuVBeXo7Ozk4MDAzA4XDg7t27uH//vlSEcy7VAwMPEkxnv337VlKTjBzxEEh+MdW3SCaTEinO5XIClSBLAOFBTEvTRzk6OkJpaSlWV1cFElBdXS3wDTWSpTpZ+SlGFRJCm08blc/BxedRMzvXIlxqlCs/D3l2dtXap6en51oEhBuUOB8qNnp36kMkk1cs3C6XC5lMBk1NTXjw4AHu3LmD6elpUT5FRUXo6+vD2NiYgB4PDg4kBPvy5UtJVwwMDODp06fQ6XTY3d1FX18fampq8PXXX6OzsxN7e3tYWVmR6qRsNotffvlFqg37+/vR2dkphJSDg4O4c+fOtWoS9aSperp0vviTqTWHw4Hd3V2srq6iuLgY4XAYoVAIJSUlWF9fR01NjVR70sHh9Y6Pj1FbWytlujs7O9ILqri4GBsbG3j8+DFWV1cFiE3CSIfDgampKbS3t0v+Wl0DGk2umZrWoqCoDjSFik4zcQC8Bjcw54ZOlSo7TOUwhMxNwFM9NyAxT+n07wzdVGJ0jhhWpoHi+JmqODw8xODgINrb2+VUTweqtLQUkUgEGo0Gr169uub8ZTIZvHjxAk+ePMHi4iIePXqEP//5z/B4PCgpKZEWK7/++iumpqakBU1JSQkGBgbQ398PvV6PH3/8ETU1NcKqTUxLNpvF9vY2Ojs7cevWLQwNDcHtdqOyslIic06nE5999hkODw/x4sULqS7iCXBqagp1dXUoLi7Gp59+Co/Hg9LSUuzu7grlRDgcxu3bt2G329HQ0IBUKoXa2lpEIhFx/icmJgS/lMlkBKPENSTWhutMzAqdKRo3GjhSllBW2Gu0tLQUOzs7wtEUiUQwMzODJ0+e4NNPPxUGdJ6Gz8+vKpD+/ve/S6HMN998g7KyMmxsbEgqwGaz4fHjx1KhyBZEXV1dwo/1zTffoK6uTiJgVMKsQi4pKcHnn38uVc4NDQ1Ip9MSRSgqKsLu7i5qamoErkB59/l84hR89dVXcLvdaG9vl44ZTU1N2Nvbw+PHjzE6OoqysjKk02m0tLRIyf6zZ89QX1+Po6MjoSEhPo37h+zsTBOSRoE4STpjrHDkfiUe8fj4GDMzM2hqakIqlYLb7cbq6ioymQx6e3sRCoXw448/YmxsTCrLCgoKJDW/vb0tB5mamhpUVVVJUcd3332H4+NjqVCMx+Po6OhATU0N7t+/D4/Hg+LiYqTTaWg0Gni9Xjx//lwc4+7ubkQiEZSXl2NzcxOFhYXw+/3QaDTQ6XQoLS2F1+sVKoCTkxO43W5J6bIy8PT0VMhb6bCzEOTk5ASjo6OIxWLIZDIS5aWcTU9Pi8Pq9XoFmrGwsIDZ2VmxeSw0yeVy6OzsxMTEBLLZLILBIKqrq7G+vo50Oo2qqiqpEvd6vVK1fXFxgY6ODrjdbkmXk3dSq9XC5XLh2bNn2NzchE6nk2gei14ePnyIra0tGAwGTExMoLq6GhMTE5ifnxe+OJvNhurqaunDyOrkmZkZTE5OYmlpSYqaOPaioiLodDr4/X40NTVBq9XixYsXCIfD2NzcFBaAVCqF0tJSzM7Owuv1ory8XDpJsAKQbbSWl5eh1WoxNTWFyspKnJ6ewuPxYHh4GLlcDvv7+6iqqoLP50M6fVUpXVJSgkzmqgK6rKxM1rO3t1cqR51OJzQaDTKZDJxOJ7777jspsnjw4AFisRhyuRxcLhd++OEHgevU1NQIF2AymcStW7fEWaP/wYpTNQ3JYJPq56iv/BSiGtRQszmMdlJ/XlxcXFUp0tlSc5Kqp0/hMxqN6Onpuebx8YSg5jvT6d95qdS8LBXC4uKiVChVVlaiqakJX3/9NYxGIzY2NvDTTz9JT7P29nbhy+H3aETq6+sxODgInU6HW7duwel0oqKiAlarFSaTCe3t7YhEImhpacEPP/wgnCoDAwMYHR2V0maWxRcVFUn432g0YnNzEwMDAxJpGh8fRzQaxfHxsTTqfP36NXZ3d6Vybn9/H3Nzczg4OMDo6Cju378vPSgnJiawurqKhw8fora2FqFQCBqNBpFIROZnfn4ejx8/xsTEhKRLS0tLMTg4iLt372J+fh4lJSUYHBzEysoKbt26JeF9VltVVlZienpaSs6j0Sg6OzulQo3VWtlsFuFwWJy209NTVFdXw+/34/z8XLBsNDakHMjlctLvklFG5vsvLi5QV1eH5eVlZLNZLCwsoK2tTSoRyU7Nli+k1tjf30dvb6+w47MSK5fLIRgMwmg0IplMYn9/Hy0tLVhYWEAymcTk5CTm5+eRTqcxNDSEkpIS1NbWymY/ODhAKBQSR+fhw4dobW1Ff38/QqGQtIOyWq24desWlpaWUFVVhc8++wyhUAjl5eXS4qSyshJerxdGoxFDQ0OorKyUPogNDQ24ceOGOGXsxZfNXmHAAoEAHjx4gG+//RaVlZXo7+8XeXvy5Ansdju+//57eL1e3Lt3D+Pj47LB37x5g/b2dpSWlsJkMuHmzZtwu9149OiRcBFVVFSgqakJ33zzDcxmM54/f34tpZ1KpVBfXw+dTodYLIaamhrhzdHr9dDr9Uin0wiFQnj+/Dmi0ShOT0+h0WgwPT2NTCYDi8UiQNPDw0NUVFRgcXER2WwWPT09goFsb2/H7du3MTc3h/X1dQwNDeHo6AgPHjyAxWLBgwcP8PLlS9jtdtTW1opTlE6n0dzcjIqKCgwODuLrr7/G0NAQ/H4/7t+/D4fDgUgkIqSdJMdkSb7FYsHDhw9RUFCAH3/8EQ6HQ/YyDxbhcBg//vgjfvnlF9y6dQsOhwMFBQWIx+MoKCjA3NwcSkpKMDo6isLCQrS1tQlJZzabhV6vR0lJifBtmc1maDQaqZrs7+9HJBLBV199hbGxMam8JScXKWR6enqExmN+fh6RSEQi4LwPMTmhUAi//vqrOA91dXWYnJzE6ekp5ufnUVdXJ7ioqqoqhMNhRCIRvHr1SuAWdrtdqHZKS0ulgTcdiubmZvz6669wOBwYGRnB7OysRMyWl5dx//59tLW1obS0FE+ePMHm5iaqqqpgNpuxt7eHvr4+dHZ2orS0FH19fdBoNHC5XEJIW15eDq/Xi8HBQbS0tAiZ7fT0NJqamuD1etHV1QWbzYb6+noYjUY8f/4cKysriMViKC8vF8qcFy9eIJvNSmosGAyKYa6rq8Pr16+xs7ODkpISeW94eBijo6PI5XJYWlqCRqOR6vPm5map5vX5fOjt7ZXDWFVVFYLBILLZLNra2vDixQtkMhkEg0H8+OOPWFtbQzqdlmhsOp2G2+0Wh/r8/IpqYn19HW/evIHD4ZBDOQ/Jw8PDwnnFil5W9w4MDEjj9Gg0ikgkIj1ANzY2MDU1JU4iK2FNJhPm5+cRi8XEMVtdXZWD7srKCgwGA+bm5qDVamE0GnFwcACr1QqPx4Pt7W0cHR3BZDJJBEyn0yEYDGJubk4Og4FAADabDeFwWBygYDAIv9+P2tpaZLNZrK6uYm5uTg7bTHGmUiksLS1Br9fLoWFwcBDb29vIZK54w0hVsbS0hMHBQZycnCAWi4ns7+zsYGhoSHBYkUgE3d3dgkNjk3lWnZIugrje+vp6qSClP6M6U6rjpfpE+enD/+Rwqd9lIOu/1BupDpeK6eDver0eWq323wbBECgHm0qlpKUJT89cbILGNzc3hdzU6/XCYDBcUwpsAry4uIhwOIxwOIyNjQ2k02lsb2+LYxMMBrG1tSVePYXMYrFIGfPY2BgMBgOWlpakWnF2dhYGg0FAf+Q+WV9fx/r6Ora3txGNRiUdkkgkMD09jfX1dRwfH8PhcFxzAiYmJqRaaWJiAoeHh7BarWJ4vV4v0uk0wuGwNLFdX1/H06dPpaQ5l7viptLpdNIEd3JyUhojr6ysYGNjA8vLywgGg/D5fDJmlszPzs5iYWEBc3NzaGhoQCKRQDQaFU+fpzsyr+/v72N6elrW1GKxYGNjAxcXF5idnYXFYhFHuqGhQfBgbJJN/BOVTSqVwuDgINbW1iSFMzIyglQqJRGo7e1tAfKaTCZkMhlsbW2JE5jL5SRVlM1mEYlEJAJ6dHSEkZERKev2+/3w+Xy4vLzE5OSknLDS6SvOG0ZxaGBYeVNVVYX5+XnZCMfHx/B6vZKac7vdCIfDMBgM6OrqQjwex/r6ugBIWdwxMjKCcDgsDa3ZzJjGKR6Py9wyBcWmxzqdDm63G1arVRi7Cca2Wq0SKXz37p00FK+urobD4UAikYDZbMbMzAyOjo7kvlNTU8JTR14b8jhptVrBnN25cwfj4+N49+6dNME+OzvD7u6utM1JpVKYmJgQXjniL1nV2NjYKD0TvV4vwuEwDg8PsbW1hbW1NXFwCPK32+3Y3d1FOByWApje3l6JnrG6aHZ2Fn19fdKuhVQCW1tbOD09xdbWFsbGxgRLt76+Dp/PJ1HlUCgkHSlu3ryJjo4OqW7OZrNC1hmLxbC3tyf8QaQv2N3dhd1uRzAYhNfrlQhwKnVFAbOysoLh4WHMzs7i8PAQS0tL8Hq9ODs7Ey4+t9uN9fV1RKNR6Qm7ubmJJ0+eoK6uTg4dJpNJ+Iampqaks0Y4HBZ8Jg0Vo1fhcBixWEyiPyzIYcSHKSviD4+OjuB0OhGNRnFyciJZA4La0+krChwWEBkMBvj9fpyenkomgZkJXp/juri4kGi6mglgH0UWBtCGcA9ns1mpPmW0Ss0iqHQKhIVks1mpWme6Rs2k0H4RSM8Ig1ohx6g5IQnMSjCySPC/ijNlxJ0R4HyAPFOSjPjTYSKGTM0wUI+xgIP3z+VyYlvevXsnY1LnhnqERR+M8qvpOOKl9vb2JFXP6nDel0UKyWRS5Egt8qAtZxUnU3kqpkmtguQ6MzPCwghic1lVTF3LDIkKjufeYrSJz5PfMYXZMh6U1YxKLpeToMLFxQVisZgclLjeaiETgzmUQRWTp+L2+MyUYRV2lV9goWIKVcfr3xwuNX9NA6tisHK5HEZGRjAyMnJtAHSy+PDZbBazs7NyWqMQcDOx3PTs7Ez4Mph+UctZ1RJzfp+TQ6Ehfw2VHFNNdO5YtfD+/XsJu5+enkq5NxedeV5WePG6bMzNDU1BUXP5akUGjfvMzIzMGwWX46YQJZNXTWQXFhZEmFQmbyrTXC4neAF1U9NTZwUdlQixVgsLCxIuJRCdyosbjGtH4SZQXS0CUEuuVZoKphcpWMfHx0I3wQbHr1+/xocPH67hvzgGUg28f/9eyqopV7w3x53NZgUrtLGxIRuP8vf27VuZa1WGGcanXFI+Tk5OYDKZRLY4ZrV6jbLH0mUyf79///7aOhBEmx9+7uzsxOLi4rVDDDenGhlWwb3qZzln/B/ni2vP9Xv//v01ahJiUaiEDw4OEAgE8Pe//x0NDQ04OTlBOByWtiyqIldPbDRclC3i9GgoOZ/cF1wHRvS4F4LBIAYGBmS8xL+w+owM1Kr8U67IkZPJZP7NoHOPMO3OMZCbiVWZVqtVqu2oR5gGZ1UzI9PxeBzZbFZK+CnrjIRwbIeHh1JgohpZPvvh4aE4aNwXNKBLS0tYXV3F0dER3rx5A5fLha2tLdFB6jPSMFIHqVWDrG5VcXWcX0IVtra2pCCDFdoXFxdC8sxUPGWF80eHgWuzu7uLtbU1WTPqHjonvGYkEpHiEsqJCsBnGlR1WLhvqGNVhzCXywmD+Js3b/D+/XsxaIyIqjQe3L/5ThaN88ePH69RpvD7hCrwf9yP3LOc30QigY8fP4puIywhnU7j8vLymsGlPeChkO3sZmdnZW3Zloh8dQsLC5iYmBAqBdqJs7MzhEIhdHZ2CnRmZWXlGiE0cXzn5+fS/J2VttFoVOQll8uJXaDzqAZNVAeDf6dSKYk0kgOPjhzJY1V9TBk+Ojq6hvdUMXOqU6em3DifXC/KC225CmegQ6zqv7dv38q41CIJn8+H2tpawa1ls1e8kqREoWOk/uQacu+p1BCqU0W9rlYoqsEqtTBGWvuoXpi6cVWPmmk+FX9DQ5dOX1Hps58VSSd5MzpEBM1ns1lpD2AymTAzMyNKy+12Y3FxUTxWvV4Pk8mEWCyG7u5uLCwsCDid+Jrt7W2Mjo4KkerY2JhgOJj2Ybm4y+WC0WiExWKBzWaD2WzGxMQE3G63AJLNZrNsXk4sjRmfX40KqicgsvOen58LoSoVNueLjgRPHqqCV3PD6ulNPdXxb46PSpoLreagVUNMJa7mpNXKCt6XCosbQV1rnlL4HOp3SD2hngK4ObgRVWXG8auhWYL7KZcqAJ8bgspFdWy9Xq+E51OpFBYXF2WtGLHkdQj4JxjXarWiv78fHo8HqVRK/l5aWhKlSyWxuroqIX+j0ShjoCHhoUEFIFPh8Cf3DGWGfDx+v/9a02M+K09yXHv+jydJXldtLquesDY3N0VRcC04n1yzfGyCir+kUaTM8FkoB+oaraysQK/XIxAISDpif38ftbW10ty4qqoK29vbWFpaQltbmyh/zg3HnUwmsbi4KDQw1EecZ7fbjUgkgqOjIyFP7uzshNlsvqZw+XnOQTKZxOrqKl68eAGDwQCDwYD6+no4nU68evUKsVhMlBaJV+sAACAASURBVP/p6amAzkn7wmtxD9L5YqqI97i4uJDG1iMjI2hubr4G+FbbMU1OTsqBiPNOvA3Z/tUIhKqfaXQ5Zo/Hg4KCAgE8m0wmrK+v4+TkBM+ePYPRaJS0EteZ67u0tISysjLcu3cP0WgUXV1d+OWXXyT1xINIJnPVVSIYDEoamw4Z9x1TnXQy6Iyr0bWzszOJWp2dnWFoaEhA2qzmzmazUkXKaKTq+FHnqVAX7nM1+qBWz/GzKpVOOp2WKmsehvg9Hh55Xe5xVVep+vvs7AxWqxUdHR3o7+/HwcGBdOvo6enB6Ogo1tbWUFVVhc3NTdTW1qK+vv5a9Ic/4/E4ioqK8N///d9wu93o7+/H3/72N0nnMXW4t7eH58+fY25uDoFAALW1tQgGg9LAPRqNwmKxIBAIYHV1FWNjY5IJ8vl8CAQCODk5EZkhEW9hYSGcTidcLhfq6uqQTCaxtLSE8fFxLC8vIxQKSTSdjrZaZch9p1bb0pmiLqT+pDOXTwVBvcBrqN/jeuUHjjKZK4Lc4uJigUQxilxbWyvtjVS5UQMJamBJPYirGUDVmeTrj8aRzWbxX6pXlx/pUsOhTPMYjcZrZJ7qxC0tLaGpqQlFRUUoKCiAw+GQtCI3ys7OjigPk8mE2tpabG9v48aNGxLefP78ufRYOj29IoD7/vvvYbfbZdMzpbe3t4ehoSF4vV5pZru9vY3q6mrpLD8wMIBoNIqenh5JC2o0GqysrMDj8aCyshKFhYWIx+MoLS0VsDQnmMqDgsI5SiQSEgblqfLo6Ahms1l6DTY1NaG9vV1O1XR+1AgihUV9vXv3Trx0evfJZFIiV/Pz83ICpdOmnh4pEDTOKniP3+Ha0+CygofCw99VZcLvqUadG4mG+MOHDxIdofBREC8vL8U4MdTNE+S7d+/kdKlelz8ZHeL9WQTAaEFJSYm0H4nH49JO4+DgAHq9XkrkOSZVUbOvV3FxMTY3N3H79m0peGBBBU9DZWVl8Pv90scrHo8jHo/jzZs3iEQiWF1dlRQkFdHx8TE2NzcRiUSQSCQQDAaxuLiIdDoNn8+HiooKSVNubGzg9PRUDgOnp6eSjiTInM4HmblpONR1USk+6BxQLmiE1LlWowKq0eBc09jzvT8iWD05OcHLly+ls8Pu7i4mJiaQTqfR2tqKzz//HF6vFy9evEAoFEIgEMCf/vQnAfFT2apRulevXuH58+fCXTQ9PS2RIbvdju3tbcH2bG1tYXZ2FrW1tbBYLDI/pADgYePk5AT7+/tS1UUSVq/Xi4GBAcTjcczPz2N6ehoOhwP9/f2Sui8tLRUHVo2eJpNJtLe3o6+vD1tbW8IxxYhwf38/Hjx4gKOjI8HO9Pf3S4++zz//XFLEer1e+ILu3bsHn88njoEaLeQeV0vaLy8v5blIOms2m7GysoJUKoUvvvhC8DMPHjyQazDykU6nr2Ho2tra8Nlnn+Hk5ERazWi1Wng8HvzrX/+CRqOB2+1GaWkp9Ho92tvbcXh4KEBsp9MJp9OJW7duobe3VzpHDA0NSbUi8UwOhwNffvkltFotzGYzioqK5Frj4+MYHR2FwWBAMBjE0NCQtDtSbZgabfj48aPsCTUSqPI/0bByzzDKnk+wzO+qFbvqYVlNj9Ehv3//Pqanp6UilT0Mi4qKJOrJnq8OhwM1NTXyfXVsqdRVK5obN27g+fPn6OjowA8//IB4PC4Vsrdu3YLf78fdu3dhsViwtraG4uJiwdgSz8xOGm63Gz///DO8Xq9U9Q4MDEhBzvT0tBSu0eFyu924desWNjY25GDz/PlzaLVaLC4uyoGC802HiP1/KbtM/dHRZTRYtV2M9KlzwcONGonjPqQ94R7h/Pr9fnzxxRcwGAzX2v0R+0iOTTVjoUb48g/+qiOlRgP5fZJ9q9E5yud/qYaHQqfmhenNnZ1d9XHq7e29lvaiMj85OZEKrqGhIXR3d6OiogIrKysSrkynr5qv+nw+JJNJTE1NSb80OkrETf3zn//Ezs6OpB90Oh1KSkqwuroqKRG73S7h1p2dHaysrOD27dvQarUoKyvD+vo6qqursby8LJiXR48eCXib1UaBQADhcBi7u7t48uQJgsEg3G63pCbpzHCxGRVRHTGGnCORCEZGRiRFodFo8PPPP0v6lAKoljmraRT11Mx1YK7e5/Ohvr5elBRJ6yjEXFhGbw4ODhCJRK45FlQaqiPGlFW+Z66m9ShEVDTq/XiN/CicqvxYxcqN8uHDh2stJn777bdrhp5pAI5T3Wyqw6s6DDabDS6XC4FAAIlEQrhvjo+P0dHRgUePHknPLY7j8vJSqu/a2trw7NkzGAwGtLa2ClnhF198AY1Gg8HBQQQCAfzlL3/BwMAAFhcX8cknn6ClpQWvXr3C+fm58EBptVrodDp89dVX0Ol0+OWXX9DS0oKioiIkEgkUFBSgqKgIs7OzaGlpwf/+7/9Cp9OhqqoKNpsNg4ODqKiowNOnT68BuM1ms+w/pphSqZS031DTL6oDxtRXfhqK1aFqFJRrwFQN5YTKhPuZ66CmiNbW1vDpp59Cr9cL5tDpdCKbzSIQCODly5e4d+8eamtrBZP13XffIRQKiWFjdPj4+BiHh4eora3FnTt3kEwmEQqFcPPmTZSVleHu3bvSGJxGIxaLQa/XQ6PRoLu7G21tbTLGs7MzwaRQSVqtVhQWFiKZTOKXX35BaWkpAoEAotEonj59iqdPn+LmzZv49ddfodfr0draisePH8Pj8UhZO7EhqVQKPT096O7uxosXL1BRUSGM6ul0Wvo1xuNxvHz5Er29vbBarWhra8Po6Chu3rwJq9WKmpoa4Qbc2dnBjRs3hL+N0a9U6vcuBlwLOl2p1FURCiONxLtyju/du4eSkhL8+OOPAiqm7DAd09HRgcrKSty6dQvDw8P45JNPsLOzg+bmZrhcLmlgfefOHezs7CAcDqO0tBRv377Fq1ev4Ha78X/+z/+RSs1IJCK9Bx88eID9/X00NjbC5/OhpqYGz549Q2dnJ05OTmTfnZycoKmpSYD0mUwGk/+XsO98ajPNsp9/bufDbq27d9w97Z5ut1M7lGM5FDZllzEZkUTOOZsilwhFKgFCJJEkQAGkAkSUKAVwOdbs+X2gzt2L1rO/DyrbMrzS+7zPc8O5557b2ysClt3d3SJbwxedvUY7GGxz31L+hgle7EgZzeVhsseAig5Z21xtV7VzDgaDePjwIWZmZlBdXQ2XyyVNK3FxcfIc2dVssViQmZkp2olab+rk5AQ1NTUYHx/H/fv3ZX4oE7Py8nLcuHEDdrsdDQ0N2NnZgcvlQn19PcLhsGjHsZM6Ly8PdrsdmZmZMvvx6OhImpU6OzthMBhgMBgkOCFP8/bt2+jt7ZWZhhx7dvXqVSQnJ2Nzc1N8ViBwLnXEBE0DDQywOGqLyC+Re9Indnd34fV6hS/G5hGiqURQj46OsLKycqHrl6Xahw8fyp5jCT89PV3GQNG/EVDQQVRswBULTMUGZbGBmX5fuhR1NKqzVW60YDCIwcHBC4MzdQ0+Gj0fJFxcXIycnBy0t7eLXhEDM2aVrGd3dnZKpnvr1i1YLBaYTCZUVVXh7t27GB4exuHh+aytlZUV5Obm4tatWzJIdW5uDgcHB3C73djZ2cH8/DxSUlIwOTmJ169fY319XQatUsyQyr4caFxSUiKRNh0hB1zygHJMBgNGLjgDAA03ksPl9/uly/DXX3/FyMjIhYhey0HQaDIq1iRBPg92ZUxOTgopl89Hl4OIUnEDMVMgR0RzHfjs2fZMg6VLX/w5bXQ0WZXPf2tr60Lmzd/lIaMRpPDqp0+fpCyhy1c0nOSj8ef5PBg8aM0uHo6dnR0RZaQoLDXQysvLcevWLRnmrL8/M97y8nLpCiVBnfpYWVlZKC4uxubmJh4/foylpSVYLBY8efIEFosFZWVlmJubE5FAdmoaDAb4fD7cuXNHhuZSvfn27dtoamoSiYhQ6FyzZ3Z2Fjdv3oTFYhEy/tOnT5GUlITJyUkxMgyEmPHpQawsWWnjz+ejuTTcF3RE5CDx97xer/wcuY0sc5JMzusHAgERSrRarUhKSsLBwQF6enokIJ6cnERiYiL++te/yp75+eefYbfbsb29DZfLJWW2aDSKjY0N5ObmIiEhQYjc6enpWFhYwOLiIt6/fy+llIqKCoTDYQwMDKCkpATd3d3IyMgQ3mY4fE44Jyp1dnYGt9uN27dvo7S0FLW1tbh37x62trZEAsHpdMrMy+npaZlxubu7K46F58pqtaK/vx9v3ryRaRO6xNzd3S3SC7W1tRgfH5eBy263G/fu3cPq6ipycnLgdDpl+HNiYiLm5uZkRqzf78fGxoYkcezsCofP5SNYsuNsWTb5UIPozz//FLHYH3/8UZwSg8ZQ6HyYstVqxYMHD9Df349Lly5hbW1NRC4fPXokem8LCwswm83Izc1FMBhEXl4exsfH8R//8R/o7OxEX18f3G433rx5g5WVFbx69QpbW1vIysqC1WrFtWvX8Pr1a2RmZsLv9+Pt27fStPDq1StMTEygrq5ObOD79++l0cpms2FsbAzRaBSLi4uYmJgQxJodcKen5wPZu7q68OHDBxlGzgSjqalJxIrtdjuqq6sRDp/LGBgMBmxubmJ7e1sAhFAohKKiIpl3e3h4KF2ZJKLX1dWJ1pOWbenv78f+/j4qKyvR0dEBu92O9+/f4+DgANXV1Xj16hXsdrt0kNIXLC8v4969e2hsbMTdu3eRmZmJP/74A1arFZmZmcjPz8eNGzcwODiItLQ0jI6OYnh4GOnp6ZiamkJCQgJGR0cvzDJdXV3FrVu3YDabkZCQgJGRERnkfe/ePVRVVSEuLg6bm5swGo0wGo2orq7G/fv3pbGFYujsks/OzkZvby+MRiNCoRC6u7thMBjw4cMHOJ1OkWIJBM6V9PPy8hAMnjeTxcfHy0gog8GAlpYWRCLnYsiPHj3C0dERhoeHcePGDWxvb2N2dhbPnj2D2+1GMHjelfj777/Dbrfj8PAQKSkpqKmpgdvtRkZGBkwmE1pbW+Hz+eDxeJCSkgKXyyU+h2CK5mH9q+Ap9j0diP1frwtdirGcE83jCgbP213ZWsuuHzpTcmhmZ2exuLgokCaHFtPxb21tYXx8HEdHR+jt7b3Q6s5Sw/T0NLKysqQ9PS8vD93d3bDb7YiPj4fD4UBfX59oenR3d8Nms6GxsREPHjzA/Pw8Ll++jIKCAtTV1cFoNGJtbQ25ubno7e2FxWLB8+fPhUgaCoVEi4aBXigUQmdnJ6amphAKhQS5ojLt/v6+cG3sdrsYhJ2dHYyOjoq+DFvDDQYDVlZWRB+JQQWDsNgAi86R6BpLSCyREdbWhE/yXzQXJhg8F8189eqVdJEZjUa0tbXh+PgYw8PDIhQaDoeRkpIiHYy9vb1ob2/H2dkZfD4fEhMTsbq6ikgkgrq6OhQVFWFvb0+kDOgQjUYjxsfH8eHDB8zPz6Ourg67u7v4/PkzWlpaMDc3h2DwnNhPTmA4HEZDQ4MQc1liYKZiNBqF4NzY2CjGjoOEw+EwXC4XUlNThXewsLCAYPB8SDanylO7ip/FvU6ZksLCQhmQ/fTpU8zNzeHSpUvIzMzEtWvXMDMzg5s3b6K8vByFhYX4448/UF9fjydPnmB7exspKSkYHx9HQ0MDhoeHERcXh7GxMVy/fh29vb1iJB88eIDffvtNNIeoN5Wbm4uWlhakp6fDaDSKHt3Lly9RXV2NpqYmxMXFSRKRnp4u+k1JSUkyI3JhYQHx8fGyX1+8eIGJiQl8/PhR5B2IiiQnJ2N2dhYfPnxAY2MjUlNTpdvw9u3bUs4qKysThWvysDjxobS0FMvLywgEAoLecHg8ib7Z2dlIT0/H5OQkfvnlF3g8HlgsFpFQ6O7uFrTp5ORcm4cIX2FhIa5evYq5uTlBC71eLzIzM0Vzi8iIwWAQvb4rV65gcnISFRUVCAQCSEhIEA4pm28MBgM6OjpkhApb558+fYqenh5sbm4iOTlZOoCfPHkCs9mM58+fY2hoSM6kyWRCUlISysrKcO3aNQwNDV2YTZeamopbt26JJprRaERNTQ1SUlKwvr6On3/+GWVlZaivr0d5eTlGRkYwODiI3377DaWlpTIFY35+HsnJyfD7/ejs7MSLFy+wubmJYDCIuLg46YC0Wq0oLCyUgeKrq6tYXFzEzz//DKPRiKysLJSXl8PpdMowd6KUjx8/Rk1NDUpLS5GXl4cbN25gfHwcJpMJDQ0NePv2rQhhG41GtLe3Iz09HX19fcjPz4fNZkNdXR3S09Px/v17DA8PXxClnZqaEm2uuLg4GAwGJCQkwO/3o6amBhUVFRgfH0dZWZl073Z1dcFut8t+PDg4wMbGBioqKnB6egqz2QyTyYTT01MJ6IiUmEwmZGdn4+PHj3A6nUhPT5fxNzU1NZicnJQAvLy8XPxVamqqcJHLy8tFA4ylNzrcsrIyLC4uCt+qublZGg7IHw6FQujt7ZVh2xMTExgaGoLT6ZRkq7u7Gy6XC319fUKBCAQCWF5eRlZWFvLz81FSUoLc3FyRB5mfn8f4+DisVqtQGEwmExYXF2E2m2Xw+ubmppSXV1ZWhN5jt9sxMTGB9fV18d+Li4uih8eO15GREczPz1+YqtDc3Ay73Y7l5WUMDQ1hYWEB79+/R1JSEqLRKGZnZ6XT3ev1irQSOWBms1nQ+vb2dpmnSR9KqhLHSbHrmT6J00RCoRA2NzfR3d0tMhELCwvi371eL8bGxrC1tSVVj8LCQvldTamIJfbHlg3pozVYpYOv71G0+PqLdvK6c0R/KLO00dFRlJaWCuLCTjXys5qbm/HDDz/gjz/+EPV4dgDx2tvb27BarYK6rK6uCldha2sL9fX1sFqtaG1tRW9vL6xWK2ZmZkTygR2Jx8fH6O/vR21trUg7tLS0YGRkBCsrK5ifnxfhy5GREbx58wY9PT34/PkzampqRLGX8OTS0pKUIYaGhrC/v4/+/n7RwqH0AREpzrxjVp6fn4/j43OJiJGRETidTtTU1MBsNqO0tBQ1NTVYXl5GR0cHTk7OBSI1Lyy27Tb2GTAA5osBGMsZGrXRD/3Dhw9YXFzEgwcPhG9mNBrR1dWFs7MzrKysSDksEDiXAWDm3NXVhebmZnEaRIjC4XNl9uTkZHi9XlGWpuaNwWDA+Pg4Tk9PMTk5iaqqKmxvb+P09BR1dXXSpWq1WtHR0SGoS15eHrxeLz59+oSuri5YLBacnp4KsZRdql1dXXA4HPj48SNmZmbQ3NwsisWcnxgIBDA2NoaDgwOUlZWhr68PTU1NyMzMxOjoKJKSkjAxMSHr1NfXh9TUVDQ0NKCurg6pqakyuqK2thZtbW1obGxEIBBAS0sLiouLUVNTg8rKSlRVVaG2thYbGxuw2Wxobm7G8fG5RhhHk9CRFhcXY25uTjTIqqqqRBS3ra0Nzc3NqKmpwd7eHlpaWtDd3Y21tTXMz8/j/fv32NnZkcDr8PBQdKIODw+RkZGB7u5uRCIRzM7O4vnz54LMZmdnS0C0tLSEuro62SsGg0E0bzo7O5Gfny/zRlmSD4XOJUPGx8cRDAZFoJfTDCorK2V0jN/vlwkRKysrIlXR0dGB2dlZEU+ljMH8/LyMOiotLZVuNJfLhd7eXtH7mZ6exuTkJMrKytDT0yPcNooYUyJmbW0Nq6urIvPg8/kkIHn37p04Rn4OZSG2trbgdDqFaLu6uirdzRzZwwRme3sbNTU1cDqdgjRSnsNiscjMSHJJ6AhtNhtWV1exubl5gedHpH5paQl+vx/z8/Mibry2tgabzSbP0mw2izjr8vIyBgYGhPy7sLAAr9eLf/7znzKS6uTkXNeIUh1ut/vCYOloNCpcHT1pgrw02indPk8nyTI10XnyNHVjTCQSwbdv34SyQiI7eYHaXrEU/u3bN3z+/FloB3SG7GamPeS4J5ZYWTbWvuv4+FikMjRdht3H7HJmqZmILf+f6C8/nwCDHm1FsIJdj0x46Sc5oq2np0d4p7xnorn0aycnJyJrws/lGtCm6y5mniXep6YH8XPJTQsGgxf8sa5KUMJGc9eCwaCsD8vxLOPqfaG7TNmFS9/GagWnWtB3nZycyPPlnuPn6YkAujGBQQ/Xi0kj1Ql43rhXub4ayCCCReFWlp31tXUwpXllGt36V6XG2LKj9ukXAq5YTpEuNTICb2houNC1xhsKhULo6+vDwMAArFardCbpjotAIAC32y1aPsfH56Mj2MZNI8CMgqWPnZ0dbG9vSymFP8+FpVHQJFYia3pzHB8fy7R6LjzryJoQzvudn58X4j75ETxEPCy6NZhEcIvFcqFTjYeR5GoS9bROmQ64eC/6MOjuCHbR8Gd1dyO/F8uUNA58XjyIvBdyq75HoNZ8Bt2Zqjt3WNrTpaxw+Jy4q/kNPDyaXK/5QjRkumuL34uHQXfgaUI/70Nzcw4PD0Vzi3tck7+1zhW5Ttpga4kCXpflXt2owHXnv3n4yZXiHiQvgPuTxozlZRo4faC59/Ukg/39fSQnJ0sAqw2T3ru8Lu+JjkF30mh+HR2d7rjSTpTrzXXQBk/bidPTU2nZPzw8xObmJjo7O0VagQEQ9240GpXOPJZ/uW68NteVpTuWA7Vh06Xnz58/Xzh/tBOUWDg+PpbSqdY44p7Uz1l3ZuoEiGda0wK4H8kLYhLz+fNnOUe8LgMb7gei2OzmpvQG7QqrCUSGl5aWLtgEvd9YUmRJ8/T0FBaLBW63G16vF6urq3A6nUI4Z+JL+Qmif7TBW1tbgnoQJee+5n7jzNJAIACPxyOBHtdKN0JoBJ7fndxV7eBIQKeP0fxRcgzD4fCFmYl87jyXuuNZc1G1w+R30uvI39fkedpqzUeiDeM51GcnGDyXQCFoEIlEBOHy+/2YnZ3FyMgIxsbGBJEcGhq6MElAJ9lcB90Zq9eUNlDbYW1zuUcDgf+RE1pdXZVr8Pe49rQRXD/6KX4ez6Gmi2juFu3EycmJ+BndVRob8HFdNfVE22iuN/cN94P+rpomwgCWaOXIyAjW1tZEhorlYl5L87VoB/jSCJa2gbF+93sBl77GX/SFdSSmf5kHhxPm+R4PSTh8zp9ZXl5Gfn4+cnNz0dHRIa2+enG3t7cxMzMjZMHR0VH09/djfn4es7OzMBqN6OjoQFNTE6xWK7a2tmA0GlFcXIzh4WEkJSVhcHAQg4ODUh/niJ+amhppUS4pKYHdbsfQ0JDAsnpT0RDQeTJSZnfFly9fLgQn/DsDC94PD6E2LGazGcfH5/pAU1NTMJlMmJ2dxcbGBtra2oSHpaNfvvSmojHRARIzjUgkIo6cWaI2wHyGdKrciHxPw6jMarhJv9fBo4MWrgX1aDSRndktO1n1d+DB0RuUh5b6Kfr5xH43foezs7MLmS4P+Pr6OsxmM2ZnZ2UcCLvkWOJbWVkRJHJoaAhTU1Oydsx86Xg58oPlcvL9uJY0fLr7pq2tDS0tLWJw+HP6+er15efq7EkbNPKrtCFjKZQORXdy0qDxOcUaLjoCBrF8LjwHWkxRG0dm1TROvCYNpOYfshmFY0I6OzuFVK1RZKKQHHDMxE3zwngfmqjPM3J6eip8M/LBdINAbMKheZM0/voc8Dzu7u6KRtjm5uaFvaf/rq+lpRli0Wg+Y/25DLACgQA2NzelIYB7Qjtt2gidBHOtdTMK91Qkcj6GjTb07OwMHR0dWF9fx9zcHB49eoSGhgbhEHk8HnR2dqKqqgqtra1yDnhNIsycmsF7pfMPh8/V2wcGBhAInAsaU8aD8g/c+9r+8Htzz+lmDu5pnQRqJ6vLPNwzDIz0M6etZDCibQuDBaJ1RLUODg5kv8eWkLhP2GREuxxrW/mMiouLMTMzg4qKCimv7+7uorm5GR0dHReGn+fl5UkpXpehKP7J+2AAxM/UQVVsQKCRKO7NkZERWK1WUebndXivmtMUG4jyZ8inpX1ikKr9vU5QNHrI58mGE21PY/c/n5cGBvisGfxqTqbeK9xvwWAQCwsL+O233zA9PS1nMC8vT2RO+FxjUSkd7Mb+H8+aDrL1Sz9DPpO/aKMQa1A02nJyciLdCxqBiUQiQi5saGiAx+ORLJbTyXW0x0ie3ShOpxPj4+NISEiQqJNwfHJysszpqq2txcePH2V0hd/vR2NjIxISErCzs3NhPuHc3BwyMzNxfHyMt2/fytgGbSQZReuggt81EvkfwvGnT59EGZmbi86KDoqLz9r80NAQjo6OUFBQgLGxMWxvb+PmzZtwuVwoLi6WcTZ82BrZ4kPXzoKOxOfzYWBgAMFgEK2trTJDSgceemPwPR4UneXQUevNQod6cnKCr1+//i+nTWFTipXyPRqzb9++XeigYkDGe+E16agjkYgIiTILCgbPxU2j0aiUIWhQWALS2Srv99OnT+ju7hYi+tHRkehwcfgxy86Dg4Ow2+24efMmqqurBT1gxx6dWUJCAkwmE/x+v4wXoSNmCcrlcmFzcxOzs7MIBoMyE252dhYOhwNLS0uiJL+7u4uZmRnU19cLukmHwKDyy5cvYmQ1gqqNnUaeotGolEViOQixhiJWJoLXoL4Qg00aHw2z6/0ZDJ6L4DL7Z9B9dnaGtrY2vHz5ElVVVTAajdjd3RUtpZ6eHtHwMRgMqKurQ3Z2Nvb29nDv3j1Bn5ns0Igz4KOTY4Db19cHm82G/v5+KZHT2HGfa7RCG8zYM0PHsrm5CYPBIJ3Adrv9AtpGO8l10ckDAy9+P322dcBAon0oFBJe2PDwsIyUCYfD+Pr16wWxSp5P3gvRWjqL2I7xW7duwW63y0gUu90uI1nu3buHhYUF+P1+3L17FzabDR0dHRgeHsadO3cEYeFa7+3tYWBgABkZGYIWsLPtxYsXcDgcSE1NxU8//YSOjg6kpqbCarUiISEBhxOqaQAAIABJREFUr1+/Rnp6Orq6usT5cb9zn/EZBQIBsSefPn0SBI2iw/x5oh26c5D7kkEgr/vlyxdBb4mSUsCX+5rdikziKPDM86iDLl3d0Yglzxavz4BxdXUV7e3tqKiogN/vR3NzMzY3N/HkyRMRoJ2cnMT8/Dzy8/NRX1+PuLg4hEKhC13yOqDg2dSJjkbS9Z7XgUA4fF55yM3NRX19PSoqKnD16lUp/+nklT5CB3lMEBjM8RnoxIvPiQigRtc08KIDQI0y8rpEphmM8312JjJOoW/Ua6MRzv39ffh8PlRVVeHly5cyG/Xo6HxSBmk2seumgSjuWR04MRGKRbT0OtIm6BjqL4zsY29cfyANyNDQEPr7+yVb44d6PB4UFxejpKQESUlJyMjIQFVV1YWWXRojdhNyFhxbYgcGBuDz+ZCamoqZmRlkZ2fDZDLh4OAAeXl5qKiokIGp5Fr09/eL5khaWhqqq6txcHCAsbExvH79GgsLCzAajSJYqDMVHhTdIceAI9ZZ6Uybi66NOh9WMBiUobE7Ozu4deuWEJpNJhO2t7dRVVWF6urqCzVrrrOGLPn5ujNwfn4epaWl0lZOjSFuNGZt2rloVIBEU6JJGvHjPfKQcNOTa0GjTmPHbE7D9tywmtugkSquFxEaPo/Pnz9fCKJ4z8yitGQF/2TJUtf5W1tbUVlZKcPRySPi8Fyv1wuv14vExEQcHByguLgY1dXV8t3IvyBn7/bt2zJgmh1ZBwcHIgPxxx9/oLGxEXl5eWhqakJhYSFsNhvu3LkjDSH9/f34z//8T2RkZCAlJQX3799HQkICampqLsil6ACAwTCfqS4Z8pnxfa67Nqw6u6Qx4v5iYMVgj85Kl1B4TQYI2oDQUfLn6Lj4rG02GxITE2E0GvH27Vu4XC40NTUhEAjg/fv3SEtLkzE/HP69srKC27dvC1eM96fRIY24EAljN1ZeXh6qq6vlTOqydWwGGosiamcajZ7Pvfv999/hdrvx+PFjQeNjywu0Gfrc8n0tJaONcDAYFM07OlHOqszLy0NWVpagGdoOazSGpSvuAyLeOsAkosUuWafTKTzX4+Nj/O1vf4PFYkEwGMSNGzeEXJ2YmIjCwsIL6CztlNVqxcuXL6VxZWJiAoWFhXj48KFol1H6gCOnDg8PUVtbC6fTiTdv3lxw2KRykCPFF9XViepywoQOzphgUTZB6y6xfEv7oZEyoiRanoeUFKJwDFz4OZr3xZmafCZal440EQZd5P5NTU3BarWirKwMa2trKCsrg8PhwIMHD2SiAZFgdgMSReRnc0/x8zSyzn9rFFgnXjqZ5h71eDzY2NjA+vo6BgYGLiTqumpBe8B70qVZjdprG0b/yER7f38fGxsbgmCtrKzIuCk2d2xtbcFsNsPlcsHr9cootuXlZWxvb2N7e1saoCKRCNxutzwjv98vpfEPHz6IzQ+FzmlF29vbmJubw+vXr3H16lXhYUciEZSUlMDn80niotF6bSf0WdRBI9eH66yTOR336MrTXzSsrhdQR2W80Z6eHpmfp+FxbsylpSUMDg5ifHwcFotFMmZ+mUDgXB/GbrdjcnJStHXI7fJ6vUhPT4fdbkdNTQ1MJhMODw+RlpaGwsJCBINBIbpxYrnBYEBjYyMMBgNqa2sRDAZlWr3f70dBQQE6OjpE6ZgHmZuXgRc3dTQavZBZ6FEdmuDJdeEhJnS+u7uL4eFh7Ozs4P79+yKQuL6+juPjYzQ2NqKhoQEnJyeiwqydqc6kSYSkYdja2pJy2dzcnGShPAw0uPpadMAck0JHxo3BTh86KZZodMagDySzHs0/4V4gIqgDg5OTkwujF4jY0CHy9z58+CD/9+nTJ2mO4P7hWKRIJHLhXvj/Z2dn0jn09u1bBAIBmZ3pdDqRmZmJ7e1tGWp7fHyMtLQ0aT3mcyDS1tXVhcTERNy9e1dGWrAb7uXLl+jv78fr16+xuLiIJ0+eoL29HfX19ZiamkJiYiK+ffuG1NRUmEwm3Lp1Cx6PB5OTk0hNTRV9LXbMMLDWgc/e3t4FQikDIAYcDIJ1UM214X1QdJO8KnK6yIOkcyaPktfncyCvkmtCbhGdP0d3cI/wTLDbuLS0FH6/XwZxNzU1ITk5GYHAeVcjBTIrKyvR0tIiJHeqTOsSERFTno8vX75gZmZGng2bKBhU6qRDo0yxpQGeZzrYw8ND6bZdXFyEw+G4EGjpZFQb2P/rFYs+c62i0agQ5ik9wM8gws770AG1vg51ivjs2KFFwce2tjZsbW1JeT0SieCXX37B3NwcHA4Hbt26JY0nq6ur+OWXXzA9PQ2LxXIhsBwaGoLRaEQgEMDg4CBSU1ORlZWFX3/9Fd3d3Xj//j2KiorQ19eHxsZGDA0NYW1tTfSbXr58iXA4LMKflKogH4zUkI8fP0rjE7ll09PTsn5msxmLi4sIBs+7l1taWkS/aWhoSGQbNjY2UFhYCL/fD4/Hg9raWiwtLWF/fx9Go1F8S01NjVRtKH5cWlqKjx8/Ynl5GcnJyXL9kpISVFRUiJ189eqVzIzNyMiQcqzZbEZRURH8fj8yMzNliPr6+joqKirg8/kEYWKw6vF4kJaWhsTERFRVVQmthr5JI6QaCAkE/mcu4796abRFc6Npv5lY87xp/huTMu1LeH549jW/V/8/Ue179+5hd3cXKysrePHihaCtjx49klE7HFi/ubmJzc1NxMfHw2Aw4Pj4GC0tLbhx44bYsMTERLS3t+Pk5HwqwqNHjwTs+OOPPzA8PIxoNIqBgQHk5ubC6/UKclhXVydNYRQ+ZVWBNkDb1Nh11HaFYIQOurQ90e/RDv1FO99Ykij/zgdeX18vIoY6O2fwQJ2N58+fo62tTRwkg7iTkxNpRfV4PHj37h1GR0eldXViYgLPnj1DZWUlhoeHce/ePaysrKChoQGvXr1CZ2cnnj17JtyvhIQEdHV1oa6uDvfv38fz58+xuroKg8GAa9euob+/H+/evYPNZkNDQ4MM/aVaMktDNTU1UjqoqqrCxMQEDg8PZZix1+uFz+dDSUmJqGcPDQ0JUuVwOJCTkyPaPKOjo9ja2kJ1dTUKCgowNDQkHU15eXmIi4vDwsICEhISsLq6KqWD2E5FZmI6OKEx1eiYztRjM/jT01PMzMzg8uXLMryWSuCh0PmYmsuXL8tQ2tu3bwtPr76+HtnZ2Tg5OeebvH37FktLS2J8qBOzu7srcguRSASpqamYmppCNBpFX18fysrK5F7Iadjf30ddXZ1c4/T0FGlpaXA4HAiHw4iLi0N9fT0ODw8xOjqKd+/ewePxwOl04unTp+LEW1pa0NLSgmg0ioSEBHR3dyMzMxN7e3uiyj82NiYChImJiZicnITP58PDhw+RkpKCxcVF3Lt3D2azGaFQCGtra3j58iUWFhaQlJSE4uJiWCwWPHv2DBaLBQ8fPkR+fj4GBgawvb2NzMxMWK1WvHnzBpOTk7h58yZmZmZw584dWK1WXLp0CQMDA+jq6sK1a9dw/fp1/O1vf0NaWpoIE9bX16O5uRmRSARTU1N48eKFODt2Vn769AkDAwN4+PChQOHcSx8+fIDBYEBaWhrOzs7n7V27dg2rq6sIhUJ49OgR8vPzEQgEMDU1JYKGu7u7uHXrljzz8vJyPH/+HBsbGzg4OMCbN29EX6iyshK5ubk4PDzEysoKnj17BrvdjmAwiFevXknp9PLly/j3f/93PHr0SAbFT09P48aNG/jll1+Qmpoqn2E0GnH16lXcvXsXDQ0NePTokfCwYgMNXS7VJGqinTwjWgRWB0f6nGi7Rg4hDaTmhRAZpw3TJNnvocnaYcUGdjppY2mRtpYIC4213+/Hly9f5JzrYFwnBpmZmSgtLUUgEMDq6ioePXqEw8NDlJSU4MqVK0hJSREqgsfjQXNzMy5fvozExERkZWXJjLzq6mq8e/cO9fX1aG1tRXJyMvb39/Hx40eMj4/j6dOniI+PR2VlJeLi4lBVVYXCwkLk5+cjPT1dUITe3l6UlZWhu7sbfX19onZvMBiwvr6O4uJibGxsSLWCcjQcRxMOn+uomc1mmbxQWVkpXWitra0YGxvD8fEx1tbWpBt+Z2cHxcXFMJvNODo6wsTEBH788Ufpgn/58qWU8lNTU9Ha2oqTkxMUFBSgqKhI7Gp+fr50GbvdblRVVUlC+/79e1RXVyMUOp+3mZaWJhpoLS0tMJvNiEQicDgcgqT4/X6RWCDK6/P5EAgEYLVa0dTUJD7AbDajv78fdrsdLS0tqK+vF/uuKxIMkNh9qEWpddXiexUPXZ1hMBqL1DKp1omUrlboIGR7e1s+n+ikbmianJyU5xcMBuX5hMNhrKysCODhcrmk2kWknMPpNzc3MTExIZMQBgcHpTt4c3MTfX19cq/T09PweDySLJLqYbfbsbi4KBqN7LJmJ6huFopNyr5XKuR5pE3iejDQ0vQGXlsCLl0e1AEXy0oMrkpKSjA5Ofm/SnDkDbS2tqKvrw8FBQWYmpq6UMZjdL25uYnl5WUEg+cT6oeHh0WM0u12y1wmv98vYoh0ulVVVfD5fNjf34fVasX8/DxWV1extraGqakpTExMYHV1FVarVcZEsO1zbGwMS0tL2Nvbg91ux8DAAA4PD0WXioOGOeCSZaTBwUEcHx+Ljsfa2hoODw/hdDphs9kQDodljMzW1pbIQjBzo9YKx/DY7XbY7Xa43W5UVlbK9QgZa1hWkwiJTEWjUSHLkvdAonpsFsyXx+NBX1+foEQTExOYnJyUg9fZ2Qmv14vT01NZw1AohNbWVlRXVwta8vbtWxGO7O7uFqV//ptIYF9fH5aXl3FycgKLxYLOzk7ZX21tbVhaWsLXr18xPT2N6elp6To1mUwSSHR1dWFubg6RSATz8/OSjezt7SErK0ta+6enpzE4OIiTkxPY7Xa0trZKd8rMzIxkN+3t7TCZTHC5XPKz79+/R29vLxYXF/Hw4UOYzWbs7e1heHgYpaWlIudAnZ6uri5YrVbExcWhs7MTT58+hc1mg9vtRkdHhwxO5tgRZukTExOyF7u7u2Vvtre34969e4hGozJD8eTkBGtra2hubhZ+W2dnJxYWFhAOn3NCent7JQCpr6+XbjQKb3JPVlZWwu124/Pnz+js7BRHtbu7i5aWFinBMBk5Pj7GwsKCDAgnokCnuLW1Jc7h9PQUbW1tcDgc+PTpE3p7ey/w1Gw2G1wuF9xuN2pqarC7u4uJiQnYbDZsbGwI6uZ2u7GysiLdXGlpafj69asEGuRu0fGQu6RRP54dBmm6vP1/lRD1NWP1dxj0saytnVUsEq0RMF1O0IZbI2+6eyr2+9GuspQTi8TFljs2NjawsrIiZR+iug6HQwLGYDCIiYkJEYjUPDPab67f3t4eurq6ZCgyqxmsCjAp5DmNLXXTYQeDQXz79u1COdDj8cBkMok2nObA0r7pbmMGqCypE2HX3FDyjXg9djlrIrYuT+u1I6rPfcISJFHn2PIan512rLwGEVkiSPxORBz53cmpYwc/A22Nrnz58kWkk4h0E8FhNUKXFCkXQl8Ru9e5Ttq/7+7uwufzSXDFQD4UOp9/SfT99PQUHo9HqgrswKXIMqdFcP2J/Gi+oa6W8TsR3GEDE5temDzpgEcnM7wPXSrWvEb98yzt0s5QVoqBY2Vl5QXSvD5j+ozrvc0ASgdW/HvsSyNefDYXAi79ARpOZnRdWFiIycnJ/4Wq0OA1NTVJ5sTgiAvFh72zs4P19XWJMklCZnTr8XgkAma7OEtSrK9zs3Jz8Fosp/DgaB4QB17zPd4n6+Es3WnIldfiodO8jVgOB190OJST4MamVglLV36/XxylPiD6QelDwtKKDqR0FsJX7GaPdTosI3758kX+/eHDB9GF4XOPzc51KVUjBzqrYomJXIZQKCQt+ixTcc10OVBv9nD4nJ/FElfsYGUaCM0L046K1yXcrLly5HvEOjCn04m+vr4L607DT0ItszYinUNDQ3j//r3sKT0zlOvHs8PERMPvoVBI1J5jsyW+uDcYGPM7UNaA66g5LCwVskTL562dNd/jvfKs0AjqoF93J2pkSHeCaSRWl4NJWG1ra4PH48H29jZ8Pp/MpOR9kdOhnZPmEXFP685KPj/dncV/azL/98or2qDHlgC4f/gM6Wx53/+qTMj107ble9myRvvZfKLfi3WcOhjT/+Y51UEDbQUDKrvdLmNTxsfHsbGxgZ2dHczOzsJqtYrm2MnJiTR/EEnSn8/nrvXMXC4XRkZGJCFmcBdrQ2ZnZ2E2m0UKhHaTXcw66NNr8D0BSu6DcDgso78095RnhueJ90a7Q81CnoHvOXTuDV1G4/5gcEc7pBEffl8dgAeD50007e3tGB4exsnJCbq6urCzs4Oamhq8fPkSjY2N6OvrkzPB7xaNRiXR7O7uxuzsLLKzs9HQ0CDrHY2ek8KZ7DEJ4Uv7Xt2FzuTs4cOHFzTMotGoCPoaDAZR9C8qKkJqauoFPnFbWxtmZmbw4sULGfdH38Z14Hgi/o4eIUX7fnZ2hpaWFtTV1QkgoPcxgQuecdpyPhtKEsXGLfw53ltVVRXy8/MxOTkp8UxlZaVMZtCBdWxpUDcF8e/637Hva9+mE5JQKIS/xG4QHc3p0hZLG0R/eAh1YLC8vIyZmRk0NTWhu7tb9C40HLq9vY2VlRVsbGwgPj4ezc3NKCoqgsFgwOTkpIy1GBwcRGNjI1paWmC326VTpr+/H2VlZYKgUTG5rKwMvb29ErHyIMcSuLlR6ZwZbNJx8cDqjDS2Dh4beHGTRSLnWlsUL3S5XGhoaEBJSQlKSkqwtrYGk8mE2tpaQf9iyxU6W+S1dVs1W9a5eU9PTy8cfr0BePDYlcPnzExMR+j8HW5WHaTQwBFZoMHRRlEHpyTB87tpeJuHj05MZ5jaSTEg4DNgUMxDEYtahMPnozgGBgakzLW8vCwHq7W1FRaLBenp6aiursbi4qKMa+E6Hx8fS0v48vIyKisr0d7ejpmZGQkkOZKImlEMthITEzE8PAyLxYKWlhZ8+vQJBQUFMmyaz5gOmQGU3+9HNBqVzI6dkhzyzYCGAStLe8nJyVheXpY1IUnfaDTKEHfOMxwcHJSAlE7NarXKFAWeCQZqDG4YMEciESEv68CGSBef/+npuUjtkydPcPfuXTGi3d3dsFqteP36NTIyMlBTUyOZfl9fn7TCa56ebknn/tHabiT/r62tIRw+l/Dwer3flQGIDTaZAGjenO62PDw8xPLyMg4ODqTM9T3nrN/7vwIu/dJaYkdH5yOHODeQMjhEv7gWsS8GgroDmEkqk7KWlhYZ+bK/v4/l5WVsbW3JaJTc3Fwpi3P+nsFggMlk+l9UECaSlZWVIiZst9uRmJiI9fV1SY7D4bBosJEns7CwgKKiIrjdbkmKGXj7fD4Eg0Epa9Ee6+fGJCM2sKEN4f3SyWtbo3mo2vbQztFZa3tGniCDmq9fv15Aisid1EkRUSlti46OjmSE19LSEoqKisQfnJycN/TcuHEDXq8XJSUlIt7MZ0m/WlFRgV9++QUDAwMYHh6Gz+eT8U/j4+NwuVx49+4dOjo6MDMzg9bWVvT39yMrKwurq6uoq6vDysoKamtr0d/fL+r0R0dHiI+PF84b/aXH48Hz589Fpb2pqQlTU1My7WBhYQFzc3N4//69dF3W1dUJXy8lJQUbGxsoKytDWloampqasLKygpycHJSVlUlANzAwgObmZtF2S0lJQWNjI7q7u+FwOJCZmYmKigoUFhais7Pzwl7kedXlVZ5DLZNDP0qBaMpG0X+XlJTILEWNbGmboZMw/ef3AjG953TQdgHhii0f6g+PjSizs7Nl6nms7szR0RGys7NF6qGqqgo7OztCKueCeTwe0T7Kzs5GZ2cn2traEB8fj7W1NZkl9/TpU+kwuHnzppCRI5EIFhcXkZycjK2tLZhMJuTn5yMajaKkpAR9fX1Sc6dR05G1NohELvb29sSZ6g4uHjJuRv5dEwm5wITut7e35Tu8efMG09PT2N7exo0bN0R5vqCgAF1dXfI7sQijLpPorI5jLTjSg7IbOsvVwRa/P9EEXkcrD3PT8jnTMGmIXwewOuqnAaQiMyN83RpMx8ESzbdv3+RnGGjErivbuOlY6WD4WcxIeE80zA0NDaiurkZiYiJCoXPhWo5sunz5MiYmJtDc3IypqSmZI1ZdXS0B67dv32T/JyUlwWq1Ynx8HMnJyWKArFarQPhut1u4Bzk5OaiqqsL8/DwqKipgs9lQX18vZc6pqSkp6bHpob+/H319fVKyoz4PS9JTU1OCRnDf+nw+jI+Po7S0FEtLS/K7Jycn+Pvf/w6PxwOv14tHjx4hEDjvbLXZbDg+PpbZjB6PB+np6cjOzobP55OpCU6nU+aNNTc3w2azoaysDOPj46ioqJCGmdPTcwkQHcDRuCwsLCA9PV3m062urqKhoQHBYBBpaWmora1FJBLBjRs3hONzdHSEu3fvYn19Hd++fbuwv/gZGkVjkMTZrhw673Q6ZX/HlgYYIAWDQUFxiKbpxCMajaK8vFyGoDc1NV0wutr56jIibSjth35pI01Hyu9EezE3N4dbt26JEKOuIHwPKYt9MUjlWU1ISEBVVRVycnKwsrKCubk5uN1unJ2d4dKlS7Bardjd3cWVK1fQ3t6OvLw89Pb24vnz5xKMHhwc4PPnz4Kmvn79GgUFBdjd3YXD4RBiOAetP3jwAPX19cKjJIk9MTERFRUVMBqNGB0dxU8//YSnT58iNTUV7969g8FgQFFR0QWfQoRWl4n4nJgg6edAdI3SNETcdBD09etXsWe0R7F6dESDWMaOtfNMypnEMlHn/+nnfnh4KFMccnNzsbS0JHpzbrcbly5dQmpqKh4/fozFxUVEo1Ep4zGY41irhw8fwmQy4eTkBEajEaWlpUhMTITdbsfr16+RnZ0Nm82GtLQ0rK+v488//5TO6pGREWRlZeHZs2dYXFzE1atX4Xa7ERcXd2G6ANcuOTkZCQkJKCkpQWNjIywWC16/fi1ahH6/HwaDQQCEgoIC5ObmYnV1VYK0+/fvY21tTRoIxsbGYDabhXNbU1ODzc1NGfCemZmJjY0NpKenC9e3rKxMRhIxwKYt4PMlT45nhJ2d9P2RyDn/LSUlBUNDQyguLsbu7i4+fPiA6upqeL3eCxxODbhodFW/Hxt8MfCKrSbpChP39QWEixfV0Luup1OgjWiA/kKEI1+9eoX8/HwUFxdjfX1dDCWN5ebmJnp7e2X8B4dIP3r0CG1tbZifn0dNTY3Mc9vb28Mff/yBgoICFBQUwOfzYWNjQ2Z/tbe3o7CwEC6XC6Ojo0hNTZUSHg8KOU66Th0L2/MhaYTv06dPF8pevG/NByASwwO2vb2N6elprK+v4/r161heXobf70dvby8GBwdhtVol0NQoGY1IbBmBARDHhnR0dIgYLGF5XWrUzkNn4dycDOz0YGPtDIheEq7W/D6+zw2oUSx+D3Zt6PKg/lneC/VqGCASvdBlAhq2WLSDgRqNIWv/T548kXU+ODjAysqKdGEajUY8e/YMbW1tWF5eFsJxb2+vOEAdyBUWFuLPP/9ETk4OlpaWUFJSgnfv3sFiscBoNGJqagpv375FUVGRcN0aGhowNTWFsrIyuFwu3L9/H/Pz87h9+zYyMzORl5cnyFJ2djZyc3Nx9epVbG5uIhqNYm5uDrdv38azZ8+wvr6Ovr4+JCUlYWxsDE+ePIHdbpe5h69evYLVasWXL19kfMdvv/2Guro61NbW4ubNmwgEAtK04HK5kJGRAYPBAIfDgWfPniE1NVUkVKxWqwwifvDgAZKSkjA9PS1dwFqTik6KGaU+Ox6PB2azWYwZ58odHR0hJSUFpaWlCAaDyMrKuoBmP3r0SFrpdbChSyOx2Wd7e7vMt4uLi7sgCKtRbB0k6f/XBpHvh8NhZGZmoq2tDSaTCRUVFf+SHM+XNsgaSY79vnTQPFPHx8cyj3B+fh6PHz++gNDHlvR10MXkRwdldPyBQABOpxNFRUXIyMjA+vo6JicnpSPyp59+kiHo//Vf/4WFhQVYrVZkZWWhoKBAghfKo/B7GgwGxMXFCdk6KysLm5ubeP78OSYmJvDmzRu4XC4kJCTIDNn19XVkZWUhGAzK4OSMjAyMjY1hbGxM5roaDIYLHdsnJycXRslwLWkztR3SSS95ieFwWErbDLIYwJ2dnV3goOlgiYgb3yd95dOnT0J54fPVUhDkW5Ejub6+jv39fZml2NbWBp/Ph/7+fmk6+eGHH+DxeFBdXY20tDRsb28LLYP2qL+/Hx6PB3V1dYiPj5eGiJcvX+Lhw4cye5LcYAbEL168gNPpRHl5uUiCVFZWYnBwEO/evZNxYux6Z4K8u7uLpKQktLa2YmFhAbu7u7BarTAYDDKb8+zsDHV1dTJL0Wg0Ijc3Fw6HA2azGWVlZcjNzUVdXR2am5uRnp4Oh8OBiYkJdHR0YGVlBQMDA7BYLEhISMDm5iZKS0uxvr6OBw8eYGtrC+vr67hz544MIGdZOhw+57HS962trWFmZkae3eDgIPb39xEKhaQb0u12o6ioCAcHB6irqxOifEVFBTY3N8XOcN99L+CKDbZ0AhYbcPE9jXjxWn+JvTD/roMvGsGqqiqYzeb/VRYiisKSDpEcrUfDDe/z+URpPRA4HyY7NDSEzMxMJCUlwefzobe3F1lZWTg6Op8O/9tvv6GlpQUZGRk4Pj6Gy+VCUlISnE4nWlpakJ+fj2AwKAM/2enG8hthY96f1jTRwQiDG5ZptAQCyz8MujiGiKKo5CXs7OxgZmYGPp8Pd+/excLCAg4PDzE2Nga3242FhQXMzMxgeXn5wggHHWTxYWqOGH+OI13W19cvZGrfg0M1lEnDRINGZ8R71BkcDTuDIh0o8e86E49EIpIpcL/oUodwy3jsAAAgAElEQVQOfonaEeWi4zk7O5OfIzGTn8+yNtdGG1EqDkejUbx69QpLS0t4/vw5Dg4OsLCwgFDofKjpzMwMCgsL8cMPP2B5eRmnp6cyEYH8A5bRPn36hOzsbLS0tODt27e4efOmSB2cnJwgJycH8fHxuH//PqqqqjA0NISKigqUl5fDarWioqIC0WhUOjdTUlLQ1dWFtrY2DA4OiuYRSzjck3a7Ha9evUJcXByampqwtLSE/Px8bG1t4ffff5eu2Y8fPyIjI0M6n+icb926hampKczMzODRo0c4PT3F9PQ0WlpaREIlLi4O8/Pzol1VX1+P5ORkHBwc4MmTJwgGg0hMTBTO1dzcHOLj4zE3NycSKTTQhOM5y5Gl74WFBaSlpcmcTa4xhzWHw2Hcvn0bhYWF0qn84MEDjI2NweFwCNlal7eJTnH/Eo2mSC4bFHRZTRvGWHSIxlMnJwzg9/f34ff7ReOHDlBTCXRQqAMu7n+eAf39GSRofhqTtHD4fIB6bNlLB2464GIC6fF4RHImGo1KOT0+Ph5dXV0oKChAZ2cnpqensbGxgaOjI1y+fBlmsxlzc3O4e/cuPB4PhoaG0NzcjKysLIyNjcneImc2LS0NFosFaWlp6OnpgdfrRU5ODux2O168eCFD14+OjpCeno7FxUVRuk9OTpYO9sHBQTx79gwjIyNYXV1FfHw86uvr8ezZM4yNjeH9+/cIhUJob2/H9PS0BNbz8/M4PDzE5OQkSktLcXZ2htnZWaSkpGB/f18mGbDxZHp6Gs+fP5dGlubmZtFy3NjYwLt378SmdnV1IT8/H5FIRJIRBv/8zuFwGP39/XLNw8NDvHr1ClNTUwiHw6ioqEBxcbHMxExJSYHX60VDQwOuXbuGV69eYXFxEbW1tdje3kZZWRkuXbqE5uZmpKamoq6uTmQ8iOg7HA4YjUbk5eVhYWEBubm5CAQCyM/PR1JSEn777Tf09PSguLgYCQkJAlZYrVY8e/YMXV1dyMnJQWpqKhwOB7KysuQZt7e348aNG8jJyZFgMxQKwWQy4e9//zsePnyIyclJBAIBZGRk4M8//0Rubi5SU1PhdruRkZGBlZUVvH37FomJiTCZTCgpKUFRURFGRkaQmZmJsrIyVFdXS5Wgra0NNpsNY2NjyMjIQEVFBYaGhjA4OIj4+HgZks55uMXFxZifn5f93N3djZ2dHTx79gzd3d04Pj5GXV0drl+/Dr/fj7W1Nfz4448YGRlBOBxGWVkZ0tPTsbu7K2KvXV1dcnbKy8uxtbV1wVbEAh6xyZkuI+rSYiyXS8tFaBDkL98jDzLoYBmDTrizsxMWi+UCdykYDEpEWVhYiCtXriAtLQ1xcXFCjqfTJYl2aWlJnG1DQ4OUETk65fj4GJmZmRgeHpahv9RPqqysRH5+PmpraxEKhRAfH4/Xr1+joqICt2/fhsvlwsuXL4XTQpJcXl4eFhcX8fHjR4yOjsJoNOLk5LzbJiEhAS6XC5FIBLW1tWhsbBRjzwBjZWUFjx49QmtrK4LBIEpLS/Hw4UNsbW1hZmYGBoMBh4eHMln98PAQ/f39SE5OhtFoFG7Nn3/+iStXrsBoNMJgMGB1dfVCNyINMwnXLDuygYDG/cuXLxIAkqOgs3hdQ25oaMCbN28QCJzr9Lx9+xZOpxOBQABlZWVoa2vDx48fYbfb8euvv8paFBcXY3BwEGdnZ5iamhI9lZOTE3kWe3t7clB2d3exv7+Pn376SbgvSUlJePv2LXZ3d+F2u3Hr1i3ppEpNTUVZWZk4irt378reuHXrFmpqavD161cMDg6KUjxFFDllvqenBxaLBZ8+fUJxcTFGRkbw8uVLGQAcDodFxfvg4AA3b97E/Pw8fD4fbty4IUOdb9++LRMMgsEgrl69ioaGBmxvb+OHH34QkqnD4cCLFy/Q1taGV69eYX9/H729vUhISMDTp09RVlaGe/fuYWtrSzSNrl69CqPRiMTERJSWlqKoqAhXr17Fy5cvZeD3x48fUVdXh3/84x+4fPkyLl26hNbWVly7dg1VVVX49ddf0dbWhhcvXmBkZATXrl2TUt3x8TEmJibw17/+Ff39/RgeHsYvv/wiI42ePHkCs9mM169fo6SkBD09PSgoKMClS5fQ1taG69evo7y8HHl5eRgZGcE//vEPjIyMCDpdVFQk3cVxcXHSrn/9+nWRpLh+/brMT52bm5MJEOxgHRwcxN///nc8ePAACQkJKCgokMSprq4Ot2/fRkNDA+7evYu9vT3h7nCgbmzwxCCdJWsaSzYNxJbxNIpP26O5a0w2iNIy6dIomUavNDIdWyXQaFdseZGJXqzkg3Z65EHF8sE0usWqw7t37yTBIEK6vb2NkpISXL9+HXfu3MHm5iasVivW19dRU1ODP//8E7/99pvQP9bW1nDz5k3h6XR2dqKzsxPh8Plg4vr6ely5cgVjY2MwGAx4+vQpGhoaUFpaKkK/KSkpePjwIZxOJ8xmMzIyMkSGhxSQzs5OjI+PIysrC7m5udjZ2UFjYyN6enrQ3d2NxcVFSbTNZrOM4WpsbITL5UIgcK4BVltbi/39fezv72N0dFTWqqGhQYJ/p9OJpqYmCYpnZ2cvVBVINI9EIrDZbMJd8/v9GB4elm62xcVFKVUzcWZyWF9fL7MIbTYbhoeHJWkcHBwUaaH19XWRViF/amFhAQ6HA3Nzc9jd3cXp6Sn6+/thMpnEX3IeptPplL3Acu/+/r40MHg8HkG7I5GIEPC1jiPPstZuZEemTsL9fr+Ij56enmJnZwcul0vOFzvqqZVH1YDj42MZXK+rP/RZZ2f/o1RfXFwsenycWKHLvzMzM4iPj0dVVRW2t7fh9/tlWDv15RhX+Hw+6dL9+vWrKBsQaeTs1NPTc6mVT58+SUNbcXGxzA/VVSuNSMUGXrFBViyBnkANwYdYusKFgIuGgmgUDRMXqq+vT6JPZnB8CGdnZ2hvb0ddXR3y8vLQ2toqC85FJ8l1cXFRUCeK4FHwjERSn8+HwcFBWCwWKS16vV709/eLYN7Ozg6mpqYwMDCA2dlZQYxITN/Y2BA19qmpKZmLZrfbMTIyIg6BcOX+/j7sdrt0bvAB8H6ZPZAPQ5VeKuUy+GRL9dHR+XiZqakp7O/vY3t7G4uLi7DZbLDb7ejv78fGxoZ8FoNNlgeI7BBCj5WNYObMYCuWt8LNsrS0hPHxcUGzhoaGRC7DZrPJvEmv1ysq7R8+fIDZbBa5iMXFRcnaSOZkdre4uIiamhr5rtXV1aIu3NXVhYGBAdkLnZ2dMsLFbDZL+/Pu7q4YG/Lxent7xWjl5uaK7EZJSQlWV1dxdHSEsbExTExMIBKJyOzMjY0NRKNRbGxsIBgMorm5GW1tbfB6vQIxW61WVFdXo7u7G2tra4iLi8Pi4qIgH5WVlWhsbBQkiaTvsrIymcdFlXPOAxwYGEBfXx9aW1vh8/kwMTGB+fl54S+MjY1heXkZVVVVSE1NRVtbG65duyZOd3d3F01NTRgbG8PIyAiWlpZgMplgNpvR1dUFh8MBi8WC8vJyjIyMyHMLhUKYm5vD1NQUlpeXYbfbMTo6CpPJhOXlZYyPj8PpdMJqtWJsbEzUwtvb2+F0OsVgk7htsViwu7uLubk53L9/Hy0tLdje3obD4cDLly/h8XgQDAYxMDAgSMDExITsZYrNHhwcwO/3o6enB+vr63A6naJpx71LrZzDw0PMzMygpqZGuEjcyySZEz3SyBSNnW7XJydHB1w6UNH8H/0iJ5GfpcuAsUgZ0S6eXQZgmp8VW4Lk5/L3tWSBtqc6YNOlfB1w8azZbDaxSaenp7Db7YKcUVE8EAhgdnYWW1tbODw8FKRSX4s0jP39ffT09MDlcslnMMDVnCau8draGnJycmC1WpGXlycIm04aef+xkgpcO5b67HY7enp6Ljg5/h8dPa+reTGa1sLkhQ6Z9lGjhUQveU/cVwxK+Jna/2mSv0ZINU2F60mBYe4dnrdg8FwIlOvN5hsGAC6XCzs7O9jb25MxQ3wG3F87OztSqvf5fPL5ujoTDoel8kKeIIXF/X6/NITwrPI+v3z5It+Tn8sKAq/N9WJAw/e4n51OJxwOhzQLMRk6ODiAw+HA1tYWSktLUV1dDYfDIU1D9H2UaiorK8Pm5iY8Ho9QGWhTotGocLU0SMH9oakI3F9LS0twOp0X1ooBnabWaPrBv0qaNN1Kd0Pz36TUaNvBa/4lFqam49eZGxd8ZGREurro8LVxaGpqEsSpvr5eSN38MqFQSAw/I3BG80TU6Hy5CQ8PD+FyubC3tydKxNwsp6enIgnB+vnR0RHW1tYuRNc6UGGky3ZRRvw8wPwunOPFQ8pSABEvHjgeMm4qaoTpw8r75OdwU5PMr8sQujWYZTRmH5rHxJ/R9xBbX47dJNpI8Dq6nKxhUhpUXkcTFmkIiQJqOFWPodEOhddnuUTfA0tE/D76d/h3zbPi99HGksaBByAYDIpmmM4wTk9PZf1J6mcQrp0enytLSX19fUhPT5dSOX+OXU0k+UYiETEaep11kLywsIDOzk5sbGygq6vrgnHgPtMOR/NaaFz032P34efPn+V78RXbDEFe3Pe6ZWlENzY2kJOTIyN3vF4v5ubmLpSdaYj5nbm+XOPd3V10d3eL7AOdvcPhkFIaFdaZANGxkytG58WuMj5zbci4p6gaHcud0DaOP8910wFE7PnSn6ENcKyB1gFdLLdKB0y6zE/byP3LQJJnSpdVv1cW1YgF9whtNfmXTJzn5uawtrYGm82G2dlZTE5OYnl5WZwdR60wudaBBNeHyTHPNu3w8vKyzCcl4nJwcICKigrRGeS66wCJe25kZAStra0YHx+Xkvv8/Lxw/zQ1xWKxYGdnRyabcE2pBs/ge3h4GG1tbYLi8LlOT0/DaDRKhxrvXwdvJPCTRxYKhTA9PY2kpCSp5vA5xfoX7WcCgXOF/tzcXFitVkQiEbS2tmJnZwft7e1ITExEU1MT6uvrZeRNRUUFSkpKxB/qrlaWUFNSUpCXl4fm5uYL/onryb3CfXV8fIzCwkK0tbVhc3MTycnJ8Hg8gnzxGp8/f5b1po3jnow9K/o97jN29aampsr1eQ4GBgZQXFyM+vp6VFVVCXpKtE3vVbfbDYPBgPHxcQwPDyMrK0uqT1o2is9HB3266YBnaHNzE3l5eWhsbMTo6Kj45qqqKuHk6XOs/eX3UGudBOkzTpugaQqxid9f9CJq3gEPtDYG7e3tGB8fv9C6y5+jAJ/dbofNZhNhSp0N0mjPzs4iEAgIDyAnJwednZ0YHR1FXFwcKisrYTQaMT4+Ll0YqampqKysxJ07d2CxWPDy5UuUlZVhdHRU6uNUHi4uLhZSZlxcHCYmJjAyMoI3b95IHX9rawt9fX2ihdPe3o43b94IebirqwtGoxHp6elikJh5M5LlhtMOz+v1YmJiQtC8tLQ05OTkoLm5WZC87u5umEwmbG5uSrCoESptiLnGDNy47rotms9NG3rtRHQZkverDxNLKTqY0YJ4LO/ws/SB5CFn8MJggMbi27dvMvSa68R9FY1GJTD47//+bwk8vn79KnyxWAI+f4ZGiITWjx8/wuv1YmZmRkT6VlZWsL29LRo21dXVqKmpwcbGBiKRc1HP4uJiLCwsyIFlpyIdfE9PD5xOpxhmzv/ioY3Nho+Pj1FVVYX79++LfAeNfTAYlFIFu2d5vtg4wOfKZEN3acY670gkgn/+858XjINGhr59+ybPj0aDshbk5n3+/Blfv34V583POD4+lvWmUaWB47XofPgcWbLOyspCdnY2VldX4Xa70dfXh7a2Nvz+++8oKyuDyWTCv/3bv6GnpwcVFRVIT09HaWmpZK86eOfzZhcsg2aiDk6nE6enp6ipqREFb500xKIPupSoXzrQZVnC7XZfyIBjX99rA9eB2PdeWuqDfzocDrkHm80m55voQywix++qeae8ltaF29raEhkHs9kMh8MBq9WKK1euoK+vT0byrK2tITk5GXfv3pUmFz4LOrPPnz/DaDSiq6tLztfe3h52dnYQCp0LS7tcLqytraG3txcHBwdCtGYQrxMSIics6XGyQ1VVFdrb22G1WtHT03MhuNvf3xeSd2dnp3TNnpyc4J///KfYKa/XK4ELeaO6YmM0GtHS0gKfzweLxQKLxYLh4WEZ63Tt2jWxzR0dHSJ9QY4xEy39vOlH9d+j0XOOHcW0A4GAyKG4XC7cunULGxsbmJ2dRXJyMo6OjvD+/XuUlpbiy5cvktxqMde6ujrk5OTA7Xbjxo0bWFlZwfLyslBWvF4vMjMzZWwW1fnfv3+P1tZWaQQhp9NkMomE0+npKerq6lBeXi66W7xHjt8pLCxENHo+QaSiogLZ2dmYmJjAycm51Ex9fT0yMjIEYWQDBs/9xsYGsrKy0NXVBYPBgIyMDIyPj2NrawuvX78WzmpdXZ1ISpSUlMBmsyEvLw/j4+OIj49HR0cHjEYjbDYb/H4/GhoapDGKvC/arImJCWRnZ8PlcomA9uHhIUpLSwWt5/Pi/epgi7Y2NoH63iuWz6VtRCgUujhLMRQKCcKj+Q50As3NzRgdHZVMmc7W7/fj8ePHePHiBYqLi9HT04P29nbRYtHZw87OjnB4eMjGxsbw7NkzbG9vIz09HcvLyzCZTELQ6+vrQ3Z2NtbW1kRwraWlBT/++CO6u7vR09MjQ4V7e3vl4Xi9XiQnJ2NtbQ12u13m6QWD57MNnzx5ckH1/s6dO7DZbEhNTcXs7Czm5+dht9slW6GD4gOhkdOQtt/vl5Ln1tYWDAaDdGZyFtfW1hbq6+ulDMmDqnWNGGzprNnn8wkhcGZmRoZ2xmbUGk3RUTcNn0YmYgNG3YFGRIoZDVWPNbzM/9O/Q8egAyx+D66dDjQoUcF1iEQiF9CnL1++SADKz6ND1tyA7Oxs9Pf3o6amRgxAIHA+NiIxMRHT09Ow2+2orKzEyMgIHj9+DJPJhKysLHEw/PxI5JwL8fjxY7S1tYnxe/z4sYwGYvnO4/HICJulpSW43W78/PPPmJubg81mk/manDHK0VCrq6sXzpEOlum0SbxksKudNoNCrjPXjIkBOR3MxtlooFHI2OSJ3IxYHlJsQM59SgSRqB65YtTQo9QFuxT/9re/YXp6GomJiXA6nSgsLMTR0RHu378vjSA60P769avsEb0no9EojEYjpqen0djYiMTExAtlRgZrGhmiEWbQpUt8JFCvrq6iqqoKTqcTJSUlcDgcFwysRrW+l+H+/wxybBbd29uL2tpaTE5O4sqVK1L2YyDxvQBRB93amDPgPzg4wMHBASorK5GTkyPyIBsbGzg7O8O1a9ekY/HKlSvi9NPS0i6gZLR7odD5FJA7d+7AYDAgEonAZDLh6dOnuHfvHgoKCmA0GrGxsSH8XafTidzcXJSXlyM/P18mT3CdtewO0bDOzk4JwGdmZhAMBlFZWYnExES8efMG/f39yMnJwfr6On7++Wekp6djbW1N7DDX9eTkBKmpqWhoaMDvv/+OlpYWqWgcHR2hrq4Ovb292NnZwdu3b1FZWYmqqir09PSgubkZV69eFdFRh8OB6upqrK+v4+3bt1K24vrQLrHLWnPxaFMZYJBuEQyeC8feu3cPXq8XTqdTnsnIyAjy8vIuIGd8BqFQCBkZGbh27Rpev36NlJQUuFwupKamwmAw4MGDB6isrMT/Y+w9n9pOsyzg+a/2825Nbe3s7PSE7pnqnna32263cTmWbcqhTBmDTRBJ5BxMDkUuUpFKSCAySAKBAqJAiKBQEgiXU9fseT/wnjsXrXff9wNlDOIXnuc+956bzn3z5o2MtmMDW0dHBxoaGuBwOHDz5k04nU4UFBSgrKwM9fX1mJ6exsjICOrq6lBWVobMzEyJDEYiEanDe/jwIZaXl2E2m1FZWYnDw0NkZ2djYWFBiFTT0tKwubkp5/T09BQzMzO4e/cubt68iZqaGlgsFqGCeP36NVpbW9HV1YWWlha8ffsW1dXV6OzsxMrKiszETEtLw8rKCmprazE4OIihoSEMDAxI92R3dzdqamqkqYH6iUEO0pWwxqu4uBher/dSmjAxS8Sf65996XP8f2Jdl045xmKxf0a4GI7zer1Sl8Gf0xPp7e2VYmgddmPb5tTUFFpbW1FeXi48XDr/Gw5fDBxdW1uD1WqVQuvd3V10dnbC7XYjIyMDS0tLyMjIQH9/P/x+P4aHh/H06VNBzqRIaGlpwZ07d1BUVASPx4Px8XHcvXsXqampGB8flwJ6hjHz8vKE0X52dhaPHz9GQ0MDTk5OEAgEYDAYUFNTg4aGBiFpY6ejTtnQ8OkwK8ELeZLIb5SWloaNjQ14PB7hutnY2EB5ebkUlVKodcSQUSeGWo+Pj7G2toaWlhZp92XHokblOh2mve1EQ8PoBNMwBMYUEj5LIr8Ir6E9fH4mEAiIwmNHpE7p6BEZjLLo59bRGXrqnz9/lhA952zRi9TkluFwGBaLRTheWFzJ9cvNzZXxOMXFxZidnUVraysKCgpk1lfiwSN/zrVr17Czs4Ozs4vOw4mJCdTU1KCjowMZGRlobW1Ffn4+2tvbxRv73e9+B5PJhMLCQmxsbODNmzd4/vy5cNsUFBQgJydH9oZRQp3W1GlQnQLmvmrySw0uCJioAHSKTRsF/p+fPTw8lBmY2kvXbM4Ew9qTp8Hb2dmB3++XId1DQ0Pw+/0YGRlBNBpFaWkpSktL8eLFCzx69Ag+nw/T09NYWlqSdnAtf/F4XMB2YvQ2GAwiIyMDq6ur6O7uxqtXr3B4eCiRQj63jkTriL0Gk4zoHB4eYnV1Ffn5+RIlcblcl2Q4MUWpUw6J19XgS4MkAqVo9KLGsbKyUjiTWByu76PPWqJDxrNBx5i6wmq1ylDwo6MjzM/PSxMTHcuTkxP88MMPWFtbw9zcHFJSUmRt+Qx8Hzoo9+7dw+bmJnZ3d5GTk4O5uTn09PSgqqoK6+vr0pAUDAaFt7G5uRkmkwmx2OVB7Dzvx8fHsFgsePbsGQYHB5GdnY2enh4Eg0FsbW2hqKhIItetra0CMjjGimvCfZ6YmEBjYyMyMjIwOzsrtbt0GEiweXp6ipaWFqysrGB6elq449LT0+F2u/Hy5UvMzs6iq6sLTqcTL168EO69cDgsET4GHVgvd3p6CrfbLQX0RqNRBirX19dL2czVq1exv78Ph8OBhw8f4vj4GBMTE6itrcXZ2ZnULNEhC4fDQhI+Pj6OgoIC+P1+pKSkoKamRoAK55N2dHQgMzNTxpU1Njbi6OgI6enpODg4QElJCebn59HR0QGLxYL29nZkZ2fLXmrHmTyY165dg9lsxszMDJqbmxEIBKQzsaCgQOhCtra25JlPT09RWVmJsbExzMzM4P79+0KPdHx8jFevXsFoNErXIhvoqqursbi4iJKSEkSjUVRUVGBzcxPt7e2YnJzEyMgIenp6MDMzg4KCAlRXV2NhYQGbm5tYWlqS7EIwGMT09DRevHiBrq4usS0FBQVCyaPPqQZK1Ddfcp50ulD/X0e1EkHZb6gECLj0bKvEdMLk5CTGxsZEsBM/Y7FYBM03NTVJ4SUVTyRywWS7sbGBhYUFfPfdd9K2W19fj0AgIKmIlpYW1NTUSNdIQUEBxsbGsLKyApPJhNHRUWxtbaGurk6iY/X19ZidnZU0o91uF3I4pgqZ/mS32O3btwXx2mw2vHjxAgsLC/j73/8u0Tymf8iwzCgPlTiNH8EcZydyArzb7RZ24L29PXi9XphMJqyvr8Nut4uBPD09vcSPpUPKBBtkot7Z2ZEGA+0tamNAo8XUF2spmBLT6WByYrEw9PT09BKr8sePH/Hrr7+KbJA0lvfVKTEKK6/PAkqGptkBpj0oXajJ+zB6yGcIBAJCnMp7aYBkNpulHTwUCmF+fl46RzMzM+FwOPD+/Xvk5eVJB+zs7Oyl8DkBTygUkk7Xf/3Xf8XExAQikYjUFmRmZkrK2mQyCTHh4OCghMc9Ho+weXd2dqKrqwsulwvt7e3IyMhAZmamgG52txIokCuG+6a5iLhOp6cXczJ5uCmT2vPW6SfWN/AcUu6omHTHEaOO5KnR6dOzszM5EwSKLKIdGRlBdna2pORPTk4wODiId+/eobm5GWtrazAajfjuu+8QDAZlusTw8DA2NjawvLwstBCJaToScDLqyVEzTJ0wEsSUD2VUpxd1hE4rT8rhycmJDORll7COVmhgRQCn610TAdeXFLTeJ94vHo9Leo6pXw3adJqUfx+LxeD1emGz2eT+LpcLx8fHqK6uRm5urujBmZkZqa1ipzA54nw+H6xWK54+fSpNRA6HQ2Rsf38fOTk5mJ2dRVpamjTdkPPJ7/cL39Pi4iIKCgoEQJKYms0tw8PDAip41k5OTiTj4PF40NDQgIGBARweHmJxcRF5eXkyuD4/Px8bGxvIyMhARUUFtra2kJqaKhMHPn78iNevX6OwsBDZ2dm4d+8eWlpaJMVls9nw6tUr3L9/HxsbGwIwMjMzkZubi83NTXz11VdoaWlBSUkJBgYGYDKZMDIygj//+c/o6OiA0WjExMQERkZGUFVVhWg0iuLiYmRlZeHo6Aizs7O4desWtre30dnZiZ9++gk5OTnweDwCeurq6vDnP/8ZbW1tyMjIgNVqlYHYN27cwOTkJEpLSzE8PCxzC5eWlvDTTz8hJSUFQ0ND+Prrr9HR0YHy8nKUlZUhLS0NxcXFSEpKwg8//ICamhp0dnZKEMFoNKK5uRl///vfUV9fj5s3bwqlRFFRETo7O/GnP/0Jjx49wuLi4iWQurCwgPv37+Px48cC6n755RdUVFTg1q1b6O7uxt27d5GSkoIrV66gtLT0UnT8wYMHKCwslIah+fl5pKWlobCwEBUVFbBYLBK16+npwZ07d3Dz5k1UVlbi/v376O/vx8OHD9H3ecgAACAASURBVFFVVYUXL17g8ePHyM7ORmpqKqampvDtt98iLS0NnZ2dWF1dhdFolMaBtbU1/PWvf8WdO3dgNBqluY6Dz7WzryNaOsOknZ//K+r1f/389PT/reHSqaEvhb95U7PZjIGBAQFZVBix2AXnldfrFa+fhkQXx0ciEezv78NutyMQCEinVmNjI5qamoQ/qLGxEd3d3bh37x4WFhbw8uVLPHr0CO3t7Xj06JEQozJvbTQa4ff7UVRUhKKiIiwuLkpumMLQ2dmJp0+fCrVFbW0tFhcXZWYUU6mFhYU4PDyUgx0Oh1FeXo6qqip0dnbi/v378Hg8GBkZEQW1ubmJoqIi6QKZmZnB4eEhenp68ODBAzQ0NCA1NVWGFhsMBjx//hzV1dX4/vvvsbS0JNxSTC1x/fXm0aAQ5DFykRj90N+fnZ2hr68PP/30kzD20thHIhGMjo7ij3/8I7a2tnBwcIDr16+js7MTp6cXNU5Go1E8tnv37kkIlmSfsVgMu7u7SE9PF9bi3NxcjI6OCoBMSUnBzs4OHA6HsGkfHh7i5s2bGBwcRCQSEZJGGvXCwkIMDg5Kd0plZaUYwKKiIkxPTyMajcJqtaKjowPhcBhPnjzB4OAgBgYGEAwGhU17e3tblP/k5CRaWlowOjqKa9euoampCXl5eZiYmEBFRYUASo/HA6PRCLvdDqPRKADq+vXraGtrE7bnt2/fYmdnB1lZWRgZGUFbWxusViuSkpLQ2dkphICUob29Pdy5cwd5eXm4ceMGjEYj7ty5g+HhYfzHf/yHtJB//fXXwhKfnJwMg8Eg4OXhw4fS1fPLL79IXWVeXh6Ki4sRCl3MLL127ZqM7nj58iWqq6sRDl+MPLp9+zY8Hg8+fvwo6YePHz/izZs3KCkpwdHRESoqKsQLtVqtuHr1qozPaW9vR0pKikSVMjIyMD4+DqfTiefPn6OoqAijo6PCRr24uIiffvpJuo/+8pe/YGtrC/fu3cOzZ89w7949NDU14YcffriU0qLi0/UR+jww0smIMGv6GGVNLJ7X19IeKe/DmsbEzyfWdOg0fKJS1hHKRC9YRw+ZCmdEid8nPoP+omMcjV50eGZlZeHZs2fY3d3F8vIykpKSsL6+Dp/PB6PRiIyMDJycnAj1Dh3UrKwsIY31er0wGo148uQJmpubkZubi6qqKnGEBgcHcfPmTeGlu337NtbX19He3g6Xy4WdnR3k5+ejra1N2MMtFgtqampQXl4uXFJra2sYHh7GyMiI6BIC63A4jPHxcZFPt9uNaDSK4eFhVFRUwOVyCfiyWq1YX18XoPLq1Stsb2+L0XQ4HCgpKYHFYkF9fb10jbORZmRkBN3d3VhdXcX09DSmpqYwPT2NtbU1AZz9/f2SSbHZbNLsxe8DgQAmJyelcN3hcMBkMuHdu4u5tN3d3Tg6OsL4+DjMZjOmpqbg9/vR2dmJQCAAu92OpaUlrK2tSe0kbQmjNCzyZhmMw+HAzMwMxsbG4Ha7YbFYpB5pZmZGGhSohzmEntFBzg3c29uTGsXd3V3s7e1hf38fBoMBJpMJZrMZtbW1lxyEUCgksxHD4bDUT7IZhg0yi4uLsNlsUvfGM8ISmOnpaclGGQwGqXeORC6adBwOh3T0M0rI+mUGRthkw/PDiOXCwgIqKysxOjqKt2/fSmCBHZKbm5syzHp/fx9ZWVkyNJvlPIk1V4kR8USnTZ/rxHKCxO9jsYQuRRp0nbLQbdJjY2Po7e295BHy78iDkp+fj/39fczNzV1i8+Vn3G63zIDb2trC+Pg4LBYLTk5O4PF4xEvy+/2w2Wzwer1YXV3F0tISFhYWYLPZ4PP5sLS0hMXFRaEKYPGpw+GQGVMbGxuYn58XMkir1YrFxUU4nU6srKxgfX0dVqtV6gUikYg8MykqwuEL9trJyUm4XC5MT0/j5OQEq6urGBwcRDh80W04NzcnAGN2dhah0MXwWD779va2CM3i4qLUiN2+fRsLCwuXaqmo6Ml0zzodAivt4dJ46JoUAmV+ZmtrS3jLWGvE+jGPx4PBwUHpahoaGsLGxgYikQh2dnaEdy0UCqGvr09SDaQh4DsNDg7i6OgIHz58EI4ZPh8Hh+/v72NyclKiqDMzM/B6vYjHLwg6zWazpMRaW1thtVrlII+OjkqxPpspgsEL4ktOP1hfX8f4+Dh8Ph+CwaDUCs7NzWF8fBwTExOSJuY1e3p6sLOzg+XlZbx9+1a8bqfTiY6ODthsNvT392N4eBhLS0vo7e2F3W5HTk4O6uvrYTAY0NXVhZ2dHemwIg/O7Oys1MpYrVYsLy8jGAwKDcPU1JSAQUZuw+EwdnZ20NTUJEX1IyMjUnR7cHCA+fl5kRWz2Sztzozksg6HLNX0jjc2NoRDiJ20BNaMsqytrWFxcRGhUAi7u7vweDyS9jSZTOKY7O/vS9qBRm53dxefP3+Gx+PB7u6ugN2JiQlsbm5ibW0Nq6ur0qXIQfYulwsOhwNTU1MoLi4WRUmQoQeJaxBGp4/1aTwzPCesR9QdvlpBat2mlS3lXf9OA6wvKVh99vT/GZX6UhqSwJJgjhFbpvV0lyLBRDQavURpMD8/j9XVVXF8HQ6HnLWNjQ1sbW1JlyI5o8iVpLMavN/GxoaAEabZyQlFYMioaaJTzn+pS/Waa2C6uLiIoaEhBINBiULoqK3OiugaxsTIA9dNg2/9DFxvrp1Ou+taU74D11/T8+iyCALzcPiiy9dqtWJ3d1fS8ZQfHbzQUZJ4PI7W1lYEAgFsbW3B5XJhe3tbov6xWEyaqFhYv7e3d+l9mIL1+XyXmncYDdcykxiN1V37+l0ph263GxMTE+jt7RXnXEeHtWOho7qMdOtshZZ/2ic6NOFwGGNjYygsLMTw8LCsPZ9R167ptCQDDex+Zwrd7XajqakJ1dXVcDgcUhbFcqBw+GIM29zcnGSGjo+PkZ2dLREunVJMLNFJDGRou6tBl5bHRFt+CXDp2iG9qDplSMU8PDx86TM8+H6/XwryDAYDKisrpWuIm0X0TfZ13fXGrpeDgwMcHh5KES7pIZjC4OBT/p/pGBpxzTHDw0vlT6HmgaKAx+NxSbdoZUxhJbKn4FHZUElq4xAOhyV/TD4xpoPIHcI1s1qtwtmkUx66TiPRc2ZNHQuidRfTl7xsCgbXhvfgs5ydnclcMK18dGqNyoOGTxfy8jNaqPj8PGiUoUjkn+M6WMCt5Y8KV78XUyu8x4cPH+Tv2EV3eHj4PwT++PhY6lS4l4wikjKEURCCHMoqFRivx/XjM56cnGBoaAh1dXVobW0VcKkNI4tr+Vx8BoJyAvV4PI6ZmZlLcqQjMlT8BwcHEvmgwqBB4j25vlxPgjummaiM+Vx8RlKgsOaJtYO6loj3YQSS76O7ZfX7fvjwQVLe4+PjkkJm7SBT51ScBIJut1vWhu9JY0UZ5Zpo48a11cqPMkKAwcaIRHnTZ59rQhnT76UbB3RqL1EPaHnnmdA1cPqs62g0z4vuAOazUifpa1MW+UzUAexwpOceDl/wpLndbszPz8vUC5PJhL6+PnFAJycnEY1GBYQxisB0Mbnf2AjCveM6cE/5XKzhJUik7jg6OhIdTmoJ6lVddM53o30goAmFQuKM8vcaFOv6Uf4+EokIt5W2bxrI6mvyGVjPQ6eXDSe6lOT09FTsGa/FcpBo9IJSYmJiAtFoFHV1dTg4OEBnZ6dEwRsbG7G1tSWOFjNEXF9dtrO/v4+2tja0tLSgqakJnZ2dAmpIw8SyDsop31uXgegIsKZdYTen1u9ad1HH6QaUL+ltDfr0mdN0F7wO70k7rB0j/ss0u+6Y53sTQ9BGE7CyVs7v9+PNmzd4+/YtjEajgK6cnBzs7u5eOpdfAlyJjleig5aYSkyMemlA9xuN7HTBrr4ZBXZ6ehpDQ0Oy2NwQhqR1ATwJMrmowWBQWpUtFgtcLheeP3+OjIwM1NfXo6urS2YkJiUlYXx8XBjaBwcH8fjxYxmOmpaWhoaGBiQlJeHJkyewWCxScJiUlITc3FxUVFSgrKwMY2NjuHPnDjo7O9Hd3S0DQN1uN1paWqQ4b3t7GxaLRYqgOVmdg3AJ4uj16XReNBoVodzd3cXY2BgCgQCWl5fx+PFjFBUVITU1VZiTtQdMBamBKQGL9kJoBFiwyYJK7dHriKM2BtogUolRiD9+/IijoyM5eBR8toefnZ3h06dPku4kIOD9afQ+f/4sAICH4vT0FJ8/f75kDLWy1NE5gkn+nIr+H//4hyg6KjGOTWBxNCOxdrsdY2NjknLZ3NyUgagcJP3s2TMp7iRhKYlYdQp3e3sbdXV1GBsbw/DwMPx+v9RSaMPMEH16erp01uTk5Mh0g5mZGZmPRwVPZUflw+twDalkA4GAdGNqjzsvLw8PHjwQ8tejoyPk5+fj0aNHMBqNqKysxPXr1/H27VuMjo5ienpa7k8jxPEtTNPynWjcdHSG+6I9Xu18JHqDLC2gtz41NYWTkwvS26SkJNy/f1+4dQ4PD+W96ZhUVVUhLy9PxtOcn58LFQENMuk1qAx5FjV7Ng0/vWKCOq45wQJBJ0Eth+HSsdB7piNZGgBxLbg+GvwlAi0dQeM5pR7m8+hOURpQRne000P9THDM99jb20NjY6OUOjDqPDQ0hN/97ndoamrCyMgI7ty5g+XlZZl8UVlZeQkAcY+amppQX1+Pvr4+fPfddwKKCWR5Nrnn+/v7QljNs8O5pi6XS1jJd3Z2pKYmEAgIOW44HBaHW685v7gGBKq0NXSiKe801J8+fZI1TCTW5drx/zoqlkj8SX3I+bx0AhOjQO/fv5dUWEZGBnp6ehCJXMxGDIVC2NjYwO9//3sEAgGsra3hxYsXWFxcREVFBebn5/H06VO5L21CPB6H2WyG0WjEwcGBdFwvLS2hrKwMs7Oz6O/vx+DgoDSUtLe3IzU1FZWVlaiurhbaht3dXXR0dKClpQXV1dUyAWBhYeESzcLCwgKKiopQXl6OoqIibG5uXkqz0S5qJ4TnkR39Hz9+lLpQno+zswvuNDoEfFcdIaauZaSa96RtCQaDor/4WZLa6qYSl8uF5ORk2Gw2me95eHgogEvXb/1vES4Nxr4EuAjgdVdiIuCKx+MXsxS1MtA3o+BxMcbGxtDf3y/RKh54j8cDg8GAhYUFuN1uiaZQETAseHh4KEXzoVBIEOfc3JzUh/T09CA1NRWhUAgrKyvweDzo7++Hw+HA8+fPYbfbMT09DZ/PhydPnqCzs1MIRP1+P4xGo9RKzc7OSlfG2NgYdnd3kZGRga2tLTQ1NWF1dRX7+/sYHx8X41VWVoaBgQHMzc1heHgYe3t7ouip5Fi7lugJ8x1NJpO8a2ZmphyI2traSwqEz6wBEAWKm8Wfn5+fY3Z2FtPT0zIMm+CIYEFvMPdP7yFz7VTc2rNJTNfwmhwES+VD4eJB4ef0M3BdeH3NvkvPRB8uCiivwe5FHjaCQQo1D5JOr8RiMQwODuLVq1eiwB0Oh9Qf/fTTTxgYGMD09DRWV1dRV1eHrq4uAeaJh85oNKKrqwsmkwmvXr2CzWZDX18fhoeHZa6g1WqVFGJ3dzeKi4uxsbGBnJwcuN1uGI1GqTHr6urC8PAw1tbWcHR0hImJCQwMDKC2thabm5uIRi9Igevr69HS0iIF6F1dXeju7sbS0hKOjo6Eld1gMMgMvdPTC+6or776CmtraxgdHZVRTuwsXlxcRHNzM0ZHR7Gzs4OHDx+itrYWfr//UodWX18fOjo60N3dDbvdLrPQDAaDjPjQ0SUNeHS64P79+9jZ2YHX60V/fz96enqQkZGB8/NzjI+P4969e5cieYx4dnZ24uXLlwiFQpicnJROJYPBAKPRiJKSElRVVcFgMGB1dVWGiXd0dKCtrU3a210uF2pra9HY2Ii2tjaMjY1J7Z7D4UBhYSGysrKwsrKC+vp6GcDrcDjkbFDuddpFOwc6CsCfaR3BNdHppcQzmuhFU6519oDX49ni5zSo0BEDdo1nZmaiu7sbXq8Xc3Nz0pTx+vVrPHv2DC0tLejs7MT8/DzKysqk9pDzMql7Jicn8d1338nMwpqaGtjtdinWzszMxNDQEPLy8qR1/8GDB8jJyYHRaERDQ4NwcnV3d+PZs2fSOFJXV4c3b95IzWReXh7evn0Lk8mEpKQklJeXy9w8rScSMzIEntqGaeOcqMMS7ZzOLvC62pDynjpNTRkhLQrvzWc5OTkRypL29nZEIhH09/cjGLyY6nHlyhV4vV44nU5cuXIFPp8Pk5OTePXqFd6+fSv31lFVBhu2t7fR29uL8vJyOW9lZWWoqKhASkoKGhoaZLbk/fv3MTAwgIyMDIyMjKC8vBxTU1PS/c+B1mR4JwCsrq5GX18fbDYbMjIy0NLSIvQelDOuHQGS3ge9hjxH+vN67ZkejMViklKkPHOtGeXkvjKCqyPWGvhyf09OTjA7O4uCggI0NzdL1IvD13XK+UvRKQ32+Nw6YKD3KPG8J5753+hQbmKERAvz2dmZdGvwIPKCBErj4+Oorq5GdXX1JSoFXpvddWwZbWlpQXJyshRcBgIB9PT0SPH05uYmtre3ZdzB8+fPYbPZpCvpyZMnMtuQxXSZmZmoqKiAwWAQFnp2kJ2enqKwsBCzs7MwGAzY2trC2NgY6urqJNRbVFSEnJwcVFRUXBouzUOo03wUJi1YJycnWF9fx/HxMbxeL54/f46uri4YDAaMjIxICJVAl94WBYvX0gLL//f09GBsbAxmsxmlpaWyBwQqWvD4pb107RVQSHQYPlHYmGaiwk+MvGnDwn9pPLk+2jBpagp6bTodqb0frgeNOJVPoidCwMHB4QUFBdja2sLR0RFWVlYQCATg8Xjw9u1b3Lt3D11dXQIs2Jo8OjqK3d1dAXrn5+cYGxvDjRs3kJycjLa2NszMzMhwbHbhcU9ramrQ1dWFjIwMrK+vIzs7G+HwxRDo0dFR5OXl4eXLl0JZQYLexsZGfPfdd5JSnpubw61bt/Dw4UM4HA50dnYiPT0dk5OTMgi9srIS0egFH8/m5qasq9frxXfffSeRipSUFITDYeG1GRwcRFJSkkT07t69i8rKSnR3d6Ourk5Gs5BvqKWlRQpp6+vrUVFRcUmWEh0C6ont7W28ePFClD0BXW5urgySZRSc+6wVZXJyMnJzc7GysoLMzEwkJSWhv78fv/zyC2pqalBRUYGCggJh215bW5Ph4mlpaVJEPTMzg+rqauTn52NxcRENDQ1YX1+XlvT6+nrcvn0b/f39GBoaQlpaGrq7u4Utnc6ijlLRWYpEIsKmTzkk4GH0inKk/147tYwoMrrCv9XpIw0K6FwRmHLNeQ4ZGeW5LS0tRW5uLjo6OrC+vg6LxSLRCZJKXrt2DRUVFUKHkZeXh/Lyckkx81laW1tx7949HB8fY3FxUQYbNzc3XzpPpCPY2NiAwWDA7OwsWlpa0N3djYmJCXR1dWF9fR3p6ek4OjpCYWEhPB4PXr9+DZvNhuLiYuTl5Ql34fPnz2WkTqIdoZ0iFQ3XjDqY6TdGh09OTmRGZjx+MW6HEXLSIVEfMbrOe5H6wWw2C2nywsKCyEo8HsfY2BjW19dxenrRYDQ7O4vd3V2J1rJbvaenR6LS169fRygUkjmtpGgwm824ffs2HA6HpL9oxI1Go3Q6dnR0ICUlBVtbW3jz5g2Wl5eF14pM9uzE5CBsl8uFoaEhjI+Py8i0jY0NlJSU4P379zAajTCbzdKNWFNTA4fDgaysLIkmzczMYG9vDyMjI9JBbbFYJM1st9tht9slEzM0NCQcaJwOEAwGsbGxIZM7gsGgXDcajcJms8FisQiomp2dldQj527GYhc1iyStPTo6Qm1tLZaXlxEOh7GysgK73Y7t7W3RR2/evJEO3PLy8kvlPDrDkQi+EssAeC4Tz3ciWCOQ4zn9DXPqjEhpY03PjgecgEujOUYS/v3f/x3/9m//ht///ve4cuUKDAaDdBUw1B+LxaRQ8Pz8HCUlJWhtbRXenoODA7S3tyMvL08WjPOWjo6OkJWVJV0M0WgUKSkpmJyclCGmu7u7KCkpgdVqRTwel9qV+/fvY3R0FEdHR3jw4AEWFhakTdfv9wsvExH+9PQ0+vv7MT8/D7vdjt3d3UvM5kzN+f1+fPjwQYgG4/G4sBWztowRNafTiZSUFCli5mFm7l+ve2Kal94dPVkqc43u9cYnpjAoPPQwErswdK1eKBTC5uamAC0dfeCen52dwev1StSPnSB8Lg0AWXwdDl+wuFOm2OLPlC3lkNE4PZomUfAZjUs8DB6PR8LER0dH2N7eRiRy0f0yNzeHyclJ/Mu//AtsNhuOjo7Q0tIi8wb5zLw/29wbGhrw29/+FiaTCRkZGQiFLgZ+s3OwtbUVS0tL6O/vR3Z2NpxOJ3Jzc/Hu3TtRXq2traisrITZbEZDQwNWVlYEtOnieKvVijt37iAlJQVjY2OwWq0oLi6GzWbD/fv3YTKZ0NDQgA8fPiAnJwc7OztSd7W9vY0rV67g/fv3mJqawuvXrxGJRGCxWDA2Nobp6WkkJyfj22+/xebmJnJzczEzMyOt4i6XCwaDAQcHB8jKypI06/T0tHTmstaHBsDv91/yRCORCObm5pCamoqvv/4ahYWF2Nvbg8lkQnt7O27duoXDw0P4fD7ppqNiJmDJzMyEwWBANBrF4OAg7ty5g8PDQyFKJd1AS0sL0tPTsbe3h3v37iEYvCAydDqdyMzMxMjIiJDaskt0a2sLL1++hNlsFm4+RjKzs7MRiVx0UbNZY29vD1tbW2Ig3G631JPu7u7C7XZLXSmbeSKRCJxOp6TbWUZBY8VU2uHhIVwuFzweDwKBANxuN2w2m+hhjjlio4TT6ZS0icfjkWg16Weok/f29vDp0yfk5eWhvb0dbW1taGtrw9raGpxOJ+LxOHJzcxGJRKRb+vT0go+qubkZ6enpGBwcxNTUlIBpu92Oq1evYm9vD8vLy/jmm2+ws7OD3t5ejI6OYm9vDwUFBejo6MCPP/6ImpoaPH78GG63Gx0dHRgeHkZdXR3y8vJgMpnw/PlzuN1uZGdnY2trC1evXkV7eztevXqF6upqpKamyuxW8lu9evUKe3t7QvVDQsv09HT09vbi9PRU+O1isRi6urqQlJSEDx8+CFWM1+uVYvfvvvtOsjFpaWl48uSJgICvv/4aPp8PPp8P//Vf/wWz2YyDgwP84Q9/QHFxMXZ3d/Hjjz/i2bNn4mR89dVXKC4uRiQSQW9vLx4+fIhAIIDFxUXcvHlTnr+1tRVutxuvX7/GH//4R2RkZKCwsFCawwwGg3SLNjQ0SGcx9Xo8HkdKSgqampqQlpaGqqoqzM/P409/+pNEfW/cuIFnz55JZ/9vf/tbvHz5EtevX0deXh5evHgh2aXbt2+joaEB9+/fx8LCAq5cuYLu7m68efMGBoMB9+/fR3p6Ol68eCENSV9//TXm5ubw6NEj2Gw22Gw2fP/995ifn8fe3h5ycnKQmZmJWCwmZT7sjLx79640OdXV1eHx48c4Pz+XKB/lLj8/Hzdu3BCi9B9//FGIpr/55huUlZUhGAyivb0df/rTn6Tr81//9V/R0dGBs7MzNDY2CsjMzc1FcnIyGhsbBZdweHViKlR3Q3/pKxFQJX4l1m3xZ9Fo9KKGK7GOSHud2rPo7u7G+Pi41AsxgrK5uYmWlhaYTCYsLy9Lq7AGEHwIjn9gK31mZibMZjOuXr2K3t5e2Gw2pKamwmKxYHR0VHh2JicnkZycLKkPk8mEmzdvoqKiAn19fUhOThbg1tnZKfwvAwMDSEpKQl5eHmprazExMYGDgwN0dXVJ91lKSgosFgucTifS09NRU1Mj3F9lZWUoKCiQ8LDZbJbWYYPBgFAoJPwwbDlll9f4+LgM/33z5g0GBwdRUlKC2tpaASNcY13LQaCjwS5BHZWwTsHpVIfOpxM8TE1NCVgIhULCDByPxzE/P4/8/Hzx0l+9eoXl5WWEQiGUlJTAaDQiGr3ogLtx44YwCKenp+Pt27cSiXz9+rWQg+bn50snHevvnE4nIpEIHj9+jLGxMUkpFxUVSYg3LS1NDFxjYyPMZjNCoRCcTifa29vFaNHrikQuurTo4czMzODFixcynJXR0ampKVRWVkpH4MzMDIaGhvDDDz/gwYMHKCkpQXJysowhiUYveHUaGhowMzODly9fitIeHR2VkRiZmZmwWq3CDp2cnIz6+no8efIEOzs7ePTokey9jryOjIwgLS0NJSUlGBoaEmVaWlqK5ORk3L59Gy9evEBdXR2ysrIwOzuL69evY2VlBTU1NbDZbHjw4AHGx8cF5Hd1deHbb79FfX09ampq8PPPP2N6eholJSUCQF6+fIm8vDw4HA6Ul5cjOTkZ/f39Qtra09ODoaEh2S+32y2M236/H06nE7/88gtWV1cRCAQEBIVCIeElo8F59OiRDIUfHh7G/v4+Xr16hZKSEqSkpMBkMqGgoABFRUVSj8XmBRp9RusWFxeRlJSE2tpa8VIfP36MN2/eYHR0FPfv3xdiRo7oamtrE5LIwcFBZGZmYnh4GHfu3EFdXR0yMjKQlZUFg8GA0tJSfP/990Jb8OzZM2nhz8rKEnD58OFDWK1WRKNRSZOdnZ1hc3MTDx48gMvlQjAYRFZWlnjZ5Hmjs0SgGY1G0d7ejrKyMoRCF12kf/vb3wRYkcQyFosJ1YbH40E8HofRaJTI/sjICN68eSP1MBkZGdjZ2ZEoKs+KyWTC1tYWOjo6hAyaY1YIaB4/fgyDwYC+vj7U1NRcirSPj48jKysLpaWl0ijS3NyMjIwM2Gw2TE9Po7m5GXl5eaioqJDZdQ0NDejq6hJSzaamJpSUlMBkMkmEtaioCDMzMxgYGJAocF9fHxoaGrC0tASv14u0tDTpSO/p6RF9ODg4KISjJDOOxWLwcDYvVgAAIABJREFU+XwwmUyyd+Pj4xKx9Hg86OrqkizM0tISpqenEYtdUNy0tbVJrStTstFoFCaTCYuLi+IcMfgQjV4UxrNUhlxcoVAIdrtdOBdZC8ez5PF4BKQzgrq+vi42Znh4GJOTk5IJ4b9er1cCBOzuZ3CCpSwsGN/f34fNZpNpKx6PR0ZWud1ueDweeL1ecaAJRtgo5vf7pcmBJK0FBQXiOHGtR0ZGxAFbX1+X0X6Hh4cYGxuTVOPS0hI8Ho9ggaWlJemwZOd5NBoV4vBY7KIIfm5uTnCIyWQSGpCtrS0MDw9LbSZZCOiMUD/t7u7CZrOJ8xQMBpGTk3Op3isxKq0zKYxUJTr5X4qKacCWCMJ+Q4Ovu5L4QNrwh0IhdHV1CXu3zpXOz88jKSkJKSkpuHfvnpBBMh2nw94ej0eEjzxDXq9X5kD5/X5sbW2JgqD3q9vKuZDr6+tCscBZiqR7IKfH1tYWNjY2ZOQKjdvh4aGQ/7ndbuEpITfKysoK1tbWhNF+e3sbNpsNHo8H0WhUPGGC1PX1dRHO5eVlOdh8HiL8wcFBzM3NXYoiarCl1zWxDVsXUVIIEmsQdMiTP+d78WdMy8bjceFFYzrPbrdLTdTCwoJQVhCkkjZjcnISy8vLks5jvVw0GhWm/fPzc+EsI/EgUxCnp6dYXFzE3NycAMuZmRkhfzSbzXA4HIhGoxIlYSSIhZ2RyAWBJw8SGaPJR2O32xGNRrG8vIyFhQVRGjs7O1hYWEBXVxcGBgawsLCA9PR0MXbv3r2DxWLB4uIiBgcHYbPZ0NbWhhs3bqC3t1da75eWloTJ2mw2Y2lpCWazWYDG6uqqUDXwy263iydeWFiI9PR0OcxsKCHP0PLysuyV1WoV5bm1tQW73Q6n0ylGkWfJZDLBarVidnYWq6ursNvtWFhYwNbWlqyD2+3Gzs4OTCYTAoEAfD4f7HY7jo6O4PP55IzNzc3h9u3bUkOztrYmketwOCzEsvF4HA6HQ7xFUrLY7Xbh3NH1jevr6wiFQsjPz0dfX5/IOj3G7e1tScns7e1hZ2cHS0tLmJ+fx+HhoZzp7e1tWQs9y9Xr9WJrawter1cKtNkFxqHZNHYkT6UOGBsbE/43n88Hp9MpKXK73S7PyggXz5rNZhPniC37uvOSaQUaqVgsBo/HI3IcCoUwNzcnnX0sHuf+Op1O0Qt0JJhiYZTw9PRUWuJPTk7g8/mEEHRlZUUivixkj0aj0jDBCR4HBwcSSaCRZASakwR0Mw+j0ro7TXeiMe1PwKkj5rosIBq96I7UVB38/fHxMVZXVyXKzkgP73V6eiq1sLo0g1F73bnKsgedMtX1uVxjgjNdBK3vr51jvjdtJYMVuhuPAI6p+p2dHfh8PqE1cLlc0m3NtKbL5RLgwsg+r8cIqdvtlu5ENqb5/X4x9HTImFVYXl6WfXQ4HNjf34fb7Zbzx65R6mSmZpk+JyMAs0x8b52h4TrrMhSNAXTjmG5w0XukC+MZDOD3+j5cD15br72m/tjZ2YHNZrv03KWlpfL3emqHrqv8374Izvh3/1s0LDEi9htdFMYHp6AQCPAF+/r6BGnqIrPp6Wm8efMGAwMDGB4eFqORmAtnd8b8/Dx8Pp8oFx4qvjzTcSykI9pm0RwXlRtBCgY+KyklNJChIHNTKUzsOozFYvj06ZMU4OuDrkcssPaCyiQWi8mz86C6XC4BNPy97tjk9Znm0wV+GjQl1mkkgiodqkx8V/07gjbdpUah5Ow8CpteHz73l4r/6FGcn58LrYSuR9HFrZFI5BLi13UYLGKloqTw8x319ajkdQEtlYPuwjw7O4Pf7xfDro053z0cDgvXDI0434OGge/57t07VFZWSoMHz4omLIzFYnKYteLWdXj0+NbX11FeXo7S0lKJ1OmCUMol955romWO+8KGh+PjYwGr7HDkc/JLK2a+J2WQqTI+J5VhX1+f8NzRkHq9Xnz69Eneh2eSe8hrc5/Jvv/rr79KVIF1ZwQmVMCag0nLIs8D5Y51MDoizPSzrmvU6QJSgmgAQNChzwllhkZXK2J9jgkcdMpen29+TwNI3cpuTAI0XVJAedMOlj43sVhMfq/rHNklTbmkDqRu4gzPxPXUwIWGnO9MGeQ7cP8ZkeC51DqcZ5nGUtdf8plZT8UuR+4f15V7lVguQXlnB3Wic6nPK8/cx48fpcOZOp6gj8+l7R7Pop5nqTtRea7ZiU09quvqWLah61L5t2/fvsXe3h6MRiNevnyJ5eVlIUHe3Ny8VH6zurqKt2/fyoBlPtvp6amQWZeWlkpzztHRkaTH6fBq/bS4uIhffvkFjx8/htFoxPPnz7G8vIyUlBSsrKyIHL979w5DQ0OorKxEIBBAQ0PDpfmsPDdcr8Q6Qr4/7a1ukuLPaTd4fnT9nbZxvB5/x/3WET+uLZsiOA6Me2u323Hz5k3cuHHj0rMXFxeLE68BF++nAyAahGn7mwi6/q8UowAurZh0Rx5BCReQxKfakLDGwOv1XkKeFDytgKLRi1Z9jqIwmUx48uQJ6uvrhYxxfX0dTU1NcDgcUq9x7949NDc3IysrCw8fPoTT6UReXh4yMjLgdDphMBjQ39+PjY0NNDY2CrdJS0sLSktL8fLlS+Tm5iIvLw+BQAAWiwWTk5PSgbG8vIycnBzU1tbK/EOLxSICQqVMhUYvQNf88HtGY1gXx3UIhUJSb8PD/qXNpRLgYdGGWyt0brQu3P8S4NIAi3tLoEHlpg8a30Mrc8oDP6ONEg2crt+i0qDC04CHf6M9HCoYGlFSXVBB6mL9YDD4Rb4c0gFQ6R4fH0tRpwavfEb+HZXCp0+fpCZPr3EsdkFBwLoxKmCuhfaCNW2Ark3jemgjR4PCw849p6En+NTyw3WLxy9oOygj5DYjBQfXTXf7aANP5cZ7kquMe0MD5PF4pJZOF4xTEVLh0UmhUtadOx6PB+3t7aKctfEk8COw0LJIvRMIBEQ+uAbaCHJPE99JG2rtPfNMETBxrQm8g8GgGHTdxcuzoqk8dCSG78d7sAby3bt32N3dvWTMdXRHl3FQFnkuuF80JNqJ4Voknm/+Df9lysRqtUqtFweCs3Wfa6XXjOujyxb4cy0H2gHme3wp4kO51k4D34XnhyCe+ub8/PzSvNSPHz+KTPPMaBBK2eW6aGeOukHryETbl5hh0M4HI0zaKdVgiro7US4IBviuPT098Pl82Nrawh/+8AcUFhYKsXY8/s+ZmPv7+5ienpYxQuyG5rO73W7cv39fUoqpqalwuVzo6urC3Nwc0tPTRb7+8Y9/XOrkfvbsGSwWC+7cuQOPx4PJyUnYbDa8fPkSZWVlaGlpkXKKqakpPH78WAi8S0pKhISaZyNR9rRto+xS/2rdx/XRIF0HB3heuL7cI55x/o2+l45mcq2INf76179id3dX0u/Z2dnw+XyXrpkY9NB2+Utg6v8LcOlrRKPRiy5FHUngwulQKT8zODiItrY2EUgeUg3WNErV3jQXYXNzE6urq1Jkzi6ipaUlFBcX4+joCEtLS3j48CE8Hg+mp6dx7do12O12FBcXo7i4GGdnZ1hZWREgNT4+LkR+xcXFmJ+fR0tLC6ampuB0OnHt2jX09fXBbDZjbGwM2dnZ0pny6NEjHBwcYGJiArdu3UJvby8mJiYupVQpEFQW9PYTDylD85zByHfWKF8bzcQ8MQWERkcDOh2F0EpKC0cicNOKheHY09PTSyCHxibRGOrr6YgBoxH6Gfk7Kj1NJaH3nt/r2hD9jGdnZzKzUn9WrxnfjQZRDzrW4J5jNdg5QyOkPR/uEWWdgIHX43Nxrh7vq0Ebf0+jRIVPEEPjy3trR0XvOaNzmliRhvzTp0+XIina4HBN9B5oedLRFu2N0mDE43HpztRrqc+2Nu563/4vA8Z39Xg86O7uFhnWBj3R+9d/r6OkBDj8v6591LJDkKABigYDBCoaQPAzpEHgGeM66eHXVP66gSYx4qjXmH+rIyYaDOrIbSwWExmj3tT31WvFc8czy7/h2eTzaONhMpmkrpZ/o2VfywrXj3KcGGnQUT7+Lc8edb8+WxoE8m+07NBYadDO96CcJupSHZXkO1Enc1+1ztHX4c+4XgTe1BvcK76z3nOOw9EZj8R30ylNfub09ILupqurS/jHSG/y5MkTDA0NCdUObWlTUxNyc3NhsVhQWloq9DHR6EWN0w8//ACXywWXy4Vbt25hZWUFFotFRnJpR5wpxcPDQzx//hyNjY14+vQpSkpKpB7MaDTizZs3qK2tRUlJCcrLy2EymfDy5UvpZOzp6cGzZ88upZz5vFwz7VRwL7inXHs+F3/HvUrsitdOCPde2zieE8o7z7HWVcfHx3C73bh9+zZ8Pp9k3tgNq8FUIujWYFrLHwHa/98Ce173N3xZ7Y3og6QPz8DAAMbGxuSAJ+a0aSh58Lj4OkqzubkJu90uoTySq7Gu5fDwEF6vF99//z0cDgeGh4fxn//5n2hqasLdu3fx9u1bnJ2dScfSs2fPkJWVBafTCZvNhvT0dPz888/IysqCy+WCz+fDL7/8IpQMNTU1yMzMlPqDW7duwWKxyMihJ0+eoKqqSjxMraS1UdCpQN2VFwwGpUtRK7YvIf9EcKQNqFac2gsm4NK1CFQm2mvQ3gA/xygG01OJnpred+19UNnQS6KC5fX5eZ0KpDLTqUqtRKmUSI6nAQjfl39Dj4j3114lZS8ajUpkgp+dmJiQuojECFxi9INgg2k27UDweXRdAO+pjZY2Rvyev9dhda6xHupNpa4Bgo6+8DzRKGkFkZjG00aO78e10/vLzxJ0UZnwejz7sVhM0nG8Nvdde+98P947GAzC5XJhcHDwUmST+88UZzQaFWOj14330XJAWdKyqOVfR3e0/tLnWMsgDYF2BPRz0FHRv9PRf33eEuVRO01aP3CfeX8+o56lykgH769BNu9L2dB7xmfTTsb5+Tnm5ubgcrlk/fXz8t0I7jVw4XtS7hKBBGVQf089pp+d90h0KvWZ1jKl9Yg2svr86OBAPB6XMhI+AyPlPDva8O3t7eHw8BDv37+Hy+WSIe3sLKUR5zxdPj8nIPD88t46fRqN/pNZnyCa9zaZTNLl2tHRgbm5OVy5ckXm13J9V1ZWUFxcjKmpKTQ1NWF5eVnSveHwxbiz27dvywi8R48eSS308PCwTBbwer2SYmY6u7q6GsXFxRgbG8MPP/wAp9OJ8/NzlJeXY2JiQgr2a2pqsLi4iNzcXDgcDrx+/Vrqmhnxisfj2Nvbk0L1SOSiK9zv9+Pdu3fw+XxwOBwSHSQPIbtPOXPx4OAACwsLAridTuelsUnLy8ui4/r7+6Vm0ul0oqenR/BEd3e3RHI5tzEUCmF5eRl/+9vfpOkrFouhtLT0Eg+mtmdah+r9S7TXXwJbGoglFuH/RitmjdQ1qqMx7evrg8lkulRjoh/qS+CAn+H3LHZvampCV1cX8vLysLi4iLGxMWRlZcHn82FmZgZ3796F3+9Hb2+vtC6Xl5ejoKBAirRnZmawurqKBw8ewGazSSu40+nE06dPZXbdkydP0N/fj3D4ojA7LS1Nhm4+evRIOEU4aPfnn3/G0dERdnZ2EAgEBCR6vV5MTk5KJIs1EdFoVIxnMBiULiQabW6Onn/ldDpl5t/+/j42NzdlUx0OhxS7smWcIXGfzydzDzWdB9mdWd/CQt1YLCadK/Q+2cVCRXhwcCCRAXJYxWIxOTgfP34UIEzFzNqjSCQiBb00zPv7+6L0yY9CQ8nuEhbUk9X77OxMut+oUCh7bK3n+vh8PjEw9Nr4bhwNEQxezDLc398XB4ARED5PJBIRZmyuLdOH5+fnUmNIb5reE5+Pch8Ohy8ptP39fXz+/FmGwvI8+Hw+qX86OTmB0+mUDj3WKdIo6wYPt9st4PDg4EDC4KFQSDq0wuEw1tbWsLe3J5766uqqGAkqGhK2UkEuLS0JL97JyQmmp6elGN/v92NhYUGMLWkQaPxppM7OzuDz+WQQLJnOOQ+ur69Pisc5SiMajUq3UjQalUYarqEubl1aWvofo7tY/8NOplgsho2NDallY/E4U8QsTI5Go1I0z3VyOBwCbhYXF6VIeGNjAwsLC3KuBwYGZNoAO764dxMTEyInfr9f0qw7Ozswm80iK5y/F4vFpGyCToDNZpPI6OrqKlwuF05OLsYjsXM4HA7DZrNhb29Pzi6jDUdHR1hbWxOWd87CPD8/l+HG4XAYAwMD0gCwvr6OwsJCObPV1dVYX18XeWIH2NHRkVClRKNRNDc3Sze20WhEXV0dIpEImpqaUFpaCp/Phw8fPqChoQE1NTU4OTnB9va28B8eHBygr68PfX19IuMlJSWirxobGzE+Po5YLIb19XWUlJQgHL6Y/cpu5oODA+FXOjs7Q2dnJ3p6enB6eoqNjQ1xrBm96ejoQCwWg81mw7fffiuRj++//x719fWIxWJobW3F1atX4fF4hO7IZDLh9PRUOpSPjo4wMzODpKQkiaDn5+ejpaUFZ2dnmJubQ3JyMvx+P87Pz5GdnQ2TyYRY7IJr7+DgAM3Nzfj+++9hNptRVVWFiooKYa9///49HA4HUlNT5XN3797F2toazs7OJDp29epVlJWVIScnB+Pj4wgGg0hOTkZycjKePXuG2tpaVFRUXMqMMFVZWVmJ1dVVvHr1CicnJ7Db7bh16xZyc3PhcrmQkpKC27dvY35+Hvfu3bvUvZqdnY2lpSWZRbi6uoq0tDTRw7m5uejv70coFMLIyAgyMzNxfn6OnZ0dSWceHx8jPz8f9fX1CAaDmJubE/qI4+NjvH79Gq2trYhGo7BYLPjpp59wcHAAl8uFb7/9FhUVFQgGg8jLy8M333wjdFPff/892traLtXJbW9vIzU1FX/5y19QXl4uZ7i4uBher/dStFNH6nVphHZUtcNPUEU9yDQ4y4d0uUk8Hr8AXImg60uILh6Po6KiQtJlOmStIynaM9apST6ww+GA0+nE+vo6BgcHUVlZCa/Xi729PZSWlqKsrAx5eXkYHx+XNn7WcJEvhZQMZHHv7e3F1NSUcCG1traivLwcXq8Xy8vLePXqFVpaWiR8WFNTg87OTtTX18t9amtrUV1dDZvNhvr6evh8PgwNDaGjowN1dXVIS0vD3NwcsrKyEAwGMTk5idzcXAFS1dXVEq7UypGGLhQKobGxUQhYu7u7BZj19vaipqZGBLa0tFRakx0OB6qqqsT419XVobm5GdFoFDMzMygrK0MsdtFRSLJXt9stvGbknblx44Zw/pDy4OzsDE6nE2lpaVJk+/TpU6ytrSEUuqCFaGlpQSRywTb96NEjHB8fw2w24+HDh9LhePPmTdhsNkSjUdjtdty7d0/mCzY3N6OkpEQO9aNHj6R7MD8/XwhcBwcH8eLFC+kwfP36NaxWq3hbaWlp0nafmpoKq9WKSCSCoqIiNDc34/j4WAZI02gvLCyIN9nU1CTeZkFBgTRCpKamyoDu7OxsGUgejUZRUFCA2dlZnJ6eYmpqCm/fvpUuoMrKSrhcLkQiETQ2NmJychLn5+dobW3F4OAgTk5OMDIygsrKSqn7qaurQ3V1tTgez58/l+eoqalBb2+v1NukpqYKDQgJPU9PTzEwMICXL18iGAyKgtnc3ITL5cK1a9dgsVgQiVzwYX399dfweDyw2+346quvMDIyArfbjb/97W8iry9fvsTTp09xfHyM7e1tfP311zI6ZGZmBnfu3JGh19nZ2eJwLC8vi2GNxWIoLCyU/ZqbmxMi4fX1deHAy8zMRGtrq3icqamp2NvbQyAQwJMnT2RPBwYGUFVVhcPDQ+zu7uLFixew2+149+4dysrK0NTUhFAohPX1dWRkZEj9aEVFhdyrvb0ddXV1wqXFUScejwc1NTVobW2VTuX8/HwEgxfs3waDAWazGeFwGENDQzAYDDg9PRXZ5RxYXuP9+/dYWFjA48ePpQyhuroa/f39ODs7Q39/PzIyMiQFlZeXh8HBQcRiMZSXl6OkpETOXlJSEtbW1vDu3TsUFxejsLBQnKrXr1/D6XTi9PQUycnJkmkYGxtDZmYmdnd3cXZ2JozuBIjDw8MIBi9IJdnNmJ2djaGhIYRCIaHM4KBkg8GAubk5RKNRmZ0bDAbld4uLi0Iw2dXVhXA4jLa2NvT09GBvbw+zs7MoKirC9vY2gsEgxsfH0d7eLiC3r69P9FB3dzd6e3sRi8Wwv78vtbyBQADj4+Mwm8149+4dXC4X6urqxPnp7u4WUGs2m8URNJvNMJvNEn0aHh4WWzQ3Nyf8ghy/xhRyU1MTFhcXEY1GZQoFuR87Ojpkbbe3tzEzM4OzswseQu7BycmJDKcPhUIYHR0VyojT01PMz8/D5XLh/fv3MilkeXkZVqtVKJRsNpvYXEaS7XY75ubmpLuYUWDKo8PhwPz8vDT8+P1+rKysYHV1FV6vVyamEMTRMTw6OhJSYjobR0dHMuw8FAphbW0NDodDBs2z7peBgo2NDdTU1CAcDssQekYrt7a2xPmno05AQiee0Smv1yu1u5q2wel0yvsGg0GxL6FQSOinuEaMykWjUYyNjUlAwWazyWB34g7q21AohLKyMuzt7V0CTcQzOgpLIMbo1Zf+rwGX7mxNjP4K4CLo0uFceu8M8efk5GB2dvZ/5P0Tv09MS+qQOgUzGAzK6A+Gb/f29rCysiJGly3Pm5ubwjpP9l3+nHO6/H4/9vb2pFWcLf6cGs45aRQQGimGm91ut1AicJwPKQPYOntyciKe+97eHhwOh4Qgd3Z2RCBmZmYk2qLbpSmEFHzWITHaRuB6cHAgLPc8gIzaUEjj8bi0tDO9ycny5+fnMgSYhaY2m03u6XK5ZJB1OHwxn5Hpxt3dXfmcw+EQb5wAhn9Db+vs7Ez4ZxhBIbFoJBLBzs6ODDEPBoMyV49KgweJXCuUFYvFgt3dXZyengrFAgEkebYIElwul0SNGBnT4Wt6xqHQBeUDIwKcBsB0187OjhjGePxiniLXKRAIiHLc39+XaMrJyYnwA4VCIXg8HomqMdLC87O7uytz4hhdYI0SZZnpju3tbRkw7nA4Lj0Hu5mi0QsKDoJ77itlYXp6WkL8VERke3a73QiFLkhu19fXZY/X19eFEJL/5/po2YjH4xIVOT8/lxFLVN5M2ezs7GBychLHx8cSnT05OUEgEIDD4ZCoISNu7JzleaWhozIPBALY2dmR1BrlnJFinjcaeEbcSRbKZ2PagdE0Opv7+/tSX0qeI0bvd3Z2JCLKwlvKPc8/r8HuaUYVGCVk2ou0DXpuI/eE55mt+IwaUp9qg8brUP8yghyJXMx1pUyZTCaRPbvdLsPaj4+PRW+wcUCXKegUuTaAlAM6NzrFeXLyz6HjOtLPnzEtz2uzFIHXp+3Q9ThMT1IOdM0mjZlO69GG6ZouHSRgFyYB2ZfqgHQdkr6nTo/yufUZT0pKwuLionyOMvTx40dhmtdpfZ1Opu7hGWM5hU6fcu34O0bvaU9Yf0m5DgaDko7nZ3Uam9EXvhPBB+/Hdz4+PpZylIODAwFOOhtG+dByzGCMfrfEtDbfXZen/G+lABoUEfgwA0CQxAwL62K5Pro2taamRvSMBlz8SgwW6XtpEMXfx+NxiWrp8gn9rL/RaUQNuHQNEYU9NzcXq6urlwSXf0svXl+Hi6e7paampoTOnwaOoC6xGJPKkgeVaRxei0adh5xAhgqdh4jAh8qE/9eHPhQKSfEw78mUm+6wIes862v4PFQQoVBIiu5DoQsuH80EHQ6H8eHDB1HYvH5iQeHJyQk+fvwoz/fx48dLBelM63Dtebg08NX1KVSKehgrBVl/jtfRSkoLsg6Z6loXdjvxed+/f49ff/1VFCzXiKCXB+r09FQGy+rCVX5OexQsqKRn+uuvv4qc0kiye4/eGI0DPTt+/vPnz8Jrw7XnIO/R0VFJM9JoUqbofXKdqfRisRh+/fXXS/VPXAttHKgUWfvB0UOkXmCKivuq95TnSdcbff78WQwD5YnGh9fj2eR1Eot6T0//WdjPyQkEp/pdKReRSORSp6iWbbZk08B6vV7pbGa67+zs7NLwX228+V6UYY7wYGpZK2xy2/EaWslznwKBgIx4IkCjrtByyedfXl4WoEqHh/qIskTAwDS8bmTgedbX17QQumtW10ZxD7inmp6GZ1cbN64BDSDvz/NBw8n/k9fL7/fD6/XKvEKmtLVHv7+/j/LycnR0dAhYNJlMAlhpM2iAd3d30dLSguzsbPz666+XuJH4zDyXWl9+/PhRUr48J7/++uul7l8+E+WM+pz7qw3ihw8fLnVF0wjy7//7v/9b1prnj2CG60kQpmvluJ4cgk09+vnzZ5ydnYn+ovNUXl4udqisrOxSkTn5KXVDAvW8nq6hdQT39vPnz1JHyvWiXaKuOj4+FjtG26v1D/eN8qbXVd9X0y0QPNDesDaOskU7rXU4wR2fn7qD45W0red5iUajcqZo73im+HPqfj6TLo3h/uk6LF0TTR1IHcyMRSKQotxqvUAZ0QEl/UWZYSoxsbuX1/8NFzURbGnUyJsXFhZiaWlJFliDLs01pZW0jvSEQiFYLBaZkcSH0Quv61j4kvqQai+DRiMxfMfF1nlWKnCCD7bD64UmOOBh4M8SQ4MMHercLBXi8fGxcKLMzc3h5s2bqK+vR3t7O6xWK2w2m4w0Yriefx+PXxBIdnR0wGq1oqSkBFtbW6ipqZE6Lc5w00X98/PzSEtLw9LSkrSB0zhwvbS3xsPBtaPxJPUBUTqFnOun10LvM6/5/v17AQCasoB7wfUkkNCKVB8SHmIKsgbvfDbWWVFWT09P0dTUhNraWoRCIfj9fkxOTmJ/fx/t7e345Zdf0NXVhcbGRrjdbqysrGBmZgZv376Fz+cTSoW9vT1kZGTAYDBIRIC1aOPj47hx4waePHki6SC80DITAAAgAElEQVQ+IxX30NAQ2tvbUVVVhdHRUczOzqKzs1NoK8LhsERsIpEIvF4vnjx5gpycHNljAnsaQw2mtIfGmiaeQYIArZx00wL3QjstPp/vEidRNBq9JAd6TzTQ1wCQ+8B1z87ORnp6uqQkxsfHMTs7i9TUVKSmpmJ4eBhGoxEejwdmsxk///wzbDabXIf73dvbi5SUFIl8amV+eHiI+fl5lJeXSzSJipsy2NHRgcLCQrS1tcFgMMg4GdabMSrOiNTe3h6am5tx9epVGSrs9XoFrOi11CkEGoFER5T7QQOpARP3UHvC2iBQ/+j6EIJvfR4pn9w7XtdisSA3NxdNTU2IxS5GrJDZ+8WLF1hZWZE5nbwP17i7uxuNjY0YGBhAc3MzVldXcfPmTWxsbGBubk4mEDidTvj9fiG3zcjIQCwWk/qzubk5GXOkQRX3l89Pp4XrQGCmC475N7QPjP5yrbXtoq4jmNO6mk0GBC6Uc+00aOCqv2hQ+YykrCBQ0QCZDpfFYsHdu3cxOzuLd+/eYXJy8pIc8Ix9+vRJHFJ9Rhmh4R7pmmAdbUuMmhHE8VrsrOfPWFOtuRb1fdl0kAj0qTcS7YnWBXqNuH+a3kPjCoJUfV+tW7STyfPC61JedVF6opPIPeWZYcDiw4cPaGlpuQSwtazR1iWmGvk5PpcG/Hx3HTEkGObzXeLh4o20ItCRkrKyMpjNZrkJw6g08Px7HSpkaJNeLNmwGTHg31JQGKLWXhSjbPqz2svjQvPgaS9PP+eXfkejz43TAJMLrhG/Bkc8LDyMTEGwO25/fx+pqamw2Wzwer0oLS2VeXhlZWWCsOmhHh4eYmZmBq9evYLZbEZLSwvGxsZw+/ZttLe3Y3R0FG1tbaisrERVVRWCwSBGR0fR0dGB58+fw2w2o6ysDLW1tVJjQkOgATLfg/lmKjcdZdPRrC9FOHQUVMsM94LKiVElHXmh4qTXpMOy3KtEkMA15320oqVnZbVaBbgcHR1hcnISweDFOInU1FTs7u7CarWiuroaubm5sNvtwnPDfdze3pYh12VlZZiYmBC5Ozs7Q1pamgyHvX79uqQ9eU5YALu4uIjR0VGUl5fj8ePHmJ2dhdFolH+7u7uxu7sLo9GItLQ0pKeny4io9vZ2pKenY3h4+JKM672hgmc3lDY62gHhOdZKgkqHZ4adolqp8HutCPWZoILRKSI+h9VqxdOnT+H1erG7u4uenh4EAgG0tbUhJycHgUAARqMRTU1NODg4wDfffCORLO1IjY6O4saNGxgeHobBYJA0GL84pmZzc/NSYwafu6ioCAaDAe3t7WhpaUF1dTX+8pe/YGhoSABzV1cXqqqqEApdjNNpamrClStXsLi4iBcvXsjvTSaTGJlE/aAjCVrvad3KiLiONuj91KCdThh/xvOgo6qJjgjPDY3n/v4+ent7pWbOarVic3MTaWlp6OzsRDQaxezsrBScc81YI3X37l1kZmZiaGgIAwMDuH79Onp7e1FUVIS3b9+ip6cHdXV12NjYQH5+vtTVhsMXw7FnZmZQVVUlTOk6kkT9zp/pfaOTph1gveY6yqANno5CUDdwPTTvIa+lQVU8HhdQSIOa6ABqsMP90Iaae5NoQ6LRqOjzeDyOubk5icbzGflcfO9E55T6WxtzfS71vRPPO9+NepaRXg3O9Hrq1Bv/hmCcz8V/eR54/jVY1LRFOjuibYa+P22gfhetdzQg1N2vsdhFmQHfh2vJZ+Y76Y5k7n9ra6vo9cRUYeIXZVSDyMQvgnodwCGgE8ClPVcNuhK/3r9/L4CLKF7z1eg0IoVRe04U5s3NTSwtLQly5+YT9NBYMlRKw8xFZa2Grm/Q4VWNNumts6aAI0l4H4bjaVApCInRIT5nNPrPlAA9UgrV6empeNkWi0VqeThwOxAIID09HcvLy1hZWUFZWRmam5uFwTkej8Pv98PlcuHVq1f44x//iB9//FFABAfHlpWVweVySYFtSkoKwuGLob/k2klLS0NjY6PU1dADZ12cBsfxeFwKB/8fvr60p80s27r/3G1dqfV2t7qqu+qqKjV0J6kolUqUEAWiRAEDBsw8mxnMbATGtjwgwJaNAdtgjLGNbUYxD8ZiFqlUqbTeD2jtPtB17weUYOzHz3POPntce21iUbhGKh5AjRC5t8y6MINJIWO5iAaZThh/5w/LDBRGZtu4pywb8nvUFC+zcurar6ysoKysDCcnJzJGaXt7G8FgEG/fvsXm5ib29/dRVlaGYDCI/f19mY/HA8s27YqKClgsFtk7ymh2djYeP36MnJwcGUhL5+Xg4AButxtPnjzBf//3f6OlpQV9fX3SpdXS0oLp6WmMj49L44ZOp8P09LQ4iiMjIxgeHobNZhP+L2bYuE6qIabTfN/ZVaM6BgNUQIzw1RICzxAddJ5D1dnjHp+cnOC3336742QzeiTuMjs7WwDxVqsVp6enMBgM0jRQX18v6/fNN98gEAjcyeBsb2+jp6dHOPTY5cUO3ePjY2RlZeHFixcyM4+ODO/T4XDg/fv3+NOf/oTXr1/D4/Hg4cOHMo+PDRN6vR7JZFJA9u3t7djb24PdbkdLSws6OjruXFt1imgUuF4M8GhAqLvUyHp3d1c6LVk64X7xWr/++qvI3N7enqwzMxP3ncv7+7q7uwu73Y6Ojg6k02ksLCwgFotBq9VKZn19fR3RaPQOvufw8BAzMzPw+XyoqqrCjz/+CL/fjydPniCRSMBoNKKmpgahUAgmkwkejwfNzc0Ih8NoaGiQDH9zc7M0rVDPcO3UjIRqzNSSDB1LZrJoX1hSpJ5QWfuJxzs5ORHMJa/NgP3i4nb4Nx2si4tbDCrvhyNz6KwxoLu6uhK7xG5z9cwlk0l8/PhRPkNsYSaTwbt37+D1enF1dUseThlmhy2vTb14fX0tIP6ff/75zig24py5z8FgEJnMbfey0WiUxjCTyYRkMimlzZ6eHiwtLeHo6AipVEoalzKZDKampgQ/l0wmZSYup3XQzgeDQYE7ELR/cHAgI+z47BzfdXJyO0vU7/fj+PgYs7OzGBoako7lkZERgXt4PB709fWJLaFTf3FxC7QvKioSp6+yshLhcBinp6dwOBx49uyZdPzTxp6ensoMUZ4Nzs+kQ9zd3S0QGtXRVuVTTVKogZSalFA7EdXkgpqM4Pn+w/0L3n+zGjm0tLRgbm5OhF/NftyPxtQSgBqlh0IhMXCbm5tIJpM4OzuTjgkeDKfTKRkjn88nDh47QjiHikB6/j2RSMjroVBIoku1/Z0lgpOT21EW7NTY39+XDp2Tk9vZYeFwWAxuIBAQp2pvb086HvheZqvYJbSxsYH8/HxMTU1haWkJQ0NDcLlc0Gg0WFhYQH19vZSOePhDoRA6OzuxsrKCvLw8NDY2oqCgAEtLS5Id8Xg8+Ne//oVAIICCggLs7e2J4d7b20NTUxMGBwelY5IT3Vm2IX0AnVyCt9mZxnEte3t7WFxclCyYzWaT9WVHy+npqTgaNOiMaj9+/IiVlRXMzs7KGnLvfv75Z4TDYSwuLorMzc3NyQHgzEAqT+KxTk5uaQKo8Ng48PHjR0QiEZSXl0tbPMfShEIh5OXlIZlMSmv3xsYGOjs70dvbi0AgIGDq0tJSuFwu/P3vf4fBYEA0GhUHbnd3Fw8fPkRLSwuWl5fx4MED+P1+hEIhmavX1NSE+fl5JJNJvH//Hk1NTaitrUUgEEBtbS1sNhu6urqk266xsRF2ux3FxcVIp2+7gz58+CBjb2gcOHQ9k8nIyCJGzKSeCAaDoiy3trYQiUTk7EYiEcRiMQlIQqGQAL2np6elw4pzEDOZjJSK2Dnm9XrFWefEBjLBLy4uYnl5WboUc3NzpeQ0PDyMjY0N1NbWoq6uDqlUCrm5ucIV9NVXX8Hn84mxTKfTmJycRE1NDcbGxvDhwwdMTExgbW1NShAWiwVNTU2oq6uDVqvF4eGhPD8zqxUVFfB6vQiFQnj79i0ikQgePnwog4ezs7OlEzESiUCn0wlfD6dnfPPNNzCbzdje3kZvb6/M0eQ5oYNJh/D4+Bijo6OS8ZqdnUU4HJbybX9/v4wzikQi8Pv9sj9Go1FmHLa1tUn3ZTgcxsDAgGSL+/v7EQ6Hkclk4HA4ZPDy9vY2/H6/OHwDAwPQ6/U4Pb3taE4mk7BYLCgvL0cymYTZbEYikUB3d7c0DJH+gQa7ubkZbrcbX3zxBaxWK+rr66Wbl2eF+5OXl4dM5rZJIz8/Xxzu0dFRJJNJ7O/vw2g0Qq/XC7dSVVUV0uk0/H4/cnJysLW1hY2NDZSWliIUCuH6+lp4pth8MzAwgMrKSgloA4EA1tbWoNPpJCNNOAfLVRqNRtamt7cXr1+/xsnJbTMNdenJyQmi0SiysrKwu7uLmZkZYXOPx+N4+vSpNOmwc5by+PLlS4TDYVxeXsLv90On02F7extmsxlPnz5FQ0OD4AmPjo6wtraG77//XhpA2trapGqxsbGB9+/fY319HWdnZ9BoNNK1fnx8jKKiIqysrMgweWYv3717J4PiX79+LRi8q6srvHv3DhMTEzg7u8U+0iFaXl6WTt9Pnz5Bo9HAZrPh6OgIwWAQWq0WGxsbODg4QH5+vjjRPH/r6+uYn59HRUUFTk5umzsqKiowODiITCaDvr4+FBQUIJ1OY2RkBBqNBpeXl1haWsLbt29lkDazqnRUGxoaUF9fj/PzW+6y7777TmQoJycHTU1NODs7Q3t7+50O/MLCQhlTZLFYUFJSIhCNn376STp1Ly8v0dLSgsPDQ/zyyy/iu9x3mNRklOonqZUt1Um7/3m15HxxcXHrcN1Pgd8vMdJh6u7uxtzc3J2I+Pe8PjXyUkuS9JLn5+dxdnYLxBweHsbZ2Rn8fj+qqqoEM1FYWIhYLIa9vT0UFxcjGAwKB09paSni8TiOj48xNjaG4eFhyXr19PRge3sbXq8XRqNRPPzq6mr4/X5cX1+js7MT/f39ApCuq6vD5uamcIuoxGkFBQUy2NpgMIigBgIBlJWV4fT0lvW3tbVVBolyjqTf70dpaamUA2OxGDY3N9HZ2YmhoSEsLS3B5XKho6NDNi0YDKKjowM9PT3o6upCIBCQTEk4HEZnZ6dwtxCsylT/6OgoAoGAjILIZDLCTWOxWDA3NydlL7bgx2IxvHr1SpzFvLw8+P1+XFxcYHZ2Fh0dHVIGePXqlWQiDAYD9Hq9rAXnd11fX6O0tBSpVApXV1eYnZ1FZWWlOEharRazs7O4urqC2WxGb2+vGK7a2lrhn9LpdDCZTEin04hEIqitrZWsYWlpKfx+P05OTuDxeGCxWHBwcACHw4GqqirpyGSGq7GxEW/fvsXAwABaW1sRj8dhsVjw5s0b5Ofnw+VySZmKOLCSkhLk5ORgYmJCnBabzYYff/wR+fn5aGxsRHNzM4LBoDw7S4SdnZ0wGAwYGBiAx+OBRqOByWTC8PAwqqurUVBQgOLiYkxNTSE3NxelpaUoKSmRQdekW9jc3ERNTQ1isRjevHkjFAfkqNvc3MSHDx8QDodxeHiI6upquFwuXFxcoK2tDW1tbZKdqq6uRnd3tyjtwsJC6bJtbW2F1WrF+fk5JicnhUJjenoaZWVl0jWpUjAsLS0JLiqdTqOvr0/Ihbu7u1FYWIipqSkkk0nYbDbMzMxAr9ejq6sLAwMDcLvd2Nvbg8vlQn5+vkSbzJ7HYjGUlZXBYrGgsLAQZWVlMl91fX0d1dXVMJvNGB8fR3l5OQKBAJqamiTYyWQyGBwclODDYrFgY2MDVVVVMJlMiMVi0Ov1aG9vl8kTvb29GB0dRVFRESYmJmCxWFBRUSGDrX/88UfMzMxgfX0djY2NSCQSOD6+nRVZXV2No6PbMSsFBQXCCj4yMoKRkRGk07ckmk+ePJHmn5qaGjQ0NCCdvuUrevPmDRKJBA4PD5Gfny9O3MDAADQajXSFFhYWCj1Bd3c3DAaD8AI2Nzcjk7mlQWhubkZbW5vwRq2uruL4+JYQeHh4GB6PB5eXtxxS09PTkuEMBoPweDwYGRnB7Owstra2YDQa4fF4sLq6CrPZDLfbDZPJJAO/PR4PnE4n4vE4urq60NXVJUE1ZY3lfXI5crD9wcGB0BiwDDMzMyMdvtvb23A4HJI1TKVSCIVCyGQyQq3AQCwajQrGlZ2CJycn0jhxdvZvbjQmB4LBoGBtLi8vkUgkcH5+ixMLh8Ni2zjk+fz8XIJt2j864rx/4jR5r+TS83q9omt47fPz2y73VCol5cJEIiE2mI1XzPzTKSeXH7OA7FJm8oDPy65fJlSYxWZChckHJinIeUh5VjnlGPQeHBzI51g94r0z+UBMJ7uFiZNkMoeNQszQqVyRHJLN+19YWJCs4/r6umSIyZfHLC+/9/DwUJIpDCTIZ8nmJ71eL5Qfapn4/g/X7f577jtp950vtTTKasMffu/idJTUC19dXcFkMkkGSP1Ry0RMo6rZMrVmHAgEsLS0dKeer6bgKQzJZFIyWir1AT/DaJ8dK0yHqy2yTJOy/MX38v/M8BCozEPGf09OTpBIJKR0c7/VmTi0dDot9An7+/uYnJyUe+R9sdbMe+U1VldXRTHQUPBgqWSPm5ubd4C5FEyuEde5pKQEbrdb+JGogCiMzE4Qu8MMFQWE+0Evnoebz8Z74LOzm1PFaNDZpiByP3h9dl3xwB0cHAi9B0s0JMAjjoMHiferNjcQ58eSL6N9i8UiURcH+TKbuLOzI+VcgqdJjUGKB66TWlLg9ViaXV5eRnV1tUSB/Nna2pL3cE0vLm5JC/nMfJ3KYWhoCJ9//jmMRqPIhslkwtramig9ljRYimCWimVDygflSM1WU9FznZiip9JjyViFF6h4Sqb7SWXAbCQdZrU7jQqRo6729/dlv9lBzBI0DUM6nRaw78XFhTQNsFTEZ+NzbW1tieN5dnYGh8MhMsjn42B7AusZ7bKUQV1AI80S7traGvR6vcxF3drawuzsrLTDU08w+0u5UxseuM58Tp4/Ylp5tg4PD0WPMHvO36kvCHPg38gHd1/GuDaEXlBWPB4PUqmUPK/6naQ4OT09FVoM0tJwDSk/3Fs6xjwTfM/Gxga6urokCCD9B2We+opUPoeHh0KsrJIdc70YMFDvqLgvkgXzudVSuHqmqZ+os5mlVfGoLBGrXX0XF7ddcOoUCpY6aRNZRmJ3IOEp3GP1zN3c3GB6elp0O8uC/F528FF3Ek7D97KrkOeK8Be1tM1zrMo2/045JRie/6et4sQVromqR9RECtePuERCjq6urqRjM5PJ4Ndff5Xv/fTp03/olouLC9G5aqmZpWVCgmin2MxDXB9xZpeXl/8xlJx/V99Dx5kOnl6vx8bGxh0s3H2/5/fwcXz9fpaL8sDGLhXjfXR09O+Sonrh33O+aEQnJyf/o0uRyvq+t6ficvj3s7NbpmWVxI3fpQoRWzV5QKgsechYt+dGsVVbVcj8HO91c3NTrsfvI3meqqRp5HldeuXkEFI9ZCo1ps4ZWbjdbiGDowKjIuWhYPmE38vDxUG3JDCloVOpLX7PSGxvb8v16YCpODfVWSIrPR0/Ok5UmGpXKZ0r4p+4RnQ66Cj5/X4ZrspZY6pjwXunkuR+cN2Ojo7EYeAaU4lyj+iIUmHxntVxG3R+j45uR0DQQPK5WQLgfamfVeWNDgSNvipH5IJiBEunh4aDBp7RMBUmDQzlh9xUdPjX19dlSC2NBjO7xADQqNAAq3urAsfT6fQdA3AfIsD9UZ0myiSdUrWpRZV7Xnd7exuZzL+5qyhP3EfiVKxWq2Snea7S6bSUtVXmeGJVVCzSfewhHQIVfM57TSaT8hnVCeBn6AyR+049u7ynnZ0dcTiokMmNxyw2zwCdL3728PBQHLq1tTWsrq5ibW0NDocD09PTd5xE7j2Z+VV5IOyBY2d471tbW1hbW5OGhNXVVYn46WDxenxudnQyI6cGIKenp8Itx3VWsVB09jc3N4X7i2vIfecEgrW1NclubG9vC8kl15nZDuKE+MPnpDNJHXFw8O9pH9R1DLBITMq94FqQukJ1eLj33GPeH9eB+8FrcqyM6twy8KBsMOvEPeYzcAIB94jPy6kSdrtdeCKj0egduEcoFEI0GsXi4iIikQjm5uawuLiIcDiMhYUF+Hw+BINBTE9PY3Z2FjMzMwiFQgiHw5ifn4fH44Hf78fY2BicTiempqYwMzODoaEh+Hw+OJ1OeDwemM1muFwujI2NSXZyYmICPp8PExMTMJvN8tr4+DicTifMZjN6enrQ0tICh8MBn88Hi8UCq9UKo9GI7u5u9PX1oampCd3d3ZLl9Hg88Pl8GBoaEkiN1WqFyWRCb28v+vr6pGO/v78fJpMJBoNBrtHZ2YmOjg7J2Hd2dmJgYACdnZ2oq6uTBrLOzk40NzdjYGAALS0tqKmpQVNTE0ZHR9Hf34+2tjZpUCouLoZWq8W7d+/EZrHxigGjipFUfZvfc7bULtj77PJ0njmm6A90hu57d3S2VAyX1WqVGnQ8Hsfm5uYdhcDS28rKitRmSVo5OzsrJSqDwYCRkRE4HA5MTExgdHQUfX19MJvNGBwclOnpLpcLgUBARv+wVDY7O4vp6WnY7Xa4XC643W4sLi7C7/fD5/NhamoKk5OTcDqdMv/R6XTC7XZjfHwco6OjmJiYgM1mw9jYGOx2OyYnJzEyMoLJyUm43W54PB5MTk5ibGwMLpcLQ0NDMJvNMJlMsNvtsNlsGB0dhdPpxOjoqAifyWRCW1sbzGYzjEYjhoeHMTo6ipGREfmc2+2G1WqF1WqF2WzG6OiolD1sNpusDe/L6XTKmnAdrFYrLBaLAFdHRkZgNBoxNjYGi8UCi8UCh8Mh445GRkbkngYHB2XdrVYr7HY77HY7RkdHMT4+DovFgoGBAQwMDGBwcFCeYXh4GEajEQMDA3IQeRg5YX5kZEQOSHNzM/r6+tDc3CwlOB6Q+vp6NDc3o7W1FQaDAU1NTejs7BT2aYPBgKGhIfT09MjrAwMDGB0dRU9PD0ZHR2G326VkygPN9/X09ECn02FwcBCDg4Po7e1FT08P+vv75TN9fX3o6elBb28vuru70d3djc7OTnR1dcFgMKCjowNGoxEOhwPj4+NwuVxwOp2w2+1wu92w2+0YHh7G+Pg4xsbGZPA5lRX/5f+np6fhdDrh9Xpht9tlb6gcyVBtNpthtVrhdDphs9mkHDk4OAiTyQSz2SyfMxqN6O/vl++YmpqC2+3G7OysKFwq6GAwiEAggJmZGfmuiYkJGI1GkU2eFcrR2NgYxsfHYTQa4XQ6YbVa4XA4ZA37+/vlPLndbjmPlCubzYaGhgYMDg7CbDZjcnJS1o0NAqOjozAajaKQHQ4HJicn4fF45JoTExMYGxvD1NSUGIbx8XGYzWaYzWYMDw+jv79fzhPPDt9vt9tFRmw2GxwOBwYHB2G1WkUWKPPDw8Po7e2F2WwWmRscHMTQ0JDoL5YfbTYbWltb0dLSguHhYXR0dKCzsxONjY2oqalBbW0tqqqqkJeXh+LiYpSVlaG2thY6nQ4tLS1obW1FVVWVTLpoamqCTqdDaWkpSktLodVqUVlZidraWtTU1KCyshJVVVUoKSlBXl4eSkpKUFlZierqajlLvb29og/Iyq3X6zE0NCS6dmhoSNbYZDKJXiP8wOv1wul0ip6w2WwYHh4WnUw54WepW1Uj7nK5YDQaZT+mpqZErqg/2UnJ16h/ObrN4XBgZmYGbrdbZNvr9cq90/GYmpqCw+GA1+tFIBDA+Pi42AmXyyXXmJmZESfA5XKJHqPDMTk5KU6H0+kUxntew+Vywev1SvOLx+OBx+PB+Pg4vF4vfD4fPB6PfA91ttvtxtLSErq7u8W+UL69Xq/cUyAQkOeanZ2V97rdbrmWzWaTKSher1fuY2pqSj47NjYGn8+H6elped1qtcqz8Jzx3nmN2dlZ+Hw+uN1usX28P94H9Qs/S25Nt9sNi8UCt9sNv98Pv9+PQCAg/yd+m2vJZyRdEu0395T3EwqF5Drz8/MIh8N3dNrc3ByWlpYQDAYRCoWwuLgo1/D5fOLATk9PIx6Py4gxzlJkQxaTEyrmXIVX/V/A+fs/9zNizJz+gSUy9UK/Vyq8vLyEzWZDT08PBgcHodPpUFFRgcrKSvGg3W63KDyn0ymLNzExIUZLr9ejsbFRhHN5eRlzc3OYmZkRY5BIJBCPxyWqOzq6nQ24u7srvC5M89OxY5aA0RSjPmJrGGmtrq6KY7ixsSHX2N7elkhFfR+vn0wmxcEkoJY/ZBpnE4Ddbsfq6qqMQVDvgdE8IyxmwnjfvM7GxoZEnUz5sgzBqJZ8QirTPqM0NWLls/F79/b2sLa2JmugXlsts+3s7Mj3MJpl1MwIlBEm389aPJ+ZYya4Nuo1U6mUrAujRjUK5mdSqZTMNltdXZXnX1lZQTKZlIh5bW0NKysrWF1dRSKRgNPpxMLCgrwnlUohHo8jGo1iYWFBpgssLi7K74uLi4hGo1hbW0M8HsfCwgKWlpZkVpcadfJfTkFYWlqSmX3JZBJra2vyjJSFlZUVuffl5WWZokB5YdS/trYmcxNXVlYQiURkOgLljZkMyiqZ7bkXHNfCaJ0ZEsqk+h18jdkC/p2ymEwmZW0Z3XM4Ls/qxsYGEonEne9KJBKw2WzyebLPp1IpJBIJJBIJhMNhxGIxpFIpeQ7KNa/D5yB/FtcolUrJ+WXwt76+LmvCz6pnTX0P15C/EwvFbCzPq6oz1PPM70ilUqKv+B5OWeCa83v4jKpe4jMx88ZrqPqKmZ3fe0beK88Ws+bU7y6XC9Fo9E6WlVlNlnupH7hXPH+zs7NSFmRZlN/JzDEzYyyfMGuqdjAfHd2OWJmbm7tT+lM7qNVsM7PobIZSM94XFxeSceNnmRhgRpod5qweMNvA7CmvzX9ZbWBW7FqB1sIAACAASURBVH5W/X6DGPHJaoWHpTaWxaPRKBwOh8wDdbvdUmUhmJr3fHNzI1lcljVZRmWmWa2+bG9vS7mQmRmWsO9TJ3Bt2G18P4vDcj5fZ9nuPhOAmqBhRYmVBnbw89l5bZZC1c517oXq1LCMy/KfWuYjtEMtbaskp1xLNmexDM39UGEu3O+mpqY7Exzu+0Fq4on/v++Q0bG6/7taauT9nZ+f352leB8Ipi7GxcWFeNG8YdZrVVIz1lxV0Bg3gV0gPp9P2vU5LJldhxsbG1haWhIQ4ObmppRNiIs5OjqC1WqVmVqTk5OIxWJy4O9vlHpgWFKi0BMEyBKV2i7P96rlDB5QAibV5gEq0vHxcayvr9/xdNniz7IoDw0dHN4LsWnceK6bSovA7+V98jVVafHwsmxAQSOGRBUwOk/ce5aq+Dv3WD1g96/Lg6SCMVXFR/miY0wFoQoj5Yyyox40llZVHB3XTT0oLCfv7e1JZ1cikZBUM5sqqNRYoh4YGIBWq0VbW5t0tQ0NDYlyYHmBZTQaAxoVFWQ6Pj4uyoBls8XFRelsU4GdXGt+j4oVU0Gu/D/pBdQfKmcVnEmZ4Z5xL0ifct+ocK+5b6qS52s04qqB4neqhken00mH4cbGBkwmkzSdNDQ0QK/Xw+VyyZoRi5JIJJCVlSVNF3q9Hi9fvhTH7PLyUjq9ZmdnZa8J/GUZUXUeeK+rq6vIycmBwWAQY8Qu3LW1NdjtdimTcj2Z/eB+UHGrY324LpRtngFSW6iYF8qqaghVjCMdD55jrgsN1f0zr2KW+B3cx7W1NWRnZ8s8RmK4WJI1GAx3noH6MJ2+pZB4+fIliouLEYlEZA4ly2pc597eXnEaib/kM+/u7or8Mejb39/H9PQ0nj9/LmU/PmM0GpXAanBwUPQqAehtbW2im7hW1DnUfWqCgLqepWeuOXU1ZZ+2ijrw6urqDis+Mxa8BteXn+d7aMxVqMvJyQkGBgaQlZWF3t5enJ3dzr7k2aQcfvr0SfSrirWkHNJh5TMwCKeBv7m5kXPBzmTaL5UEmZ9TqQzYwMERcPwMZZBQHtVRIwUOnVneOx0P1QHl/v7yyy9C+XF6eioTKShzpARieY92h9gt2qmzs1v6Gf7cd4R5Voht29/fx6dPn0ROaE9OT0/R2Ngo553f+b/93Md4qdkt7g2x3qrDdb/jUUb7qEC5+04XlTrTpapBpWKgB6k6OCqAnkK4tLSEsbExXF9fS+tqOp1GYWEhVlZW4PV6kZOTg9XVVdjtdiwsLGBnZwdGoxHl5eUigFNTU/jnP/+Jnp4eAYmruCgVmEcjpEYgFGbeH3FEVOJ8Hr5X9crVNeJB57VIkUAlTaXDLCHvh9fhZ3moVKdFNZi8X0YMVMR0ZnkQVAN4f7PVujOV8+XlpYAR1QiG96U6PxQmHhDVUaACoeCqYG2uO6+lglV5wFVDxEPKteL3qrKo3pcaZfA+0+k07HY7Dg8PUVZWBqvVisXFRfztb3+TThmmed1uNzQaDdbW1tDW1obe3l5MTEwgPz8f4+Pjgi9hKY6dd0zPb21twefzYWdnBwsLCxgdHZVOK6/Xi62tLbS2tqKsrAyxWAwjIyNSYuzp6ZHggUStVLjHx8d3lJAayalrpf7OKFCNFPkZ7gHXi44yZYqAdXUtVcwCnVp+VgUzU263trbw6tUr6HQ6yZSYzWZkMhm8ffsWbW1tcDgc+Nvf/nbHMPHshEIhfPbZZ6ioqMDExAQGBgawvLws5cfV1VWUlpaisrIS8XgcdrtdBryHQiH4fD4YjUb09fVhdnZWOpKZedZoNOI0LiwsID8/H7Ozs/jnP/+JxcVF+Hw+KfsMDQ3B7XZjZ2cHVqsVQ0ND2NjYkOsbjUbRTyzdsSQ0MTEhdCj3o1yuJY0m/6bS7Kg4EDUoVOe0qddUI/Pj41suQI1GI0O6bTabDASORqNCJ0C8IfeBAcDIyAhev36NmpoauFwunJ2dYXJyEn19fTAYDEgmk3j27Jk4v729vXA4HCgvL8fS0pKU7tVy/fDwMOLxON6+fSt2g+e5vr4e9fX1GBwclHKY2WxGY2Mjpqam0NLSgtPTU1itVrS3t8tc35ycHAQCAXR1dWFvb0+SAna7Xe7L5XKJI0h9pSYF7pNkqvaN66y2/fM8qrxLagBEh/D09BQmk0nK7ru7u8I0T6A3dbJqsO/rTzWYpb1RExqUHRXITptHu0NgO6/B5+S1qUPUbBd1+f3AmM9MR5/YUWYUVceDDqGK6VZtMYN51VFWbY9qZ3k96jHul2pbVKeYz897U1kVLi4uUF1djdXV1TvPpHYa0hGjo8hzzOejDNwvK96niVB16B/U0qHqJKlZFj4868Wqc3bfwVH/T0eABuT8/ByRSETa8Nmqf3R0hMLCQsFw/POf/0RjY6MAiLe3t9HS0oIffvgB8XhcWpcdDgeePHmC7u7uO6BuboLq+KkbxQ5Ebi4FiqlQPhsFhZ41I/L7WSbVSSKAnJ1XzKZcXV0JIJtetpptUzsqz87ORIh5jzROdGz4jFTodGrJGk4uIlXg7qfbaTgpSHw+PpcaPfA96iHknvI+eX+qY6nWxtX5ieq17jtTapcQ54vxsNIp4L7RePJ+ee/k4UqlUvjmm2+Ex6u4uFgaE1j2qKqqQkdHh4Dgl5aWYDab8f79e7S1taG6uhqhUAjd3d2or69HTU0NtFotent7YTQaYTab0d/fLzJbU1ODo6MjaDQa6PV6uN1u9PT0oLy8HGtra3j8+DFKS0sxODgIg8GADx8+QKfTYWZmRjIcquHlwVVLDarSUTOtqqJg9oif4fUYVDCwUDOLNPrquaHM3W9xVuWDDlg4HEZ1dTXq6upgMpmwvb2NoaEh7O/v48WLF8jOzoZOp0NxcfEdR4vX29vbQ0VFBZqamtDe3o6BgQEEAgEYDAb8+c9/ht/vR11dHYxGIzY2NtDU1IS5uTk0NjYKhucf//gH2tvbJaOm0WgwNjaGvr4+1NTUyHqtrq7i+fPn+PLLL/H06VOMjY1Br9djdHQUNTU16OnpEcetsLAQJSUlGBoagtFoREtLCxYWFlBYWAi73Y62tjYEg0H09fXh1atXQldBniXKuKpXVaeW+oH7xbPEtWYHnzrDlP9XgxXuCfGZJHW1Wq1STSA+rKurSzIeXH/qN1LMZGdno6CgACcnJzAajSgtLUVOTg5SqRQaGhqkXN/b24t4PI4vv/wSsVgMOp0Oi4uLmJubg9FoRFlZGbKzs3FwcIC3b9+KzFAPWCwWNDQ0IDs7G+Xl5aiurkY8HofL5RKOtL29PWRnZ6OyshIvX76U8UTn5+fIy8vDzMzMHQqO8vJyNDc3o7e3V7jQ7uszFdysOk33DTfPh2pgqWtV51jNspycnMBkMiEajaKlpQWRSAQ+n0+yNuQ7vP99zJSqZ1XVrapDyErLzc2NVIDYpcis4/n5uUBM6JAxK/vzzz9LxYX6mvqHHdtsxGIDEfWrx+MRqA/5GRl8soy7uLgo1z87OxMdd3p6O1Ceznwmk5Gy6/HxMVZWVoS6gwmWnZ0dXF7ejr+Lx+OSVfb5fHKWONXl5OSWnNXpdMoZYcc+A9mmpiYBs1O3qo40HW21G5V7xddVfas6YL/X0Xh+fv5vWojfy06pzlc6nRagNwWQX64acdUZoSeudguSJyqTyeDZs2dCVPf1118LSO7JkydYWloS8GQoFIJGo8HDhw/R2tqKdPp2RlU4HEYgEMCLFy+ENJOdJ0xDMq3IVDjv7+zsdoAxDQ/TqzwAaufi+fm5lChU1nlei++hwzk7OyupWnbNMYNG/AFJLbk2xFaxy0ZtueYz0dOns/Px40fpNmR6l4NFVSNLweRhvbi4kO5KlsbUqIlGQc0SXl5eisJmefTXX3/Fzc0NfvvtNxlK/Msvv8j9UflQIbBcpkYndKwuLi6krHx0dHRnrASfLZO5bTWmY6lmNBmtXV9fC/WC0WhEOBzG06dPEY/HkU6nUVlZKWSuGxsbOD8/R1VVFYxGI66urrC1tYVYLAav14vW1lYhSmV2xGAwYH5+HqWlpQJ0JfBXp9NheXkZbW1t+PXXX/H06VN89tln0kzR2dmJvb09vH79GvPz8xIhPnv2DG1tbZL1IL6Ga6E+N6NBlpW2t7fvRGF0Uk9PT4WtnMqPmb/r62vp2uIMSZbMaAhUg87v/vjxI25ubrCxsSGv8ZqU72AwKM0TRUVFWF1dhdVqxfX1NZ4/f46Ojg7s7e3hj3/8IwKBgOwBHcSdnR1UV1djfX0djx8/RldXl2RrHj9+LPxP4+PjWF1dRX19PVZXV1FZWYmBgQHMzc3hu+++w/7+PkZHR/HhwwfU1tZK1xNJb/f29jA9PY3e3l54vV786U9/QllZGaqqqnB8fCzZEavVKg0YBPI6HA709/fD7/ejoKAAjY2NksEIBoN4+PAh4vE4ZmZmBMtFR3V1dVUMG0txlHFSEPz888/Cu0QdxHNPh4hnm/hKNcC9ublBVVUVvF4vqqurBXyeSCTg9XqFe66srEwqF+TGI4h4cHAQa2tr8Hq9ePr0Kc7Pz1FeXo6enh48f/4cy8vLqKmpQVtbG2ZmZlBbW4twOIwXL17g8vIShYWFQkpdXl4On8+HwsJC+P1+PH/+XBx7GnHy511fXyMvLw/v37+XTs3FxUVoNBocHx9Dp9Nha2sL09PTCAaDqKqqwtXVFUpLSzEzM4OcnBycn59jZWUFXV1dmJ2dFXxlYWEhdnZ2kEwmMTAwgE+fPuHo6Ajd3d3inPh8PpSXl4sOfPXqlehhkiQz29HU1CQlq9bWVhkRtrm5CYPBgO3tbRQVFcHv9wu/o9vtFljBt99+Kzx2b9++hd1ux83NDfLz89Hb24vj42O0trYiNzdXnJ6Kigo0NjYinb7luHr8+DFcLhdOT0/R1dWFlpYWyVJnZWUhEong+PgYWq0WBoMBNzc3cDqdyM3NFSzv27dvsbS0hK2tLWnwSqfTiMfj+Ne//iVYz9raWoyPj+P09JZN/ssvv8TGxgbm5ubw1VdfCdbvyy+/hNPpxP7+Ph48eICenh7s7u7C7/fj//2//ycj55qamvD5559jd3cX0WgUf/3rX9Hb24uTkxO0tbXhT3/6EzY3NyWIslqtyGQy0Ol00Gq1yGQyGB8fx2effYbl5WVZ09raWqyvr6O1tRVfffWVYDz/+Mc/ylSK6+trtLa2CuSDMA/qUjV7qWYx1QSNWoH5PdD8fYfr4kIZXs2f38t2MSJgZxBxB1S0as1WzaaoUQOvOT8/j4mJCYTDYTx//hzV1dUy62x7exutra14/PgxzGYzSktLhZiQgPsff/wRy8vLaG1tRXV1taSTQ6GQjL4hULW2tlbmrLEEcHh4iFQqJWM8jo+P0dPTg8nJSZydncHtdsNgMAgTcmVlJXZ2doTVnczjs7OzKCsrE0PT1dWFsbExnJ6eCr5kb29PyDHT6TT6+/tRXl6OdPqW9O7NmzdYWFjA+vo6ysrK4HQ6cXV1BavViqysLBwcHGBzcxO5ubkSNVgsFhQUFODs7AyJRALv378XQHxDQwM6Ojpwfn5LpPf27VsBu5aUlAjBqs1mE4FNJBL4+9//jvn5eezu7koZgtd/9+6dgHGfPn2KRCKBdDoNjUYjh29lZQX5+fnCtl5UVAS73Y7r62vMz8+jsbFR2uRzc3MRj8clYjYYDHKNV69eCVaHZZ2zszP09vaisLDwzjVI3Nrb24va2lqJxqgsDg4OYLPZcHh4iIaGBhmlk5eXh4aGBtTV1UnJdn5+HllZWZidncX4+Djm5+fFYdDr9fj222/hdrtRX18vHZlcJ4PBgOLiYjQ0NODFixdwuVwoLi5GPB5HcXExTCYTenp6MDY2Bq1Wi2g0ilevXglVAmVxbGwMBwcHaGlpQVdXF8rKymQwM/mgPn36hOXlZWg0GqE00Wq1sNlsgoOpr6+Xc/zw4UMsLy/j48ePMl/z/Pwcq6urMrJld3cX79+/x9DQkBic6upqSeEXFRUhGo3i9PRUuhMvLi5E9jhKpLW1FT6fD16vV0pRJACemJhAIpHAo0ePUFJSgpqaGrx58waBQEBIXBlBNzc348OHDwiFQhgdHUVVVZVki4hJ6u7uRnl5uXQ+GgwGFBQUCJP/69evEQgEYDabkZOTg1evXiE7Oxu1tbXIzs5GLBbD5eUtE/WTJ09gsVhkqHZ1dbW0o7e2tqKiogLRaFQIW6PRKAwGgzjpZWVlmJqagk6ng8fjQSgUkjLx4OAgXC4X/vKXvwjI/6effhICYq1WK8Z9ZmYGf//735FKpZDJZPDixQuYzWbc3NzA4XAIC/v+/j6++eYbORs6nU7IaRcXF2VWZVNTk7Txs+SZSqUkOxeJRJCbm4toNCot9sQ7zc3NQaPRoKysDAsLCzKChc/9/v17zM/PY3R0FG1tbdja2kJHR4cQ3nq9Xpkbu7+/D4vFgsnJSRQXF2NoaAjFxcVyfmln+vr60NXVBb1eD4fDAb/fL7aBEzbY4VZZWQmDwQCn04mioiKUlpaKQ8wZjhzd1dbWhr6+PqyuruLZs2dwuVyYnZ1FY2OjZNkaGxsxNzeHs7PbId/t7e2STCgtLZXB5Z2dnfB6vTg9vaUJKSkpkTUbHh6G1+sVHPLAwACOj4+RTCbh8/kQiURwcXEBm80mGRJWdzKZjJDGMiu0uroq2ZyxsTEpCYbDYczMzEhW3+12Y319HZlMRsY30SnweDzCecfGIOJQA4GA2C6XyyWk1fF4XMb+bG9vy9SQw8NDLC4uis1cWVnB6OioZLs4aWRnZwc2m00SB06nE4FAQEZajYyMyHSZcDgMk8kkCY3+/n5EIhGcnd3yRxqNRtELQ0NDYhsWFhYE2hSPx2Gz2cR/YXfqyckJUqmU2GRiE1kJymQy4nCpZdP/zWn6PYdLzXLx9/sZsv9wuNQ0quoYEUOiloDYIq6Wk5jZuX9xtcSoOmLz8/Po6+tDKpVCMBhELBaTLj2OpmA7u8fjEdZjdpdNTEwIWejs7Kx0Te3s7CASiWBiYkI4eVjao+CT/XxzcxPhcFiej2Nq2LHFmVMcN8S1CAQCEgltbm4KY/7JyW0zQDKZRCaTkdlRp6en0jV2cnI7/mdxcRHn5+cyp4qcR36/Xwhe19bWhNH9+PgYfr8fsVgMR0dH0sHFfeJMqUzmdmRRJBKRdPDCwoKUjRYWFoRBeWVlRVjGDw4OMD4+Lh6+mgLe29vD/Py8NA2kUikpAwQCgTsAcnYeXV1dSScY14BO6tHR0Z0RLslkUpwvOj4srwaDQZl9GYlE5BCl02lMT08LyJVgW5ZZY7EYTk5uAfYTExNCVzI7O4vJyUmkUil4PB60trbKuhHXMj09LXvCluaFhQVMT09jY2NDuHASiQR8Ph9isZh0XQUCAelYnJ+fF8LHQCAgDPl+vx/r6+sIhULSbfjtt99Cq9VKqdxut0tAsry8jMvLS8zPz8vIHo7Y4VrMzMxgdXVVsmPRaFRKJFNTU9KFw2cjdm1ychJbW1vyN8rDxsaGlF8uLi7uDNtllyczKYuLi1KmYKciR7FwjhtZwtmxGgqFsLCwIJMdiouL7xBYejweBAIB6dhbXV3F4eGhcButr6/j4OBA5JRs0ux6ZNcicXcLCwtYXl7GwsICotGoMGmz5DI/Py90GUdHtyTLPPPsJmW3M1ng2b3M7BWbNAgMPz6+HffDYekajUYy1ktLS5JVTiQSiEajIoNq2YszPD9+/Ai/3y8M+ufn53C73cLRt7S0JCObuKbEhMZiMcmuWa1W6fDmc/B8sfV+a2sL5+fnsm8qZx7LLuQKo7EmbIG6ia+dnJzcaRDJZDLinNAYq3gplXeLWXGV7Jh6/Pz8XOAaaqKA36HimliaZaWhpKREyk08+yqcgtl8FaT+6dOnO/hYtZSvNv8QBK5mP1iiV/GqDofjDgRCbXZg5poZabWTnpgw7kEmk5GO7v39fUQiESllqaB5Vnlox7mf5PsilEXFsfEeWOXg0Pj7kCGW//g9rGrwPcTqqjg17g2dGj4rnViVt1NdbxX6olY0mIlXscLq/jL4Xl5elokRR0e3DP3Nzc135EqFx9z3ZdRSswqbUYHzv/e7+t47DhcfjmUJddEoEDabDXa7/U76WsUh3Aeeqalv/j8SicDhcEjZgh0/Koidxp5de2obKIWGaXY6MzS4BESqtW6WDJlKZMmQ7LeMHlQGZg4ipWFjSUDdTLbg0oixTLC4uIibmxtJxVLBktRRPTgUPj4vBZbGVSXc4/3SUF5dXd3pOORGUyBVsDpfJy5NbdemklXbq1XgJveG9065YHTKe+SakESORpT1bTp/xJjRMVQbE1iiZEmWUQOfj1gx3jPLlL/99psoC94Py9UqQPzTp0/weDzSIs8IhV2IqqLmOu3v74tzyn3ms6sYJpX9mWcknU7j5uZGqDfUpgIaQo77YADw888/SwmJiuXy8vLOAGS+X+0wpfKisqXB4HBdPhfLESz38+wSOM9mAjZncM94NrlvfH71XBIndn5+LtQtQ0NDcoZY3mf5imeMpXriGvk3RpQq2THlisqZTj9lgfvNe1JBuNQRPIPq97Jsw8wvJ2JQDqjDSJ+hYjhJl8JSuaq8o9Honc5DFcN132nhfXBNVQwR1536VAXd817YScrXKUccJTY3N4e5uTmkUinpwiRFDZ1pnknVwOzt7cFkMsncPrVpQpV56iOWu7mHPMsqpQx1M9dL/Z1GlvevdgWqWCJ+lmvDe6FN+O233+5kIi4uLvDp0yeRA5bf7xtJ7hHPAXUaS/aqwVWxynQMeB9dXV3Iy8tDbW2tzKqlDdrc3ERlZeWdktXFxYUQzebl5eEf//gHKioqkJubi0gkIjqBGefvvvsO4+Pjks3m9/Mcqd2PlKn+/n48evQIOTk5WF5elvdyDU5PT+H3+zEzM4OjoyOUlpbi559/FkeI9kC1O4QwqA4M9RXxu7w2nSSW5Li3xOuqCRzSPKjnin+nDaHeVx1orv/NzQ2CwSC++OILfPXVV9DpdIINJJ5XtXdqNkp9TfWRVOeL9knNcqk4LhXPdXZ2drekyI0kvwydAX6JyWTCyMjIHRyU6tGq3iD/rzoomUwG0WhU5pqVlpaipqYGXV1dKC0tRSQSkY6xjo4OVFZWCrmnRqPB/Pw8uru7UVRUJHgiEqfxgPf29ko9fXx8HF1dXWhtbRXCzUQigbm5OUk9M/KvqKgQ7EhHR4fMOOMm02Hh4VKVBNeAWCyPx4Pd3V1YrVa8fPkSDQ0NqKqqErbn4eFhlJaWipPDzNj19TVGRkaQm5uLrKwstLW1SSTKaP7s7AzxeBwdHR3Y3t5GTU2N4D2YOaIDQywUX1NBnWrHB4WGSk6NFFWnTXV6iNViCzWF/Ndff5XPqs4lAZrsDlJHN9zvYqHgUnh5yKiobm5u8PHjR/zyyy/iSKfTaQwODqKmpgahUAiHh4cyv7KyshK5ublobW0V8C33k0p+b29PZuJxdiUze8SLMSJTMX4XFxcyQ/HDhw+y9pQLOjUEqnLUimo8aNAZAbMUrJ6x3d1dNDQ0yFDXZDIJo9EoziIdIRrK4+NjtLe3o6CgQDiMaLioAPkZKgxVDlR+IL6XjjMNkKrgeP2VlRW0t7ejtrZWaFLMZrPwN7W2tmJpaUmcXTUgOD4+FlyOXq+HTqdDJpMRR5bOLqdSnJz8e0TK+vo6Jicn8eDBA8RiMcHAqTQrqkHb27sduk3WebWR5ujoCC0tLXjz5o28Tl3Q1NSE0tJSVFVVYXJyEouLi1IaIuWJGrgkEgkYDAaUlZXJ95CKhDqRn+X30LDRsDPg4F6ojhCdBhVLd3JygomJCRQWFsJiseDy8lLKnX19ffiv//ovGAwG1NXV4eHDh4hGoygoKMDLly/FaaMMMWv87NkzTE5OQqvVor+/X0r4rC4w68f9Ihm2ykm2v78vnG6JRELwZ3Suyc/GTCP3lQEAZZt6SZV1/kuKIq4V9Q8rG3TSGVww6KRevF9OOjw8FEwPKY8oTxx6zEBeDebpxBQXFwvz+eHhIex2u+Bph4aG8PjxY3lWYi75WZ/Ph3fv3uHo6HYW8MTEBGKxGMbGxhAIBPDLL79II05lZSV8Ph92d3eFDHtzc1P4L1kyZGBZXl4u1QCus8VikQrETz/9hJaWFgSDQXz//fcym9hgMKCyshKBQAD19fXo6upCKpWC2+1GXV0dRkZGBKusJmXozDFpQB3OtVOraSz78e9qhk7NHKqd23TCmP1TpyXMzMygr68PVqsVbrdbZKK9vV2aDu47S/fxW2pJkfvP96tlxPvdi2pwnclkbmkh7uO2COZUU61nZ2fCcKsqr/8Nq8XXuFB8fWlpCTabDRcXF2IELRYL5ufn5dB9+eWXWF1dlZr9zs4OXr58ibdv32J5eRkdHR2SoifQdXd3F5FIBAUFBZibm0N7ezscDgeCwSByc3PR2NgIp9OJmZkZaLVaxGIxLC4u4tWrV9Je/vz5czQ2NsJsNt+phTPiooFRy6xcC67d1tYWvF6vAOA1Go2UGysqKrC8vIzh4WF8+PBBypPqmh0cHEiHFvEcS0tLaG5uxujoKJLJJKqrq/HhwwcEg0E0NDQI2JEs+pFIRO79vpOldl6qz8D9ouFUO6uoBChMdA4pAzxQarpVTb3zNSrD+14/Mzr8LipYNauj1sr53aozdnh4iJycHIyMjODt27fIZDKYnJzE9vY2wuEw3r9/j8XFRTx48AB2u10ME+/V6/Xi1atXSKVS8Hq9qKysxO7urjDUT0xMIB6Pw+FwyOgmMqaT2fjJkyfCvs37ouxsbm7CYrFgaGgIwWBQsIIEYR8dHQmlxPPnzzE9PX0nopyamkJZWRkikYgECm/fvsXe3h6CwaBMCBgaGpIy8fb2NsrLy7G4uChAdg6Opsz9+uuvYiy4J6rxXeoPpAAAIABJREFU4B7zR1WQVHjMOpHU1Ol0QqvVSklkeHgYx8e3XEzPnj2TIcV0ohlhrq+v44cffhCC3O7ubsGB9Pf3o6amRgDgQ0NDSKVSCIfDcDgcGBsbQyKRQE5ODkZHR9HU1IRoNHoH2pDJZBCJRNDa2or+/n5sb2/DYDDINIKZmRlsbW3BZDIhEAggNzdXyik8H48ePUJdXZ3QggwMDCAnJwfz8/NyjZ6eHvj9fqRSKfh8PsTjceh0OsF92u12NDc3Ix6PS+aBzgMNNp0qOvkfP34UR4jBHZ0sOm10OkiQ2tTUhN7eXikhJ5NJrK6u4qeffsLr169hNpuh1+sF18luROpWlnnKy8vR0tKC3d1djI+PiyHWarUoLS0Vmozq6mrJgul0Ovh8Puj1elitVpSVlWFtbU2Cns7OTvT19UmnbiQSQVtbGzQajXQJm0wm6HQ6LCws/EcVhuuk2hYVd6wGxawuqGDo+wacmTqVPkVNRvxe8HffUKt6ivc7NzeHWCwGt9uN4+NjmSt6dHSEqqoqvHv3TsD2zE5x7z0eDx48eACTyYT8/HzMzc2hpKQEAwMDqK6uxvHxMcrKyhCPx6HVajE3N4eenh4MDAzghx9+EAe5pqYGZrNZnmV7exs6nU7wvZubm2hpaYFerxfMZH5+PoxGI+bn5/H48WPMzMzAbrdLA1FbWxsKCwuh0+nQ3NwMrVaLhoYG5OTkYGNj407gTkeWtpJ2lPpGLS3zRw3Uud5MODArqdovnhk6yWrTFhvSysvLBX5ydHSEzs5OCYYpE/8X4F19TS0f/m8Ol/oZPscf7gsphYqHn1E+DRg7IvhwjILUtPf9NJxajohEIpIla2trw/fff49Xr15JKnxtbQ0PHjyQcSD0Um02G968eYOsrCw0NTXJTDGr1QqtVovl5WUkk0m8fv0aX375Jb7++mtZaI1GI4D5rq4u/PjjjwL+e/bsGXw+H/x+P9xuNx4+fAidToe1tTURGDLwquUAPheFg+UBdjiRfTo/P1/wJsXFxYjFYvD5fHjz5o0YfWaizs5u279bW1vR2NgoGRCCU3Nzc+HxeNDe3o66ujpsbW0hNzcXc3NzMmJkd3cXPT09dyI71SvnwWZ5lAR2agaLe0nB4e/M3Kh7yvexjKOukXrg1Oid38vDdnZ2JhPqmbVgJkxVQGrGh9/J57i+vobJZMLQ0BC0Wq3wZhE79ejRI9TW1uLbb7/F4uKiyCOficZjYWEBGo0GBQUFGB0dRW5uLlpaWjA0NCQA6bq6OhgMBrx580YAvU6nE1999RW6u7sFWMvImx2hWq0WGo0GOp0OgUAAT548QTqdRn5+PhYWFvDgwQNMT08LaJxrxfV5+PAh/vKXv0Cj0cDr9Qp4fn5+HjU1NQiHw3j06BGmp6dRU1ODdDoNnU4nGV2NRoP29nYZDM9nZxnu/Pwcv/32m5TsaEz4ryoj3NOjoyP8+uuvd7KcbBhghsvpdErjSVlZGYqKiqQkwGg3nU5jbm4O//rXv7C3twej0YisrCy8f/8eTqcTeXl5wsFUV1eH/v5+5ObmoqSkBH19fdLE8e7dOxkbxKCCBu7s7AxTU1Po7+/HixcvhG6is7MT0WgUOp0Oo6OjKCgowPr6OrRarQzG5nVMJhNevHiBv/71r9Dr9RgfH0dDQwOOj49hMBhkztvIyAhGR0fhdruxuroKnU4ne83uV0IimJmkIbi8vMQvv/wipRk1G6xCJViK4VmjruT9clwRO72Wl5exurqK9vZ2DA4O4osvvhDMq9frxcuXL6UjmMDm3d1dPHnyBDabDeFwGDk5OXj06BGmpqZQWVmJcDiMubk5dHV1yTijRCKBwsJCyfDMzc0hJydHGg7a29vh9/tRWlqKpaUlaLVaJJNJNDQ0SIebw+HA8PCwZEqYEaQ+IwyF9of6hVlQ6mJmGzmJQOWropFl5zXXjvqEQSKz8DT8lP9ffvlFMm4qPON+9WdgYABTU1PIZDKSQSJ3XGVlJbq7u+8E3MyGszs3nU7DYrFgeHgYDx48kPFZ5+e3HdaJRAIVFRWyplarFR6PB4uLi6iqqsKTJ0+g1+vFCd3Z2UFhYaHQJIyNjaGqqgr9/f0SiGi1WkxMTGB+fh65ubnY39/H1NQUenp6kMlkMDw8jObmZphMJjgcDpSUlKCwsBAajQYLCwuCl6YOYHCWTCbF3iwvL4v8E1fNMiKrFOfn54JfZnk+EAjg/Pxcstr0M/x+P4aGhqQqxCrFycktfvrRo0dS+r+8vER/f7+UrO8HlqoPpP6okCk1COXv7Dj+PeD8xcXFvx0uGlFemEKrshiPj49jcnLyPxwyVTkzE6KmadVS3MrKigDCybdSUFCAsbEx7O3tIZFI4OuvvxaAucPhEAzCwsKC1LT39/fR2tqK2tpavHnzBpOTk/D7/RgZGUEwGMTLly8xMjKC8/NzaDQaaf11u914+/atDCv94osvEI1G4XK5EAqF0N/fj++//17Y74lDYM2dypHt+9wA4n/29vYwOzuLdDotDlckEsHCwgLy8vKkayU3N1dAjyrWIZ1Oo7m5GW1tbTg5OYHT6URtbS1evnyJ0tJS+Hw+2Gw2NDY2YmtrS7rBHA6HRKE6nU5GhVBoCbI9Pz8XVm6WsmKxmAAPU6mUlI84WJdRdjKZFOHhyCU6SKurq1LuY4mATgfJ5Y6OjiSqurq6kiYFPvfKysodI6nSIBAzs7GxgbW1NZyfnwvmjji/lZUVtLW1YXFxEcfHx0J4GA6HpQ26paUF+fn5SCaTdzpUSkpKoNFosLq6iuHhYfz5z3/G5uYmtFotpqamxGHq6OjAzMwMTCYTsrOz0dfXJ7MHHzx4gOfPn2N+fl7ki0p0ZWVF2pm1Wq20x5+enqK6uhoulwuff/45tra2UFJSAo/HI+XMTCYDj8eDjo4O+Hw+/PnPf4bZbEZhYaEA2aurq7G0tISvv/4aNptNGMbLy8sFjM0yQTqdlhE0Nzc32NzcFGXMQOb8/LZlPxwO4+zsdth7MpkUPcGzzP8TpH5xcYHZ2Vm8f/9e1oAdmEVFRdBoNPjss89kCLTq0MTjcXz33Xcysudf//oXdnZ24PP5oNPp8PHjRyGk5RzKgoIC9Pf3Y3x8HMlkErm5ufjw4QMqKiqwvr5+JzuSyWTg9XpRWlqKx48fo6enBx0dHdIBV1hYiJGREVRVVSEej+P9+/eioJn1yMrKwsLCAsbGxvD111/DarWioqIC/f39aG1thdVqlZJoT08PbDYb4vE48vPzkUgksLa2hs8//xwej0fKa8fHx9jY2BBg/MnJyZ1h8IeHh/I3nkPS1KTTt2TSfEZCLfb399HS0iIM7Wzy2N/fR11dHZLJpPDEHR0dwePxQKfTYXd3F1NTU1hbW5PSV0tLi1CadHZ2SudeQUEBQqEQ1tbWoNVqUV9fD41Gg6mpKRQXFyOTyaCqqgpLS0vIzc1FOBxGX18fTCYT5ufnUVVVBZfLhW+//RYul0sckMLCQgwMDMBoNOL09BTBYBCDg4M4Pj5GJBLB4uKijDtraWnB9vY2rq6uMDIygunpaRwfH2NgYAB2ux3r6+uw2WxoaWkRZ7WnpweNjY24urpCMpnEmzdvEA6HcXFxIffBagu7Pvf29lBWVoaZmRns7+9Dr9djenpa9JBWqxW9z6CZuL+ioiI4HA78/PPPcDqd2NjYQHFxMTo6OuB0OvHo0SNMTEygvr4eJpNJ9K5er0dWVhaMRiO0Wi18Ph8aGhpgsVgk456VlYWpqSk8e/YMXV1dMmO1s7MTU1NT0Ov1CIVCaGpqkqSGy+XCN998g+rqajQ1NaGiogIGgwEvX75Ec3Mz5ubmUFVVBa1Wi+npaRQVFaGhoQHNzc3Iy8tDNBqV/ePrGo0GLpcLVVVVsNls+PHHH3F9fS3B6dHREfx+P169eiXlZZ1OJ/I5Pj4uHcubm5t48uQJOjo6kE6nUVFRgXfv3iGTyaCjowM//PADDg8PMTIygi+//FLgNDU1NfjLX/4iNBN/+9vfMDU1haOjI6yvr+P58+cSTBJycXR0JAS0/9eP6pTdd7jUjJiK6bqfEbu4uPg38Skvpqbx1HLj2dmZDKhl1kNNf9/35lTcBCOK09Pbrj2/34+dnR2UlpaitbUVnZ2dyMnJwfT0NCYnJ/HTTz/B4/FIC7PP50NWVpYMHG1tbUU8HseHDx8QjUbR1NQEvV4Pv98vKc+WlhZ4vV4Eg0Hk5eWhvb0diUQC29vbKC0thdlsloGvW1tbMo2c/DLr6+uYm5uDwWAQYJ1er8fS0pIwGjc0NOD09BTLy8toaGgQPMjCwoLU69+9eyfDbX0+H1ZWVlBfX4/c3FwEAgHk5+dLNH52doZgMIgPHz6gqKgIra2tKCgoQF5eHsrKyqDVamUob1ZWFiYnJ4XraHBwEFVVVTCbzcjOzkYkEsG7d++k0+7HH3+ULioOjj46OsL4+DiePn0qLec//fSTRBAWi0Wc1lAohCdPnkiHUnt7O2w2m3Ql6nQ64RhraGjAxMQETk9P5ZCyy+v169fw+XxCwFhbW4t0+paokA7P5eUl2tra4PF4cH5+jvn5edTX1+Pw8BCxWEzwcKenp3A6nRgYGEAmk0FnZyfy8vLQ3d2Nw8NDIcvr6urCmzdv0N/fj3fv3sFisUCr1cLj8Ui6mwzYJpMJNTU1+PDhg0TqTU1NWFlZweDgoEyfp4HisG1mIAsKClBTUwOHw4Hi4mLpzIpGo8jLy0NFRQV++OEHtLe34927d5K98fv9ePfuHTo6OvDs2TNUV1ffyVaMjo6KUsvNzcX4+DhKSkrQ1dWFaDSKiooK9PT04IsvvoDZbEZZWZngIVlOIhnp9fW1KMaDgwNkZ2fDZrPh7OwMNTU1wnU0ODgojurU1BS+//57AdlarVbk5OSIE67T6TAxMYF0Oo2Ojg58+PBBiIudTif8fj9evHgBn8+HZ8+eScmpvLz8DhB8ZGQEXV1dGB4eRkFBAWZmZjAxMYGSkhIpzbe3t8Nut6O/vx+Tk5My+HxychLv37/HwMAAnj9/DrfbjVevXsFisYj+GR8fF3JNvV6PoqIiFBYWoq+vD4WFhYhEItDr9bDb7cjOzobD4bgDgub4p+7ublRUVGBubg7Z2dno7OyUWbIkwZ2dnZWpAg0NDdLuz6zExsYGHj16JAHf//zP/yAWi2Fvbw9Pnz5FS0sLzs7OYLFY8O7dO8EzcV1odIqKinB4eIjl5WVkZWXJDFCdTidcURziOzk5CZ1OJ92Zzc3N2NnZQU9PD2pqajA1NYXm5mZYrVYpte3u7qKsrEyG2Y+OjgpuaGhoCOvr6zAYDGhra0NZWRlcLhcqKiqEBNhqtaK8vFzK3kajEQMDA+jo6IDH40FZWRl8Pp/QaRCfysaOsbExlJeX4/z8HDMzM5ibmxOHqKysDNFoFLu7u6isrITZbMbR0ZEM797f38fk5KRUDDKZDIaGhtDd3S14NYvFIs6R1+uFXq9HOn3bLZ6XlyfBand3twSMg4ODiEajYjPr6uoQi8VwcXGBra0tmM1mgeUEAgGsrKzg+voaAwMD2N7ehtvths/nk+pEIBCQmcQsi3H4Nbv0OZqHZeq9vT3Mzc1JF+7i4qI4NqlUCvv7+4jFYpiZmZHg7+LiAvF4HLOzs5ifnxfurHT6lqqI/IAbGxtSIWAWM5FIIBKJCPY4lUrJ6KvV1VWEQiGBN5DuZ21tDclkUrLhJDMlVCYWi0llh/r4+PgYHo/nzlg04rRZpj87u6Ut8ng8gjtdW1sTKhJOfFlbW5MSOWFCbC5qbW0VMlVWTehA0Um67zCpDpcKjr/vcP2vGa77L9wvmdG7Oz09langdKjUDBazZDQSKuhWLS+yQ4DtyWznJm0D2+UJrNze3kYsFkMoFBKwKwlO1TmMfG8qlUI0GsXKyooIBdmQDw5uhzpzSDEjzo2NDUSjUSwtLQnYc39/H4lEQkhad3d3paX85OQEoVAIExMT4j17vV5pHw+HwxKJkhV3Y2MDJycnQhfAwcCVlZUIBoMiCPv7+zLxnPe0ubkp1yBjcDQaxdbWlrTjc97c9vY2otGo4NnYUTU/Py/7xOHNZ2dnWFlZEU6cdDotOJbT01MZkMsomynfy8tLibLPzs5EmGk0STR3fX2NxcVFTP9/vr60p80s27p/3VXf211RdVV3TalUVVKZlEBFJBGDQEwBwmAw2MEMNoONGcUsYxBgZAyYGWMzGNuAGA0Gy2aIqpIq1V3vB961++CO7gfEZD9+nnP22ePaa09PS1ZlaGgIgUAAv/76KwKBgBD/RSIRLC4uSop3aWlJKAHOzs6wtLR0i8aDCpKt+9FoVNrsSehKx87v9wvNAgcK6/V6rK6u4tdffxVcgM/ng9vtlhZiRkqUM2Z/+L9QKASPx4ONjQ354tovLS0hOztbshTn5+cimyp1ATNUHMw+Pz+PlZUVoQsg1mRychI+nw+zs7Pwer2yj8Qpra+vY3NzU8hE/X6/3NPc3BwePXqEN2/ewOPx4PLyEhqNBm63WwDVzF55vV7Mzc1JuYqMztvb2/L3aPSmxZ/cRaenp5KpJY6LQ7pPTk4wODiI7e1trK6uYnt7W+gZPB6PzJ1k0HZ2diYDu4PBoAyf5nOSE44dhKRuoQHimeZg55SUFDnDJJLlzL5QKCR7xr0Ih8O3hqmzdEfdxqHeLM+x5Zx6icOjOfmCo3N2dnbQ09ODu3fvyhzD9fV1mM1mGaC9vLx8K2McDAYRjUZleDWzX36/XygYTk5OhNySdBTEj5J25ezsDGNjYzLMnDNqWWplOZLUFj09PeJYUCeFw+Fbw9D5HgYU1DN7e3tyZlV9zd8J5aARpEPHLAX3OBaLyaBtZmMJnCcwn9gsEr9ubGzI7F3umTr/VO0wZumO5R/VdvH+Ly8vJXuuNhHQkBISwverTRDM/ofDYSGj/vjxIyYnJ2XNfvvtN7GfpNVgWZjXPT8/l/XhvbBcyrNIaA9t7eXlpZB683rca1YaiEtTbTM7TMmgzwoIHUvqIvVz9/f3xQ/gmrAjm+tJbJuaoFH9BXUdVLYCNRlEKANLyvRVWApO7GZXK3f8zOXlZZlGc3V1BavVKnKgVuYSHS8VUqE6X2pFT8UmJzZeqF+3HC61VqluBL9GRkYwPDwsG87/J94IvVQ6ZvxfNBpFIBAQILzKrM4unUgkIkJC5Uc+FzpX3HAebh5UvoZAQAr97u6uHHB2JtF7ZhmQ12Q0q7Yh01Gk8uNnqB1FXK+DgwMZUsxOQQqgeiB5WFXgMJ+f60FlxfIao3SWe6nQaaxY/qWAsQVfVVJq6ZgHkFgDHiYqYfV/POhqByQFn5/PvxEcz0PG7AAxFczmEbumdhMxHRuLxaTtl2BWllS4TsRPRKNRUWqUKXb5UEb4+VwLMkRT+UQiEeHoUTFM5+f/pizgs7Mcu7+/L11/HAxM52Fubg4LCwuiEJjtZbceZZXfWR7l4Fi2SXMdSQHAdebe0VklOFRtWFGxJHq9Xua4ffz4UVjN1b05O7uhSlHvRcV2ql2wlA/KABUuuZ1oLHd2dmQwNB01yjRpPdiRSWNAag/uN3UC56VyjUkdopYJ6GxvbW1hZmYGDodDlD/XVf2ijqGOOD8/l/I45Z6TFWi0VJ3D9Ts7u5lRx3KJiili+SsYDMLj8YgDoOrMw8NDcRJYmqdO2tnZEaN7cXEhoGGuM89SLBa7VWbnz5FIBHa7XQJRv98vwePe3t6t7sbj42MEg0GpDrDsPz8/L4BvZrnpDB0fH2NjYwOzs7Mi3zR0XB86P5Q/7i/tBPUju7Z3d3cFy8PuT5YOKXfqlAzKGteIxp0dbYl0AXQGKAPUJcwu8ezz/PO9xCtyjziNgfelfhZ1Y3t7O0ZGRnB2dgaLxSJY5ZqaGnR1daGvrw/7+/tobGyUrKbq0F1eXqKnpwdPnjxBWVkZAoEA6uvrkZKSgoODg1t67fLyEk6nE8FgUEqRxJdRR9IBVqeXMBjneaeOI26uublZMl35+flC8XF9fS0yr9op6j2uBwd0E+ekQpIoL2zESUz4sHFK9UcSnauLiwvRkyqongkBnU6H+/fvo7u7W/QFcd2JkzpUx0vdSxXfldhEpDptiQ6X6mP9Rb1IIjCcSoMGg2BGbi6NHQ083xcMBoXskgtF4Q2HbybXx2IxaLVa1NfXo6WlBV1dXcJZVVdXB4/Hg6OjI4yPjyM7O1tKTAS7+nw+tLW1YXBwEDabDaFQCDqdDjU1NXC73airq5PIuKGhAY2NjVJ+mZ6eRklJCdra2mC1WtHQ0IDa2lp0d3ejuroabW1tMuJDdUzUg0UnQ40sjo+PcXBwIOy2p6enmJiYgNVqveWtE4zJNVbLsLwenT71NYeHh1hbW5MsFg8bozLVcaLQq625FG7eA++bB1V1kj5VIuae81nUFmwqFwogn1GNHLiGFFhmlxKjB7WkrUYZqnNLELHKn6TValFcXIyGhgZEIjdEtbFYTHApTEtzDXgvZNFOSkpCQ0MDtre3kZubizdv3khmkA54OBxGR0cHdnZ2YDAY0NLScgtQqUZuFxcXt5wyOscqv1AkcsMQ393dLa3iZIFWoz46DTyfdERU8DvPomo0qJiIU6BMcJ/5NxXHSSXG9WVLPM8wdYbqHPO9xGNotVoBZA8PD8PlciEtLQ0mkwnDw8NSEp+YmMAvv/wi2R0Chnk/kUgEKysraG5uFoWujj7a2NhAb28vwuEwBgYG4PP5BGy8sbEhQYC6P/zOsvazZ8+kS7mnpwePHz+G3W6XYJCNMEajEVdXV+jo6MD6+vqt9bq8vOGq0ul0MJlM4lzzTPr9frx9+xYpKSky1YHOGAOslJSUW9mhaDSKjY0NPH78WLLQdBJUsDyNJc/FyckJamtr8fr1a+Tk5GB/fx9tbW1YX19HX18fvvrqK/T19aGkpAT9/f23YB8s77969Qpff/21zK78+9//LnrW6/UK55Ner8f09DQcDgcyMjJuZcWJ2SRWdWFhQZy+nZ0d6RgLhUK3CGl1Oh3cbjeWl5fR1NQkGfTp6WnJaM7Pz2NjY0OyG2oDjir7Ku6GuoWBU2KygEGe2nFNZ+tTXdvquqs6gK+/uLiQ7nJyT9psNuzs7KCiogITExM4OjpCYWEhNjc30dbWhtra2lsOOfd4Z2cHlZWVuH//vlCnaLVaRKNRTExMoLOzE1NTU/B6vUhPT8fs7CxWVlakS95ut2N/fx+Tk5Po7u6G2+2WrsO6ujp0dXWhoaEBnZ2d2N7eFtb/xcVFjI+P48svv0R7eztGR0fR2dkphMZv3ryBy+WC3W7Hu3fv0NraesuBU/UJHSXV5nBP+PfffvtN9kLNwP3222/yM20L9QUdH/U11G2xWAwTExPIzc3FxMQEZmZmJFjgVBLaPdWp4uer+5mI21K7FPn1KWdL9Y0kw6UaOf4z0esdGRkRZ0LNLnAx6Q3b7XYRBiocNSKjt6/RaFBdXY3R0VH88ssvCIfDAvwtLy/HwcEBDg8PUVVVJXPUyJVFLhAKRyAQwPDwMCorK7GwsIAff/wRXq8XRUVFwknS0tKC2tpa+P1+lJaWYnx8HIODg5iZmYHVasXJyQlKSkrgcrlkFhQXkM+rGn4aQzod5DNxOByibC0WC54/fy7pWirYeDwuc9VUzpLE7ASFhtQAJpNJhrZyBANT7RSUxLQ3/85IhwLKzBEFhwKrZpoo3NxnVWElOkrMyqgHgGtGIaRgx2I3PDZqVKEeFrU7jo4cIxo1E6uuU1lZmeBACASmo1RYWIiUlBS5T75f7Q5NTU1Feno6BgYGkJeXh/LycmxubqK1tVUc+cbGRty9exfj4+Po7u5GZmYmbDYbvF6v0DF0dnYiHA6jra0NlZWVIuOkgTg6OkJHRweamppwcHCAqqoq/Pzzz5iZmYFWq8XS0hLC4TDa29vR1dUFv9+P5uZmmEwmGU9xdXUlmRmuqdrirJ5PdR3ZocNOLEbqiVAC1fmmMlQd599//10Unnrt3d1dPH78GO3t7VhaWsLBwQHsdjsODg7Q1NSEu3fvwm63C6h/Y2MDn332mRBCUi7VoGRoaAj3798XmgmTyYS6ujrk5+fL6Bafz4fk5GTo9XqcnJzg0aNHqKqqQn19vTwz5Z1NIFdXN3MEHz16hFAohIcPH8qesvOruLgYGRkZMBgMKCsrw87ODu7fv4/GxkaRJa4jwdPNzc3Q6/Xo6Oi4RaJM2oP9/X0YDAbU1taira0N09PTqKurw2effYb29nbBfg0PD2Nvbw+PHj0SXCXPBfdJzYKo3F5v3ryB0+lEe3s7jo6OMDQ0hI2NDezs7OBvf/sb+vv7UVhYiNbWVnkOPks4HIbBYEBycrKMS/r5558RCASEdqC4uBhTU1N48OCBNGw8evQIMzMzMJlM2NnZQUdHB9ra2tDa2oq5uTk8fPgQVqsV2dnZGB8fh9lsRjAYRE5ODqqqqgQXlZqaKvQqPT09WF1dhcVigV6vR319PRobG+Hz+TA+Pi7Gj+ugOk/8OwND7jntFO0SX0N9wgAkMShkwMhzop4H1Xn7+PGjZHOTk5OxsbEh3IwDAwNYXl5GRkaGOPOTk5NCR2MwGG4F0qrDVV1djezsbLS0tMBsNqOxsVECv7q6OqHXyM7OFrhDeXk5AoEAsrKyMDIyIg1mbP756aefhL5jd3dX7N/z589RWloqw+Pv3bsHp9OJkZERlJSUwOFwwGQyoa+vT0avPXv2DJmZmYJdS8yW0XlVnRruk7rGXEdmbVmO5dqrHfG8FnU6qxEMXPb29lBXV4eMjAyhtmAp3Gq1yvsSy3/8u5p0SPyi3VKdrsQSo+p0xePx/2SaT1S8fPHFxQXGxsYwPj4u/2fKMRqNCnByaGhIas0sGajKYWdnBy6XC+fn56iursarV6+kW2Z3dxejo6MwmUy4e/eujDMZHx/RlF3AAAAgAElEQVRHV1cXHjx4IFFsXl6ejANi5mF8fBx5eXkoLS1FT08P1tfXBegbjUbR0dGB/Px8hMNhVFRUSFcNMwXRaBQ1NTXiyFFYqIQIClezFBQcNYvHTpa9vT1otVp89tlnEklSCA8PD2X0DNeTZSNuNr/TKRsbG0N1dTUWFhZw//59aetVowJusCqQvA5TwLFY7Farrlr/psCpRHRqloWywAwBU/1UVByFoWa/otF/s6fznujc0SFUo1HW2ClfzM6Qj4ipajqQXPeDgwN0dnYKhmZkZAT7+/vSRfXdd99hb29PDiwzRbyHuro6vHnzBvX19aivr5dutX/84x8wGAxob2/H7OwsHj9+jEAggK6uLvzyyy+w2Wyoq6tDIBAQMDo7fN6+fYvDw0Po9XqZp+j1elFWVia0Ej09PSguLsaHDx9gsVikE4+z+jo7OwX7o85HU0v66gHnGl1dXQkxLR3cjx8/itxy3ejsUw54dlnuoVH6VJbr+vpayj/n5zdjYr788ku8efMGFosF+/v76O7uxtnZGfr6+mA2m/HNN9+gublZcEH//Oc/MTs7K8GICqJnQ8sPP/wAp9OJ09OboeQVFRVoaGhAf38/tFotzs7OoNVqMTU1hd3dXRQVFWF1dRVffPGFdAKqZ4pKNhAISKeX1WrFP//5TwELt7a2oqKiQjq/CgsLcXZ2hqqqKvj9flxfX0t56urqZsZbQUEBNBoN5ubm4PF4xDG9urpCT08PysvLBdS9uLiImZkZVFRUwO/3IykpCbu7u3j58iXcbjeKiorgdruRmZkpOC2eQdWIseRJPUWHmo7b1dXN3L5AIIBQKIQ7d+5INt9oNEqJms8Ti8VQVVWF3t5ePH36FENDQ7hz5w42NjYwPj6O6upq4UsrLi6G1+uVWag7OztC+/D555+jsbERJSUl2Nrawtu3b7G0tISkpCSsr6/DaDTC5/NhcHAQycnJ6OjowMXFBXQ6nVBZGI1GmM1mrKysyJit1NRUcQAov9RJx8fHUrr6+PGjYL3UbAq/8/wcHR0J5ikSieB///d/ReexLKyW0Fj2J9aJJVLqNOq9w8NDJCUlIRAIoKqqCuvr66ivr0cgEEBKSoqUiru7u7G7uwubzYbq6mqEw2HBAnJvdnd34XK5MD4+jjdv3ogTEQgEUFxcLPMwp6enZRbw/Pw8Kisr8eHDB2nwefXqFZaWlgTIbzAYEAqFYDAYcHl5CYPBAI/HgwcPHkiiY3p6Whpe2JDW2dmJ4eFhwVFWVFQgMzMTJpMJfr9fGgg4nos2kr4BqTG4Z6w+0BazeeDi4kIIcenEcgB1PB6H0+mULl1yfPKavb29ODk5QXt7O2w2G1ZXV1FfX4+joyOhIaGd476qsCg6VWoSSs3kU9+quK1POVzq138Mr/6Uw0WlPjExAafTKUaUHqnaYafT6WRArTr/jt+5uCcnJ2LYfD4f7ty5g7m5Oeh0OhiNRnz99dfCw2KxWLC8vAy9Xo+vvvoKW1tbyMvLg9PpxNnZmUw6HxkZQVVVFZaXl/H9998LIdzg4CCOj4+lBXZ3dxdv376V5yH+gxEqW/L9fr/MkotGo6JYwuGwAHMZWRLXsLe3B6fTie3tbUxPT8NoNCI7Oxs5OTnibFIA1RIQHVcVF6JmErkfKuaBmBvVYabjp5YU/X4/ent7pWODnY7scmlsbJQWf0YI8XhcQNeMDvv6+gTkPj8/D4/Hg7OzGzoGduVEo1GsrKwgEAiIgePrLi8v4fP5BEvH2Xh8PuLk3r9/j83NTaHaiEQiMgcuHr/pVCEYnWMwLi8vxeFhuYmdXCMjI8jLy8N3330HrVaLcDiM6elpbG1tycHa3t7G0NAQSktLodfrUVtbi5KSEmxsbCA5ORkZGRnQ6/VYXFzE06dPheCSXYBlZWVYWFhAVlaWsDs7HA7U1tZieXkZqampmJiYQHp6ujRLPHv2DH19ffK6o6MjNDc3o6enR4YcLy0tCalqdnY2GhoapCQVjd40CvAs+nw+ARdToXH9VlZWBFDM9npG6U6nU7p1lpeXEQwGpRxE0Lzf75fyKjtT2fXz22+/wePxCOv448ePhXspEolgZGREOrvcbrc4Nru7uzg4OMBXX32F0dFRBINBTE9P38J3LC4uori4GGVlZUhKSkIoFILFYkFtbS1isZtB8fn5+bi4uEBlZSVaW1uxubmJtLQ0zM3N4e9//7sMACa3ETmmmBUsLy/Hv/71L7hcLnzzzTfC+9Pa2ips1C6XCy9fvkQ4HEZBQQHMZjMWFhYwPj4uuEJ2S//yyy9oaWnB0tKSROkHBwfSar+7uwuDwSABbHNzMzwejwyHz83NFSdvbW0Nz58/x9TUFObn52UOKucncmAx74FjhM7OztDc3CyO7djYmDTh/OMf/4Db7UZzczNevnyJQCAg2WAGY8XFxVhaWkJ6ejr6+/vx17/+FYuLi8jPz0dDQ4Nwcb19+xZWqxVOpxO5ubnY3NxEaWkpZmZmkJSUhOnpadhsNgSDQaSkpAicY25uDlqtFpOTk/jmm29gNptRUlKCnZ0dGSTe3t6O+vp6tLe3w2q1ygxTq9UqZ66np0fmCTocDmn+YAbt+voawWBQOkrPzs5QW1sLnU6H9+/fY2VlRaZPnJ6eorq6GlarFdFoFENDQ8jLy8Ph4SEcDgeePn2K/f19eDwe5OXlyRlyu9346aefZI6p1WpFb28vjo+PpRPTbDZjb29PSnvsdO3p6UFra6t0x3L0TE1NDRobG8UhZMd7SUkJnj9/jszMTOnSLy8vR1FRkWSr2AXb1NSEvLw89PX1ISsrC3Nzc6ipqYHT6cTw8DD6+/uRn58Pt9uNyspKzM/PIzMzEy0tLcjKykJpaal0vf7yyy/IysqCVqtFaWkplpaWxNazotXV1YXu7m40NDSgsLAQ5+c3Q8nLysoEW5aZmSlzj9+8eYNgMCh2mvND5+fnkZSUhO3tbRweHqKxsRF6vR6XlzezXZ8+fYq9vT0EAgFkZGSgtLQUp6enMJvN+Prrr2Wywb179zAxMYHl5WVUVFTAaDTKHNrd3V00NDSIU8cs1acyWKzsqNk5BqeqU5UIvv9UVuz/dLjUEuPFxQUGBwcxPT19q17OGyFmhpPbm5ubRdHSSTg7O0MwGJShuqWlpSgrK0NdXR2qqqqwuLiIoqIiOBwOpKSkSOt4SkoKrFYr1tfXUVFRIUNh9Xq9zMU7OTmBRqNBfn4+ZmZm8PLlS9hsNuHX0Wg0KCkpkQHXr1+/lk6tWOymI6+urg4vXrxAeXk5/H6/tJmTQLWyshIWiwVnZ2cwm82ora2VKNlgMAhXkcPhQCQSQUVFBXp7e/Hu3TskJSWhvb0dr169khlVajmM2aREDBDXnpGtmmHg/5mqVa9HJ+z8/Bzj4+NSytne3saLFy/w/fffY29vD0ajEXfu3MHo6Oit91xfX6OxsRFGoxEXFxdYWVnBZ599hqmpKZydneHt27fIz8/H0dERpqam8PDhQywsLOD6+holJSXSrjs8PIzS0lIB8JaWlgrnTU9PDxoaGiSjYjQahdlbr9cLgSiVM/9XV1cn7cuzs7Noa2tDPH7TSWcwGKSDkJFjU1MTjEYj8vPzpVz08uVLoa44Pz9HX18f8vPz0djYiM7OTuTl5Ql786NHj1BSUoLKykoEAgHk5uaiubkZJSUlyM/PR2VlpRh4i8WC3t5eTE9Po6amBqWlpejo6EBeXh7MZrMw3ldUVEgpYGlpCbm5udjY2EBZWRmsViumpqZQV1cn0VlRUREqKyths9kkAxIMBvHkyRMJCHJzc+FyuQSInpWVJSDW1NRUuN1uXFzcDKGvqKiQrCqzBfF4HPn5+WhtbcXp6anw9Jyent4C6TIS1uv1ktnSaDRYXl7GxcXNzNV3796hu7sbR0dHGB0dFaXa3NyMYDCIgoICBINBrKys4MWLF6irq4Pdbse3334rmDeSj9IJzcrKkpJSaWkp1tfXMTExgdLSUuzv76O9vR2FhYXo6+tDSkoKKisr8fnnn6OjowO1tbVCPtzc3Cxl8bOzm4HZ+fn52NnZQWNjo2RvBwcHUVdXh93dXTgcDhQWFgpXH2kgqqurJfM9Pz8Pg8EAo9EIjUYDm80mwdzGxgaamprEESNYmsztfr9feKnGxsZgNBrR1dWFmZkZcWoaGxuxuLgIl8slxrilpUUchP39fXnOk5MT9Pf3Y2hoSJwHj8eD4eFhGI1GWCwWWK1WzM/Pw+l0ora2VrJ1y8vLAugmLUFdXR1WVlbgcDjQ09OD/v5+rKysYG5uDg0NDZiamkJ/f7/gibxeL9bX1zEyMgKHwwGv14uhoSFMTU3B6XQKhcbCwgL6+vowMjIiJR673Y6xsTFMTk4KbmxyclLIW4kZcjqdyMjIEEzw6Oio4Lrcbjc6OztFL5jNZnHGpqamhCokEAjAYrHcsnGEzczPz8NkMiEWu+Gca29vF3C4Wp04OjpCa2urBIjLy8vSwbu3t4eFhQXp/G5vb5cGl+npaSwsLEg2a2NjA6urqzg+PobdbofH4xHbEAgEBCvHcXbT09OCYwwEAoJZXF5extHREba2trC2tiZd0cw2cZID2QFOTk6k83p1dVUGzZMpgE6l2+2Gx+PB7OwsDg8P4fV64fV6pWliZWUF6+vrGB8fx+joqNh7jhbje05Pb0ZZEQd4fHwMr9crSQZ26tOm7e3tYWNjQ6AfHo9H8JyLi4vw+XyCBZyYmJDPmpubE0eaTAfMdO/s7KC1tVWSDHSgWG2hA6WyLahOlYrfUuEvnyI9VbOpf0lMlxGrw/Q1AawXFxdob2/H4uLirdIYyxEsuZELIxAIQKPRYGdn51Y9nR0vxGep3Tlsq+YiUXHs7e3d6mhUM1JqN+HFxYW0FDOdycVntLmzsyPdDHt7e5KOZ6cLO4qOj4/R3NwsWLTT01PMz88LMSipJuLxuAgyO2WmpqaEQZfEnwSjGgwGbG9v3yr58bBz/blJKn4uscTHjacjq9a/VYAny2YU+svLS2xtbcnasmuFwsF94j0cHh7KnDQ6iu/fv4fX64XP55M15zywq6sryfYx80ly03g8Lgz+f/zxh3SOqWVWVcGo4FHKCTMfdE7Z9s0ggJm08/NzTExMSCcVS8+MjEwmEwKBgDipdKrZ/cnSJuWan692F/I+2O3FMjKzBIkkrrw2Oy7ZlcNzkZiKVmeasrQQDoeFa46gap5Z0pIwK8r2fa6T2hDBZ2Q2kU0QxEmxc4evOzg4wPr6uiiVy8tL6UjkM75//15m4XG+49HREbq6uiQLyWYBlmh4DkkfodPpEA6H/wObw9fxnKp6hzJOmgDKUiLInpltkrmqOEfuPb94jyr4l/fMM/vhwweZtcg1pW7kNdQ15B4xqCJcgOV+ZrrVjl6eYWaPLy8vZbIBI3NiQHkvkUgEHz9+RCgUEj00MDAg9CM8C9TtPp9P+O94b2pplxQb7LZmRyf1EjPg3E+1dMezrRIBq8EkOZFY9mMJkIaO/49GbzrEuT+hUAjHx8dCOUJjrQKt1bJPPB7Hx48fcX19LU0j3DeeU0INqLdUXBifQz1D3GuWcrnHXHPiJPlZkUgEbW1tko2knLK6oQ5Spy1QAfy0J9RzXDMVIqLip9TAXIWGEAJAm8JnTGQeUCEe3Gva28Tua94Pn4HlVXbr8z4ow3w/nRO1M5rXVxMRlINEO8e9U20Cg2j+TdV5tP3n5+dobm6Wc0zZoQxQ76p4QDplqp5WAfIsS6r4ZzUxEov9/9E+qsNFb4zGUOXvaGxsxPr6+n8YdSo/l8uFqakpuFwueL1eiQAoIDRgLDWyjZsM4wT6ceYX+afm5uawtraG3d1drK6uive+urqK8/Nz4dYhVw0VTSQSwe7urhxGZomOjo5EmakdFaoRoNFn6zEXn8zranZP7cDc29vD6OioKFfy9fAzd3d3b90T30dFy0NBJcRDT/CyWopUO3SolNS0p+pEkb+LuCs6czRUqgwQE0bFzynuiQaCh19VnlSUqkKiA6e2dH/48EEOB0dn8ICoIEq1xEnHWgWysluF8kpKiMPDw1uOPUc/cb9pIGh8VLoRYmTYOk2cF99PJn3unQrIZTSlchxxvQjO5T6pjgP3SlWENAY88JFIRLAw3EO+n+vHdSEeR1UOvBcVn6Bid7jX3EvihCjnqtyr8qKuKSNMjg/i/D2eDTqnXGsC59WpDlTualaX54+Ox8HBwa0yO6kQ1H2gfBLT8f79ezHadMxo9PgZVMZ0UvmzSnmidgYmAmu5t2opgk4JwfPUmaqhiMX+PSOQzgzH7PC6lEOuEdeAToiKsSMXGmVsZGQEPp8PHo9HMv+bm5sSBMzOzmJoaEj2gNfc2dnB2NgY+vv70d/fj9XVVZyenkpWnXp9f38ffr8fZ2dnWFxcFH4mOnXUN6pO4Pf379/LviU20VAe1cw9gyoV5M49oSzzc1RIBtec687P4t8Y0KlGkueO9682GVEn835U3Utnx2KxQKPRoKenB3t7e6ioqMDZ2c0YK2bNWbWZmpqCwWCQMj5ljc9AvUi5VbvnOZGCRp/PHIlEbuEImdQgPcn4+PitIILNBKrDpQYTiZUX/kwnUU12xOP/nnt4fX2NDx8+yL6zoUp9Lq6jSklBm0P7qJb26EPwnFFO1PNJGdvY2EBaWpro5UgkApPJdKthgvcSDt9wj/3222+3xtupFBCqw8XfVXoJ1S6rma7/cLh406ph5yLV1NQILoRdaGongslkgkajQWpqKurr60VB8MFJm0DMyNDQkHQIWiwWTE9PIy0tTcC1ZJZ/+vQpTCYT3G43Xr9+jenpaXR1deHly5dYWVmRIdTETlVWVqKlpUVS5WpEwoNH4aHCUx0DbpaaeVIXje+ncuU1mWEgHmJsbEwAhlqtFtPT08jLy5OUdeL1VeNLoeHfqQAXFhakzMZ0Lx0i1eFSU5mqMPNAqGB1Gj/1sxl9qNnMRAeTzhE/i4aGB4iC9ykBVFO0iWVVNTJglkOVSX4Ou9jopLLNmSSYExMTODw8FHxJW1sbqqursba2JnV98rJ4PB7h0uL1iYOgo6rT6TA4OHgro0rFphq6vLy8W2S2dGxUY8m2fxpy7g0jO9VgUAYYRTJY4DqraWxmKdT3qsozMfKi/FEhq/QiPA/cY96XOo+O2QA1OHv37h20Wi3Gx8dxdnaGoaEhhEIh6PV6lJeXo7W1FVqtFoFAAAMDA6ivr0deXp6UUFT5UOVRzQLT8SVuraysDPv7+yIvjMrVTIHqTKkROvcwHo8LxpQlGjoOqk6gjNCJVTNtagZEhV1wb+lYMGtJYuPl5WWsrKzI+1UweGIWnA65ChZXs2pHR0fQ6/VoamqSkWaDg4PY2trC6Ogonj9/DrvdDqvViqamJiwsLMBkMqGhoQHFxcUik8fHx4KH/eqrr1BUVHTLkV5YWJCsWXd3N2w2Gw4ODjAwMAC/3y8kwgy+Ex1N6iKuoWo4Ly4uRG9wDdUsj3qWEgMZ/kwDqeoa1VFOzMTxtWqzD50adV/5Ps57VZ0syhGdjvT0dLhcLhQUFGBtbQ1FRUXS1OF2u7G7uwutVovFxUVoNBr09fXJ9A3VqeLPfF46hypdTGJXOGWUMkf51Gq1GBkZgcViQWFhoZwL2gXKlKrfaOP5c2KAwr+pQR2dMNUB5XX4N/WaqtOm2hD1/ar9UO0Dz7m6Bzwjp6enMBqNePHihWSDT05OBM6i6kPVQf9U96HqcH2qvKj+n7pMxX39R0lR9RDVbNfFxYXwWPFAULBpgLq7u2G328UhYomID0HaBJfLhZmZGbx69Qr7+/tYWlpCaWkpAoEAsrOzMTc3B41GI/OfHj16hO7ubun6Y3diSUmJjHn5+eefsbq6ing8jry8PDQ1NcHj8SArK+uWMlSzRzxkXBhGwVTyjBRYcmMKlwJPIbu8vOkW4gwsjkxJSUkRjNjbt2+xsbGBt2/foq2t7Vb6VlUqqkHkPvDn2dlZWCwWKY1w1AcPpGpg1TQm91TtqOK+UpjVNG00GpVMkapg+D810uA98j7V19MR4DpSpi4vbzrpOPyVylAtm9KQU4moHY4fPnwQR5GyGI/H0draitraWni9XpycnMhIi+XlZRQWFkq5++3btwgEAtKpymdiRoEOkt1ux507d4Stu7+/H/X19djc3ERtbS30ej0qKiqwuLgIi8WCmpoa7OzsQKPR4Pnz58jLy4Pb7UZxcTEKCwtRXFws43ZqamoQCoUkm6gqR9VRYFCgpr7ZLUVlo0a+PJe//fabBERUMKqRUrOa3CMqaho6tbRMp5YKlJnSeDwuGduDgwOEQiHcv38fdrsdaWlpiEQi0rnc1NQEjUaDcDgMrVYr9AJ+vx9paWnSJEOHTi1hxONxKdWwI8xgMMBms8FkMuH7778XZao6uDxf5+fn0rWmUr0kBhUTExNITk7G1tYWDAaDsL2rBknl0Pvtt99EdmioEiN3OnlqoMosbFZWFnw+H548eSIjS66vryVDwM9Uqw98PmY2VCPFbO2XX36JgYEBVFVVSfYqFAphb28P3333HTY3N7G9vY1vv/0WHo9H5NJisdxa86mpKVRVVeGLL76AyWQSXeh0OqHX65GXl4f19XWkp6fj3bt3WFxcREVFBZaWlvD27VuUl5fDYrGI/ladGDpVqk5hxlrNXvJeuI8s0ar/ozNHo62eEcquKg+qfqL94hqr3ds8h6qeVDOT3F++Tt2H8/MbEt3CwkLk5+cLeH97e1tmTZ6d3Uxz4BB6jUYDo9GIDx8+3Oqg5lciWbFa1kqk8kkMbPlcJpNJ+Cvfvn17K6OuBn9qllZ1NpnxpVyrz89npwNIfaEGiGrWWu1m52fyM37//fdbjjdhCuo6sKSeGPhSTmKxG/7Q5uZmGaNFnUrcNZ9NDeh5n3/88YfYRdXh+pTzlZj9UveNf/uLmtHi4qjeKjc3FovBYrHIIFymvOmxHh0dyWTxH3/8EX19fbdqw1T6BwcHQmiXk5MjiocgPYLl79+/L0C6J0+eoK+vDycnJ8jMzMT+/r4MEP7xxx/R1dWFr7/+WgS3oKAAubm5KCkpQVNTkyw8HQEeFjXSYsRCpc0oT63r0gjw4KrZMq5hMBjE6OgoDg4OcO/ePRmRwdEnhYWF6OzsFGFm9KFGB2qUpe7D8vIySktLEYvFkJaWBp/Pd8sIJmbiErOUzJCogstIhJ/BZ2fkoqbvVUecf1PvlU6bml1RU7FqdoqHTXXGKKQfPnwQIeZnsiSjHnbVcaAisVgs0Ol0ODo6kjE329vbKC8vl9FPnEun1WphtVplrVhu4nM0NDTg5cuXcj2TyYSqqiosLCzAYrFgaGgI6enpaGhowMDAAGw2G8xmM7RaLTIzM+F2u2E2mzE6OoonT55gcHAQ9fX1AuD3eDxS2orHb0rdLFGo2Q3VcaLh531yTRKdXSodFQOSWAKjgkts4FB5iFRnnrIYidwM1aaMqOn74+NjTE9PCwfWycnNrLpIJCLD6s/Pz1FTUyPOAMHP5DLjeVOdeZ45Ptfl5SUaGxvR0tKCxcVFlJWV4fDw8FYWSVXkatBApahmVGh4V1ZW8PTpU2xubkpTDQ2pmn1MjITV9VKd1cSIXAXohsNhZGdnS5MPiVVp9NXMsxpBq1lg3otaToxGo1hdXcXs7CyKioqwsbGBwcFBAU7/9NNPCAaD2N7exmeffQa32421tTXYbDYZR8WSMg17amoqampqEI/Hsbi4KLMPX758KeTSY2NjiEQi6Ovrw8rKCsbGxlBXVyf8ibFYTDKGDC4oo2p5nfvMbKsaVKlVE96bmnXn9SjvLAtRV/O61HEXFxe35gySS476lJgoltU4WP38/FzKr9FoVHCihBkQ31haWgq/34/a2lp4PB5UV1cLD6TX68Xl5SWWl5cRCoWEb6y9vR1ra2vY3NwUfarCBdQzQF3L0mFiFk51FmkPGFTSaaU8qkEzS2N0YFXHi/pDlXk1y0rZPzk5wcTEBMbGxvD7779ja2sLLS0tMjGis7MT09PTiMVi8Pl86OvrE10/Pj4ujACcExmLxbCysiIzcldWVuB0OiUY93q9GB8fF8jH2NiYNMk9e/YMd+7cQWVlpSQTNBqNYIrVwJL4M65DYkaLv6tTBT7lcKlfXNe/qIZZjaISU3KxWAxNTU1YWloSIePmz8/Po6SkBF1dXRgcHMTs7KxMt1evz8yJ3W6Hy+XCq1evhIuH3Yapqanw+/148+YNdDodDg8P8fDhQ/T09ODo6AharVa6KYLBIJKTk9Hb24t79+5heXkZh4eHKCgowODgoHSjbW1twe12C+aB7Mc8fF6vV1jANzY2BADOeXfRaFS6KqgkdnZ2EAqFRMDW1tYQiUSws7MDm82Gw8NDJCcnY2xsDOFwWDhnyJlyfHwszQU0LmrWgQZO9dxjsX+XouhEMsNBZaWWTnmNubk56Rg7ObkZqs15fFNTU9JNdXZ2JgLMco063216elqMALtPTk9veLjYuRKLxQTwzqwEjRbvhZg9djkxXc6WaTX7wBEnS0tLooAXFhYQCoVwdnYmgP6zszNUVlbC5XLh9evXODo6wuTkJE5OTuDxeJCbm4tgMIj29nZUV1fj5OQExcXFsFgsiEQiQv/BLGAgEEBZWRkMBgN++OEH+P1+ea/b7RZG8ZGREemcGx4eRl9fH6qqqtDV1YXJyUnU1tZicHAQWVlZ0uKs1Wrx+PFjWK1WIT08ODgQ/JPP55MhvPF4HLOzs1hfX0ckEhHCR8rd8PAwtre3EY/HZbgscRBkrKfiI66RjN3xeFwUE7NHOzs7mJubE1kkJ1U0esOWzpI28Vp7e3uIx284cFhuGhkZEab5UCgkIzQKCgpgMBiws7ODBw8ewG63Y2JiAi9evEBzczMmJibQ09MjeocYNLVMk+j803io2btPZVsTDUOi3lOztfSXmsgAACAASURBVGwo4SgsNeOoOqZqYJN4j5/6Io6FzhubC+Lx+C1cm5q1Vp1ktYzCr9XVVem+Y7YkGo1ia2sLlZWVePfuHZaWljA6Oirn+fPPP8fMzAyam5tRXFwMl8sFvV4Pq9WKvLw8tLe3S6DI8/PkyRNUVFRgdXUVhYWFaGxsRG1tLe7du4fm5mYYDAZxukpLS+FyuWA2m6HX69HW1oasrCyEQiEZ3szGFc5gNBqNcLlcOD09RVdXF6qqqmQEW1VVlVCVEE8Wi8WwuroqHZqRyM34IgbpXq9XutBOT09RV1cnZ8hsNsNoNIqj9PbtW4ET6PV66HQ6XF5eCjcaGfFLSkpgNpvh8/kwMzODJ0+eYHNzEycnJ3j58iWamppwfn4Ol8slFBfkvzKZTAiFQqiurhaYQ319PRwOB/r7+7G3t4e8vDwUFBSgpqYGDocDdXV1ovNVh0cNFugsqI49dScD0kS4Bm0Gr0FZIgZJ1b9qKTYx250Iu+H16BDSXldVVeHs7IYeiAPvj4+PUVRUhNbWVsTjcekUVjO/g4ODiEQiqKysRE5ODs7OztDW1obU1FSBJKWnp4st7OjowIMHDxAKhWRyg81mQyRy082YmpoqnabRaBTFxcViOxJx2WpWKxGnpeL3Tk9Psbe3d6v0/CkCVDpmf1FLT6riSMyQxGIx9Pb2wul0yt+oSLa3t+F0OqVkkJmZKYeHD0CFsL29ja6uLuzv76Ourg4mk0lIT81mM54+fQqdTger1Sr17q6uLmRlZUGj0YhRbmxshMViQV9fHywWi7Tuj4+P49WrV3j8+DEMBgM0Go10TC4vLyMajaKoqAgzMzOS4UpNTcXU1BROT09RUFCA1tZWRCIRVFdXw2QyIRq9GZ9QVlYm89taW1tRWVmJy8tLrK2tyaHd39/H6OiosAqXl5dLGXFxcRHl5eXIycnB3NyccLmwdKfiNVjSpGJndKzWxRlFqFkevp8H4Pj4GAaDAV988QXW19extraGf/3rX1K/bmxsxN/+9jcEAgEcHBzg7t27mJ+fRywWQ1tbG+rq6sQp/eabb2Q4rtVqFU4rv9+P1NRUrK6u4v379ygtLUV/fz8uL294U1iiIRGg1WrF+fk5KioqoNVqhZfl559/xuzs7K2DzvLF06dPJSp/9eoVzGYz4vE43G43HA4HotEoDAYDdDod7HY7otGoOIgrKytIS0uDVquFTqcTJzA1NRWFhYWYnZ1FVlYWXC6XROEc7dPa2orPP/8cZrMZ1dXVSEtLQ39/Px49eoSMjAwpab979w5NTU2YmZmBzWZDSUkJiouLMTY2hsbGRrx8+RLLy8toaGhAXl4e0tLS0Nvbi1evXqGjowMulwvJyck4Pj5Gf38/7t69K5jH58+fw2Qy4fT0hjDz/v37OD4+xtbWFn7++We43W78+uuvaGhowLt37xCPx+Hz+fDo0SMZ7P7ixQusra1he3sbP//8M8bGxiTASEpKgsPhwPn5ufAkbW9v4+DgAE+fPsXc3JxcX6vV4vT0FIuLi3j27Jm0aFdWVmJ4eBg+nw8PHjzAw4cPUV1djVAohNHRUQwPD+Px48d48eIFCgsL0d/fj/X1dWRnZ+Mf//gHXr9+DafTiQcPHkimQM20U5Ezm8T/0RiooF4160flqGbyVSyW6sSo2X1m2tSMWKKDpQaSquOmlhDUa7B8rJZvGVRR6fOZ1Dmoauaa16f+raqqglarxfn5ufBmBQIBdHZ2Cqm0z+fD8PAwFhcXhbiSBLscxj0yMiKg+Ddv3mBoaEhKizabDeXl5aiqqoLVapVpHhaLBWazGcPDw3C73aiurobH40FDQwOWl5cxNDSEwcFBjI+Po62tDT6fD5WVlZJp1mg02NzcRDweR3NzM+x2u0xh0Ov1wutmNptlTuL8/DyWl5dxeXmJjY0NkWPqgtXVVUSjUemGZ/AxPj4utDIzMzOCLzw4OEBPT48E4wsLC5iZmRHH2263i46dmJjA3Nwc4vGbzmur1SrZwOHhYayuruLs7Ka5Zn5+XgJwt9stDl19fb1USXiPnOG6trYmzWEejwcejwfxeFxmHhK/ySwniVfVBIk6PULFPqmOBAMmvkfNCKrlOjoVKiEoz4GacVexlTyvlGVyYvH15Ge8uLgZexYMBsVOHRwcSPnQ7/cLZIQ4wKurKwH8cy38fr+cPbIE0AHb2NiQQJINa3SOGHCHQqFbOKtEpyuxJEhHin8/OTlBKBSS2c10yj713ng8fuNwqQop0dniIl5cXKCnpwejo6PiPHGhiedwuVzSxUK2dbXMdHp6KiSZHELLRWXGialYUlIw60CMCMHjjM65eFS0ZBlX09HRaBQjIyMSKezv72N3d1fq/uvr66KwSfbJNC0X9OrqSkg7Ly8v5V6YGmd6OhQKweVyyXNRED58+CCdMcS82Gw2oRFQU+dqCpIZFxqWRDDw+fk5/vzzz1sKmdfgwTg9vaGFoJJm6ZX3vba2Jr+rJSIeTmadSJzJw6lSXxweHsrBZKcdS0Ncm0gkIjwzjJAODg6EDX11dVXun4aGJbbl5WWJIjY2NoTyQBVqdk9RNh0Oh9A9XF9fS8pdpaKgQnv37h2urq4EeM2oWQWOn52d4c8//0R3d7dQHRiNRgGwkjKCe6MOSGdbPO/x+voagUAA6enpcuiZgWF2ZX9/X6gauJbcE+KYqFzUEgvT4sRb0vGg/JEAl+VDtV1fLVOwxMI9Vfnefv/9d8HWqcooGr3pQGVH0tbWljQaUBYYPbO0zVLgwMAA+vr6hBiYMkCZVzNYauMKucHovDD7p0aWnwpIqOtU514tY6vnWs1oqTpS1ZP8/VMKmpFvJBLBH3/8IWtwfX0t2XUaVo6GUbMIalaNRpEGjIbl119/xe7u7i24AI0iM6GUTxoXlWaHmXqyhUejUdHtrGow0GM2jn8/O/v3JAKWx7nW7H5lSY6laLUd/9dffxUHgvqAOpzPqzrEXD/qf+6DWkbmtdWyOisGqlOi4njU93Ptf//9d9EHvIePHz9KBYdjZ/g+YpdV2aCubGlpQSTy76HsanmPti0ajeL333+XETS0m+y4VischIjEYjGBHlD2aDdUG801iUZvpsOo8AGWopeWlrC8vIyzsxu6lNnZWaH24fMx0J6cnBR5i0QiQsRNPURqFjpV/CxWW96/fw+fzyfVIj53LBYT2AIDHsoc759fXGuWiqkXVDmh/8B7OTg4QElJiVBD8eyrZ0yFXvB6XD9msegg8r4+fPhwC5f7Hw6X6tWpqWsKHFP18fjNXEBmuCigVGQnJydwuVzIz89Heno67Hb7rYfndThLkaXEzc1NrK2tCav16uqqGEkyIx8fH+Po6Ajb29sSxfB3r9cLj8cjZG+qk6VGwnQaqUBVpcTn5iGgM8cDwahB3Ty1hs3Xn5/fUEFMTk7KQWDNn4NZl5aWhBma66hurFqWYOaK96xuOJVgYueNmnbm/vD+eABUpUNBoTJR8Qw0YBQeNSLn3qopZdVx5zXotLKzjg6POgOQtXAVj0Zh5vUo1Go5Sb1/Gt1gMCjKZXR0FDs7O1hbW8Pq6iq2trYwPz8v5HtkS6cioozE43Fp5ggGg9jZ2REn6ODgAPv7+3A4HBgaGhLKD3abMRpjazG5i5hiV/mLeB5UY31xcYHNzU2srKyIk8H9ofzy/8QfqMaDMqHKcjweF2ean6tiElUnnUYuEolgc3MTc3Nz4gjQaWYGiJE/f2dwNDk5KcOIA4EA7HY7fD4f5ubmsLi4KKV50g64XC4p2/Ae6eCqAQDlgxE65ev6+lrWgrKpOlGJGadP6Tw1c0RjlBjEqK9TFXJi5ivR0eIXmxnoQNDgqNGyuocqWD7xM+kQMoPH/Ts/P5d1pV5klnh9fR2jo6MYGBjAyMgIXC6XBH9zc3Ow2WzilFEuqPuZlSLJ9M7ODtra2uT91LE839fX1zg4OMDW1pbgb9X95B6qephylvjciYEV5Zl6Xi0z8+9qI4haEVCvoQK2VZ3InxPxUrwWdRF1FJ+Je0tZYEaacIPDw0PodDocHx+joqICjx49QmtrK6qrq2UYOmWS2Mdnz56hpqYGo6OjyM/PF6jB4eEhrq5ugORNTU3Y2tqSoO74+FjwT4QrMKAmtc3MzAwePnwoGSeuZXl5OR48eACj0YiysjIMDw9LxpOBtNfrhV6vh9vtxt/+9jeBe2xubgq+jWSs1P+bm5uiR9lFvr+/j0gkgvr6ehnfRNldW1sTXUqnjfZCxVjxi+dI1XN8Ltrxd+/eCYPA/v4+NBqN4GYTS/Xqfqv+C20EHS611E+ZU7FdqsxJSVE1lOrvVHT8kKGhIem6U0Gt/H1gYAB6vR4ZGRkyQJhpfr4+HA5LWTArKwtWqxUVFRVC41BXVycDqR0Oh4COObR2dHQUbW1tmJiYEOZ5tuu3tLTIYWc2RE230gHhQVK9ZW4cFS4PL5W36mCq9XM6Enw9QfNHR0fweDwyXiMnJ0dS6xxtkViGSFx7bjQF8+LiQsg85+bmMDs7K8pOdd5UI8L1Z3Sg8jwxOlAdOlXJqelmrhPvlQ4j5YOZG3r/qhFgeZTEcxRkNVtGgWWkRoOpdtdQkfK7aoQIrjQajdBqtbcIN1nrX15ehsFgQE9PD6amppCWlobKykpZQ9WZs1qtaGlpwcDAAOrq6mSv6WQw8uLhrampQXNzM2ZmZmA0GnF8fCxdiyxXcK3YmKE6RFyD09NTWK1W6PV6UaqUr3g8DofDgaamJjidTunYpVPOzB0zDKqzogYOzGoQ3xUKhWS/6BxGIjcdxVlZWVheXhZnm4ZRjeRVbhuv14u7d+/i0aNHMJvNMiNuaWkJxcXFKC0txejoqJSTdDodRkdHUVhYKETCDBC4vjSCqky9f/8eNpsNDocDKysrMluVwHLV4VKdLDWSVbOc1Aux2M2wbKfTiWAwKAOSeQY+5WwlRsSJpUS1DEGZ5xfZ34l3IUGxamBUh1G9bzrIasDGPXr37h3a2trQ0NCAg4MDjI+PY2NjA1NTU/j555/hdDqls9bv96O7u1saHdSMB6sIkUhEcIvEVmm1WnHAOG5oaWkJ0WhUWMR9Pp/MtWQwPTMzg9XVVRkBZrPZ5LnVjI9aFlODfOpt1WapjVlq9pCBpEobcXV1JVkrGmsGGarsxOM3jVRqAEtdRn2sZhvVDGc0ejPi7KeffpJO5VAohHfv3iESicDhcODBgwfY2tqS6SiUIV7r6OgIVVVVePLkCXp7e2G323F+fjMVw2AwYHJyEi6XC99//z2am5ths9lQVVWFzs5OpKenw+v1oqCgAFVVVcjLy0NFRQVqampk7NDLly+l45P6eWFhQSaIcPpDYWGhjOHb2tqSbvBAIIDHjx/D5/PBYrGgsbERFRUV8Hq9sFqtGBoawsTEBFpaWtDS0oKGhgY4nU7k5eUJbGhzcxPz8/N4/PgxUlNTYbVaMTMzI7NYc3JyZK6i2qDGfaRM0NaRJ1M9a3T6i4qKxLHl/EdWqdRzrf78qWSUKg+qQ6U2tnzq/1dXV/+3w6Wm3qPRqHSnsNRAg8zMUltbG5KSktDT04OmpiYB1FIA6ZBwdEhdXR1qa2thMBhQUlICn8+H1dVV9Pf3o6ioCKenp9je3sYPP/yA/v5+GI1GBINBeDwevHv3Du/fv4fRaERPTw/C4TCsVqvgg9RomEqbzpTqgfLeaBTVqJlKn0aez5uI5+BCh8NhGWUSjUbx5MkTAaEXFxejuroara2t0Ol0KCkpuXVI1TVnhMMUPdPr7HI5PT1FVlaWADYTW8NVJa2WqhKdCioq9ZCr3U704inoPJSqo0SHUVWCammUa8YSmOpMqlgWZjTUe1Ed5cRIntEEDen19TWKiorQ2dmJnp4eHB8fo6urSxjxv/jiC2RkZGBsbAwOhwPX19cwmUwoKysTA0a28cvLS+Tk5KChoQEejwctLS3QaDR4+PAhHjx4ALPZjFAohNraWjQ2NkrHo9lsFgDy2NgYXr58id7eXsF7FRQUSNaMhIdJSUlYWFi4pWwtFot0QZpMJuzt7eHi4gbzkJGRIVMNCJ5ntJafny9z8dra2mC1WgWEnJGRgdTUVFRUVODevXuoqKhAYWEhUlJS8PjxYzQ3N6O0tBTffvstKisr0dHRgV9//RWVlZUYGBhAYWEhNjc3UVZWhkePHmFgYABJSUlYXl6+5QiMjo4iIyNDslpHR0eCkTEajTAYDLi+vhaMpkajgc/nw7NnzySY40B2nkPK29nZzexQ7tGrV69gMpnQ0tKCL7/88hbZptrpyiwws3qUpUSHi2chNTUVLpcLPT09mJiY+I9MNM9+YsCUmElLdLpUvcPzZzAY0NzcLJ1U1JN0AlTgrRqsUFb+/PPPW9g2Ot0GgwEDAwPQarXY39+HzWaTzMG9e/ck6/v3v/8dDocDvb29MJlMyMzMlOw8A0xyrD1//hzPnz+XqR96vV4A+RqNBs+ePUNOTg7sdjtsNhtyc3OxtraG3NxcmM1maDQaDA4O4smTJ3j27BlevHiB58+fo6+vT3CDqt3hvnN4/fv374VMm/vJtec+MnhkRo16KfHnjx8/StChZnCZaVTvgXtN2iDK0B9//HFL/6k0Scxo19fXY25uDnq9HltbW6ipqcHl5SWmp6fx17/+VYZ7E2LD6zEoMhqNcDqd+PHHH9HY2Ig///wT1dXVKC0tRW5uLnZ2dmA0GiWLVV5eLvM4z8/PpUnLYrFgeHhYxtcFAgE8efJEssl8xrm5OXz77bdIS0sTgH9+fj4GBwfR2dmJ8fFxGeF3fHyMpKQkzM/Py2D3/v5+tLa2Cv1OQ0MDsrOzEY1G0dnZCbvdjtzcXAwNDWF6ehptbW1wu92oqKjA+Pg40tLSEA6H0dLSAofDAZPJdCs7enFxgT/++OPWOVBH8tAG8Xydnp5idnYWo6OjGBsbQ0tLi9hpDr3nOUv0g9TzTBukZkR5JlVfQnW4VPvL1/6FN6cae7UGqmIIyCRPQ83InAqQkQvBkj6fT9KBl5eXkmLu7u4WASFJ5HfffQeLxSL8WjU1NTK36smTJ2hubpZJ3+vr68jPz5d2287OTmnb52wzKiBGPWdnZ7eID5kBU5+Tn6difOgwqO+jk0bOIDV7t7+/D7vdjlAohK+++kpa/w8ODrC9vY2FhQVkZ2ejv79fDhXvIREgqwJp4/H4LWe1pqYG8/Pz4kypm6wKjKrA+Nrd3V3ZF2ZtGFWra8T/U/GpnRiJZSn+TAHmGjE6pYJUlZcadfLeaFR4fTpparkv8TsN1JMnT9DU1ISioiIZRu33++Hz+dDe3o6UlBQ8f/4cMzMziMVuOpLYCaSWs9i5l5SUhB9//PHWcN7z83O8efMGhYWFaG1tRXt7O7q6ulBfXw+NRoOFhQVUVVUhEokgNzdXfi8sLBQnyOl04t27dzAajQKG5xkj/9MPP/wAl8sl+KfLy0usrKzg4cOHOD8/R09PD7Kzs1FZWYm6ujqUl5dDo9FAq9WioqICoVBIssevX7/G3t6edAglJydLhuOnn35CeXk5Kisr4fP58M9//hNLS0soKSkRYLPD4UBBQQFGRkYQDAbx7Nkz9Pf3Y2BgQDKddJbZsUrQM7tFKbM6nU5IkktKSrCysoK6ujo8fvwYHo9HrpfoCPGcqJm48fFx2Gw2eL1eFBcXizFmhJtIQqhmIKjn+LNqWLmmJPNUIQO8RqJsq/emRrxq1Kt2LvF6jY2NsFqtAihnCVl17tTomYZBzeyohuLs7AzHx8dYW1tDf38/qqqqsLe3J9i41dVV/Nd//Rf8fj+2trbw/fffY3V1FW63G8nJyYJ7ZOmba7KwsIDMzEw8e/ZMiKt1Oh1WVlakYaSkpEQ6zFtbW1FcXAy32w2NRoPd3V0JiEtKSuByubCxsQGj0Yi2tjaZZUlgu0rAS1zuxcWFTBNhdxiDEY5Xo57Z29uTcVnEyVFOyYxPXU64B7E9HOR+dXWF9fV1sROEB/D3QCAgn0ccMHWS3+/H+flNN7terxceMu6xzWbD3bt3EQ6HUVVVBb1eL1gmZtPD4bA0lNXV1eHNmzeIRCIoLi5GZmYmNBoNtra2UFVVJbNV2ZX67bffYnNzEyUlJVhYWMDW1hZycnJQWVkp5OFpaWnY2toSmQ2Hw7DZbEhOTkYwGJT1LysrQ3d3NywWC+x2O2ZnZ6HVarG1tYXvvvtOCMaDwSBMJhPKy8uh0+lgNBqh0+ludWiPj4+jsLAQtbW1sNlsqK6uhsvlgsFgwNDQELKysqQb9b//+7+xvLwsBNThcBjz8/My+5JJG3bcu1wu1NTUSODR3t6O3d1dDA4OSkOT2WxGOBwWDBfPD3VG4hlOzHr9X1+fynKpCZDLy8sbpnlVmVB58O90JmKxGwIxlrRUoCKNcXt7Ozo7O+H3+7G3tyfDIqnkYrEbADb5Ws7Pz6WFuKCgADqdTtKtWVlZODk5EUM3NDSEsrIyxGIxOBwOYaomo3IgEEBmZiYmJiakTstW6Gg0ioGBAZnztrGxgcXFRUSjURl6SzCn0+mEx+PB3t6ebBYzH+Pj4wImXFhYwMjICKLRG3D0/Py8lFvY8ZiZmYnBwUHs7+9jZGQEfr8f5eXlUn4aGhoSUk0KNxVyLBb7D4Z21UgQ6KmmVtWUp2pIlpaWoNfrEQgE4HA4kJGRgbW1NUSjUbhcLkmtHhwcwGAwCMC+tbUVZrMZJyc3Y1Nqa2tFkYyNjQmNQSQSkRLy9fU1ZmZmpGvD5/PBbreL0bTb7QgEAhLlcdD38fEx+vr6RIHa7Xbp+llbW0NfX5+ArEdGRoSSwuv1Spfemzdv4Ha7cf/+fRlyu7e3h+npadTV1WFqagpffvmlOLvMNO7u7mJgYAAzMzPi2HEiALsHZ2dnodFosLGxIZ2ntbW1MvyX3WLDw8PIz8/H/v4+cnJyMD8/j/z8fNTU1EiU2draivLy8ltjPGhcR0ZGUF1dDZ1Oh5ycHKFsiMVi2NnZQUpKCpaXlzE1NYUHDx7A7XajtrYWWq0WXV1d6O7uRkVFhVCQlJSUID09HTqdDhaLBcFgEElJSZicnMTExAQePHiA169f4/nz55ibm8Nnn32GmZkZYcbOzs4WHjG73Y7j42NUVVXh+fPnCIVCsNvtaG9vF6fw4uJCSoQ0ekNDQwgEAigpKUFJSQm8Xi+SkpIwODiI8vJy6bZsb2+H0Wi8FSSpwYJaTlNxlCrwl7L/KWWX6Kir+o7ZYTp2bOLh51NffarMoJ7PxIyXmhFTM2MqeJjnntG6mkFXS6Ispaqf197ejsnJSZyf34xTGhkZQSQSQVZWFmZmZlBVVQW/34+Wlhb4fD44HA78z//8j2RPGxoasL29jezsbCQlJWF0dFTK6Syz7e3tISMjQyhP0tPTsbCwgLS0NHR0dKClpQWvXr1CYWEhdnZ2YDAY0Nvbi+HhYayvr6OgoACTk5PQarXo7e1Fbm4unE4nvF4vXr9+DYvFgocPH2JsbAy//PILvF4vdDqdODFFRUUyNaKiokI6lI1GI8rLy3F+fi6cYJyx2NLSgtzcXFnD/v5+eL1exGIxDA4OQqPRSAmKZbDLy0shi6UjlZqailAohFgshpqaGthsNlxcXGB3dxcZGRnSSJSXl4fu7m7E43Ep5Z2cnECv1yM1NVUIT8vLy7G3t4fGxka8evVKzu7y8jIGBwcxODgozu7MzAzy8/PR0dGBYDCI5uZmRCIRNDY2wmQyoba2FmtrazCbzbBarYjFYhIkvH37Fk6nE62trRgYGMDOzg4aGhrQ3NyM2tpaOBwOVFVVYWho6FbgYDAYUFhYCJvNhlgsJllto9EIo9EIs9kspLd9fX2oqKhAb28vXC4Xmpqa0N3dDafTKbLlcDgwMjKCzs5OjIyMSClPq9Wio6MDfr9f9HB1dTXy8vIk45qdnY3T05spIK9fvxYGgOTkZBweHiIYDCI1NVWYBGw2Gx4+fCjj83Jzc+F2u+H1elFbW4u2tjZ4PB6cnJxga2sLer3+1jgnFZPFr8REVOJXYkUnscJEe87z+he1Q0UFyTMaoMPFqNrlct0CPzILEolEYDQa8eOPP+L169doaGjA0tKSzCk6O7thaN7f3xdDeHl5KZkwOkrsDOrv78fo6KjwAB0cHKClpQVarRaFhYVYXV3F8PAwUlJSYDab0djYiNXVVWxubiI5OVmcOHYn8tCHw2H09PSgvr5ehuYWFBTIUO6amhppGR4cHMS9e/ewvr6O9fV1pKSkwGQy4ejoSEpMsdgN2WlOTo7MiqNTuri4iPT0dOTn58Pn88Htdgvr8Pj4OHQ6HRYXFyWai8f/3YarYpXi8fgtUjtutDq2QmW6phNMR8xsNuPLL78UnjI2JcRiMWi1Wty5c0eA/Q8ePMDY2Jg4jPn5+bi8vMTCwoLw91xcXKCgoEDGgITDYeTk5Mi8xuTkZGnddjqdKCoqwsHBAa6vr/Hy5UtxrOrr64VjJxQKISMjAzMzM7i6ukJRURG6urpwfHyMqakpvH79WrjPcnNzJWsyPDyMkpISRKNRTE5O4u3bt+js7LyFFWxoaMDjx49hs9kwOTmJ6elpjI2NISsrC6mpqZiYmEBaWhoyMzMl86fT6dDU1ISKigp0dnbC4/GgpqYGTU1N6OrqQiAQQHV1Naqrq7G4uIiioiKkp6ejsrISpaWlsFgsyMzMRHd3NzIyMmQqQnd3N8rLy/H48WOhe6AD/euvvworflFREX744QfodLpb0fjs7CySkpJQXl6Onp4ehEIh+Hw+5OfnS0mR1A41NTXo6+vDd999B51Oh+TkZFgsFrx48QJVVVWYm5tDamoq9Ho9Kisr4Xa7cefOHSFydTqdeP78OXJzc/Hy5Uv09/djYWEBPT09qKurQzweR21tLfLy8iSj6ff7sb6+DqvV+v/4eq+nNtMte/j8V3MxNVczc6bqTOju092n3/n61QAAIABJREFUk2O7HcqJwnYZu6BsZCOwyDnnDEUQFAiKVAKJnIREEqkQCoBQKWBXt92nptZ3wW/ts1H7mwuVsRB63/cJ+9l77bXXxuHhoUgOWCwWpKSkiPr4zs4ODg8PRVenra0NMzMzImVBx4T2g+lFIkmE9bkPtGOiOZnaudKE7XgEnwiY5vvobgba4eIrnhSvHSOdCowPlvS9aKSdjhajZDoL8YrWTK++f/8eBoMB1dXVODo6gs1mg8FgQCQSwfT0NMrLy8UBq6+vx+rqKqxWK4aGhoRET1R7YmICExMTcDqdKCgokH1/dnaGlZUV0YwbHByE2WwW+ZOZmRm8fv0avb29KCkpQVNTE3w+nwRkfr8fGxsbErxsbW1hbm4Oc3NzCAQu+uouLi5idnYWGxsbMBgMWF5elqpKEr05V3a7HVarVSr4KBewuroKi8UiiDf3xd///necnp4Kakd0Y3l5WRAppr7pSB0eHortZAUxq/KIcJ2dnUmhx+npqWhLEZ3SxTtutxtbW1vwer3Iy8tDLBaTrAdFUj98+IDe3l6hiZCHzPvidUnhYeqda4l8Pp4ZurMEeXgkqrOaT3/nb7/9JoRzBt/8nU7psXIxEonA4XBIujkQCFxqm0PEjBQdPsP8/Dx++uknPH78GE6nUyrciS7yfCZyRlBgaGhIuL3MwkQiEZF5YHaFY/7+/XsBJSiESi4iOc3UgNR7SyNd2tnS+16/9O/jv0O/R1v1J41oacdLo1w0Um1tbVhYWLiEhvGz7Nze29uLiYkJ5OTkyEQRaSGiNDQ0JNwqXSLLSgrCuyTdE2HioOlJ5PtceMFgEKWlpbLBeF22teD3cnHo5sQcOP5Mfgwnlk7J+/fv5TBhBRkncmdnBz09PbKwec86NUkyp81mE0iTHjYNNhdXPFGTvCh94Hz69OmzFRaccN4X06aHh4dyL36/X1BAbhYaGxoJztX6+roYPh4c3JQcexonztH5+bnA+UQO9JqgQ68LHWKxmKgB83McT8pr8BlZPcgx5iHh8/kwNTWFvb09WQOcWxo03vvp6UX7GaPReKkIgcFEKBRCZ2cnkpOTsbGxIbwWjjXHUa/pQCAgpHeNEofDYRQUFMBqtWJkZERafMRHUTz0eX0aAV2iT76STmkRaucmZxQ6NjaG5ORkOJ1OMRQaGSWn4dtvv0VfX58Q4jVXwe12Iy0tDXfv3sXBwQF2dnZQUFAg4oHkANIuRCIRuN1ujI6OyniFwxcdKtgUnoFFOBzG/Pw8ZmdnL6FlGtnSDtfn3te8vvhINT7NrtPg+rMaRdKpBs3X0s5TvDMVT5TXr/iImM6U3qtMhWq0Tpeg63XLtcVghmuBa5jCjLFYDKOjo6JlRaSYL47H8fGF4HF5ebkcRhoJ1Jwpbbe6u7vR09OD3t5e7O/vy17Umkcs8afN5jjwkGS6js4VAx+udZ4R1EcjNYLK8JTcIFpO5In0Ek2V2dvbw87OjjhOrNym7aJ9OD39R7svpiF1QKvT0NqB0Wlmv9+P/f19cZByc3OlR+X6+rr0meTfOp1ObGxsIBqNSicX2kAWp+zt7WF+fl7GV/PQ4vlsGlnl7/V5ybnVqWydNicYEF/9x7FmClvbTKLxtImakuP3+zE/Py+VjbwXZs28Xi+8Xi82Njbk/uhkkuBPTrBGqGlHOCd0PhnMbm1tYXl5WcY5fi9pBFkjzPEodjw3U9up+O/Q5zq/8096IeoKvfhoMBK56FXndDov8Y7oEEWjUXR0dKCsrAwdHR0oKCjAwcGBOAg8kKnEzqjDZrNhbm4OHo8HExMT6OrqwvDwsIhWHhwcYHp6GhMTE9LMemNjA+Pj49je3sbW1hbGxsawtbUFt9stm4m6JTabTYTnRkdHRWOLlTVE5xYXFzE5OYm1tTXYbDZYrVZ5TztkXPw0Vvw/x+Hw8FBSpqOjo+js7MTg4CAcDodU9wwPD8u19fjSyNLhIlk0fk4YzeiDWkf08VG05qLp+abB0dfQjgsPPjqcdGw+x/ujAeKBT86DdkL0YaOJqdwY8QZBHwiaJ0RnQfPSIpELjpvdbhcle3KOZmZm0N/fLxE8DeHMzAxmZ2flZ6ZZtTTC+vo6YrGL9hvV1dWYnJwUYxwOX1TqEQmmY0s1Y52W54EWi8VEVmJsbEy4GvEaOVxXeqz18+v0lR4vzquWuhgbG0NPT88lBfn4dePxeDA5OYmBgQHYbDYxfkx70Sgy8NBOCPcQ19HMzAxmZmbkcOju7obT6ZS0vs1mQ1tbGzY3N7G+vo7JyUnpHMDnoJHWKTleUxOg6aRrfqEeG44BXxwfrned5iNaRuSDey6+GESnE3g/Gin7nHGmgeZ1NU9JI3pE1rS94Us7blwL2v5w7Phd1BT0er0wm82iicZKtfHxcdF2GhwcRGdnp0gO6ACU6MPCwoKIcXK8GMCOjIxgY2MDPp9P7LLBYBDld62ir1GG09NT1NTUICMjQ6rcxsfHUVlZiYGBAdkP/I6+vj54PB6YzWZMTU1dWoPcu16vVxBbzh9t4/j4OFJTU6XCkvNFdIqIuN6HwWAQ4+PjeP78uezh+IOWc0vHJRS6ULGvrq5GZmYmNjY2EApdyC7s7++jpKQEL1++lLSfy+XC/v4+jEYjenp6LhUOcb2z6rOgoABjY2MoKiqSLABlIIhiMSXOlnK7u7vwer3Y3NwUp3JxcRFerxfr6+tSbMNxWF1dxfr6Ok5OTrC9vS1zqjNg5+fncvbzfe4Dfc5wn/As0c/DvcsgXtszfpZrnACMriTlWaedXM4F14XFYkF1dTU6OjrQ1tYmwQgdQn3+aET6c3YyvhAmnqoQTyfQ51osFvuHw6UPfi4c/dBnZ2eor6+H2+2WL9ZREjWmiouL8de//hXZ2dnCweEAU7+lr68PgUAARUVF6O/vR35+PpqbmzE6Ooq7d+9icnISdXV1KCsrw97eHhobG5Geno61tTUkJCRgaWkJBoMBJpMJu7u7qKurE2Lh0tISent70dXVBbfbjadPn0oLmbdv34pI4O7uLp48eSJO3cLCAm7fvn2J1GexWFBUVCS8Iu1Jc6J1DyqS9ZaWlnB0dIShoSGkpKRgfn4eubm5sNvtqKmpwfT0NIxGo6h086DVE/bx40dZ1Fwgu7u7oqpOXRcKh/IwYiRAVEXnlDln8cZCG3uNRuoKTUYz/H38xtJVhDSsZ2dnUn7N9/k3ROw0qqgdBn1g8mdGyPGbgPeUlpaG/Px8GI1G+P1+DA0N4eDgAD09Pbh//z7Gx8eRk5MDu92OhoYGtLW1oaKiQnhk+rmYMjAajQiFQkIora6ulogvGo3KOBNq39rawpMnTyTFQKROOwpslcODUjuWesNz/njo8aWrPZly0/PHcdEGSUtG6LUW//dcP3w+XlMbRq5JrgsawlgshsHBQSn7NpvN0kHC4XDg4cOHyMzMhN1ux927d+FwONDQ0ICenh4YjUZx7GhvtJMUv07C4TCsVivMZjNWV1ellJ0Oix7D+O+JT/Xx2c/PL8QVKyoqsLW1hfHxcVit1ksOlzaw2sjr4CHe6dL7T98Ln6G+vl4KgdimieXqtJs6Mud3alRC7yXOR3d3N/r7+xEK/YPDuri4iC+++EL4XCaTCT6fD/n5+Xj06NGlceezcG+8e/cObW1tIv9hs9mk6tZiscDlcmFychJNTU3Y29tDamoqqqurMT09Lcg27Qjvn/I5d+/exdzcHL744guMjIyI/R4ZGcHAwAC6u7thtVoxMDAg3B3y0yhszDE6PDyEyWSSwJmyJkyrGQwG2Gw2LCwsIDs7G8XFxZeqjb/++mtYrVZMTEzg3bt3WF1dhdPpxPXr1y+to3i6DG0TD/yzswv1ePIufT4fioqKpCjn559/RjgcxtzcHNLS0hCJXFBahoaG/pAZ4rM9f/4ctbW18Pl8mJmZQV9fHzY3N/HgwQMkJSUhJycHubm5WF9fR29vL3p7e/Htt9+iq6sLRUVFsFgsePPmDWZnZ3H9+nX09/cjLy8P6enpyMjIQEtLC0ZHR/HixQuYTCahS5CjR16dtuXxAbi2PzrNzn2kHSLtlHH/6oAkPoinjaSDxjHi3iIYoW3r8vIyioqKpJUQMwBUXOD5rV+fQ8g/h3bFo1samY4n4p+f/z9ZCH1wcaFwEPlwgUBAKpk0JBmJRMRpMJlMePXqFVpbW5GRkYH5+XmJQmlINzc3MTw8DKvVioSEBJyenkpvup2dHaSkpGBmZgZVVVUoKCjA/v4+enp6kJGRgaGhIayurmJjY0O4KSUlJdISwmQyobm5WVKb29vbuHfvHubn5zE2NgaDwSDQ9eLiIn788Uc0NzdLtWBRUREaGhpQUVEBg8GApaUlqYDgQtKRD40GB5QIwNTUFI6Pj4WTsLm5id3dXbx79w5Go1F4Tb29vYjFYmJcaeC4kXXzUBYQtLe3Y21tTdJfvJ94dIsTrg8qjR7ptEQ4HBZpCYrK8UWUhg6lfj++7JXcM35eO45MjehIRzs3v//+uxwU+h55qBCi5TX1NWj8srKy0Nvbi/v378Pj8cBqtUofzVevXkm1U2pqKtrb22G321FaWiqN1rnmeWhNTU3h1q1bWFhYwPHxRT9CFh/k5OTg3bt3ePDgAQYGBlBcXCwG6vHjx9LCqaurC9evX8eLFy9gNBqRmpoKs9ksRE8+p3aumBrjuGqHU6cTNeLC7+KYcCw5Vnot8GemtzXKqdt6/Pbbb3I9/sxxp9HUKFM4HMbk5CSys7ORk5MjDu/4+DiCwYuS8WfPnokW3fr6OoxGI1ZWVnDlypVLCBxRZc0f4VoPBAL4+PEjXr58CbPZLC28aPC5hrlmdGAQn17R6+fDhw8YGhrCtWvX4PF4BAVhQEFZB21M419cq3pfxF+TKfFQKISKigrU1dWhtLQUr1+/FmeLqVmNbPFe46Np2mdeJxwOw+VyISkpSegbfX192Nvbg8vlwo8//ihcpa+++kpQYJPJdAkp1WgZNdny8vLEZt+6dQsGgwF1dXVIS0vDysoK7t+/j/v370ulakZGBoxGoyCe4XAYBwcH+O2334RLFAqFpC1bRkYGEhISMD4+Dp/Ph+XlZdy7dw8JCQmyx3w+HzIyMkQyhd/BtB75oIuLi0hMTJR2P9wXRqNRWuqwuXdqaipmZ2dRWlqKxMREzM7OwmAwwO/3482bN7DZbPjhhx9Em/Hjx49iG2nzuDd4P9FoVOQ02P/VZDIhFrvgtl65cgXhcBjLy8tITExEMBhEWVkZzGazcKriswJffPEFenp6MDo6iuvXr+OXX36R4gOn0yn9WysqKqSq/4cffoDP50NTUxPC4TAyMjIwMzOD5uZmFBQUwGw2S7Fbbm4upqamkJiYiEePHqGrqwuTk5OorKzE2tqaCONqv4B7lWPB/zMToCkgBA+0Q8TAjevh9PRUiq6YTqQTpVO68eeTzhIQdGCKeWxsDGazGTU1NRJYUrdTI6B6/8bvM96vBjPiaQP6HNapRL4nSvPaS9VwMTd0MBiUUlAaRW3ovV4vampqkJubK5WHNJSEYcPhsIjv5ebmwmQy4eTkRHpKsXqpo6MDr169kgbYTU1NuHfvnjgZh4eHsFqtmJqawtWrV4UA39XVhZSUFFy9ehVNTU3Y3d1FQkICGhoaUF1djVevXgn3amBgAOnp6UhMTJQUwsLCAlJSUtDW1obvvvsOdXV1Qlim46C9ejpCOpfP9NTR0ZGU129tbcHhcCAlJUVKdE0mE+bn5+UQ5d/He9naEV5ZWcHExATW1tbQ1tYmIm/6UNEIkEaKtC4N39cGndGzNh46TcHv0ar75J9o54sRjOZ50WngIcNx1MRiHSVohyKez6KvQUia9zgzM4P8/HzRcBsbG8Ph4SGmp6elhQ57BzLCz8rKwuDgoGwkPlsgEEBbWxuePHmClJQUhMNhacpss9lQXV2N0tJS5ObmorKyEu3t7cjPz0dXV5cIGY6NjaGmpgaZmZl49+4dxsbG8O7dO/T29sJgMEh6W6+r8/N/NCLni8ZLI0rcxHSsaAy40emw0TjEQ93xDhrHUXPCeE9c3/rFe4tfT+vr67BYLMjIyEBbWxu2t7elOfrw8DAGBgZw8+ZNpKam4uDgAE6nEwMDA6Ivpo2nNsp0iriuYrEL7tDMzIyMMzk3p6enf1CCjn9O/eK6DIfDsmfdbjdaWlqwvLx8KYDRiNX/RZrn/Gh+CD/DdGAsFsPk5KS82GyZ6RaNyMU7XNpmc87IsTk8PMSzZ8+QlZWFwsJCHBwcYGRkBIeHh9jY2MC1a9eky8ft27cFcXn27Jl8B8eeAerg4CAyMzNx7949rK2t4fDwEFlZWRJM1tfXS+V2TU2NNG4eGRmRQiSSopmy4hyfnZ3BYrFIZd+PP/4oqcOjoyOUlZVJurKxsRFutxv3799HfX09FhcXsbi4eImvazAY0NraitevXwspnWeWz+eT/qlUft/d3ZWqvvHxcSQlJcHpdCItLU3Equfn5/Hzzz9LajUQCEg3hbOzMywsLFw6R9jIPRKJ4MGDB7DZbDJm0ehFJe/169exvb2NhoYGNDY24vj4GMXFxaiurpb+xBsbG5ecjby8PJSWluLg4AAlJSXSnubhw4ew2+1yhjU1NeHdu3cYHx9HQkIC1tfXUVpaio2NDTQ1NQnPOjMzU6ocJyYm8PbtW9TX1yM1NRWpqanIzs5GVlYWsrKy4Ha7MTs7i+7ubiwvL6OhoUEcRhaKMe1LisDY2JhQFPx+PwYHB8W+1tXVYWFhAdHoRXW20Wi8BFTw75qbm1FYWIhoNCpV4kTDBgcHMTo6Kin01NRU7O7u4vT0FD09PVIJbzKZYLfbUVxcDK/Xi729PdTU1OD4+PhSUcrn0C19Dsejv/Epxvhimfhs0p94KGqongtXOwKRSAS5ubkiz6+dMx5Uk5OTUl6/vLx8iWQXiVxwYlZXVzEzM4Pu7m4YjUZpJGyxWDAzMyMpwOLiYhiNRuzu7iI/P19KZ0dHRzE5OYmenh5RsTYYDDg4OMCrV69gtVoxNzeHmzdvwuVyISEh4VKF4ObmJvb29tDe3o7Z2VncuXMHMzMzItL69u1bqVrLz8+XSprV1VXMzc1J5YTT6ZRm2Lu7u5ienpaI3GazieP14sULuFwulJWVobKyEisrK0hISBBxzJycHOk/qVNEPAz0//WEa4dIOyPxiyYUCmFsbAxlZWVyYDc1NQkBfnBwEHV1dYhGozg6OpJm0qHQhVBda2srIpGL1h7l5eVSXWq1WjE/P49IJILNzU309vYiErngo9TW1mJra0sOsIGBASlOqKqqEmPEzgX8HXl7Hz9+RE9PjxAriWhyQ/Mg9/v9WFpawuLiIsLhMFJTUzE6OorvvvsO29vbGBwclCbiT58+hcvlQmVlJerr65Gbm4uRkRGUl5ejoKBAqqK4mY6OjlBRUQG73Y6rV6/C4XCgu7sbxcXFGBwcFAmDra0t1NTUiIyF1WrFixcvMDc3h9bWVlRVVcFoNEp/uqSkJPT19UlD7MbGRpyeXrTDWVhYQDB40X+QPUvPzs4wPj4uOkQOhwOdnZ0SzLS2tkqaf2RkBP39/YhGo1hZWUF3d7cYopKSEng8Hni9XjQ2NooS/eHhIerr6yUFyko0poCqqqqEZO1wOITX4fV60dnZKd9DNJGaSuXl5cjNzYXX60Vvby9OTk6Qnp6OxcVFVFVV4euvv0Y4HMbo6CgyMjJQWloqemZct3SouZZ1M3dGs3RM+H/NU9TBpI5W4yNlps8ZONBm6fQ7jaom1WpES0fFOtL9XFChHTxyU5jO5LwSSeFzxBfD8Nnq6uowMjKCYPCir+Lq6ioODg4kOMjOzkYgEMDk5CTW19cxPDyMP//5z4LKki/U09ODn376CU6nE/X19bIfNjc3sbS0hBs3bmBsbAxPnjxBdnY25ubmpFrc7XbDYDCIFATlWZKTk5Gfn4/Xr1+jqqoKk5OTaG1tlSbla2tr4kwsLy8jIyMDHz58QFpammgMdnZ24unTp8K3fPr0KWZnZ5GWloZ79+7BarXi+++/x+zsrKyH169fw2Qy4d69e3j16hU6OzslUBkaGsKVK1dgMBjQ39+Pe/fuoby8HI8ePYLFYoHdbseVK1dEHqKkpAQ5OTmora3FN998I0jg3t6eSFQEg0ERyw2HwzAYDGhpaYHP50NhYSGuX78uDmRJSYk05M7Ly0NHRwcmJiZwdHSEzc1NFBcXIycnB/Pz86ioqMDIyIjYPRYVFBQU4PXr1+js7ERLSwsODg5gNBqlU0F1dbVI4XR2dsJkMklz8fn5edTV1cFsNqOwsBAZGRnIzs7G8+fPRYCcGZjOzk5UV1cjLy8PxcXFou129+5drKysoKurS9BOCo57vV6YTCYRZ+7v78fAwABisQsdztraWtlbhYWF4iwNDg7iwYMH8Hq9gjyy2Ka7u1uEwh0OBx4/fiwctcbGRjQ1NSEavSg4yMjIkHZTXV1dmJiYgNvtRmlpKaqrqzE3N4dgMIjDw0PU1NQgGAz+gSgfj4jHB6savf7/e2nARP//TzqiovGK57MwwispKZFKP42k+Hw+rKyswGKx4O3bt7hx4wYGBwclqmAUFg6H4XA4MDAwAL/fj9LSUrx48QLJyck4PDyE0WjEs2fPJO1mNBqxtraG9PR0JCQk4M2bN7h16xYsFguePXuGt2/fSq+2nZ0dVFVVISMjA0lJSejs7MTAwACMRiPevXuHrq4uGI1GeDwedHd3Izc3Vxy8vLw8bGxsIBa7qObZ2dlBd3c3BgcHEQqFkJqaioSEBLS2tqKiogLn5+doa2sT5GNxcREGgwGnp6fY3t6G3W7H7u4uMjMzkZaWBpPJhOHhYcRiMXR0dODJkye4desWRkZGcPPmTfT09MiEaGJ0MBgUIiQVjpm6I+rGl055au5OMBhEfX09nj59imAwiN3dXTx//hxDQ0NyYCcnJ+P9+/fY29vDvXv3pPw5PT0dBoMBPp8PDocDf/nLX7CysoJoNIri4mKUlJTg/Pwci4uLuHXrFpxOJ3Z2dvCf//mfGBgYwPv371FRUYFHjx5ha2sL+/v7uHbtmkRD3Ozk9r1+/RoulwufPn3C06dP0dDQAK/Xi4mJCTx48AAHBwc4OjrCgwcP0NPTg5OTE/T19SEzM1PENO/fvy95eofDgeXlZTx//hwPHz6ULgh+v1/mrKCgADabDV988YX0//T7/Xj27BkSEhKQn5+Pa9eu4enTp8jKyhJD9s033+D69eswGo3Y2NhAXl4e8vLy4HA40NfXh6SkJGRmZmJychKJiYlIT0/H/Pw88vPzYTAYkJKSgsbGRvz5z3+G2+1GXl4eqqqqEI1G0dfXh59++kkIwI8ePUJ9fT1+/fVXDAwM4MqVKwKV//LLL7Db7YhGo8jOzsbbt29lXm/evIm9vT04HA7cuXNHCkvYbiQajWJpaQnXr1+H1WpFOBxGT08P8vPz4fP54PP58Pz5c6ytrSESuZAXKS8vx/HxRWupp0+fwu124/z8HJWVlRgaGsLR0RHS09ORlZWFra0tbG5uYmxsDKOjo/j++++RlJSEvb09PHv2TCQFHj58iMTERAwMDOBvf/ubaCkxiqTh0hWtnz59EgkV7gkiGNwnDFCI7NIWEQ0iV00jtiwnJ09OI1PacaJd1Eb5cw6XNrYMnlg9psVQ6WRSiuL4+FgczHijTcciHA7j8ePHKC0txdHRkRyikciFSPWLFy+Ql5eHra0tmM1mbGxsYGBgAD09Pejv7xcit9frxdjYmOjI5efno7S0VJy/9vZ2vHv3Dn19fTCbzWhvb8fi4qLwtij7MDMzg1gshtbWVjmQh4eHMT4+Ll0fpqamsLu7i9u3bwsyRSeXQQWr1cPhCy2qoaEh7O7u4ujoCE6nUwp45ufnsbOzA5fLJY2JiW6ShL66uoqzszOxmX6/H9vb2zg8PBSkg8VWR0dHiEQiUkATDAZFvoKSP0xZnp6eisp6LPaPwhLOLx17Fj4xGC8sLBSJn2AwKI3KGXAzEAiFQrBarTg8PLzUwJkI76dPn8TGM2XHdU5nnPsiGo3i06dPkqXhZ/T64u+57tmEmr+PRi+4cbm5uVIUxmdgFkJz9DgOvBcW1nAfkzagkWxmbBhw8DuJ7mukntfmPfM7eN8cJ+4nPhcpUCcnJ6irq5M9Ho9+f87h+r8crPiASP/NH6oUNbFUR4168qPRi07nLNfkIgoEAlhYWIDJZBLnprOzU6rB6DHy+xcXF0WhmmXIrFbhQGuSIBcvoz/mfzlQnDBG5CSSUx+Kf0NHhrldbXz5ipeK4PszMzMoKysTAxQKhaSJMe9Tp1hYHUMniBIPdDp5z06nEyaTCS6XSyZIt6vhQiZSqLkyXEyf441o+JPzy1Jn3oc+ePh5zfOhEWGlIbVlOJ+ab8SDjv+nkj2flaW+0WhUus4ztaJz7TSy1NghR43OBZ+HOX0+G/P+vB7LzNkPj2RZoiTc+CcnJ6IHxf6LunJGcwBoNMLhCwHgzs5OTE1NobKyUgwM7/f8/PwPJeRMu2v0wuVy4cWLF3JdHsgkrnOsNUGfz0ZkiSXtJFZTpJHGj+9rJFSjRxph0WiP3hfc79wXGhHn+NBx4TrjszN9r2F4rjden9ejsj65IUTWeJhpci3HMJ5bwUOG6+FzDpdew3w/GPyHfItWhteHEtebPrTiUSfN7zo/P/8DIqYdM8374Xvc68wwxBtvne44OzuTdfDrr78KdYN2WRfcdHV1icPAcfN6vaLcTtsWDoel7yLPgkgkIq2WtIOqx0GnnTmv+j5JP+A46oIqHcDT1vDamu+jbZqeVz4Pba1GMDXSSY6pTtlq6gz3iOaH0tbqQ5gvpsC5ZnSPRU3Hof5XIBBAfX29pCPtdjvW1taws7Mj9sjtdosYNvcenSeub56XdNY/Rw/Q8+DxeBAMXvTk/fBE0IYIAAAgAElEQVThgziWTO/y7NXAi05Za2eEqVvaCo4N1w5RYP2ZcDgsemi0k/HzyTVIxFNXxHOuSGfRZ38sFrvUo5d2MhwOy3N7vV44nU5MTU1Jlabf75e+oZ/bX/FBVDxSzrGOd7b03+pUozhcHBDt2WkCsebz9Pf3i3o8FyaN/uzsLBwOh8jnM/WmjXwwGJQ2K+RcNTU1SduD4+NjLC8vY3BwUBS8x8bGsLq6KogVG2Iyl2w2m+FyucSBoWDj5uYmJicnsbm5iYGBAYyMjEiePRS6IN6urKxgcnJSFOiZEpqYmEBfXx/sdjvOzs5gs9nkwOYz6c1KwxMMBiVFGgwGpb3M+Pg4lpaWxKBrno5Oz+pFE41GhcDMCeb88B50NM3X51IpNLy833iRVL1gucn15uHfaT7QycmJOHy8Xx56+mDjNbgR9HjpdUeSqP4djY6OEnS6iEaGi9ztdmN+fl4czKmpKbjdbthsNiwuLsLhcKCxsVH4G4ODg5fE97jOuU4HBwexuroqXe+p/eL1eqUdCoOG2tpaeDweSakzjUNSKceP8+73+7GzsyPik9oh0N/NTUwDEwgE0Nvbi+7ubtjt9kv8Dh5QdGx0BKmdJ/6fP9Nw6YOeXKDq6mqsr69Lbz1dPaUNKA9icjYpinhwcACz2SxcTbPZjNnZWUFD9KFNp76goABlZWVob2/H+flF6TmDJzqQtEt8DjpMNNLcJ/pQ5/jSQayoqMDg4KAEdTxoSaRlip/fxzVJI/05VXi9F9+/vxCU1L3eNK+M86oRaQYtPIj0d+tr6UOW79Gp4ecpzxEOh9HR0YHNzU20traK8GxrayvKy8vhdDoxOjqKyspKIUVzbDVlxG63o7a2FlVVVZiampIx1by733777RJPTa89zkcsFrvU31bbK46BnlftCOl54H7SQahe38Fg8BKvjhzAzwWn+h74e+2Qc0759/EIkp7XeLJ7fX297GeCDW1tbXj06BFcLhfa2trgcrmwvLwMu92Od+/eifJ9PJLKZ+dajnfyuC51IB0MBkXi6OjoCJWVlaIvqfmE2kHSKC3fIxdXO1gauOC4cOz4/Bwzfr8+m2h3OG7awaZWn75u/HmjET3tnPKeI5GItDHr6emRZ9/b25OK0c+hWfHOa7yPFO9s6Ve8o6Ud1j/Fw+Kf89j4mbGxMcmV6wFnxQp1j7hRNKTOSIQCqWyN8Pz5c5SXl+Phw4c4ODhAd3c3fvnlF7hcLrS0tEgOurS0FA8ePIDT6YTBYMDk5CR+/PFHkedntGY0GjE6OorDw0MUFBRgdXUVX3/9NSorK9Ha2oq8vDycnV10XGdLgpSUFLhcLqmSHBwchM1mk7YvuuqEk6qNIyOOw8NDuN1uDA0NIRS66D/29OlTrK2tSQNubiIdIXOM4iNojrM+yIaGhkQll0r+/IxeJPxObhTtdGlHhdE8nZ543opGyAgRM5LUjg/v+fj4GL///vsfjAA31u+//34pqtQwuV6Y/G5WvfB+f/vtN2lMzEOMoodpaWm4fv26HNBsHJ6dnY2ff/4Zdrsdd+7cQVVVFZqbmzEwMICnT59KdRzvNxgM4uXLl5iZmcGzZ8/Q29srm5jQuC5CCAQCSEpKwvz8PAYHB4X31tDQIAKMTGEwMuVBRvKndl7Yo9Hr9YpTzaqu6upq1NfXw+Fw4OXLl4IQU1yWe+3w8FAclEjkQoCU6JDf75fPU5iRjiO7EBB102XqvE8GCTxYiAbS6dnc3ITRaMTe3h4ODw8xMzODQCCAZ8+ewWq14s2bN8jOzr4ksUJSrcFgwOzsrBS58Hv5PIx+t7e3BVHjAU/HT6POe3t7gqoy6qUdmp6elqo77bTS8Tw6OpIDgE4Qqwej0Sg+fvwoqJLmm+m9ReOrKye5zvl9+uDWAQ7RRo046H0XX3nKZ4tEIpidnUVSUhLS0tKws7MDs9ksLdf+67/+C3l5eVhYWEB/f79wcFpbW/H27dtLgpm0bfv7+3j69Cl2d3cxODgIk8mEjY0NSb8xhdfX14ejoyMpbCK3j9dha7fV1VXY7Xbp/7e1tYVQKITe3l5UVlZKinR2dhbDw8Myr7RfPF90GlGjadw3OsClg0IkWR/eHGP20+VhyfmlDaWt49icnZ3h48eP4nBxjdI5W1hYwH//939Lu7fW1lacn59jZGQEV65cQSwWE/pMd3e3nHfkJcViMentyGfh8+o2T9yD2rHkmj07O0NdXR2am5sxMjKCW7duXepxrKsKdZper1OOoUZmNdIc72Az3aclMjh+uouCPqM02MMzJhQKidg1/57nCJ+ZdiTeOeV+ttlsUnnKnp0k4/Ozn3ME450t7Wh9zqHS6yT+dcnh0tFu/BdrRGVgYABTU1PiRdLYLi8vIzk5WYjObCGjI2ka40AggI6ODkQiF5ojiYmJqK2txd27d0X89NWrV4hGowK3su1Damoqtre3sbu7C5/Ph2vXrkkjVb/fL2rZHR0dMJvN2NzcFB5KR0cHgsGgcEVevnyJ7e1t0Sthi52CggK0trbCYrH8oW0AnSyN+Oioigcoq1S2trbw6tUrjI6O4v79+xgZGZGNoFMkdFbiHV86ejTmKysr0uE8ISFB+jfqCIzGnvOm9Uv4PYxeuCFp1Hk400nS6Bg3hkYyaHh0dMNDiBtQR4i8DjcTS/GZcv1c9K6jfG52neaiATo7O8Pu7q70c/P5fBgaGoLb7cbk5CR++uknmEwmNDQ0wGazISsrCwsLC8jNzUVLS8ul1NvR0RFu376N+vp6dHZ2ijZbeno6MjMzYbFYpJVJbm4u3G43Xr58iaWlJQwPD6OtrQ0WiwVGoxHDw8P44osvMDY2htzcXFGJfvXqFR48eICvv/4abrdb5oHNbJOSklBZWYmKigrs7e1Jc17dR6y2thbz8/NYXV1FTU0NCgoKsLKygtbWVtTW1iInJwczMzMoKCiQBtHZ2dn46quvkJSUhKysLOGmlZWVobu7G9evX0dWVhZyc3OxsrKC8vJyvH37FsnJyZiamkJzczN++OEHtLW14enTp0IxoD0IBoPIzc1FUlISPB4PdnZ2YLPZ0N/fj4cPHyIWi0lDY228379/j9raWtTW1uL09KKfamFhIba3t1FTUwODwYDc3FwsLy8jMzMTOTk5qKmpgdVqFemBu3fv4smTJ7h58yaePn2KwsJCGAwGKaa5desWqqurUVFRgeHhYbhcLty7d09I/larFTdu3EBLS8slvh8dqvfv3+Po6OiSgdXOcnzakocfK3+j0eiltJ9e3/w+HlD8GzrhdMxOTk4EdePfawkQoub37t1DU1MTLBYLwuEwWlpasLW1hb29PVRVVeHFixfCI1xaWkJjY6Pw/pg61umlrKwsvHz5Ek6nE2NjYyLf89e//hU5OTnIy8uTpubkMn755ZdoaWmRfpyZmZmYm5tDSUkJvvvuO0HbVldXZa/cv38fJSUlGBoaQlNTE27fvi1yRPpgp8PA1JhGPjUKQ9vBseUBqZFLjXBpB0ynlDi2/De+GEKjZkQavV4vUlNTkZKSgu7ubvh8PuG9TkxM4MqVKzg7u2id9ObNG5Erevr0KZxOJwKBgDgn8ZkHffDrrAjvRWdHzs/PYbfbRSqprq5OqAg68OfY6hQaf8/1qh1e0kWI/DOFx3XKz+qzhS2SiHJqZ1ijx1p8mhQTjWodHh5Ktkor7mtwgrb8+PgYKysrKC0tRUdHB3w+nxQuaIQsHtHU6FW8MxePaOnP/p8OV3yqQX8pDSIh5p6eHoGotSPF6pGMjAy8efMGL168wMDAwCUDxGjb6/Wio6MD4XBYOombTCbk5+fj9PQUAwMDUs7rdDrhcrkk/ZKYmAi32y0DdvXqVVgsFmxtbYnOTFZWFtra2lBdXY1gMIiDgwM8fvxYCNFJSUmorq5GamqqqNTTIaOWV3l5uShh67YxfGY9QfGcC6/XK82bNzY2pIF1cnKyVIdxYWgvnO9pCJzzwc0bCAQwNjYmkgeUFdDGXqcqeJ/coHSMdGQRv8i14eH/Ncqm74fOE5+deXadetSwMjcAOUM6kufC16lPGkk6evwe3q9OMRCpMRgMgtRMTk7C4/FgdnYWjY2NePr0Kb799lvpIzc5OYlXr15hcnJSnFNuVkqc3L17F83NzTCbzWhsbITT6cTDhw/x4sUL1NXVSZse9o8cHBxEcXEx3r9/j5cvX2J3dxdXr16VlM3U1BQGBgaQmpqKu3fvory8XKLyUOiC/1dcXIzbt2+jv78fY2NjkqZdW1vDo0ePEAqFMD4+juTkZNTU1KCtrQ3l5eUoKSmB2WxGZmamVOJmZ2cjJSUFm5ubeP78OVwuF27evInOzk5MT08jKSkJpaWlePXqFXZ3d3H37l2srq6ivLwczc3NaGhoQHd3N8rLy1FXV4ednR0YDAakp6dLxwg6CQzK7t27h8ePH2NwcFAQDTbFDYcveo+2t7f/IRVYUlKCsrIyBAIB5OTk4KeffsL29jYeP36Mzs5OvHz5Eu3t7aioqEAgEMCdO3eQmZkJs9mM9PR0VFRUoL+/H2/evMHk5CSam5ulymxhYQGFhYWoqamBzWbD8+fPsb29jdTUVIyNjeHGjRuCIDKlSd6h5m5yH9Ce6WCMhwcPdB6AOp2pkVS25OHhTceJe0cHR9xnRHy5B3TAo3mw165dEyfc5XKhq6tL2q20trZiZmYG165dQ0dHhxxI+fn5aGtrw97eHjweD7a2tqQajLbd5XKhrq4O33//PVwuF1JSUuB0OrG0tCQNrjMzM7G/v4+//e1vIibq9XpRWVmJiYkJjI+PIzMzEzMzM8jJyUE0GoXRaBRJBvYsHRkZEemg3d1dEYq2Wq0iV7GysiKo4NLSEra3txEMXhQHzc7OCgo1Pz8v8+nxeOB0OsXO8PtOTy+q6KmmH41GpXDq/PwcMzMz0naHxTx0gKxWK/b29oR6MD8/L03D09LSUFJSgv39fdTV1eHk5ARmsxk//vgjlpeXUV5ejsnJSezs7Mj6q6+vR19fH5xOp+wv2jvaRe0IaIcgErnovatRUL3XdGZCpw7pLMY7kjrApYN3enoqc81gNyMjQ+gHzCiFw2FxInd3d6V62e/3o6amRgqoHA6HqAIQ+BgaGkI0GsXU1BSysrJwfHwMl8sFg8EAl8uFg4MDdHZ2or6+HqHQhdQIz8dIJILm5mZUV1djc3MTycnJePnyJfLy8uDxeKTBuUbXPgcQxFNZtMOlgyRNr9HOvR7LSCTyD6V5Hlw80OK5HufnF33ZHA6HHJY8DG02G77++muUlZXB5XJhZGQEtbW14nXyu/x+v0RYq6urePXqFTIyMtDQ0ID/+Z//kYqUxMREeL1eLC0tSQXK6uoqHj58iPX1dRwdHcHn8+H+/fvo6+uDzWbDvXv3cHR0hLS0NIyPj2Nvbw+1tbVYXV3Fo0eP0NTUhIWFBdy7d080VmZmZuB0OnHz5k2Bu41GI0ZGRrC9vY3MzEx0dnZifX0dx8fHGBkZEbh9fn4e09PTODs7w97envx8eHiIpaUleDwezM3NwWAwiMr2q1evUFhYiIWFhUsood5ATJNFo9FLlSLaIdGGXUdl2sHVTjG9e/bnq62tlXJcm80Go9Eoc1RcXIy5uTlppspKjmAwKBIWsVgM9fX1qKmpEWfHaDRie3sboVAIhYWFGBsbQygUwv7+PoqLi3F0dIRwOIy3b99ifHwcx8fHmJ2dRW1trVQYtbS0SJRUX1+Pjo4OhEIhzM/Po6ioCEdHR3C73VLFenZ2htHRUdjtdmmSm5KSgo2NDfj9foyPj2NnZwfz8/OS0vi3f/s3zM/Pw+Fw4ObNm9LyoaGhQdYrEQJyKt68eYO+vj6UlJRgYmICiYmJePv2LWZnZ9Hf3w+z2Yzbt29Ll3tKKTx+/BgHBwf48ccfMTo6CqPRiIGBAZSUlODFixfIzc0V/iGdqo6ODuTl5aG1tRU//fQTBgcHpVXR/v4+njx5gpGREbjdbly7dg0zMzPo6elBY2Mj1tbWsLKygsLCQkm9V1RU4M2bN3j9+jXMZjMCgQCuX78u7aW+/PJLlJaW4ssvv4TVasXVq1fR19cHo9GIsbExVFRUoK+vD0VFRaioqBBNpm+++QaHh4doaWlBVlaWrK29vT0MDQ0hKSkJi4uL4nDNzc3h22+/xfn5uTS/rq+vl7Tv0dER7HY7fv75ZzHMt2/fRjh8IfdBXpvVakVzczMWFhZw//59lJaWorm5GXV1dXA6nWhtbcWdO3ewubmJ7OxslJeXyzyzvJw6aC6XCxkZGZiamsIXX3yBw8NDrKys4M9//jNWVlawv7+PtLQ0QRS7urqkqqyvrw8ulwuxWAxutxvt7e1S+NDb24ulpSWEw2GYzWaUlJQgFrvoD/r69WvhkhYWFqK4uBihUAibm5tISUmB2+2G1+tFcnIyJicnEYtdqPfn5eVJQUpycjKWlpYQjUbR2toqCO3JyUWLnVAohMzMTNTU1AjaxDXT3t6O27dvY3R0VBxyj8eDpKQkGI1GGI1GVFRUSJUig6b19XU8fvxYCqRu3boFh8OBu3fvori4GGtra7h16xYKCgqkivjf//3fUVVVhUePHqG2thYPHjxAWVkZnj9/jhs3bqCgoABPnjxBf38/rly5IuhpcnIynj9/Lqilw+GAw+HAjz/+CJvNhq+++goejwcLCwu4deuWSMSkpqYiJycH5+fn6Ovrw7fffiuFUI8ePRJdx5qaGjx79gw+n0+EYNlRwGQy4dq1awgEAtjY2MB3330nKO6jR49QXV2N9+/fw+Fw4Ntvv8XOzg7Oz8/x8OFDoYysrq4iMTFROJ3Pnj1DZmYm3G43ampqcHJygsbGRnR1daGvrw/Ly8uSwTCZTHKGFRYWSkZJB7508BmU0kFnelA7YJqawrODzld8Ck0jYjqDoJE9pvfOzi4qoR89eiToe2pqKubn53FycoLq6moUFRUhHA6LY+7xeGCxWDA8PCzyPhaLBbFYDA6HQ7pNBAKBSxp4TqdTkG/KP3FOqqqqkJaWJgBBVVWVyPtwfDc3N/HmzRvk5ubCYrEIYlZfX/8HTl98hk87o5/jeBFNZBo2Hk3VDlc0+v9kITR8qCdKp7lisRjq6upk0XLyQ6GLsmKXy4WZmRkcHBwgEolgZWVF+C4aWjw4OEB9fb1E4mlpaairq4PJZBJ14fLyclRXV8Plckn0SxmGGzduwGazoba2FgaDAdnZ2SgtLUVhYSGGhoZQVVWFoaEhZGdno6ioCA6HA69fv4bRaJRWEEQSaGCam5uxvb2NiooK5OXlSS49OzsbRqNR5AloWA4ODtDV1YXs7Gx8+PBBZAHIibHb7fD5fCgoKJBnpA6T0WgUvRZNRqTzqomPjCjIB+FiIAdBI1Xa4dIIJSMMcmb8fr88YzR6oeuUnZ0tEH1eXp5IBnR2dopUAaUSZmZm4Pf7JRJja6SHDx9iZWUFfr8f6enpaG5uxunpKVwul7RUCgaDePPmDXp7e3F0dASr1YqcnBypmqGKezgcxosXL1BYWIhQKISuri4kJiZifX0dW1tbeP78OQYHB+Hz+dDc3Izy8nJEo1E0NjaKngwF+Pb29kQRfmlpSbgMJpMJt2/fxoMHD9DV1YVr165hcnISwWAQGxsbeP36Naqrq+VgrqmpkfVCuYn09HSYTCZ0d3fjyZMnqKioQEFBAUwmEyorK2EwGKTVjclkQnZ2Njo7O5Gbm4tffvkFDx48QGZmpsxfJBIR1KWmpgYpKSnIycnBxsaGcBgYLLx9+xaNjY2w2+0igpiRkSFSDEVFRejq6oLVasWdO3dgMBhw+/Zt2Vv5+fnY3NxEV1cX2tvb0dLSgrW1Nfzwww/IzMxEdXW1iEQWFBRIWnJkZAS9vb2SAmlsbBRnhWhqZmamOGzk74RCIRQUFCAhIQEZGRnw+XyoqKgQhIVReG9vL27fvo3CwkLU1tYiFArBbDbj5cuXaGtrE2csOztbqnwTExNx79495Ofni2hjX18fWltb8ezZMxGmLSgoQHJyMurq6rCysoKsrCwYDAYkJibCaDQKsZgCyWyZMjc3h8XFRbx8+VIqXtn6KxaLYW1tDUlJSYIGlZaWYnx8HNHoRWW30WiUQ+Vvf/sbLBYLIpEIjEYjsrKycH5+ju3tbVy7dg2Hh4fweDz47rvvMD09jWg0isnJSRgMBuzv78Pj8SA1NVUO6dbWVqFLULPw4OBA1kB3dzfC4TA6OzuxsbGBubk5jI6OSopubm4OLpcLpaWlMBgMqK2tRVNTE8rKynB+fi6H06dPnzAxMYHXr19LezKHw4GxsTFMTExgb28PCwsLmJqagtVqxfT0tPSxnZmZkcKV5eVlLC0tYWFhQbQM19fXsbGxIRIPXq9X1rHL5YLP54PdbofBYMDx8TE2NzelmGJ1dVV4bQ6HQ3hs3McsZOLP5ACS+xeJRCSIPzk5gcfjESX8SCQCp9MpqWFSFZiO29raEp4XxVWDwYuqeBaZMOVL8KKzs/MP6KVGSBlkk2MYn8LW2RCtss+0vE47Eknl+7x3ncLjecGfeZ6wWp4cVY3SMOAPhy84oXQ6tANHB4+8W75PaQo6feReaq7W77///ocCLF2JSgSZJHs9vrzHX3/99Q98ZF6TeoRMKep2WTw743ns8S/N2SKfTmen4h0u3rekFOPJ2vGvWCyG2tparKysXIK9OfAkV3KCeGMaLaOx6u3tvZSq49/rNh7kZOncLqvJKFdA4i/fp4OnK8qCwaAsMnLIyE/Y2dnBwcHBJTKwTpF5PB40NTVJU0/9Wd4/FwXzyRQ8PTg4EAeKC8Ln80kEGk8S1E4vJ1T35yLhUxNymWLQC01POD+rnyneAFDklDCxzuXTCPD6RKL4eRKrSWrmBmMVGFOH/BznhfOkU5HxxmR9fR0HBweCOO3s7Mh8sqyX402jpDk1x8cXTUtJkGT5OyOo4+Nj2XjscMA+dryGRmWNRiOSkpJEI4r3z391yjMSiVxS/9apqHA4jKKiImnzlJWVJXNEYjUJwiSBh8NhIW/zeuQWsZCBn42vLltaWoLRaER9fT2ysrLgcDhkTer7Oj6+aB31008/ITc3V1BCvSaJyvz888+YnZ3F6ekpuru7kZmZKftYR4oc45GREZEN2d3dlbFlikYfOoFAQOYlfr3yXple9/v9qKurQ0tLC0pKStDQ0CBrgXIJ3Pdra2t4/Pgxnj9/jvn5eZlDjvXJyQmsVit++eUXmM1mhEIXgrEUmfV6vSIwy3XBNU7JEhroYDAo1WOh0D+U4MPhsDw//45jG4lEJOXFsdP7Qafh49EJfW3OPW0tZV3a2tqEK8j9qzMYXPcHBwdCiWCajalTzXPknHDOeVBrW8/9zWfVz0RuDm07/+U5wnXMs8btdmN/f//SfdNO8fq8H83F4XV1pkBzsrhPuI/0WOrv1mOmbZbOLmguL18EGjgmTU1NksacmJgQ2RTKoXBOuWYpqcK1QlvLFnR9fX2YmJgQzrTZbEZnZ6esOU1dGR0dRWFhIerq6tDe3o62tjYsLCygrKwMbrdbxiISiaCqqgpOp1MqW8kppPNAPi7XorY5tGeaA/c5Xpj+HKkJtKMEIOKzb9ofoc3QqVK9Pvg7Vmn29/cLPWp/fx/V1dVyXY1ExfOy9FrRoIZOO/I7/i/F+Vgshj/pSeaD6Y2jocvq6mqsrq7KItKeKgdbl4hzY+rDdX9/H21tbTg5ORHScltbGzweDzY2NmA2m6U3otvtRmtrK/Lz89Hf34+CggIhWVZVVYkCfE5Ojsg7UL18e3sbs7OzmJ6eRmtrK7q6utDT0yP8BIvFgqWlJdFrqq2thdPpxNzcnDSTZa6fB4DP5xOdF5371WNwcnKCpaWlS4eyNh6sMNGODSedLxpApmk4yTyQ+TtGMowuaPQYAWjjys1Pw8rv9Hq9Eg1o48JDnkgb7z/e4dMbiweCXk90COkUcPFqojHvmygeHU1tGPnM+v64MfTG5b2dnJygp6dHqts0Cqgh+mj0QhuMPfM49jqKCQQCcLvd2NzcxOHhoRgbrTcVHxhQO4oGRPN5aEzX1tYkMKCRodPEiEwXLfB6TB1wLnhdfT3+TOVmKpCTL6YPJjodXq9X0BE6EfqZIpEIjo6ORGeNqAqNWDxn7/T0VJwWBmF6/PV78YUkdDTpDPH6PHD4txTDZBpfO1HaMaHIpdPpFOdba53xUFtbW5NAj9Wf8ekZ7dRoWQ46GZpkrB0qzf3U88y55WeJmvAa+nfxpHCNZvNwicViMn8ejwexWAylpaVwOp2XPqvtAoMt/i6eNK8dX+5HncrSaA7XLJ+B90y0nmgM0QWNxuvgQ+8dfpY2VAdX3Dunp6f4+PGjjCudBL2nOTfabjCo43hrYr2uiNYiptoOaWmGeIeO48g56e7uFnmIf/3Xf8X8/DxKS0ths9nkPvnZnp4e5OXlyVyGwxeCpF6vFxaLBY8ePcL29jY6OjrQ1dUlnLiCggJUV1fLWEUiEelLefXqVVRUVKCqqgqVlZWibk90l+nbvLw8LC0tob29HQaDQYRnu7u7RYlAa2LGO0n6LOD64M+ca92qi/ZIO9N6XemUqkb7tI3mHtZAEH/ndDpFoZ6BD7sE0DHS/LX4l9bS0ueDRri0kDFfOvUYjUYvqhT1AakjAXrmvPmysjJYrdZL1XOMSOIdNr1RtNFbWFhAfn6+lLyzqjAajaKkpAQul0taN3i9XqSnp6OwsBBbW1u4f/8+RkdHsb29jaysLHzxxRdYXl5GcXEx9vf3RT2+oaEBRqMRVVVVmJiYwD//8z+jv79fUlZPnjzB8vIyqqqq0NXVhZWVFdy5cwfPnj2Dy+VCcXGxIFhatI4eM9M7mlDIhbe7u4uRkREh5nFBcQF9+PBBohFtYBiJ0ZH68OED/H6/GBk6OOfn5yKtwE3Pa2ivm7/nIvj06dOlAxPRR6sAACAASURBVJx/c3b2D9FE/sxrkADP9/x+v/ysDSDROB0N8F5osEKhkDiMVP/9/fff5WDTJFC95riRtbOlK4z4vD6fTxxHHqZDQ0MCu9NA0GHms+trUY+JxkKvf10hxc2tI2B9GGlkS0P9NBLcD/FOCNMJPDToGEejUWmWq52aSOSilRLvm6iXRjo4ZjzktUAmHRqmT3gYck7p9GhjyRQF12g8Ck10j4evx+NBc3PzpcrVeCf+/fv3IuWgr0sDGovFLtETeHBrBEkrzOv0RigUkkIVSptop4J7i2MbCoXw6dOnS5E6HfFoNIq///3vYgdIVNfzrNFkjjsNLisNA4GArGEe8kRYuH7ptNKeat6mHms6evogYMpLy7yUlZVhZWVF9i3XqNZs4jrm4aDTQtQh5L7gXJ6cnMh1dBqL88xn4Brl5xkwcH3HB1j8Dp164ndxPx0fH1+SRuDff/r0SWwOr6HtC8eS/9K28PecD9osTZpmypCBM51jPYbxqPanT5/k+/r6+hAOh6VF0MOHD1FbWyvK9lxTPp8PHR0dSExMlBZNlPU4OzuD3W7Hq1evcHZ2oT9569YtuFwujI6OwmAwYHFxUdbR4eGh7PHm5mYkJCRgdHRU6CPz8/Po7u7Gf//3f+PatWswGAz4/vvv4XQ6UVpaKmoAtbW1GB4ext27d3F2diZZHHZ9oKPF6vNoNCqCudznOn3KvUE7y9Q19xQDZ50R0WNLp00HTv/7v/8r12CamIHZyMiI2Gm/34/GxkYJ5ONFxONf8elFnjva2dIOVzz/i/8XHa54h0sjN9x4DQ0NQnimw6U9+PiKB32YRCIRcbjYUDUSiaCgoACTk5OwWCxITk4WpeyXL19K9/a3b9+ir68Pv/zyi/QpHB0dRXp6OoxGozQGraurQ1JSkvB0WCny5Zdfwul0Cnm8sLAQgUAADodD+jdVV1fjzZs3KCoqwvDwMN6/fy+QOg0F05O6gkN70eSoTUxMCNmfi4QHHcdEIyNaL4aLVqMtR0dHcrDT2OgFog9KHYXrQ0M7L/HRhjY+XIDaYGpPngtWR/M8/PSYaBRQoyk6MqBxopHhoby2tibjwlf8WuL38RnpGPL5A4EAhoeHRVKBYxcf+XIe+Bxc2zrnr2F+HmAcB+1kMLJiyo/7Q88JuQc60tbOt0ZSNFpEY85n5mfIRdF7keuKBz/HiAeJhuTpAGgnMN7xoUHUSJt2HjkX+jl5cK2vr6OpqekSV0Pfv/6XY6XXFoMWOltM42k0h/9qZEyjgHocdMoh3rHRdovfTweAqKCOnPk3+tDnexxbjd5xT9OB5FwwVafRJi0+qiN5jj/3gUaZtM3gQcdDr6amBktLS5ecY363TlVyLWnnh2uBiBgPIa5RImE63cLv49zxebQzxf/zUNQBEJ+NtlKjWtFoVJwtzpFGFrXdYxDDNcZ55f/1eaVlJfR+0CgH13sweKEzxc/x2lrWQ98/56e7uxvn5+dwOBzo7+9HWVkZrl69itXVVfm83+/H1tYWcnJy8OjRI9jtdtjtdrlGOHzBy01OTkY4HMbCwgISExOxt7cHm80mbcI4N5xnr9eL1dVV3L17F11dXUJr2N/fRzgclsbkbrcbJSUlIgxeVlaG3d1dFBcXo7e3VyRB9vb2JJDjnvX7/ZJV4JnP9c0AkfPIc417nuLnoVBIskq8dwq1npycwOl0XnKqPB6P7CPOlw586aRznTH4Kisrk3WleVife30O2aKmm3a2tIMW71NFo9HLVYoa1tUOEz88ODgoJfT6YeKhbR0J6VY6TKVkZWVhamoKTU1NyMvLw/DwMEZGRqSSIRKJ4NmzZ5ibm0NZWRnKy8sxPT0tjabJN9nY2IDJZEJKSgoODw+ljN1kMknvPY/Hg6+++ko4JyQvBwIB7Ozs4P79+9jd3UVbWxvW1tbw8uVLvHv37pKwJZ9F8y60Q0EjxJ5b5HzRGdJjeXZ2JiTCs7ML0TzyTnhw6INbI1LaOGmdFaZqefjqKFEbFZ0KoOE+Pj6WvlwfPnyQDcHogRtHI2ja6dCOHI2dhsb5zNqA6wOBG4RIVzgcFr6cThNoZ5IGWx+YutyZIppTU1MS/XCeuDHIReGzfg7h0SkRjhnRLc4NkQl+nociOT6az8H7YLSroyWOt0YuOc46/arTddSf4yGln4lIHMecnCg6uBzHeKdEI09MZ/H59boncqkPO77PfXFyclHObzabpfpUo5hECjTnk044DSbRYIqxasSFz8JDlPfLa/z222+X9qvmxGmeEOec1+fnGCjpMeNzEUni+HNNcuyJSOquDjp9ptc7/15zSLVz5vV6LwUntB/xiBfHQKNqXO8tLS3SVYFIOtewTpHp+Wc6l2ubiIZ2nrXDzX3D5zo9vRBMZUGF1+vF9va27KutrS0JsJnS5txrB25ra0sCdLZ80nuAhzkJ97FYDNvb23C73eIoO51OQb4o0sqDvKenR7IYMzMzmJubg9frxebmJtrb2+V5hoaGMDc3h/fv32N9fV16tp6dnYnUxsnJCbq6uqTQKhgMilRBNBrF3Nwczs7OMDExgaKiItGCo3I/59lqtcJgMKC+vh7Xr18X+QTa19bWVqlSbmhowMDAAGZnZ1FcXCxC4RaLBVarVc5f7gWj0ShFJRkZGQiHL6pQv/nmG4yMjGBnZwfPnz+X7i5PnjxBR0eHyK4YjUb5NxAIYHp6Gjk5OVJUUFZWhsnJSZydXVQKsqBsZ2cHb968gdPphM/nQ1VVFQYHBxEMBrGysiKSPl6vVyo1I5GIVNIHg0EsLy/jzp07GBoaQiwWQ3NzMwwGA05OTmC32zE3NyeBwPT0NLq6usQmc+9xzioqKi6dVczefA7div+Z6NbnHC7txMf7RH+QhdAHJP+QG3diYgLDw8OX0BEdoWpETEP4NG5scl1QUIC6ujrU1NSgtrZWqhNfv34Np9MJp9OJe/fuYX9/HyaTCXl5edLcuqqqCvv7+yLzsL+/LwKJBQUFUn338OFD8Zi//PJLTE1Nwev1YmZmRhSsBwYGkJWVBZ/Ph/z8fGxsbGByclKul5+fj5WVFWRmZsJut6OpqQkmkwnhcBhzc3OwWCz49OkTDg4ORC/J5/NhYmICBwcHCAQCGBkZEYNDp+7k5ASVlZXo7++XvHh/fz/29/fh9XqlAorefEFBgZC32Qibf1dcXAy/34/s7Gx8++232Nvbk6bcNNq9vb34+eefhWBuMplgsVgQCASwuLiIrKwsRKNRuFwuXLt2TdKbNTU1ovo8PDyMx48fIxAIwGw2469//SsODw+xuLiItLQ06b02PT2NZ8+ewel04vj4GAaDAQMDA4hGL1qNPH78GMvLyzg7O0N1dTWqqqoQi8VgsVjw+PHjSy0tYrELLsfMzAyKiorEgc7OzhZ1+PLyclRVVUlfS6KTJM0fHByI2B8jL5JFA4EALBYL6urqpNKIlahs6EvneXd3F01NTYjFYtjd3UVdXR3m5uYQjUaxuroqchlutxt9fX1yiJJn+P79ezidTpjNZnz8+FFKnzc3N8UAU9He4XAgLS1NEKmMjAyMjY0hGLyQy2htbcX29jYKCwtRUFCAYDCI3t5evH79WooCent78fbtWxwdHWF5eRk3b97E3NwcIpEI1tbWUF5ejoODA5yfn0trkaOjI9hsNrS2tgqk39PTI+2H2KA6FApJWn97exvhcBiZmZkyVna7HRaLRfhdg4ODOD4+xsLCgjRNJ2Lu9Xrx6dMndHV1SRqEhxkdGvJJIpGL9mJVVVWiyVNSUiIE74qKCkxMTCAQCIiWGB1kViYeHx/L/cViF+T6+vp6cd7b2tqwuLiI8/OLitD8/HxxWEtKSkSCxGazobGxEb/++itWVlZQVFQkaXeuk1gsJtf69OkTTk5OpCer3+9HeXk5GhsbEY1GsbW1hYSEBGxtbcHj8eDBgwdoaWmR9BH1qAKBAKqrq6XF2traGrq7u8VxrqyslOpui8WCsbEx6aW4vLwMn8+HFy9eiIYUq7UPDg6wt7eH/Px8rK+vIxwOo7S0FHl5edjd3YXL5cL9+/cxPz+PaDSKrKwssXn9/f1IT08Xe5uXlyecyDdv3qC0tBQejwfT09PCO9rY2MCNGzfQ2toqxQ8pKSkSPPIs8Pv9SExMxNjYGDweDwoKCtDe3o6TkxPRlDs5OZHOJf39/Tg9vdCIevnyJT58+ACn04mvv/5ammUnJycjOTkZ5+fnsFgs+Mtf/gKbzYZQKITHjx/j5s2bCIVCqKurwz/90z9haWkJ+/v7uHPnDtLT03F8fIzy8nL8y7/8C5aXl+F2u/Ef//EfyM3Nxf7+Ph4+fIgrV65geXkZJycXmmiUFurv70c4HEZxcTESExNht9vR09Mj2pQ6kMvNzUVycjJSU1Px9u1b4Setr6+jra0NpaWlKCkpwfT0tIxBeXk5enp6EAwG0dDQgK6urkuBvNfrhc1mw9zcHGw2G4aGhvDrr79ifn4etbW1aGxsxOLiIiorK9HW1oaNjQ28efMGdrsdLpdLOhRsbm7i8ePHiEajsFqtePv2LSKRCDweD9LT0zE2NoZwOIzx8XFUVFTg/fv3cLvdyM7OhtvtFlmIkZERRKMXIuesQv3/6PrSpjavLev8tK73fuibzu30baczObGTOInt8liOXR7KLjMPYhIgECBmIRBQgATFVEwlhJAAISEkkEBTiVkIlQDbFSe5dXu9H6i1c9B1f1AZsPToec7ZZ49rr31wcIDOzk74fD4cHx9jZWUFFosFx8cX01yKi4ths9mkRJqXl4d0+mJua01NDf744w/RMbOzs+LAMzAg/KK1tVX8G/6rOlOqA6W+VGeLDld2KVF9qdlawXBxs7MjerUG6XA4xOFSoyHV4VJr7mrZhilNn88HnU6HnZ0d2O12WK1W6aZZW1uD2WxGe3s7tre3sba2Bq1WC61Wi97eXqysrIjyraioQHV1NQKBAIaHhxEOh9Hf34/Ozk5otVoZG9HS0gKtVgu9Xi8Kl4RtBoMB4XAYs7OzKCkpgVarFZLAd+/eobS0FH19fUKkuLi4iN7eXmQyGczPz6Ozs1OiKXIvxeNxTE9PIx6PIxwOo7u7W4hajUYjPB4PTk9PMTk5Ca/Xi5OTE9jtdoyNjUlpzGQyCVaORIPMRhiNRtjtdpydnWFoaAj19fU4Pj4WA3ByciIt4YlEQhyCyspKcYDJQJ1OX/D/6PV6pNMXjL0GgwGxWAypVApNTU1oaWnB+fk5hoeH8eDBA2xtbcHj8QgXCg/KysoKzs/PYbfbcffuXaytrSGVSqGsrAy9vb04PT0VfhoqbdINcO5gYWEh1tfXBbdD5TMxMSEKPRqNIicnB9PT0xJBNTY2IpW6mF3Z1NQkTNns3llcXIROp5OuO61Wi7GxMRwfH8NsNkOr1QpRbX5+Pnw+HxKJBEZHR2E2m3F2dibs8NFoFPF4HBqNBsPDwzg+PobD4RB8gNfrlWjs+PgYPT09QhC6vLwsBL/7+/sCVk2lUhgdHUVPTw/Ozi6oOrhfe3t7KCgoQH9/P6LRKEpKSpCXl4e9vT2hHNjd3cXw8PClQdiNjY345Zdf5H5/+eUXGao+MTGByspKRCIRnJycoLq6Gi6XCycnF3NDzWazRPx5eXnweDw4Pz9HeXk5RkZGcHR0hNXVVaH7YGA0PT2NVCqF2dlZIQ6Nx+OwWCw4ODiAxWJBa2urRLFFRUVYX18X4z4xMSFrWFNTg83NTcTjceksTCYvyFHLy8uRTCaxvLyM3NxcbGxs4PDwEBqNRmYjzs7OoqCgAMfHx4hEIqioqBCZGRkZgcFgEO62iooKxGIxxGIxVFdXixPArsXNzU1sbGzgl19+gdFoRCqVQnt7O168eIGDgwPMzMygsLAQ6XQaGxsbePLkiWTUjUYjmpubcXp6ilAohFevXglvVFFREUpKSpBIJOBwOPD111/DZrMhEAjg5s2bwoU1Nzcn2YRoNIqCggI4HA5kMhmMjIygoqJC4A/l5eVYWlrC/v4+ZmZmBAJC/Xl8fEH9Mj4+LpxqHMMUDodRVFQEr9eLN2/ewGq1YmBgQDLOdXV1CAQCePPmDTo6OmTkztbWFubm5oQNfGJiQpoNent7ZU8Y+GxvbwuAfHV1FUdHR9jc3MTU1JRkh91uN/b29vD27Vtsbm5KJnljY0P4z3Z3d6Xx5Pj4WAbVMwMaCoXE/rhcLqkW+Hw+KeElEgmMjY1JxosNGOwkZfnq9PRUkgHn5+eIx+Ow2+1SxZmenpaB3FtbWwiFQpeylCyDU++o5VpWKdSxTmpZiplgZmfUMhXLqslkUj7PYJXjnFiyS6VSgmFVoSvHx8eCk+Xf1TIz/6VPwHVh1i2d/nPkmZoZ5zNSj/PZ1HKbisdSS7pck+zKGZ06tTytloGZAWQml9llPpOaXTYajZfKzx/KXGXDpFRoTzZI/kOYr2zs10fZzpYKSuNC8GGcTqfUkulo8WKq46aWaNTSRSaTgcvlwvDwsCh0ppFV7AtHGrDuT1AinUEVx0FnhiUHbhy/TwXJpVIXnCyp1J+dTrwWjRuF8+DgQMa/kKFZTftzU7lmvBb5pdRSKgVVreerpVh1vfmcXDMVe6LiJogL4f8zrZ6NIVGBiTwA9PhVIDMPGu+X12EZjg6zWppRcTMUWipCtSynYpRoGHhISRfAcoEq/OracP0Z5fMw8r4ovwRI7+/vS5Zlf38fsVjsUsmQpQd28rHMxy4WfhcBp8lkUmRNVWD8l3gPGhYqPQI3qfhZ5qNRULPEXDOWILk3xFik02nE43FEIhG5V1J1JJMXxKhUuuFwWGgACJxVS5PZckD5YYmJn2NJlj9zb7l3fCaC54n3YXk9Fouhv79f1oPX5f7v7e1JZohlF55lrjMHKvM52G1JwlQqVHUtmEXieVLPN5+ZMk78iXr2KEPBYFDWKRqNih6hTKkYJZ4TYkooQzwrqmHh/lPmj46OEAqF5NrxePxSpyuzfSq2lDLDtVF1I0vr3JPBwUF4PB7J+FHeU6nUpXPH/9/f3xe8KNeFTo9ahlaDdOo8ygx1OY0g912lEFJl7Ojo6BKXFF88L9RF1HvZsA6eFzVjwXUifEOlW+E5UMv2dBjU7yfcgvqZEAqeSWKRuE6qnuXcT+ql8fFxMeJcRxUHqBp21aFgk5mKP6MuY3KDZ1vFHnItzGbzJQwx1+a3334Tx4B/Z5latbe0VZQHFTNI/Z9dCuf3cw1VR473xw5PyoiazOGzUSbUrj8VlsA1YSWOZ4H7QXlRHbjz83MJnvgs/5cTpTpN3Pvs8mI2fkt9v5rtusTDxc1Vy4kq/md2dlbKElRc2eVI1XDwxU05OzvD3NycsLKrvC5UXFwketv8HrUOq+Ie+B3siCIRG5Uvn4eKSMXRZINv0+m0DMw8Pz+XqIdKjV4770l1wChoBwcHmJycxNHREebn52V2m8ViET6oqakpjI6OXjoA/LzRaJQyXCZzMc4lFAqJ46LipM7PzzExMYG7d+/CarXK9ZjhUbOUBwcH0v1G5aMCBqlAiH0hdiWTuQAM//bbb5JC5fPzXmgwVSybujeUERWAyOhDjaw47JTv5xw6FYelYq4YsdKARqNRWXuWFWKxGHp6emCxWGAymRAKhYQAsL+/X2aWvX///lKEWF5eLqVuDoimkeKomo6ODnFC6YhwzcfHx5Gfny+4DjZtnJ6eXuIz41rabDY8ffoUi4uLl3jLeB7evHkjZVM2M6gYHDUzrZ6hs7M/O0hVB4NKkMZGVdKqISOOjvvJc6zig1Sg8s7ODlZXV2VAfSwWw/j4OJxOJ7q6utDa2irdo3t7e9jd3UVdXR0SiYQ4oDxTh4eH0Ol0cDgc4uyQkoLnmXtEmVExTYlEAj09PaipqcHy8jIikQhWVlbg8/nEWT05OZHMTDp9QbKak5MDl8slwQDxkXTsUqmU4D2I0+HAdtXo0riohpVlDa4t35ttZPlKJpP4xz/+cQkvRUc3nf4TnK0Gbyzfzs3Nwel04vT0VMZZHRwcSFaLJWLqB+7x2toacnNzkZOTg6GhIcTjcRiNRnE81WCT2Z62tjaUl5dfCkypN6l36SCrmEbKH2WRBpRnXe1sU/GrXH/VePMzKsCfRjmTyQCAwBTo+HIv6FSoTgbPDAHXqqFnQKg60nwm3g+hIzdu3MDS0pKU+qm//vnPf+Lt27f47bffLmH/uIaqA0UdqWJCVfwQnUjqU3ZX0qGmfqJzTawf1+rk5EQIRylT1PXElhLTqzp8KsY4nU5LIKuW0mhPsvGMdKSYVKEeUQMgOkL0FbhPKlaZ72XQS+eVe8b15WeIG9br9ZeCcPo72U6UaseI9SLA/v/KcKl/U/fxI1Xxq5GtWovkFw0ODkptXs1kZZcUeT0+AL+QNVWPxyMHUt181VFTnTnVW+bPdJSYJePvNOQ8xCzfMNLhgWE6mcqdipBOI69J50Bt+aZSZ8TOw3tycoJwOIyRkRHs7OzAZrPhwYMHcDgc6OvrQ39/PxobG7G2tiazoihcqVQKgUAAX375JWZnZ1FYWCjUFaOjo4LNYiqX5YXl5WXU1dWhsbERoVAIc3NzWF1dlZIkDavayv/+/Xs56PTqubaqk5ZOpyUConJT+be4xow++BwcRs33q9EHDQedMx4aKlu1ls7v+f3334WhWL1fyiq/X6/X4+XLl0KKyVJBbW0trl27hp6eHrx69Qrz8/MyOujly5dSaqPz73K58OzZM/T39wu3E9cjmUxCq9WivLwcAwMD+OyzzxAIBC4ZBA7Lnp6exqtXrxAIBNDU1IShoSHhmwuHw/D7/ZKdXV5eRllZGUpKShAIBOD1ehGNRgXTc35+jmg0KgpSNdBcO64JzyUVlmr01Uwk38e9Y8mZ8k0Hju/hOaeSUrMXBBZHIhE8ePAABQUFSCQSQpMSDodx79496Uq+d+8eVlZW0NjYiP/3//4fAoHApbN+dHQEu92OO3fuYHBwULIEzJzs7+/D6XTi2rVrMm+V+uKPP/6QjPzNmzdht9tlYkBVVRWsVquUw7e3twVvuL+/D7fbjatXr2JwcFB4u+LxOJaXly9lhSi/LMdQFinzdAzevXuHP/74Q4IHVbEzqFAjZzVLQ2dXvX62M0bdyn2h3h0bG8OrV6/Q2NiIdDoNu92OUCiE+fl5PH78WGbS9ff3SyD57t07wXharVYBRre3t+P+/ftIJi9muBKGwQxqLBaD2+3GgwcPcHR0hNnZWbhcLlitVkxPT0vzCJ+Rz0GdTCNPeaSx5OfozKg2grqN+pr6iUada829UJ3bk5MTacqhI6hmzNTyGJ1clfZGdQZ5/pipUSsMvCYxbcTVUS7Y5MRzymdn0K9WivhdvGf+Tr2knh31b9SbfB7Kjmq/eHaybZuaSVSz09QpPAfUBaww0H6qjqTqtKjPptK00C6oPgX3nDpeLQ1yHXhGeP5YAVGdU94f94tdirS/2etIO6OWP9W9zsZ4fcjZynbaMpkMPlK9OzWFqi4UF5rzylThVJ0YbiT/nwuiloxsNptgCdSShqo4+FKdAAoNjQcPrFq2o4FQlaJ6yNT0Mj+b7SWrZTt1TbhO2Rk9bhLfQyJVGta8vDxsbGxgb28P+fn5WFpawsDAAAoLC2G324WygBiEq1ev4s6dO3j+/DmWlpZQUlIiYzmKi4sxPj6Op0+fYmZmRkYkDQwMoK6uDh6PB7du3RKyWOICGKFlO1bZWSMKBg9e9jqomc8PpYbV1Kka+dHA8Hqqc67eAx0q3oN6iCiLqlJR+ZyIncjPz5eSVHd3tzQ0sAPG7XYjLy8POp1OsG1Mt9NhX11dxZUrV2A0GlFQUAC32y3yd3Z2htbWVuTl5aG5uRl37txBPB6/pLT9fj+++uor5ObmiiN8584dGdNz//59jI6O4u7duwiHw7BYLLBYLCgtLYVer4fVasWjR49gs9mg0WiQSCRkfbJT6apMq9lWngWuGZ0VNbBQDbi6LzxfLLVTqfJFg6JmvHgu6AiVlJRgZ2cHiURCQN2PHz8W0HhlZSXKy8sRCoXwX//1X9jZ2bkUTSeTSdjtdvz1r39FX1+fzCRlAHV2doaOjg589dVXgsWgPJHLx+/349q1ayguLkZrayu8Xi/u37+PhoYGLCws4KeffhLeolQqhb6+PlgsFnz33Xfo7+/H8PAwCgsLMTY2hsrKStlnNSChMVCNE88D5VrFxqgKOJVKSVenGpSqhu/o6OgSxQMzz+qeqRkBFbsyMzMDg8GAZPKCRd/v9yM3NxeTk5M4Pj6G0+mUaoNqoBobG2UuYWNjI2pra/HTTz8hkUigoKAAExMTMtw8EAigtrYW8/PzePLkCdLpNPR6PRoaGvDs2TNpmOD9s9ysYpR471xTOj3s9FQDBxplZutVw0s9oBpJGmq+h2eDss+MPjNxDJzVwIZ6JhsUrZ4fZpO4b3Q63rx5I/M60+k0zGazBO9cB7Vaw7PGPVSdFGZnuF9qhzRfvB4dOn6ef6dzS1nlM3O9ssuTvB+1hHl6eop4PC66J5FISKk9lbqYVsC1OTg4uEQFwXPOPVU5BDc2NkQGiNPiPW9ubiKdvihHb2xsiKyvr69Lp2ogEJDPnZ2dIRgMXoIjrK+vX0oIsflC5cTLtmGqblMdNrUCmI3dyvaf1N8/Ur061UDyRaP39u1btLa2Ym1tTRZaPTCqEVUVghq5cOyNzWYTZUOsAhWQSg3Aw0mPVU1Nc8N4D+rDMXLkYqlGgmVE9boUVLWsomJtqCzUSIwbR+VOYVRHmWxvb6OkpARutxterxcvXrxAe3s7lpeX0dXVhc7OTsGqZDIZMcZjY2O4d+8ebDYbGhsbMTIygnA4jNraWiwuLqKgoABTU1Oor6/HxsYGRkdHodPpkEql0NLSgsePH0sXH9dKHcOTTqcl8/THH38IJoRpZWaj+P9UXIzIWOZTB3ZSMTEyCtRRPgAAIABJREFUoAPHrhMqEyoyKi8eShUXpr7v7OzPId5UOkyn06FmJOvz+VBaWirdcVarFbu7uxgfH5fW4dXVVWg0Gmxvb8Pj8Qhw+82bN4Lrq6ysRFtbG/Lz8yUipby9f/8eOp0OlZWVCAaDeP36Naanpy/hgtxut2Qdv/rqK8zPz0Ov12NgYAB7e3t48OABbDYbXr16JfMAFxYWYLFYYDAYsL+/j/v37wuR7++//y4YEGai1LS6iolTSwRqVu7s7EyUEY1ZMpm8NIw2mUwKQSKvyxImzzsDoeyomnsQi8XgcDhQVlaGvb09xGIxDA8PY2dnBy9fvoRWq8Xx8TGKiopkhNDf/vY3RKNRWb90Og2/349Xr16htrYWz58/x+zsrAQOlOfbt2/j888/x7Vr1y5hynimHA4Hampq0NDQgLt378rg5ampKRlaTy6+VCqF3NxcmdXZ29uLUCiEn376CQUFBXA6nZei40zmAp9D2aCxUQ0bs23MEKjlX/7Otfv111/FgKr4LDrLqh5lyYhn7OTkMkSADqvVakVXVxeSySQWFhZkoPnU1JSMKqIjwGsdHx/LYHqj0Yhnz55hYGAA3333Hc7OLhpdWKpsa2uDzWbDvXv3EA6HUVxcLF2bt27dQmVlpRhIOjTBYFCcu9XVVWxtbSGVuhijxowppwdQP7PrkuVUOh6ZTEbgFqenp4hEIjJ39OTkAhz/+++/I5PJwOPxIBaL4c2bN4jFYlhYWBDaEFI17O/vo6enR3CaDocDsVhMZJ0VnkwmI00ELKHNzs7K/7EB4OTkghbk1atXGB0dFSP/66+/Yn9/HwUFBfD5fNIMZbFYcHp6CofDgZycHBmMrdfrsbi4iDdv3qC3txd9fX0iI/X19YhEIjg9vRjHw6ktu7u7yMnJwdbWlgRCXq8XiUQCCwsLwkHFs0i7Tj2VSCSwuroKrVaLnZ0drK2tQaPRyFD3oqIiGfhdWFgo3ZChUAjPnj3DyMgI3ry5aLy4desWMpkL6onCwkIJIMlD9v79eywtLeHHH3+Ubk6dTge9Xo9MJoOFhQV8+umn8Pv92NjYwNWrVzE6Oop4PI6HDx+iurpaBsPfunULp6cXcybv37+P58+fI5VKYWFhAX/9619ltNnp6SlaW1vFb2GV4EOOlpqQUpMO/PlDztaHMnuZTOZPDJearVK9ORUE1traivn5eTHQKjCN71czVKoCSqcvAPE+n09aOnt6eqDVaqUElJOTA5vNhv39fZSUlKC9vV0Oo0ajwebmJs7OLhjpybFEllyWQ3Q6nXS1jIyMYGZmBgcHByI8nMnFjht2ywwODuL4+Bjz8/NYXl4WwCxpKMLhMAYGBqSDbWVlRSa/p9NpoXvY2dnB2NiYKLn8/HzYbDa8fv0afX19wtZfWVkJo9GIW7duSUefx+PBl19+ic7OTrS0tGBxcRG1tbXy7AaDAcPDw7h27RpMJpMcjsrKSlRUVAg1Q15eHqLRKI6Pj5Gfnw+z2YyffvpJDLNGo4HJZML5+TmmpqaEFmJ8fBx3796Vw3n//n2Ew2G8f/8es7OzyMnJkdRsRUWFKIi1tTXk5+dL5FFbW4uBgQFkMhkMDw/j9evXCAQCsnder1fKE8PDwzg6OoLf70djYyP29/exsbGBsrIy4dXRarXCks32/83NTRwdHWFiYkK6yhYWFvD8+XPBqgwMDGB9fR1Go1Ecq9LSUoyNjSEUCuH58+fo6urC4OAgdnd38dtvvyESieD27dsIhUIoLi5Gd3e3cOQQvFxRUYHy8nLMzc3hyZMnsFqt0Ov10n3ndDrxySefIBwOw2QyYX5+Ho2NjdDpdFhZWcHLly9htVpx584d2Gw21NTUYHZ2Fnl5eSgpKUEsFsPAwACuXbuGRCKBvr4+VFVVCdbrxo0b2NragtPpxC+//IJgMAifz4cbN25gcnJSBhz39/cjnU4jFovhm2++werqKs7Pz+F0OnH37l2sr6/j6OgIpaWlUvqZm5uD2WzG3t4e5ubm0NDQgEQigcXFRWg0Gmk68fl8aGlpEfqTkZERrK6uIhqNioO7vb2N7e1tTE1NIRgM4uHDhzJk/rPPPkM8HofL5cLf//53GW3CYGZjYwPffvst7HY7fv75ZzQ0NKC/v19A6RaLBY8fP8bMzAw+/fRTGI1G9PX1oaKiAn/88QcODg4wPj6Oa9euSbfy+Pg4NBoNGhoaEAwGcf36dYyNjeHp06dIJBLIzc3F7Owsrl+/DrPZjN3dXZhMJty4cQM7OzsYGRmRod42m01msW1ubqKgoABer1cGW/f29uLNmzfCFchgsb6+HnNzczg9PcXm5iZaWlokO/b69Wuha+nu7kZZWRl2dnbw5s0baDQarKys4N27d2hubpa93dzcRE1NjQxSbmpqwtramjD819bWCt1HOByGw+GQmaBNTU3Y2tpCYWGh8Bvu7++joqICDQ0NciYXFxfx+eefw+/3o7u7G5WVlTLI3ev14tmzZ7Barbh+/TpcLhei0Sjy8/OxsrKCg4MDFBYWwmq1YnFxEc+ePcPOzg7cbjd+/vlneDwe7O3toaqqSig4ZmZm8N133yGZTCIUCqG8vBwOh0NgGs3NzTg5OcHa2hpu3LghZfnq6mrU1NTg7OwMLpcLd+7ckYCYZKDpdBrj4+P47LPPpGv+k08+wcjICPx+v8jEzs4OcnJy0NbWJk72nTt3JJu6vLyMb775BuFwGOl0Gq9fvxb5dDqdqKqqwtHREfr7+/HixQt0dnbKvqZSF40RT548webmJt6+fQuTyYTBwUGk02kJ1KPRKM7Pz9HY2CjNapOTk9IpnEwmYTKZZM4sMdYst/b19UmQlUgkhCKBNAscVzcwMCDP4fP54Pf7cXJyMbPU7/eL3u3o6BAH1+l0iszZ7Xasrq4Kn6TH45GO0UgkAovFItCcqakpRCIRyU6xiSCRSMjIPzpIdrsdp6enQvm0tbWFvb09NDc3i83s7+8Xez02NiaykU6nMTk5KZ3T+/v7MJvNgss+PDwUPk6Wq5lc+lAJ9P/KcKkZLL7U7G329T6iglPLgGqal8ognU5jcHBQonlmKbLTwtklNjVNyY4NYpdcLhfGx8cRDodxcHCAjo4OuFwuZDIZDA4OStsplR0BytPT06LclpaWMDg4iEgkgr29PVitVuH5sNlssNlsODy8mKXU0tKCWCyG3d1d9PX1CQaBnCTkEHK73Tg4OIDH4xGuoMPDQwwPD8v3rqysYHBwEKnUxTw5m82G3d1dRCIRDA4OYm9vD6urq5iYmMDo6CiWlpawu7uLcDgsjQPhcBjV1dVSstra2sL09DR6enrkmfx+vzgEwWAQMzMzcDgcGB4eRigUktmRIyMjYvjHx8clTavX67G6uiqt/ox83W43MpkMHA4H2tvbkclk4PP5MDAwgP39fUSjUfT09Ei0yBmYTPez6+n8/Bzr6+uor68XGgqj0Yjp6Wmk02l4PB50d3cLoe3g4CCCwSDS6TTW1tZgs9lwdnbRmdbf3y/lQOKdMpkM+vv7sbGxIZ2Cg4OD0nXodrvhcDiQTCYxOTmJoaEhzM3N4eTkgjKCXEptbW0wmUzCozQ3N4fi4mLodDpx5o6PLzqsrFYrWltbYbPZpFRLh2t/fx/19fXQ6XTCWcMsCZWM1+tFd3e3DJiNxWJioEOhEBYWFtDf34/x8XF0dXXB4/Ggp6dHDHpPTw+MRiPMZjNOTi5oDF68eCEyXVBQgHA4LMaIjo7BYMDCwgJ2d3fR0dGBmZkZnJxcAPp1Op2cLZfLBaPRiGg0ilTqgv5jfn5eOLP6+vpwcHCAtbU19PX1Seclgw+m+Lu6usSxt9vt8Hg8ODg4gNlslmwA+cwImieZYjgcxu7urlBFjIyMCE0FQcOTk5Po6upCV1eXjANjho5rZLFY0NjYiKamJpjNZlRXV0tGz+/3w2QyobW1FXV1ddjY2IDT6URrayvC4TCmpqbQ0dGBxsZG2O12uN1ujI6OorOzE+3t7RgcHERbWxuGh4dxcHCA4eFhlJaWIp1OyzllQ4RGo4HL5cLR0ZGU+k9OTiRQYrae33V2dgav1yvn5vj4GE1NTXA6nTg7u2gu6u3tlc5KcqUdHx+jt7cXg4ODMvvRaDQK1tBiscDv98tc2tnZWRweHmJoaAjb29vIZDJYXV3F0NCQdFMzg0JwssfjEWJql8slFD5ut1vO/vLyMiYmJnB0dCRz+Obm5uD3+1FRUYH8/HwJULq6uoTmgQ5WJpOBzWaTTk/OFmV1gbg6OjvMdu3t7YkTsbOzI8FVMpkUB5+ZWGb1meGhIxKPx+F0OqXiQWfh+PiiE5VnPZFIIJFISNWHPIm0kTwLJycniEQil8ruLOEfHh5Klp8OmGoj+S+DYRUiozYYscqgwgjU7sFs3JOKp2aHK7tG2SxA7CXvk5ULrguz3PQRVE5NViFUWIla7lSrTCqGjFgwVkZ4rypeT4Ur8Hv4rGoViokdlqxVnJYKAeHz8DtVfj9mKNW9YMVLhdhk+zeqM8Wf1WxXdoaM9/QvDhe/kBvMG08mkxgcHMTs7OylTecm8jr0UNVaPBc4mUwiHA4LMSSFgVkisrPzoLGzgt9BpcX74diATOYCrMsuRbUeT2HnyAEKHKM5FXhPj5+HmizJvBYPML+DmTk6CSyhjI6OYnt7+5KBUAHGKthwY2MDp6d/8qswtc3rUVGo5VX1EPDekskkFhcX0dbWdqldn8zOVFi8n2xsjirYKp4tO2PJki7pDnhfOzs78jvviYdHxdewNEkFQ7wDsQ98j4pH4Xu5djyIXLfs+6fMDQwMyGgf1vnj8bjI2vHxsew1W+65v5RtcndRjihjlL1k8mJ8jcVike5HGkkqbO7F3t6ekKjympQp4oPi8Th6enpQVlaG7e1tHB8fY3t7G6FQSNYjHA7LGaOSI2aEP3PNucaqQuO+UMns7+/LmVPxITRC6h5Q/vg8PGsklaX87u7uYnt7G/F4HFNTU9JlyM5A9RyruA7+TEPArCENAI2Fer5pgCORiMyW5DOTC0wtqbM7koaRTiP3j8a8u7sb7e3tCAaDkoVl9M/yN5+Z1+T9UNHyujx31B28P8phKpUSXajqDBVrw/XmfXL9uE+UV16b+uLNmzeYnJyU5g5Vp2YyGQk42JxBWeG5UPUNjbMKG+HPh4cXMyJtNhs8Ho+cM3bXUrbIs0cZVbGZBHCreCkVC6yWt6mfVKA1B0wT+EzAO//Gbmv+ncBufgcbiVj25d+y5+2pwGlejyBp4sbUbko6QqOjo5eA/YTdqHhb/szz+/79e4FzJBIJwZQRaqFiKunEHB4eCrccbe/x8bHgrVSKH2apec4oY9RjDI6Ojo6EloWjd1gKpszF43FpRuE97O3tIRKJCIEu7RtnQ25ubsLn8yEQCCAUCiEcDmNjYwMbGxvyeyQSwdbWFrxerzSyhEIh0TG8RyZ1SOTLc07dyu+Ox+MoLy8XB1p1urLLhGrlL9vZUl+qzKklyEsZLtV7U0HSFGDVsBsMBmlzVz1XtdxCRchWehrQvb09JBIJwTidnp7C4/HA6XRienoaq6ur8Hg8sNlsmJubw9zcHILBINxuN4LBIBwOB1wuF9bX1+Hz+WRT+S83kK/Nzc1Lr2AwiFAohGAwKBu7traGzc1NRCIRRKNRRKNRRCIRMXChUAgbGxuiaBk5BgIBBINBxGIx+Hw+ee/6+jqsVit6e3uxtraGlZWVSwLi8/lkWOjKygoWFxexvr4uz+n1euF0OuFyubC0tASXywW32w2/349AIICNjQ14vV64XC54PB65Jzp3W1tbCAaDiEQi2NjYQDQaRTAYlGdndo+Gn8KnOng0lFtbWyLk4XAY8XhcDhoJSEmWSIHn93E9OF6D1yGBJK9Jnib+TBqBYDCIjY0NxGIxRCIRxONx7O7uCms8n5sEgzyY3JtQKASfz4fx8XGsrKzId66vryMej8s+rq6uIhwOywFdW1sThcR73traQjQalT3nvTI7xNImMWG8P6/XK1H75uYmvF4v1tbW4HK54PP54Ha7sbS0hMXFRSwuLmJ+fh4zMzOw2+3Sabq0tAS73S7ZA54Nvn92dhZOpxNutxtzc3Py+YWFBdhsNknLz8zMyPis6elpTE1NyYtpdzZfjI+PY35+HjabDRaLBTMzM/K55eVlUWo7OzvC8H54eCjKTIUbpNMXHEVDQ0OSHSTYn7qDjjudV+Kc6LhRBx0fHwtpIx1Cvp8Gh+d3d3dX6D8ikQjC4bA4gfyZgdTh4aGcf5UqhsaDQVM4HL7Uun50dCTRMZ0IYovoaDCIo25UnV8VEKw6j8QpMoOhdl/yc2qQxDPL5+M++P1+MYbxeBzNzc2Yn59HLBZDIBAQAxWJREQ3sCFK1SOxWAzxeFxkn38nniYQCIheXl9fl1JTIBDAysoK1tfXRe6ZJXO73XA6nYLntdlsUiqbmZnBzMwMpqenMTIygvHxcUxMTIhMT0xMwGazYXZ2FuPj4xgbG4PVasXg4CB6enpgNpvR0dEBk8mEnp4etLe3Y2BgAL29vTCbzejs7BRHurW1VbKfBoMBnZ2d6OjogNFoRHt7O9ra2tDY2IiGhga0tbWht7cXDQ0NqK2tRXNzM5qamqDX69HU1ISGhgY0NTVJkwFJnRsaGqDVatHY2Iiamhrcu3dPyHt5ndraWpkLXFxcLF3QRUVFqK6uhk6ng06nQ01NDTo7O6HX69HY2Iiqqiq0tbXBbDajoqICJSUlqKysRF1dHVpbW6HX61FTU4O6ujro9XqUlpaiuLgYVVVV0Ol00hWdl5eHyspK1NbWorS0FHl5eXj48CFycnKQl5eH8vJyNDY2orS0FJWVlWhtbUVlZSUKCwvx9OlTaDQaaDQaecaKigpUVFTI/ZaXl6OtrQ1NTU2ora2VmcUNDQ3IyclBTk4OCgsL0dDQAI1Gg8ePHyMnJwdFRUV4+fKl/K2oqAharRZVVVV48uQJcnNzUVFRgaKiImg0Gjx8+BB5eXkoLi7G3bt3cevWLTx8+BD3799HXl4eXr16hZKSEuj1ehQVFeHnn3++lLFTy4EqlOpDjtWHsFtqU4yawVQ/85HqvfGg88Jqai6ZTKK/vx+BQACTk5NoampCZWUlGhoaYDAY0NzcjJaWFnR1daGvrw9msxm9vb0YGRnBwMAAhoaG4HQ6EYlEMDY2hr29PQwNDcFoNKKiogJarRZGoxEmkwltbW3o6uqC3W4XvEBpaSk0Gg1qa2tRUVGByspK6HQ6dHV1wWKxoKurCy0tLairq5OXXq+HXq+X3xsbG2EwGFBfXw+9Xi9C1tDQIAeIgGiNRoPy8nLBR1VWVqKsrAxVVVXQarWoq6tDU1MTKioq5J6Ki4uRm5uL27dvo7KyEqWlpSgoKEB+fj6Ki4tRUFCAV69e4cWLFygsLIRWq4VOp7t0eKurq6HX62EwGOR+29vb0dHRIcrCZDKhpaUFDQ0NaGhokP9rb29Hd3c3urq6YDabYTabRak0NzfLtUwmE3p7e9HW1oaWlha0traio6MDXV1d6O7uRk9PD3p6egTYz+sRsDk0NASLxSL7TAVmNpvR19eHnp4eMeC9vb3o7e2F0WiU72tvb0djYyP0ej3a2trQ2toqz9LS0iJYjJ6eHnR3d8NsNsuczPb2dlkv3juVCktL7e3tGB8fR1tbG+bm5tDU1ITi4mJoNBqZKFBZWYmqqirU1NSgubkZer0e7e3tIhcsNRHP0tjYCK1Wi+rqatTW1qK6uhr19fWiNHU6HWpra1FeXo6amho0NjZCo9GgtLQU5eXl0Gq1MBgMKC8vF9mhEtRqtfLZ2tpakR2NRoOioiLU1NSgurpa7l+j0aCyslLkkDLNqQx88T5rampQVVWFyspKuX91zTo6OlBXV4eKigpZh97eXjFG6jVMJpOU6ajQtVot6uvrZZ0MBgMMBgOamppgNBplLhr3urOzEyaTCQ0NDWKwGhsbUVdXh/r6ehiNRtTX18NgMKC1tRXd3d0y/mpsbEzK9MPDwxgYGEBzczOam5tRXFyMx48f48mTJ8jPz4dGo0FeXp7oDV43Ly9PdEppaamsKd83OTkJm82G6upqlJWVybpVVVWhrKxMZEKr1cJkMkn5mIaM62Y0GtHV1QWDwYCqqio0Njaivr4e1dXVIoOc7arT6dDU1CRrpNfrRTfQWaBBowHn9QwGg+i52tpaWXfqDTLhWywWzM7OCmSht7dXsEOTk5OYmJjAxMQE7HY7ZmdnMTY2huHhYQmALRYLJicnMTs7K++bn5+Hw+EQJ2hlZQXLy8twuVxYXl6GzWaT99HBohM1NTWFubk5jI6OiuO1vLwso2e8Xq8E5U6nUxy29fV1rK6uSrClBlqBQECmlDBYDoVC8Hq9EhTyxYCNNC0MKAk639nZkc8wG7i7uytBmcoHx5IhnXFmIengbm1tIRaLoa2tDfF4XIKz3d1duFwuzM3NIRKJSOYxkUggFArJfECPxwOPx4NQKISVlZVLzTFqMwczlNkcXcRGq81tp6enmJ6eht1ux/r6uuCbGMDQ0VfJSdUOd5bzmAWiU0EQ+urqKmZmZnB0dDG7MxAIIBAIYH5+HvPz8wgGg5ea7k5PT6VrV+U+e/v2LYLBoEyKYLaQmS+1OqRWbejbcHLB4uKiPNv+/j7Ky8sFtsLA7UOAd7U8+CHcVjY1BH2n7AzX6ekpPlJTw3SwVLAY03GpVAo9PT1YXV2VLAYzNm63G4FAQA4Co3PyRvl8PsnIbG9vY2JiAh6PB42NjaLcSZ1gsVjQ3NyMoaEhmEwmeDwe7O7uCpgvEonA5/OhuLgYTU1NiEQiqK6uRn5+vqTAs8tQagTJyJElIrVjke/hzzxILB0y08KSHcshTPfv7+9jc3MTvb29AvBjZo9pTB5gHmpmCFmmUctBFHI1Cub/Me2bTqel3ZmHiBvNZ2B5l4Ko/s69J9aOkTrXiS/eC9P37LBSu+FUygZeU+3g4kvtTKTSUMsrascfDy/LSOph5/Oq+Ax1rWZmZiQD4Pf7sbi4KN1w6v7zDAQCAZlR5/f7YbfbpdzEDi5mNLhfzJJwrwmiHhoa+pfMYTgc/peSNktBqqJWS9dcD5XhnOdRVSxcQ3W/VKgAZViVEe6xWqYmFkPdR8qgem/qi3JGeWZ2c2NjAzs7OxgfH8fq6ira2trQ398Pq9UqipIlgZ2dHQQCAYyMjAjHk81mQ2dnJ9bX14Uzj4aSEwR4vpgBdrvdkoH0+XzY3t6WzOvw8DCWlpbE0HLs0cHBgfB8UT6YcXU6nTIknBkhZurZwcZzSYNJ2aIcqiVsNZunlqiprxjgMovIcinLrDz3zGhxYDD1jypDHo9HPk9KH8oHcao8//xuZhidTifGx8exu7uLtbU1WK1WOWN8DvIAsgymwg8ItKb+pAHf39+XBgga1p2dHTgcDsTjcelgz2QyQry5sLCA1dXVS52xLKGpXbOUeRpC6qR3794Jxi37HnlfasmU8q5iovjebPxVtvHlPVF/TU9P48cff4TBYEA8Hkd1dTV8Ph+6u7tx9epV2O12dHZ2orm5WUp4lKe+vj6YTCbk5uairq5OMKBFRUUIh8Oiiw8PDxEKhQQbd3z8JyP/ycmJQBTYJEO9cXh4iOrqahQVFQn3oN/vRzQaFa5Mj8cjo9gSiYRUXbLxVXt7e9jY2MDc3Jw4pbdu3UJjY6OQDDMpc//+fczNzcFqtSIcDsNut2N7exvJZBLz8/Pw+XwCnbDb7VJpuHPnDqampoTZf3R0VDoqyflHyinKKqEd9fX1ePTokZT3OZN3b29PsGp0lj7Uoajuufr3bIoItYNRddgEw8WFU42h2qlIzM3R0RG6u7uFyVtVKDTUTKcztU6uDioHHkCbzYZEIiER3sbGBm7duoVwOIzx8XFcuXIFwWAQ3d3d6O3tRSqVQldXFwoLCwXn0dHRId0lg4ODcLvd2NnZuYQt4IPy8PBfGgrilOhF87DQyWQUwcPLz6uRjFoGYDvqxMTEJeAiDd7bt2+lLHJ09OecJxUboW62CnzMbmpQBYD/v7OzAwDyjPw+Kh5+jj8TiMjfDw4OBFhLY6ziKFQhYvqU/6c67b///vslJaXKFPfk5ORPtmEqXl47m4VYJR5UCelUzJEapbDUQmCs0+lEQUEBNBoN7t69K8ziHNlDvFdubi76+vpkpFNOTo7gTSgP//jHP8TB/e233/CPf/xD7ve3336TzrT6+nqRlffv3wvYn3JKbAYVPvEVvIYaNPC56RAQw0F54DqohoQHXIUFqNlrlTuGe6JSwzBqJHGkakx4PSo2QgfOzs7wv//7v3j48CG++uorUY4siT948ABPnz5FQ0MDPvnkE2xubopckQi2qqoKf/nLX2A0GqHX61FQUCCQBAKabTYbhoeHxQFXMUA0xmoAQIckJycHWq1WnPe9vT04HA5sbm5icnISOp1OInbeU1FRkcgIzy3Xg/vD4IZGX8Vr8n4YCPBaKghXNfzquc4ubTDQUc+8GlBxb2koP/30UyECZmfv2dmZdOD5fD7BbTHyJz5raWkJ9+/fR0dHB5aWlqRBgAHDu3fv4HA4oNVqpYTLxh7qexrBaDQqATjXnBQSR0cXA+c5o/a//uu/ZJTV6uoqTk5O4Ha7sbm5iZOTEzH46XQaXV1dsNls0Ol0koVyu90YGhoSe1RdXS2NOel0+hIOSw1Ss9eVa0mnhueNn1XtAj+v2hDqpZaWFnzzzTfo6+uTjkBin65evSqUJysrKxKI8mz19vYiGo3i0aNHaGtrw/z8vNCWFBYWytDmqakpFBcXo7i4WGSfAXE6fdG4dOPGDej1enz33Xfw+XwSwOn1erx69Qp2ux3//u//Dp1Oh2vXruHLL7+U7O+tW7fg8/kwMTGBnJwcXLt2DXa7Hb/++qs4XuFwGP/xH/+BxsZGmM1mBINBfPJXU/w7AAAgAElEQVTJJxgfHxdHcHFxEWazGQ8fPpQGB1IlsQLy3XffyZB0Zv2NRiOSySR+/vlnVFRU4OHDh4hEIhgeHobL5cL29jaqq6vx7Nkz/Nu//RvW19f/BS+9tbWFp0+fCpb05ORihizPu6orP4TZ+r8cLfV8qrKR7YBRZ36kOloqGF5N9dGgDQ0Nobu7+1LWRY14GFmpETaVFJ2zRCKBqakppNNp1NXVoby8XDZeq9VibW0N33//vXREEitVW1uLr7/+WkDQHEh89+5dmSxOZaBmWNR0pepQUTBV8kwqHdVYqVkaHs5UKiVGkJvFTru9vT2MjIxIpKtmUFTwKZU1jTc3SiWKVZ0JNbJSlSzXn6lkXosOH39XnRNV4dOoqh0c/C4+J5UNDzLXl9elUc5On6rGUL1GdjaO11UzZzQ4dMhUOeW9qw6CCnrkek9NTWF7exvffPMNvF4vzs/P8ezZM5lZR6BsKBTC559/LgNtq6qqEAwG8ezZMxQWFkKj0SAej2NiYgIDAwOwWCyYnp7GgwcP0NfXB61Wi/b2duTn52NxcREtLS2oqamB3+9He3u7cD/dvXsXr169wsLCAnJzc/HixQt0dHTg+fPn0Ov1uHbtGkZGRsSBUbMdKkBZdXxUx1d1mtQ15pqp68O9IuaAssi9yF7fbHlSnXfKMPeyo6Pj0igZm82Gk5MT1NTUwGAwYHR0FFeuXJGuRDXgi0ajuH79Oh48eCDwglAohOHhYRQXF2N5eRnt7e2oqqrC/Pw8tFotnE4ncnJyMDAwIGXf4uJiNDc3Q6PRQKvVIhKJwGAwQKPRiE44OjqS95tMJpjNZiwuLqKrqwttbW2wWq1oamrC/v7FIOiGhgYZxpybm4vx8XHU19dja2sLfX19Qvi5ubkppVh2HaoZGO6H2lVFfcA9UsHo1Ms8W9mNI2qGhd/hdDrx+vVr6bBsbW0V8khSJoyNjV3STzwTzGaSA40ksH6/H3V1dSgpKYHVakVZWRm+/fZbzM3Nobq6GgsLC2hubkZ5eTnsdjs+/vhjlJSUoLCwEN9//70MF7fb7cjPz5f7XV1dxc2bN6HRaFBXVydd1WNjY4Ib6unpgdvtRmVlJfLy8mC326XUPT09jdraWtjtduj1elgsFtTX1+Phw4eYm5uDRqMR8DZlVdVNXE81M0ZZpg7MNp68hkomzbVTz6pWqxXqnng8ju7ubiSTSRl5pdPp8P3330tXN/eCjvHBwQHu37+P3t5eaYB4/vw5lpeX8ejRI/h8Puh0OiwtLeHVq1eYnZ0V23N2doZQKIT8/Hzk5uZieHgYGxsbl6ocra2tuH79OrRaLSYmJrC9vQ2tViv8jsXFxbh27Zp0Wfv9fqFiYALl/PxiCk1xcbF0/yUSCdy4cUO+j2vT29uLL774Aun0BQXFlStXYDKZUFFRgbq6Orx48QIvX77E+Pg4/va3vyEUCqGzsxNHR0dCQv306VNsbGyIXhwcHBRYQ2Njo5RyqRvZyPLtt98KrcX+/r7Q3DA4UwHy2a8PYbeyiXBVTNeHsF+ZTOYCw6UecNWYZ2eLLBYLhoaGJALgxlFp0rFSHRoVGMq0OzsddTod6urqcHx8wZNSWlqKQCCAH374AYODgxgeHobb7UY4HMbjx49x5coVdHd3C//W0tISDAYDfvjhBywtLYmQZae31ahDTfdxodRDogqH6qSoaXM1q6Cmrs/PzxGJRDAyMiIdkYymCQBmZolrSodUdapU4/mhbCMzcB9ybkgMSMeFQsD7YLeQuh68Bp02NVpWja26JmoUlZ2d+v333y95+3TqksnkpZEUqiLjM/B51bQwM5KMqPhZOgiZTOZfupeSySSGh4fh8/nwxRdfwO124/T0FBaLRcgWqXydTic+++wzbG5uYm9vD2tra4jH4zIL8euvv8bs7CyeP38Oq9WKiooKLC0t4dtvv4XT6URlZSVmZ2eF32xxcRFPnz6Fw+HA48ePcfPmTXR3d0Oj0aC/vx9LS0soKiqCxWKB2+0WRnuWHZj25jqdnp5eGi3CLIbqGKvyy+dSs1KqoVfLhKqTq0ZixIFQdpjl45mi7KgZgLdv3wrhbH9/P8rLy3F0dCRlouLiYpSXl2N4eBg3btyAz+e7dP9HR0cyLaC2thaffvopenp64PF4oNfr8f3332NkZAQTExMy46+2thZutxvt7e2C3Xv06BGcTicGBwclgl9eXoZOp4NWq5W13dvbw8DAADQaDa5evSpA5Y2NDXR1dQlnVTwex8uXL2EymfDDDz9gYWEBDx8+FEqFhYUF3Lx5UxqABgYG8Pz5c9TX16Orq+tSWUINaNWzxSw415OljuxzrwaGvBb3hFnhdDqN2dlZ9Pf3w2AwCGcaQfGFhYV4/fq1kNDS+eM9sZkhLy8P4+PjePjwIcxmM8LhMKxWK0pKSjA4OCjky+T8mpiYgNfrRWVlJaLRKK5du4ZgMIjJyUncvn0bOp0OZrMZDocDL168EF1CY97b24sffvhBsKb7+/tCoWK1WmEymfDLL7+gu7tb+PEsFgu8Xi/y8vKEQiSZTGJsbAw3btwQahO/3w+HwyGy7fV65bwsLS1JZj+ZTEogkE5fEPBSr5IkNpW6IGOlA5ROp+F2uy91i7Ik9+LFC6ENCYVC0kXO0mAwGMQvv/wiNEBDQ0PSQZhOXzSdPH36VDgfT09PkZeXh+XlZTx8+BBOp1O43QjsLykpQTAYlLX9/vvvMTMzg6dPn8rEgXQ6LWS1t2/fhtfrRSqVwsrKCoqLi6U553/+539w69YtodAxGo2C7SPn1fHxBffY48ePMTs7i4aGBkxOTuLjjz/GyMiIyLvf70dRURE+/vhjTExMIBwO45dffkFvb6/gl589e4aysjLU19fj6dOnwl3p9/tx//59mM1m/Pzzz0Jdk0wm0dLSgs8++wzffPMNpqamhM6HZ4aNO1euXEFfX5/McdVoNFLtyC4HfijbpVZ2PjTW50Ofz86OfaRmINSyG39WlbTFYsHU1NSliEstm32orMGImso6EAjAZrMhHA7j6dOn0Gq1cDgcuHPnDjweDxYXF/Hll19KJqypqUkOW1dXF65cuSLEhwaDAWtra8jLy8Pi4iI8Hg/MZrMYHQ4XTqVSmJubw8LCgtSGm5qaEI1Gkclk0N3dLdxQDocD/f39ePfuHYLBoBxg4guYhl9bW8Po6KhgV0imGY1GZQbf4eGh1JipPObn5xGNRrG2tgaz2Yx3797h8PAQg4ODWFtbw/n5OWw2G0wmEw4PD7G2tob+/n4cHV2MLtDr9UJw2tfXB6/XK6XAyspKwXVNTU2hubkZ5+cXw2UtFgsikQjevn0Ll8sFh8OB09MLHiuNRiNCMzQ0hGAwiOPjY3g8HiHZI1Gcz+fD+fk5xsbGhKgukUhgYGAAb95cDA0vLi5GMBjEzs4OCgsLBbt0enqK6upqeL1enJ2dYXNzE9PT01J+Hh4eFlK8ubk54bkxGo2YmJgQwsmZmRnJULhcLjidTumaGxgYEEoDPvPVq1exsrKCf/7zn6iqqsLs7CxmZmbE4G1vb+Pbb7+FzWbD8fExqqqqEI1GUVlZiVgshvv372N2dhalpaWC+1laWsLVq1dlnNLc3JwQUtpsNty6dQurq6sCdC4tLUVFRYUAwcvLy+H3+wU/9OOPP2J5eRlerxednZ0IBoOwWq2YmprCmzdvhB2dZ5KZi7dv32J+fl5YroPBIMbHx6X0Pj8/L85/KBQSIkDys52fnwtmKpPJyLy9o6MjRCIRjI6OigEmoe/5+TkODg5EFySTF5x6a2tr8Hg8uHPnDoaHh5Gfn4/j42OMjIzg7OyCpbypqQkbGxv47//+bwGI7+7uiq4IBAKShbx58ya0Wi3GxsZQVVWFL7/8Erm5uSgvL4dOp8P29jY0Go3MBezo6MDIyAhev36Nk5MT5OXloa2tDQ8ePMDCwoI0CzALdHp6ivz8fMzMzGBnZwd6vR5Pnz6VzuKhoSHcunVLov5wOIy+vj5xrn///XeUlZVhcXERN2/eFL619vZ2vH79Wri+Njc3sbi4KFgqEv+SSPTg4ADRaBRVVVUIBAJSrvN4PJKBtVqt4hwtLy/LmfJ6vbKnBwcHGBkZQSwWk0aA6upqLC8vo6amRgDonO336NEjJJNJOBwONDU1SZl1d3cXdrsdn332GdxuN+rr66HRaCTDdf36ddTV1QlZLznuOjo6oNFo8OjRI7jdbnz88ceCBfv000/x9ddf486dO2hubhZ2+nT6gt/x+vXr4hy0tLQIOzv37N69ewgEAjKhoKenR7rYioqKcP36dUxMTODHH39EdXU1BgYGpFGmoqICNpsN//mf/wm/3w+bzYbPPvtMuse/+eYbDA4OIpPJwGg04scff0QqlcLy8jK++OILoQe6evWqsNLfunVLePIODw9x7do19Pb24vz8HEtLS3jw4IEQ5w4MDMBoNOLk5ETKY01NTTIn1Gazoa2tDVtbWygoKJBAfW9vDyUlJXj48CGqqqqk+/nZs2dScicmsby8HAaDAevr65JhIj1ER0cHSkpKYDAYUFBQIOD4ra0tdHV1obm5GQsLC/LMt2/fxl/+8hd4PB5YrVbY7XbYbDYZYm61WhEKhWAymeT5T04uRpqR33JiYgImkwmjo6OSiFlYWJDmFAaXgUAAdXV1GBsbQzQaRXt7u3RJB4NBVFRUYHJyUjK2RUVFqKiowMDAgOAgKQN5eXkyA5fZsWQyCZ/PJ81H/f39Ym9KS0uxu7t7ae7hhxyu7DJ/9qxEQkrU7Gf2i9f6SH2DWj5U8Td0pIxGI1wu179E1GprpVqeVHEJjMbcbre09zY1NaGrqwtLS0tCCWAwGJCfn4/y8nKUlpbKnLmBgQHpSPN4PNJearfbsby8LEOdOdplb28Pvb298Pv9Qqo5MTEhIwvKy8uFO4gknvTU+/r6kE6nheGWqVOz2QyLxYJ3795J1PL7779jZ2cHLS0tWFlZQSgUwuDgoHAomc1mxONxnJxcEFjSw/b7/eI8MRvDweAjIyPQarVSGiBrdzAYRElJieAi2tvbsba2hmQyKYzW5HgituH4+BjBYBB5eXmi4Mh6zk6S7777TrI+TNefnl4MYdZoNDg5OUEikcCPP/4Ip9OJd+/eSRqYozHu3bsn4OaXL1/C7/cjkUjg2bNnUlYJh8PIycmRUtP8/Dx6enqQyWQQi8VQWFgoEWVRUREmJyfFSeM8PnaDMWtYUVGB+vp64Uni/tM54785OTlob2+HVqvF7Owsnjx5Ipi/ZPKCDPbmzZsoKCjA+Pg4+vr68NNPP+HVq1e4d+8eBgYGMDExgaqqKmg0GszOzuLRo0cwGAzSVs225dbWVrx8+RKdnZ3SkTYzMwOLxYJXr15henoaGo0GfX19iEajGB4eRm9vryj2ly9fwuv1or29HT09Pdjf30deXh56e3txenqKjY0NMYBnZ2eorKwUMli/3y+4mnQ6jdLSUjidTpyenkrL/MHBAW7fvg2r1Ypff/0VVVVV6O7uRjqdlhIo9yc3NxexWAxra2u4deuWRMd2ux3Pnj3D+vo63r59i9raWlFmg4ODaG9vlw6w8fFx2Gw2PHz4EC9fvpTB39vb28jPz5f9isViyMnJwaNHjyQT2N/fL2ettbUVGo0G09PT+Pnnn8UYdHR0oLa2FmVlZejr60NxcbGQ4HKQdn19PXJycnD79m14PB4p/3OmY2lpqXTeUal3dXXJ7EGOz2pvb5dJESxpTk1NweVyobKyEv39/YjFYigrKxMy1JKSEtTU1GBjYwPffPONEAoTDxMMBrGysoKrV6+it7dXyh2EW4yPj8v0g7OzMxQXF6OlpQWpVEoGsjMz+uTJE7hcLqysrKCwsBAmkwnpdBotLS1CNFxRUQG73Y6GhgZhcc/LyxOQ/sHBAXQ6HXJyctDf3w+PxyNY2vHxcUxNTaGrqwt+vx9dXV3SnDI4OIjV1VVZg9bWViwuLmJrawsDAwNCiWKz2TA9PS2cacFgEKurq7K2BwcXc/UYaLpcLrhcLtGbLpdLcGYulwubm5tYW1vD4eEhfD6fkBuTrJqO1evXr4WPiVyQp6enmJ2dFf2XSCTg9XolW8ig4vz8/BLHG6sMrHAEg0GpDtGZJpaUGaujoyO0trZeAq3TjrIJo6OjQzoceT02D1BXvXv3TvCnbNxhNYTJBlYyiNUilpc8cOTRUkvTTI5sbW2JY0m7zvIdMYwqXIH3oHYLplIpwaOqlZrsagTXgI1HzOqyUsbKEjPv6XQav/3226WqnNFoRH5+Ph4/fiyj1iwWi8Bj1MoVsbF7e3soLy/H/v7+pUqLmun60OtDg6npdGWXE7MdrnQ6jY+y/5BdClQdroaGBqHUV0t3KiCU0aOa5VJBoevr69Ihw2wMNzyTyUiXHH8nYy/Tg2raPBub4vF4sLS0dKkcypSvivXh5tLrpKCw9s3OQxVDpTqVPAgEuROLQOA6WedZruTn1ZKturZ0dulBqyVYtRzJteT3suSm4n2YteGhZsmCnWfcMzqbKu6NpSoVL0UFQ0WlYtASiYTcdyQSkTKjWj4lQSizMSoeicqKZUZ2+TGjQtC+ykfEzi468SoxplrKZimLpW52hnJcxfT0tOw994F8RFwDdpJSTsm9xGvSYePeU7nxvZlMRjJF3FvuHaNYTj1wOp3i2M7Pz8u9cm/ZwcT15ufZ9s0zw3VgCpyKm8NsuZ+q4SBnHp+F5KTca5YdKTPpdFqIhPk+fo+KB0qn0wJupQFQuyUjkQjm5uYufZbywnvhnqvdubxHAr6Z+eFeUV9w3U5O/iQTVkleuU9s/1c/E4vFLp3zVCol+6iWuSl7vHfes2qsQqEQ5ubmJOjgc7CDm9fn/ED1+bjW1K9v375FLBa7JHs8e1wDnl2etbOzM/T19cmcuuyAmaN2WBJjeZnnXpVp6hbKJfWO2tnHUjPXj7palT117VTjqtoP6iTqeGYQqHN5BmigM5mMfId6v/w5HA5fquYQQqHaEVWWeVZV2AadB2Y0eD3qMP4/72lzc1OyUIeHF4z/3LeTk4vOaOpN6nTKjtFoRHNzM7q7u8WmUBfu7+/D5XLBZDJJkMUMOPeBOkBtbtvZ2blET0N5VPGFmUxGAridnR1YrdZLzVEqjIjwB+4/954DoVWMp4r1pFxybxKJhFxf3XNVl1E2+V0s5+3t7WFxcRFOp1PON2WKVbXm5mbU1dVdGmnELkUVj6qWBdXXhzJbXBPuP52ubCdN9bGkpMiHVQGsqvN1dnYGg8Eg0QUXQlWw6sHjZ7IdAs5929zcRGFhofAxFRUVYXFxERsbG+js7BRaiJWVFZSVlaG7u1s+U1VVdakrRm237+zsRGtrq7RzDw8Po6OjAz09Pejo6EAkEkEwGBTgczgcxsLCAiorK+FyuTA1NYWioiLodDpxVjhYVo0C+Hf1MFI5Mz2r1+tRVVWFlpaWS+SPNptNUq2qR392dobp6WlotVoUFhYK74ha3uUa2mw2HB0dwWQyYXt7W5SEiv+iIVIPBB1WGnRVearCke0Qci/VFw+2avR56Ci8dGaJt1IFmIacIGwV98V75vOoil+tm/Ne//jjDywsLMjIGo6U2dnZwfLyMqamptDT0yMZT9VY87tYMlpbW5OxNMRp0FmhYudeEndUXFwMu91+iYWbJXdVkZ+dnYnzxLVnyzozCGq5UKUysVgsmJ+fF3kPBoOi+NXU/snJxTgfjg+igqGjx04tOq0q1uvdu3dy5hnwcL3JjXN6eirDr/k3KvY3b94IQS8pCzin9ODgQKhdGH3yzKgB3vz8PEwmExYWFmSdDg8PZdg9jTWxZyQZtdlsaGho+Bf2awYeKt3Lycmf+EsqcZ7DN2/eyLy5UCgkgRLPn81mExqDeDwuJX6SqdLA8R7Io6U67mpmgudFPauEGlC+1ewBz9HJyYlkOlQHnxkMn8+H1dVVpFIpwTyZzWbJrDMbSPLd3NzcS843g6Dd3V1YrVYpyxC/RPAxsS0qBOXo6GJAOh1eNfBU15xYQdVxo9NKh4dZDhVjqAb0qqPDNaDOUY22GpxTx5yfn8tweD63CoAndvL9+/fS+U0Hid+pNikR60g5e/78Ob744gu8evUKiUQC3d3dck8cuMwggfdPqpLW1lbcvHkTXq9XGg4o22RuLy4uxtLSEl6/fi1BG+cpplIpIQYnrUoymZSM/8rKisgkMdqbm5s4ODjA999/L1ROxcXF2NragsPhgN/vx/DwMHZ3dzExMQGHwyFnYmRkBA6HQwL3TCaD9+/fX+qIpn5hoxX1C8+Kiok+Pr4gOz47OxMHjk4Mz7OK46UOJJaUgZfL5cLz589RXV2NxsZGCb7LyspEflWb9CEMF89oNl6L/6c2L6nXy3biPlLB0aqCUj1lLoDJZJIBmPv7+/j1118/WEqkF87IlMIbi8Xg9XrhcDiQSCRQWFgog46bm5tlSO7f//53TExMoLm5GV1dXVhYWMDnn3+OtrY2LCwswGAw4ODgAO/evYNGo8HQ0BCi0ShsNhs0Gg0WFhbw97//HSaTCUajET/99BO0Wq1gkEpKSrC8vIzJyUlUVVVhc3MTeXl5+Otf/wqn0wmNRiMlB3XEgvov/06lTwGKx+PCM7S5uSmgSZINxuNxPHnyBAUFBbJmqgIIh8N49uwZampqpNyYSCSwtraGYDAoqfvi4mLs7Oygvr4ePp9PGNDJI8V7U51pAtf5nYziqCzUaJR7//79exGqbMdJbYNWR1r8+uuv8v1UfmrGTb0OhVhVimqmVI0caJDoYFAZE/tDIHBFRQX29/cxNTWFw8OLgbEEWn766af/n67v/Gkzzdrff+39srv6ze7s+yo7LTOZTSYJiUIABRBFIBg6pncwLfQmTJPBlsHINAMGg22KGyC6cZGBEE1mZrW6fh/QdfbGm/2ASIz9+Hnu+9ynXuc6sFgscqB5UD0eD969e4fp6Wm8evVKymMEWFIh7+/vi1Eik/nBwQEyMzMFl3BwcPAfvF1XV/ecbSz5sj1ZZTcPBoOYnJxEYmKiOCUkHezs7ERXVxdGR0fx9u1brK+vSymV2Q7iy+ggzM/PIyMjQ5j0ydvEzAnvj4qCMsC9UOWaSjkYDMq+cu3pSN7c3HdWpaam4t27d8JUrtPpRAGmpKRgYmJCFLKqkEKhkOBMVldXERcXJ+SGJycncDqdCIVC8Hq9cLlcMm6ElBFmsxk//fSTTDRgFpuOEp07ZrRo2NSsJh0mq9WKd+/eifFiJL2wsICqqioYDAY8fvwYDodDALrMuFB38DMckE1eLJaMCGym40WaEFVh0wixm5rKnYaBTi+NHM/j3NwcfvzxR7S1tSEQCKCpqUk4yh4/foyioiI4HA5oNBpcXl6io6MD//u//yvPTwc6EokIUNnlcqGgoEDoCXZ3d4WXcXNzE1tbW5K5Ixcjpyrs7e3h5ORESGUHBwcFf8Y1mZ+fR39/v3CwcbYlx3HxzKs6i/g/rhF1jepcsflDpVNhwKzKIHW56sSp2Tdm4JjhUisnFxcXMn6Le3d6eorExETMz8+jp6cHodA9fIWOsslkwps3b2S0kuoMhsNhGAwGvHnzBlarFcXFxdjY2MD09DR0Oh20Wi0ikQjy8/Oxs7OD8vJyadgYHh5GYWEhVldXUV5ejszMTGneCIVC2N/fR0ZGxoNpBPX19WhpaUFZWRn6+vrwf//3f+ju7pZB4j09PdBqtXj79i2+/fZbISl+8eIFjEajkHhnZ2dLpvi3334TJ5SNVLQpaiaVa8bzwr2gjlYDPeotyoKaHFB1Os/O9fU1vF4vZmZmMDs7K/QbdLhiK2qfKwfyb9yb2OyVer98TU06qDruD7HlxNj0KgU9HA5jeHgYU1NTD0CnKo6L72M0q5ZYGM2QHC0UCqGlpQVJSUkoKSmRKM3n8+Gbb75BS0sL2tvbsba2hsvLS9TW1uLly5eYm5vD5OSkKM6pqSnU1tbi+PhYALtkcV5fX8f+/j5ycnLQ1dUFl8uFmZkZpKSkSCqUYEydTgeNRoOsrCy0tLTI/dJZUR1RZjm46VRyNzc3OD09FfI3drrRSOfk5GB3dxdGoxEajeY/0r8sCVRWVkr78NnZGQwGAzIzM5Gfn4/l5WWkpqYiKysLJpMJL1++hNPpFAbq0tJSdHR04OLiQpyUWM4ZlpfU1C2VlRrhqRknXkutxaulW1UgVSWmllBpAFVhpEDz+lQ2apZUfY/qGKoUFfv7+ygqKoJOp0N8fDwCgQDm5+dxdnaGpaUlpKSkYHJyEt988w1MJtN/pLULCwvR3d0Nr9cLnU6Hjo4OGI1GJCUlyVSA2tpaGathNBqFxXxxcVEwN+np6RgeHpb7opHf3t4W5nOn04nm5mYUFRVJBnZ3dxcVFRUYGxtDSkqKOAFUUH19fSgrK0NXVxe0Wi26urrw4sULzM3NYWhoCCMjIygsLBQHfGhoCA6HQ/Bgz549w+TkJBoaGoTHKBK5x4dw32hwqBjppKgOrsqwzWuomIxgMCiGnKObpqencXR0BK/Xi7y8PJSWlj4oH/C7XC4XvvrqK2kqqa6uxtLSEvr7+5GSkiJUEU1NTSgvL4der5fzX1xcDLvdjry8PIyMjCA/P/8BvIB6yOv1ory8HDk5OdDr9RgfH0diYiJmZ2fR2NiIg4MDDA0NYXJyEhqNBuvr6yK/0WgU8/PzSE9Px9DQENra2jA5OYm4uDgYDAaMj4+jv78fExMTqKysxO7uLgYHBzE1NSXnNTU1FXl5eSgpKUF7e/uDgFTlTorNOKsdv2o1Qu1GVstrgUAAer0ebW1tuLy8RG9vLzY3NwWwnZ+fL1MfIpH7LruffvrpATSEQUVcXBwsFgs2NzfR1taGrq4u6HQ60Umtra2or68X/KfZbEZiYqLw342OjiIhIQEul0sAzvX19SgqKkJnZycKC9DP/DAAACAASURBVAtht9vR3NyM169fy1D3nJwclJWVYWNj40GJW62mUB/EluQolyp+iMEF95J6UTWesWUs/p+ZF/WccC+47qodZHbF4XDAbDZjfHwcoVAI09PTojO7u7tRUFAg+DheX+3ezMzMlKrH5OQkvv32W7S3twvVRXV1Nfb391FVVYWJiQnU1NRgeXlZMIalpaV4+/atZNYYnOTl5QkxsclkwqtXr9Dd3S34vu+//16IzYuKinB2dobJyUmpEtTW1qKurg7t7e0YHR1FfX09srKyUFpaKkz8TEBwpBdL5QxGOYaLtmF3d1f0CnGdLNUfHR3hw4cPksigrfR4PGJTyM7PLCcTFNHoPUbu3bt3Qv57fX0tXYpqIoCyEIvlUm2eml2Nda4+Rw2hvv6H2AvyAhQktY5fUVEh0amadlZvgoqADgofjtfz+XwwGo24urrCwMAAMjIyUF5ejomJCcmCxcfHo7+/Hx0dHdKBQ0qKv/3tb2hvb0cgEMDy8jIaGhqQnp6OnZ0dbG1toaurC21tbfjmm28wPz+PcDiMrKws9Pb24uzsDCaTCcnJycLTwQhiamoKTqdT5jQxyqMy5AEnFkqNtm5vbyUTQQzXycmJdI/Q4UpKSpL2ZDpcammOAsYRKhcXF7BarWhtbUVWVhZ+/vlnrK6uoqGhAUVFRfB6vUhLS5MSzNDQEDY2NlBYWCjOGrNDKi6D985DzshaLVdQHlTMXKxzGEtOyozJr7/+Ks4ko1FmJKkYGQVRMKmkmNWi3NCQqxQUNEAsY3KfXC4X6urq0NXVBZ/PJ449nZj5+Xn88MMP0Ol0+PTpk9TvA4EAXr9+LQN+s7OzhVrg7du3sNls0Ol0SEhIQFNTE1JTU1FUVCTkg6Ojo2hsbMQ333yD/Px8+Hw+uS9mdtbX15Geno7Xr1/DYrFgaGgI79+/FxLIvr4+ccby8/Nl+CsP9vz8PAYGBpCTk4N//OMfMBgM0o3U2tqKiYkJvH//HuXl5dBqtdDpdPB4PKivr4fH48Hg4KBwRzEj/enTJ3HAqSSYneT+cq+ZlSQrOp+P54RZsouLCywuLqKiokLwdbOzszg7O0N3dzeePXuG77777gGWLxq9x94sLCzg0aNHODw8xOTkpOgBgtO3t7dlnQoKCtDQ0IC8vDw0NTUhPT0dMzMzyMrKQnx8PEZHR+Xcqs7v0dERSkpK8NNPP6Gurg7r6+vIycnBx48fUVpaivn5efz0009wOp0oLy/HysqKnP1IJIKtrS20tLQgIyMDX331FWZnZ1FTUwOPxyPQBHIF6XQ61NbWSgbU6XTCbDbjT3/6EwoLC6VLWlXu3G86w/w3Qc88xzw7v/zyywNaFp4ZNuK0t7fj6upKoAfn5+fQ6/VYW1vDs2fPJLhcW1vDd99996BSEQqFhJSaWazc3FzJ2hcVFcHtdsPlcqG5uRmlpaXSyV1VVYVff/0VBQUF2N7exosXL6S6sLCwgOnpadTX18NoNCIjIwNbW1tobm5GTk4OWlpaoNfrodVqpXxM/Nzx8bGcjXA4LFmaq6t75vvDw0PRBQ6HA//85z8Fi8k5nj6fD2traxJkms1m7O7uIhgMyvxMZt3NZrNkcWn7WPZmt18gEBC6mWg0Co/Hg76+PimnUkdcX983rkSjUZlkwW7ecDgsI5CIeR0aGkJ6ero0RPX39+Pvf/87enp60NXVhYODAzQ2NmJ5eVmqRU1NTZibm4PZbBbdMjk5idLSUjkPvb29SE5OhslkgsFgQGpqKt68eYP29nZotVrMzMzg0aNHaGhowODgIN69e4fe3l5otVqhnDAYDJicnMT79+/R29uL/Px8jI6OSnMPsVJzc3PQ6XS4vb3F7u4uMjIy4Pf7EQgEJIC9vr7G9PQ0kpOT8eHDByHmXVhYQCgUQkNDA8rKynB5eYnu7m4kJibi/Pwcs7OzyMjIEF0yNjaGhIQE7O7u4ujoCHFxcRJQkIfL5/OJTS8pKZEMaSwmTw1u/lvWS4XH/Dfgfexr4nDFXlDNbjFqqKmpwfj4uERQaj0+1uni5l5cXDz4OwerXlxcoLGxEQUFBTCbzfjiiy+k/fPRo0cwGo0YHBxEQkICnE4nKisrsb+/L0Mv2XXC9v2WlhaYzWYkJyfj4OAAZWVl0krNWYYsDzGdur6+jqysLAQCASkTrK2tITc3F36/H8PDw1KmZNdUYWEhAoEAbDYbysvLcXt7T7vQ1NQkmBUyHS8vLyMhIQEWiwUFBQXo6enB0dERhoaGUFpaiqOjI2RnZ8sw719++QUOhwOpqaloaGjAysqKDNksKSlBfHw89Ho9qqqqEB8fj5aWFnEsmYGZmppCXl4eTCYTNBoNDg4OhCPF5XLh8PAQ5eXlAsxmt9zd3R1qa2vR2dmJcPi+u4XcUHd3d9je3kZ2drbUvPv6+mCxWPDhwwe43W5UVlZKowCNTiQSQXZ2Nubn5/Hx40eh+GBtvq+vT5xvt9stjNGhUAhFRUUwGAy4u7vD8vKyjIgIh8OoqKiA1+tFKBSCwWDAyMiIGJWysjI8efIEp6enQnw6OzuLt2/fYmNjA/Hx8SgsLERtbe0D/BC7C9lmXF1dDYfDITxM6+vr0jVmNBrR3NwstBxms1nwLVlZWTAYDKisrMTs7KzgJvr6+pCZmYkff/wReXl5aG5uRk9PD/b29pCdnY3x8XHpPHz27Bk8Ho84JB8/fpTPeDwevHjxAr29vSgqKoJWq0VraytGRkaEMmFoaAhLS0sYHx8XXimn04kXL15gdXUVHo8HpaWlUuJqbGzE4uIiLi4u0NbWhomJCVxeXqK5uRn19fWIRu+pUxjpstW8oqICBwcHuL29xeTkJHZ2dhAIBGAymZCXlydDjmdmZrC1tYW3b9/C5XLhhx9+kGHa1dXVEtVSSVosFqytreHFixc4ODjAxsYGqqurZfRXU1OTGKSCggIsLi5ieXkZc3NzSExMhMFgQHZ2NlZXV5GYmCj65tdff4XdbkdaWhrevXuHhIQEDA8Po7S0VDpBLRYLnjx5gs3NTemUZdYoFArJvNVoNIqCggK0tbWhqKgI/f39mJyclAzDDz/8gPHxcdTV1eHDhw/Iy8uD3W7H5eWlGCWfz4e6ujrMzc1hZ2cH9fX1kj3UaDSYnJxEKBTCyMgIsrKy4PF4cH19jfLycmxubiIajcJut0vp/Pr6WioCx8fHmJqaQnt7Oy4uLtDV1SUM46TUGBoaQkZGBk5OTjAwMIDnz5/DZrOhpqYGnZ2dElhyluTOzg6SkpLQ09MjOsVqtWJ+fh5JSUkoKCjAq1evMDw8LJ3Vz549Q39/P7788ksMDg6irq4Ora2tKCoqQkpKCjQaDR49egSDwYDS0lKkpKQIEefTp0+xv7+PtbU1PHnyBOfn5zAajXjz5g0+ffqEnZ0dvHz5Enq9HuFwGHV1dcjMzEQgEEBpaSmePXsmVDc//PCDJABKS0vx+PFjXF3d0/08efIE/f39CIfDGB8fx9u3bxEMBmGz2fA///M/Uor9/vvvsbKyIp+pqKjA3d0dfD4f/vrXv6K9vR2RSARTU1P4/vvvpaO3srISMzMzuLy8hNlslu7Yjo4OmEwmZGRkCM0GHQS3243c3Fy8ePECqampEjh5vV5kZ2ejq6sLy8vLqKmpwcLCAkpKStDT04PLy0u0trZifn5eaEkY/FAXtba2CllzZ2cn9Ho9Dg4O8PPPPwvVj91uR1VVFQ4PD9HX14fh4WHs7OzAbDYL7Y7RaERXVxf29vawurqK6upqrKysYGBgAE1NTfj48SPMZjNGR0eleYTO+tnZGfr6+jA9PY3z83NsbW1Bq9VKVyfJXIPBe8b9/Px83NzcYHl5WaZ47O7uor6+XrB+W1tbaGxsxNHREa6vrzE6Oiq4NtLnXF9fS/WpsLBQyHBVvkFWXtQs5n9zwlRn6nOkp58tKao/ajlHzWZcX9/TFej1+v9Iq6m/1VSbCirkdU9PT2G1WuHxeDAwMCBOjV6vx/T0NKanp9HR0YHq6mpotVqMjIxgZWUFzc3NWF9fF4De8fExuru7YbfbMTY2hq6uLni9XhiNRvT19QnB4eXlpZCnLS0tCbElBy97PB5sbGzIINidnR1RWr29vTJ8mVxH5MdiWSgcDsPr9aK1tVUiyMXFRZyenkKv18tw24WFBVxeXuLw8FBoDra3tyX1yyyPTqeTQbnkbpqZmYFGo5Ehs3a7XUg2Ozo6MDExIZPuOZ+ytbUVX3/9NY6OjrC6uoq8vDzp0GPr7OnpKVpaWoTdnIOnGVXW1NQIjYDD4UB2draAzQcHBzE7O4ubm5sHwMrz83MUFBTIgNWamhohpa2urhaetGAwiMbGRphMJkkv19fXy2gQsrOHw2HMzMygvLxc5u5pNBqsra0hFAphampKKA3q6+slO+jxeGCxWHBwcPBgojyJMtPS0oSAl2lrdgUxepufn0dubi4GBgYEf1JXVycdPO3t7aiqqoLFYkFraysaGhpQX1+PsbExFBYWoqSkRLoqd3d3ZUj66OgoBgYG0NHRgZGREblfnofW1lYZXcMsJOeGNTY2Qq/Xw+12o7a2VhpNurq6MDQ0hMbGRmxtbaGvrw/j4+MyRHlkZESUttVqxddffw2XywWfz4dXr15hdnZWWKkbGhpwcHAgnT1sPikqKpJZg3V1dfK3UCiEtrY2wRIyArfZbEILsb+/j9raWlitVtTX16OmpgZTU1NoamqSrrVI5J4Hj7hOvV6Pvb09mM1m1NbWYnt7G8fHxxgcHERFRQWsVitWVlZkBNj8/LwM5a6trYXJZMKTJ0+wuroq2cbj42O0t7eju7sb1dXVmJiYQF1dHWZnZ9HR0YG1tTXMzs7KWWCmmZno5eVlGfTe2toKv98PrVaL7u5u+Hw+GbZeUVEBg8EgOqSzsxMWiwUjIyNoamqC1WqF3+9HXFwcdDqdzLLjQOPc3Fz09PQgErnnqSKfnc/nQ2FhoUT/5Mg6Pj6Gx+MRg7a2tobm5mb09vbi6OgIXV1d2NnZwfb2NiYnJ7GwsAC/3y/8diwXzc7OCtcSA2a/34/BwUF0d3djeXlZZlYODg7C4XAIts1ut2N5eRkbGxuYm5vD1tYW5ubmZPj06uqqzDR1OBwynHp9fV3oGNTBzhwN5HQ6xSFi4wXPhd1uFyzk7u4uvF6vBMFOp1MwkltbWw9wttvb2wKfcDgcQgtxcXEhnXvn5+eyzpFIBLu7u/KZvb29B0SnOzs7kuEPh8PCZRiNRmX25s3NDSYnJx/gXyn7V1dXcDqdwgJA26lm/hkcqhUBZiLVRgril2hvWc5jqZTvZwmTkB/acLXDlE0NDARYruN5YLWL4PdAIIDt7W3hU6SzoUIV6NDQV1DJvOnosIJBXyK2AsMysorvZaZKfT5ej53qauWFGS6WE/m9n+tUVB2uzzlTsQ7X57Jd19fXD5nmY7FcsQBNvV4vpJOxQHI1I6YCD/nQNLI+n0867NgCzgwaNy+W9oClLJXrQ21/J1aM98nuEmZE1OGwFGZGO8zU8T74nkjknq15ZWXlQZ1ebX1nNwqvRYWgTmans8lrECTIA2S1WuXeuFYsJTE1SkwFu+IikciDmVvsymBphvilubm5B0OPY7FoKmBRFSx1vfka6+8qmJRONf/O51BnWlI+uMZsyaeiYopefe5w+J4egeUgZkZVTBR5prhnasmXB2pqakpmurETkGSRdXV18Pv9Um5iuYHrpZYbqei4P7H4EcqCuratra1YWVl5wHlDXAPXSV1HnjmWMtRgh2vFfefnVU4cFafE5+T6jI2NITk5WUbsWK1WyQqyq5BnjRx2VFIEsX5urdltSRlXmxD4fjpc6jpRRzDzxtIaP8O2d55Pnl9V4atYMuoAGtfz83N8+PABBwcH0Ov1cj75m8aHeoZyRjlUOwb5LFSY6lBpnhnSzPC6xJfQaFDHHB8fCyM6HdXGxka43W4x9DyrlBvSrPAaakcn90AdyM6mCZ5VylJvby/29/cFz6LqNPWMEvTOc0Djwj1j2ZhNQ5RFVf6oQ2iYKSOECvD88wyouodrSH1Fm8HMOu+T54yyz/tUjbQKQWC3G69BOVDXgVhC/mbJVrVnKlCaDgTfr5Z01YaZvb09KTcy2xOJRLC9vY3x8XG4XC6Ew2EhplVxsDwzc3NzKCkpgdFolLI9sb5cG9qgjY0NeL1e2Gy2B4kH6lHKZawTww4/njGe67u7O0xOTgo/l8FgEN3Ie+Vzq+ujNijwutR1XJtYWVF1DGE6sXhhdf4u15nX4Wf4f/oKAwMDyMvLw/z8vOggBiqUQcooHafPOV6qrMbitGIxXOoP1+cBD1eso8QL0fPr6urC6uqqCCkVk2oceOjUxefrBA8bjUYpHxAPQwLMm5v79lQ6Zaz7DgwMYGtrS7AXp6enWFpaQkJCArRaLTY3N5GZmSnkZ+TYuLq6wv7+Prq6utDd3Y3Dw0Ps7+8LA7HBYMD79+9RX1+P4eFhaLVaaDQa5OTkiJFTFfbt7a3gtnh4efjpFC0uLopg7O3tSXmNxpTGnT9qNEOjqwoNHSk6TMRnERivRiNcf5WLS1WWFAYell9++QWfPn16gI1SgfJUeipuhAaPuCpiuEKhf9NOUOmwy5HOhUp0R/wQcUOqcHJ9iVFR6SL4fPxNhTM4OCggTk4jYIra4/FIhyDXmSzDbrcb1dXVGBkZgc/nw/7+PrRaLTo7O6Vkphrm0dFRYTfnuA8VRM730Rk4PDx84CypQNFPnz7B4/EIialOp4PD4XgQ/XJNqEDoZBM7pUZ8p6enouhUvqlffvnlAZ+bajz/9a9/PejiUrFzv/76q+wpHS1VNtTn5LpyFt7FxQW2t7cxPT0tI5Dsdjtqamrw4sULYZOurKx8oLCpPyi/Ho8HNptNlLTqBLOkS10RCoUwOjqK6elp4Q2j4VKz7sQFNTc3o6OjAy0tLTKvT6vVYm5uTpyDQOCeVJcdTizNc625F8SrraysiPEjto3YLz4zn40Gglkmn88nHGeEJ1RXV+Pg4ED25tOnTw8UPHUEZfTDh/vpCT09PTAajQgEAujv7xdi3ISEBOTm5qKmpkayNHS+b2/vu+sqKiqQl5eH6elp+Hw+VFZWCk4uGo1Kierk5AQNDQ3Y29tDcnKy0N2oTpwayPP3+fm5dPrRYaMcHxwcYHh4GJeXl5iZmUFzc/MD3jnKtNpBSxvF16LRqFCX/Pbbbw9KRvzOWKwN95Ld3B8/fsT5+Tn++c9/PnBCKOsqNlDV6zxfoVAIS0tLyMzMhEajEXgDS7+FhYVwOp3IycmB0+lEbm4uNBoNgsEgfv31VzmDdL67urqELb+jowM1NTVCVDs1NYWdnR1cX1+jqqoKa2trcDqd0Gg0mJ+fFx6v33//HT09PVhbW4Pf75dMMqmalpaWJBhqbW3Fzs4OPB4PvvvuO4yNjWFzcxObm5u4vr7G8vIyOjo64Pf7sbi4iO7ubphMJnHWaWPYVKNmiOg0cV1Vp/fDhw8yxo22RXXWmNWirFP3kV5EDZ6CwSA2NjYEO9va2ip4v/z8fBweHj4YhRZLakq5UPXm5xyuWHB8rONFOf1DLP6KD80F4qGgMaDSoYdLh42HhhklkiKq12WKk1wdnZ2dqK6uxvr6Or799lvpKigtLUVxcbEc6omJCXz33XewWCyYmJgQ4kqWydrb2zExMYGNjQ2kpqbC4XCgsLAQw8PD2NzchFarRTh8Pw6FJYzi4mLo9XopR2o0Guzu7uLnn3/G7OysgFqZyVAPkrrw9LK5KcFgULA74XAY29vbKCsrE4eMa0TBUvk7VMWjRoE06E6nE9PT0/B4POjq6sLx8bEAmRmlxA4yVjOQFEQ1qlWdrNhUL+9JxfTxs3QEKBtqSzWfLxwOixFXDQQVlsploxLJMePEKFrlO+PnVKVGRZiUlITk5GTk5eXh8vIS09PTkglpbm4WEK66pre3tzg/P0dZWRn+3//7f2hubkZtbS3++Mc/QqvV4ujoCEtLS7DZbDg8PITNZhNWfY1Gg5aWFsFCXV5eSjv82dkZlpeXYbFYYLfbsbOzg9XVVSHUtFqt2NzcxOHhIXp6esSoDg4OYn9/X6JY8lmNj4/DbDaLgohVNlwLOkhcw1hHVc1WcO+paLg/VCC///77A8XCveO+q12NzEZtbm4iPT0dWVlZwuNDvOCrV6+g0WiwsrKC4uJinJ2doaqqCo8ePXqQIaFipdPZ3d2NtLQ0oXIgyeHKygoWFhZkhFNJSQlWV1extLSErKws2Gw2+P1+eSaWG1Q9VV1djaSkJCwsLODp06cwm83IycmB3W6H3W6H0+mE0+kUeABHV5lMpgdROUsW7ML0eDwPyGoPDw8f6DW73S6jkDh7Lz09HYeHh8IVuL29jc3NTfz5z3/G3t7eg3JGJBKRrA33RM3GdHR0ID09HSUlJXC73dBqtTIrND4+HktLS+jo6EBKSooElJSJq6srbG9vIyEhAZmZmTAYDPjyyy9RXFwMv9+PpaUlrKysyKgZNgN1dHQIn6LX6xX8ncViEaqHiYkJjI+PY3FxUXibCDrv6emB3W6HXq9HQkKCdKTPzc3Jee7v74fT6YTFYkF/fz8MBsMDeaYMx2a51EyM+j61O43vU3nq+DcGtmr5Sd0LNUhUg2l21g4MDODw8BCDg4O4vLxEQUGBdMByqPT29jbKy8sfcNQx80Tc8Js3b9DZ2QmDwYC8vDxcXFxI525qaipmZ2fx+vVr5ObmYmVlBSkpKZLd2draEi4qjUYDp9OJv//972hpaUF6ejosFosMXM/NzZVuf7fbjW+//RZmsxnDw8Po7OzE9vY2SktLMTo6ivb2duG6LCwsxOnp6YMzfH39b2oOdY3UjLBaAYp1wtWAUt1nnmXV7vGMq/Zzenpaujw5So6TTZjVU+2mei3es9olrNr/2BJjrLPF9/OexeGKdSTUN1G4+vr6sLm5+SCDQWNHA3x1dQWbzYahoSEpodCDvL6+ZyRfWVlBNBpFe3s7fv75Z1RXVyM/P18wRr29vfjHP/4h4xK2t7dlkvj8/Dz29/dRVlYmOBeXywWXywWPx4PW1lYZyeFyuVBZWQmDwSAOS0pKCk5OTlBUVITi4mK8efMGbrdbvPacnBysrKxgZ2dHSmNqapJpaDVq5nqwzGO323FzcyOHJDExEXa7XbIOaipU9ZJVZaBekwZiYmICw8PDMBgMyM3NlawQU/Wx3jejczpQqrPHfVWjCt6fapRUA8v23uvre+JLKnlGm1RGanu7+hqvx7VR75evqaUB1QlTs1q8Hp0HRugGg0EyoexIPTo6wvHxMbRaLVJSUh48I68dDt+P8Hj06BHi4uKg0WhkgLrD4cDTp0/R3NwMnU6H1tZWmamm1WqRkZEhODgOpWbDRnV1NfLy8tDe3i50I93d3cJnRANbUlKC7OxsAdOurq6ipqYG/f39KC4uRltbGzIyMqDVaoUXSg161LIO954KTs1gxwZVqhOmZj8ZBKhOmOooE9NBGeL6h8Nh6Rhsa2vD7u4uPB4PZmZmBKzNwdQtLS2IRO67/r7//ntRwNFo9AEehA0tnFvpcrmQn5+P5ORkvHnzBjU1NdJg8u2338pYLRqm0tJSuQ5ljPLELuD4+HhYrVa8fPkS1dXVmJqawsnJiWR5EhMT0dbWhp6eHlgsFjx//hxtbW3yzLx3q9WK58+fo7y8HBkZGZicnHzgkDY3NyMvLw/n5+f4+eef0dPTg8bGRkxMTKClpQWPHz/G0tISdDqdOOFWqxVPnz4VRnJmZlQsD/dHLQEuLS1hfX0d4+PjiEQi6Ovrw/7+Pi4vLwWQr9FoUFZW9h8ZAQaXlZWVSElJERwjHa7c3Fz09vZieHgYc3NzePz4MVZXV7GwsIDU1FSZ43pyciKUPKT4yM3NhdVqxY8//oiZmRkUFRXh/PwchYWFSE5ORktLCxYWFpCYmIiFhQXMzMygsbFRAmyOFtJoNPj5559RX18vZ4BBmmoMqa9Ucmaee5JychYegxTKNXWTSrqpVnfU6g+zwMz2Mgv7ww8/YHh4GHV1dXC5XNLgkJGRgf39fQQCAWxsbMDj8WB7extFRUXClxebsJidnZXMmMFgQFpaGk5OTrC8vIzt7W10dnaKDlpbWxPC1A8fPqCnpwebm5vCU0nsXkZGhsxfDAaDgsWrqKjAwMCADCJ//vw5jEYjFhYWUFRUBIvFAq1Wi2j0voO6q6tLKD5sNhucTqeUqAlMZxaY9opwGeoij8cjju3m5qZg6fx+v8g/wffcA06FoOxypuzl5aUE27Ozs3j//r1gLAllKikpkUyrWvKMRCKSUVUzoJ8rMap+kqoz6eCrtj0ajeIPakZLFTLVw6bX9/79e+m84OssE11fX8tmXV9fC4iQHjoNvsfjwcrKCm5ubtDb24v+/n6cnJzg+fPnWFhYwMTEBFpbW/H69WssLi4KGHRjYwNFRUV49eoVTk9PUV5eLuB5Xnt1dRVNTU2SniWglWRzJDM8ODgQDqTc3FzBjQUCAZnEzgwVS088rCwj8JmY9lRLQFarVQShp6cHRUVF6O3tlQwX06iqM6GWZtXIScU6cNjn9fW1DBtmaYXGkHvDDSdOhU6UathoDP75z3+K86a+R03Zf/r0Cb/99ps4V/T+WTZheYTfTYPA99ze3j64npqKDQaD+O2334SFmOU2/l2NUilPvDaVHkehaLVa+Hw+GcB7cXEhLNpffvklFhYW5CAQ78UoMyUlBU+fPkV1dTWeP3+OmZkZHBwc4PHjx3j58iU6Ojpgs9mQnJwMn8+HoqIitLe3Y3BwEB0dHWhoaMDTp0+h0WgwOjoqM+OMRiOys7MxNzeHoqIieDweZGdnIz4+Hmtra9DpdGhpaZHyzNTUFJKSkiRDMDQ0hMePH+PZs2dYXV1FMBiUVni1/KBG4MyAUblRkdFJNaVjhwAAIABJREFU4B6yZMu1Z7mKMqc61JxhFgrdM/tTHkKhkBiv4uJiNDY2YnBwELW1tZKVvby8hFarxfLyMv7yl78gNzcXd3d3sFqt+OKLLx7gcKhbAoEAtra28O233+KLL75AQ0MDQqGQNF94PB4MDw9Lh2xKSgq2t7exvb2N1NRULCws/AcFBXFeDHoODw+RlZWF1NRU9PT0SIcoh1mPjIzA6/Vienoa3d3dODg4QE5ODhYXF6W8QYqRpKQkZGdnIykpCUNDQzLA/ejoCDc3N2hsbER7ezuOj48lEDSZTDLwnPxrycnJkl1YXl7G69evsbOz88AR4PqoJftIJCJ4zg8fPmBpaQmdnZ3C9s/O3qdPn2J2dhZOpxN//etfpYyp4lwDgQDKyspQUVGB58+fy0B2r9eL+vp6Ibr0er1ISkqC1WrF0tKSdIAXFhZid3cXb968ERLTtbU1VFdXS9v/zs4OqqurcXFxIXNISeSZnZ2Nvb09uN1utLS0oKOjQ5xnq9WKmpoaNDU1ITs7W84JqSru7u6Enof6g0S5t7e3cLlcMBqNsobv378X0LzNZsPg4CCur+9xgb29vdIopNfrMTAwgNvbW+mqZjanu7tbYDBerxdWqxUXFxd49eoVVlZW0NjYCKfTKQ5wTU2NkIj39PRgf38fZrMZubm5ODw8hMFgQH9/v+jHw8NDaLVaOBwOJCcnY3JyUjr3OUUjPz9f5sVqNBpUVlbi3bt3cDgcQhdRXFyMrq4uzMzMwOPxIC4uTsiW19fXkZubi8HBQTx79gx5eXn47rvvYLPZ8OrVK7x8+RL19fUyML6lpQVarRalpaUoLCxET08PamtrMTQ0hKKiIoTD91QNPT09+Ne//iWd7k6nUxpvamtrcX5+DpvNhuzsbHz69Al+vx9v375Fc3MzLi4u0N7ejoSEBNzc3I/Gevr0qXQ6jo+Po6CgAHd3d3A6nfjLX/4Ch8OB29tb9PT0CF+ZXq/H8PAwJiYmBIfJbDOdJJYvmVxgMKPams9huuiQqRmx2L9JSTG2jKg6XGqW5fr6Gs3NzcKOrGYtqMSnpqaQlpaGpKQkTE5OyjBeteOAqVO3242ysjLodDq0t7cLUV5DQwMuLi5QUVEBjUaDo6MjaLVaDA4Owuv14vnz59jb2xPj5fV6MT8/L500aWlpgudqamrC8PCwEI6yDXdxcVEMIw+i3++H1WpFQkICZmZmcHNzg5aWFvT398sw3aGhIWRlZeHy8hLz8/MYGhrCzc2NkDsyg7e0tISbmxt0dHRgYWEB79+/R3x8PGw2G5qbm4UYjuse63Cpv9WSLzOFdPy4kSQyVcHW/Axb+GtqaiTaKC8vl+zd4OAgNBoNotEovF4v3r17J5nJtrY2LC4u4vb2FnNzc4iPjxcweWlpKaanp3F3d4fu7m6kpKTI2BWWGD5+/Ii0tDThWLPZbMjJyZEhsJWVlRgdHUUkcj/8tbOzUzBOOTk5Mihcr9dDo9FIBjQlJUU6H0dHR2VQqdvtFiBkOBzG8vKy0B6QmZ0DssfHx0W+2Yb/888/IzMzE8PDw4iLi0NzczMmJibw17/+FRqNBhkZGbDZbIiLi8P8/DyqqqpERtimTSO5tLSEsbExDAwMYGxsDG/fvhVqiKmpKWRnZyMvLw9VVVXo7u5GSUmJZF6npqYQHx+Pqakp4dbKz8+X+0lLS5OB7xUVFZK5aGhoQHd3twQ2mZmZUsJk2zizSiUlJTg8PMTt7a2wjn/69EkGCDMg6u3txadPn6R7jbrAaDQKVUckEkFjYyP29vZgMpmQlZWFhoYGDAwMwO12Y2ZmBm63GwkJCXA4HBgdHUVaWpoA+r/77js4nU40Njaio6ND9AmzMcPDw+jo6MCjR49gtVpRUlKClpYWHB8fY2xsDOnp6Tg7O0NOTo4EYgkJCdDpdDKipLe3V7BIJpNJzsbNzY0Qga6vr6OgoAAHBwfCvj00NCTDjjUaDQKBgNCGMHNxdHSEu7s7lJSUoLy8HMnJyXjx4gX6+vqk3E8S5KKiIuzs7ECj0cBms6Gnpwft7e1YXFzE69evsbq6isLCQkxOTmJ9fR1LS0t4/vw5lpeXMTg4iMPDQ2Fqj0QiUl5l0EgMVTAYxPj4OHp7e3F7ewuj0YitrS2hatBqtWhoaEBCQgKWlpaQl5eH09NT4U7z+XzIyspCe3u7kEg/e/YM6+vrePHiBfLy8vDs2TMsLi4iKysLnZ2dMJlMeP36tZS7QqGQ8Do1NjZiYWEBeXl5GB4extu3b/H+/XuUlZUJv1xGRgZ+/PFHIc6lo/L69WtsbW0hJSUFra2tGBsbw4sXL9DZ2Ym2tjbJAi4sLCA+Pl6wUqSSuLi4QGpqqoyYamtrw6tXr3B1dYXDw0MkJiZieHhYml3S0tIQDAaxubmJL7/8EiaTCVdXV8jJyUFaWhoikQhMJpNQPwSDQcTFxUnGx2QyITMzE0dHR8IV2dPTg5OTEyHtZmm6tbUVXV1dCIVCKC0tRUFBAQwGA6xWKxobGyXTQiLg9vZ2jIyMoKKiQrrZLRYLamtrMTk5KRCGrKwszMzMiJNhsViwsLCAs7Mz9Pf3w2q1ih11uVywWCxSjrfZbMJNubCwIJNOZmdnpVt6e3sbCwsL6O3txfr6OtbX17G6uorZ2VlMTU3JBIP19XXMzs7i48ePODs7g9FoxN3dHU5PTzEzMyOZKzpFbCBhx+zd3R1WV1cF4x0IBNDV1SXZMI/Hg/7+fkl2kImATAL8/9bWFhYXFx9M2airq5PgS81iqdUrtWQfWyJUX1czYbH4rf/IcKllK0b/zBrxb7e3t+jo6BBjxr+p3YJWqxVNTU3QarXQarXo7e190FkUiUTgcrmwvb0tGBVOkd/f38fe3h6sVisODg6wubkJi8WCnZ0dDA0NwWw24+TkBFtbW9K1Mjc3B6PRiO3tbZycnAjzNDm2rFarDAMeHByE1WqVjo/u7m709vZie3sbweA9LQFb68kNRaC90WjExsYGdnZ2sLi4iGg0CpvNBovFguvr+zZj0j4cHx/L0OTNzU1sbGxgaWkJs7OzWF1dFV6czzm5qtes4m3obNHTVoH2LOlwT2LTmZFIBFarFdPT0+K5Dw0NCSnf0tKScA0dHx+jq6tL5MBsNsPlckkmoqKiQroj6+vrYbVaEY1Gsba2homJCSkHNTY2ihPQ1tYGs9mMSCSCzc1NkaHLy0v09fXBarWKXJAD5ubmvn2af+PBPjk5gdfrRUdHB7a2tgQvxxmGFxcXMJvN0uXGFnZSFMzOzqKrqwsWi0VGnoRC92S7bW1tqKmpQW9vL3p6etDc3IypqSm43W5RMmNjY/D7/dDpdFL6WVhYgMViwfj4OILBe8oSi8WC3d1d6PV6GAwGTE9PY3JyEjMzMxgaGoLL5YJOpxOaAD47KU7m5+extraG9+/fw2AwwGazYXJyEuPj49jd3cXr16+xvr6Ok5MTaQQJBoPi3LFRpLGxUUoTVVVVWFxcFHA5G0+CwXsiRALOBwcHMTc3h2g0KnITjUbhdDplj5ktnpmZkTUkr1QwGIROpxPi1Z2dHej1ethsNoyOjooCJx+RyWSCXq8XctPc3Fwpax0eHgpFBomQBwcHhYnc7/cLLojElENDQ0IW3N/fj/7+fqyuroqyraqqwvT0tOisSCQCm82GtbU1nJycSMPL4eEhhoeHMTw8DL/fL6ztfr9fova1tTX09/cLrMLpdIpBrK2tFX6oq6sr7OzsYGRkRMhuh4eHMT4+jpGREczNzYnhMBqNsNlsaGpqQkdHB8bHx1FVVYW2tjahnhkdHUVFRQVCoZA4xVdXV0Lzwu7bvb09OBwO2Vd2H05PT2NmZgbT09Nwu93Y3t5GRUWFGKPb23uqhImJCczMzGBzcxO7u7sYGxuD0+nExsaGnLuzszMxbFtbW1hZWcHq6qpgvLxer+jOw8NDyXQRn7a5uYnt7W3s7u7C7XZjbW1NqB+2t7fh8XiE3oHzIckO7vV6cXh4iNnZWQwMDAi8JBqNipNAvWi1WoXs+uDgALu7u6JLNzY2xDEmeSp14NLSkox/cbvd0vBwc3Mj12egzerH+fk53G63BA5HR0c4OTlBNBqFwWCQihAhOSxLsqpyd3cn1BgqVIf2lllIli/pQKhQH9Xo0w6oGW5WMVTgP19Xm3NYAaDjxx+125iBPq/ncDjg9/sf+BOEmQQCAcmasyqjzowlswCfSYUxqFi9WDgP7Saz/vzNzK+Kq+N129raHjQ/qOB59bdakVETIMwsq/guPmvs+vPnD6qzxQdVa9W82XA4LPMO1ZZSpl5vb++ZZA0GgzCe5+TkyIBkfg/5rBjB0jNVW5954+rkb5Uygq3j5P+gseXfmPXhorN7i6UqCh83hmUSLvDV1f3cu5KSEjgcjgfrwPKcuvgUpEDgfjQRh07zOurQWnVoNNdRdbg+V24joJNlSHXD6aGrAkAhUEt4rHdTSNWORgq9eugoD0yxMvNEfAIdLxWETflR24VZt4/FEBEQr4Ln+XxsbechUJUD91k9dOwa5aEnPsdsNkt7vPo6nUvKAJ+b/2eNn0qNipHOIB1L3oO6nlREaus6lRJf43OomA+1KYNnQ+0K5LqS1oIKhopcVarMPKsYLY6y4vt4VlQc3N3dneAhYmVEVShUfqqx4PvUsxWJRODxeIRKRi09qhQakUhEZoQSS8nXeV4ODg5wenqKi4sLOcv8nqOjowdnkNdmWYD7wkwB95ZyRNnj+rOcTToK6p3j42M5CzwD6jqyWYjNPizdqngPdhirlAQ0lrHUJ6qMEI9yc3Mj8wtvbm4eGFBePxwOy2epD8iFRl3N56aO5WxcYtwol5Qnlhx5XXKT8Xyrf+N+qnLPwJvd1bwe8XrcMz4D9zN2zif1ufqsKnWICmLn2sdWbNSmG2J3YkvarODwWjwD/Bx1Mp0HlpRo/EOhf3N69fb2wm63IxgMwmw2y31bLBY0NjZK4DIzMyO0D7EOmWoLYqEErCCpATfX8OrqSporeP6pX3hWGACrAHZ1Tfj8sVkf6m7aCxXOoGJMb25uHmB8Y50kyjxlhfrr999/l853BjXRaFTgD6pMqN2w0WhU1pDXDAQCUkJkBaC6uhqXl5dyb2zOUh0wfqeapVLtGM/Rf3OwYjNnkuHiYqslKdWQhkL35Iabm5uyoTRy/KzD4YDT6cT6+rpgKXiguCkmkwlra2s4Pz/HxsYGysrKZM4XmeU1Gg1qampgt9uFjJFAvYyMDFRWVmJqagovXrzA3t4enE6ntN66XC5UVFQgPT1dru3z+WShKLh8TnWjVQeIxk31qLkWquDxsNHxVLFDBGsXFxejvr4eLpdLMizqmqhCzn+rBG48JGxIoLOgHgq1g+xzLakqLo/RCg8wBS22hMnrqa3YqqDREeYwUsqD2uVDxU3h5/pTIVLmqNzo+KprQoXL6O5z9fRwOAyz2YyRkRGhCTCbzVhdXUVZWRkqKytlDMbx8TH29/fR2toqmAp1j7kWs7OzMn/O5XJBo9HA7XaLYSePGO87EAigtbVVphFQoVGZhcNhcfhZilMVGdebe0RHkZ9VnXDufayzpgLqialTZZaKkZ/nHtDAcC94HVWGuD6qAvn48aPIE++ltrYWHR0d8Pl8cLlcmJiYgM/nQ0pKCvLz81FRUSFRP+ewkX+IZ4+/6czQKPM7eE65NtwHKmw1OlZlVlX66rrxPVxDtRFA1Q2qfPD9qnOrBh6xmWvqSu7xp0+fxEmJNUA8T5+DFqiZB3WIMtfi48eP8Hg8UoIOBAIyW7OlpQWJiYnQaDRoaGiAy+XC0dGRELIajUZxIm9v7ykJ5ubmkJSUhBcvXqChoQHhcFgcS9qC7e1tmVCg0+ngcrng9/txdXXPi8agk7LL39xLyprqhHO9edZVh4Z7wv1RAx818/L777/jw4cP+PXXX0WXMmBQS0m8DnWvmiWhnWBwx3ukTuU9Ufeq2aaXL19ienoaFRUVOD4+Rn9/P4LBoLC37+/vIy8vD1NTUygrK0NdXZ1UBFQaFxUXpDrMlEWeRVXvq39Xr0HblJ+fj5OTE/T09Agkho4G5YhrrvJbUVerQZkacNIB5utqM5QaHPKcqPgpNeBQM2O///77f+yFWmWjvBC/SBli5lej0SA1NVUohHw+HxoaGsThil27WIfpc9mtWOebmS51/WOv9wcKqurdxma4+GBdXV2wWq0PsiYU4kgkgvb2diQlJSE9PV3Gb6gKJBK5xxwYDAZ4PB68fPkSRqMRPT09KCwsFOEzGo0wGo0oLi7G4eEhWlpaxBslFxgHdubn52NpaQmPHz+WIaBGoxFPnjyBw+HAu3fvsLS0JOByKmceciqv2A45bmDs/fO5qVjVaIkZBzKYNzc3C4N3eno6FhcXBbTITVPXNzY1yvXl/hBYyPr//v6+7Bc/q0ZpasaEDpzaiaZSUjAapGH7b1GIKhPq9Un/oHZgcr1VeYqNkHgvqhOrGlPVsDPa4/OoGMLff/8dVVVVSEtLg8FgkBIzO1OI7dNqtUIX8vTpU1GA6r6SUDM7Oxv19fVS3ioqKhInwmQyYXp6WsotnCFntVqRnp4Ok8mE+fl5bGxswGQyyXwzs9mMjo4OOBwOcShiHT2u2+dkTF0z1YFQM1m3t7cye49rx/Wlkea+EFSvOt38fmYxaIQoCzc39w0Hv/zyywNHIxQKoa6uDmVlZSguLsbg4CCcTifGxsYQiUTw5MkTdHZ2YmVlRXhxMjMzMTg4iLi4OGnIUQMNNajgGvE8sBy+t7eHrq6uB3Knyqx6JmKdGNVQRqNR6U5kSW1jY+PBOeBn1bXga+r3qIpadfDozPIMkVyZFDVqhkctg3zu7KiZdsoJ5YZOb21tLdxuN3Q6Hfb29nB4eIgvv/wSVqsVNpsNL1++hNPpRF9fHyYnJ/HmzRtxlKiXOLosISFBoAIsrQ8NDeH8/FxGP+3s7GBsbAx7e3vCcTg1NQWTyfSAwFaVedX5oh5S9QaNPtdXNaaUaX6ea0d+v1jZj60ksMmAsqM2IalZUtUR5/5Tl6oOnvrvi4sLvH//HjMzM6irq8PBwYEEH1lZWTg8PBRoDWEO3d3dQg2h2mbVAVAD0VjsUGw2L1Zv01Hd2tpCYmIi/H4/GhsbYbVaH5QSeW3VyaU88Ht4D5RNBkmqXeN9UFeww5l6TA2GaD9VPU+5Zjaae0f9o/ofdLii0X+z13PEXlZWFlJSUnB8fIxAIIDT01NotdoHNj42QFLPeGyGi/LINfrcoPRYDNf19fW/HS4andj0mRqx9fX1SblMjXzJXjsxMYHR0VGYzWY0NDQI4SN/rq6usLq6Cr1eD6PRiMePH+Po6Eg6MEi3X1VVhcrKSunsm5qaQnl5Oc7OzoSb6PLyEgaDAW/fvkVTUxPy8/PR1taGUCgEp9OJL774Ao2NjUhMTMTm5uaDciUFT40K1Rq6moWJPWhqZowevxr9cxxEOBwWLqBAICCZFeLC6CiowqlGdDzQFPBQKIT19XW8e/cOPp8POTk5sNls/2GQVGWvbraaqqXR4v/V7kLV2aRhoFzwb6qCVLMzqiGJjcxVhfDp0ydxKHkPHKSsRkK8DhWruvYUbtURKCsrQ319PRoaGhAIBGA0GnF+fo75+XmZDL++vo6ff/4ZZ2dnyM/Px8jIiChwlpbC4Xu25qysLKSnpyMSuS9BFhcX4+joCNXV1TAYDPjhhx8wOzuL5uZmLC4uyiD0d+/eyRBxnU6Hly9forKyEoWFhYiLi0N7e7vcD8srVA5qWVLNYlIp8T5Vx4sKKhgMyjry0PN1VZGqWTPuAzNi3CNG6apDxf2nYlXliQpudnYW/f39Mi/Q7XYLHxoH3N7e3uLZs2cyLHdpaQl//vOfYbfbxRjTMaHBjc0kEPRaV1cHvV6PZ8+e4ejoSOSVEbZqZGPPh+qEkbTS5XLhiy++kAHcU1NTnzVeqpP1uX+rThnPUzgcfsAKHolEkJaWJlnwjIwMwR+qpVE1Y6Leh5px4VrxuUloWVpaCpvNhuHhYbjdbpyenspan5yc4PHjx4I7LC4uRl1dnRBGU++Fw2E0NDQgOTlZBkHbbDZUVVUhJSUFi4uLMurI5/NhcHAQa2tr2NnZkVm5r169kuuqXeuqXlXXlgEV1/DTp0+SZaEBZjZFdXKYHSWhs5oYUGUoFk6hwhqoU6iPKSMqQbO6HzwP6j4ws8JOZc5/NRqN8Pv9yMzMlKzf1taWYNUqKyulBM9zqWbwqEspbyp+SP1RA2bVeeGZv7q6kgkTbrcbh4eHCAQCD4hjGfD+8ssvD/BMqm6hI8WyobrOakaR68nZhtfX19jY2BAIw8HBgeCpLy8vhYA1FArJ/QWD9ySmHH/EAeD8zq2tLWxsbEgJkY0Bg4ODePv2LVJSUrC1tSWfraioEAdbzVb9tx81CaU6vExeqPokljiVayoYLjWDo26UGg2QwZlCr2YpDg8Psbm5ibdv3+If//iHkLJFo9EHaVhGvGtra3j06BH29/dxenqKpqYm6VxkG3FVVZWMKCgoKMDV1T1hpN1uF8qHrq4ulJSUoLGxUdpIHQ4H/vjHP4riSUtLkw2nEiGWJxgMihLh4Wcql2lzKj1637/88oswmNPz5rNeXV0J59bAwIDwrszOzgrtRXl5OcLh+zoyjQQ3TE1PxpbmqBB+++03IWxjdon7oUY7/Dk/P4fX6xVhIEs8jdr5+bm0l6upch5CGmC24gYCAYnOwuF7UCgzn9FoFB6P5z94mngNrhczbsyCqtnST58+yfeq5Tg1la1GVFS63d3dcDgc+Omnn3B0dASDwYDT01Osra3JHEjOfQwEAjLBIBQKyegfyuno6Ci+//57PHr0SEC9BQUFOD09FXl7+/YtHA4HEhMTUVtbi/r6eiwuLkpJkd218fHxMJlMODk5QX19PfLy8pCXl4fNzc0H0Xoo9O+RQgxi1LI9yxVqup0ySSXCrp9Pnz4JOznXnlibu7s7nJ2diVFSsX2Uv7u7OxkCGxv9qffANeN5YnlpeHgYNpsNbrcbQ0NDuL6+xsuXLzE4OIjT01N88cUXsFgs8Pl8SEpKQn9/P3Z2dnB0dCROo5qBVh0pgruPj4/FidjZ2ZFolbij2Gys6oiqUbqarWAmORQKYXt7+wETu5qZUSPd2IxC7DlUS2LElkajUaEPODw8hMPhwMbGhpwNlbRWLW3wWtTBNP50NOj8sqTOQb/sGA2Hw/jqq6+k5PfnP/9ZSEjtdjseP34sI4bu7u4EazU8PIw3b97A4/FgYmIClZWVaGpqQmVlJcbGxtDZ2YnW1lZYrVYMDw9jbW1NJnpsbm7i9evXiEQi2Nvbk1K81+sVx1PF1pIWgY6ZxWIR4Pzl5SUODg4kGGDDFJ1Aj8eDy8tLOBwOmM1mBIP3vE3Dw8OyPpyJS0dCp9NhamoKwWAQ+/v7MjT86upKuB5Jpk1ybq1Wi42NDbF9paWlWFtbQzR6D4xvbGyE1+vFX//6V+kw9Pl86OvrQzQalZmsV1dX0njR1taGxsZG4S0zmUyiF6lHKYO0u3QOY2VPlXXKDjNMhADQflCfkvZF5T/kmVK/U9UDPKPUR/weOiThcBi1tbXY3d2Fz+fD69evsba2BrfbjbS0NBlNpNfr8e2334r+ePLkicwBLSwsRHl5uQS9SUlJOD8/R1tbG+Li4hAIBOD3+5GdnY2vv/4ae3t72NnZwZ/+9CcYjUbhEfvpp5+kshAIBFBbWyuOO9coNiOo+kSxZ/1zDhmDt9gJKZLh4gW5SGpEG5tRmJ6elo42/p0gUHIPzczMYGlpCfPz82JcaTDD4ftRHFNTUzg+PkZcXBxaWlrQ1tYmTO/kNtrY2EBCQgImJyeFEG50dBQ1NTVwuVzCaD0wMID29nakp6cjOTkZKysreP/+Pf72t7+ho6MDBQUFeP/+PUwmk8ww293dlW6eaDSK6upqGI1GhMNhDA0NSapRp9OhoqICweA9t1ZRUREODw9xfn6O9vZ2JCcnIxS6n5WVl5eH4+NjnJ2dYW1tTTpySIJJTFpvby9yc3OxtbUlA3jpAKkbozq9zOSoUYaa8VCBm2qtn0Kh0+nw9ddfw+fzwe/3IzU1VWZ6NTQ04Pvvv0ckcj+h/smTJzJvqrq6Go2NjQiFQpifn8cXX3whxigtLQ35+fk4Pz/HwMAAvvnmG3GEv//+e4yNjeHm5gZTU1OoqqoS411dXS3jofR6vUwBODg4QHNzswyIbWxslAzV6uoqSkpK4Pf7EQgEpE395OQES0tLGBoaQjAYRFZWFpqbm1FfXy+gebfbjd7eXmRlZcFoNMrg642NDWRmZsqE+6+++goWi0UiqufPn8NsNqOoqAiFhYVYWVmRzFVaWhry8vJQX1+PnZ0d6cQcGBiAzWZDSUkJrFYramtrhUepp6cHTqcT8fHx6OnpwcuXL1FeXo5Xr17JoOjx8XExCLm5uTLepaKiQkg0jUYjioqKcHNzg4ODA8l4Xl1dobi4GNXV1YhGo1hZWcEPP/wg3U7ffPON7OXExARKS0txenqK8/NzvHz5EqurqwiFQujs7MTIyIiUkdiZOj4+LpQe19fX0Ol0co1QKITy8nIsLCxgd3cXcXFxSExMRG9vr5SWLi4u8PjxY2g0GrS3t0upq6KiAgkJCcjLy0NfXx9yc3MfKDlG0JR1tcwSCAQka8JyFJW/mnFSMwOxmIzYUj51oep8q6UYtfyhllrUbIgaLcdiadTyOYlAXS7XA+dKBWur5zgWlxkOh9HR0SFcWyyfn5+fw+VyIT4+HkVFRdja2kJ/fz/29vawtraGp0+fConv0tISdnd3UV1djZaWFpSVlaGzsxMtLS2ylqurq4iPj0dycjL6+vrw4sULJCQkICcnR7BgOp0O9fX1aGtrk5I9eaVGR0eRk5OD5eVlocPw+/0oLS2VIc+IDWV8AAAgAElEQVTt7e2CqdnY2MDbt2+xtbWF09NT1NTUoLW1FZFIBHNzcygtLUUoFILf75cqwtnZGRoaGoRWxGQyobi4GNFoFOvr68jOzpY9HR8fR3p6ushFQUEB+vr6cHNzg62tLeTm5uLq6grr6+v4+9//jr29Pfj9fiQnJ8NqteLo6AipqalCH7SxsYHnz59jenoa4XAYs7OzwjfW39+PpqYm6PV6BIMPp5CMj4+jq6tLmnva2trQ3NwMm82Gjo4OjI6OPnB0VOdGDRzUIDQ226Weg5ubG2kICYf/jSdloMX3qQ0Rn8OLMeN+c3MjjRxqUMy/h0IhHB8fSybp6uoKCwsL4mQ7HA54vV4Eg/c8Y+vr69IIt7W1JYkPh8MBh8MhwbzVasXd3R12d3cFgxuJ3DfEGAwGOa8rKyvw+/1CGeT1erG7uyvJk/LycnEa1WkEqj7gGsY6X1zPz4HlP5f1EodLLRvyEKuRGxcuEolIa7vaPREO3wMoR0ZGUFNTg8LCQqSnpz9oM6agXF5eYnFxESMjIzg/P4fH48HAwAC6urqwu7uL09NTyWCdn59jfX0dXq8X5+fnsph2u11wBaurq9jZ2cHOzg4WFhaEBoCt+svLy1KbHhkZgU6ng8/nw9nZGWw2m9zT7Ows9vb2EI1Gsbm5ieXlZUSj95xhJEH1+/1YWFiQrje73S5UFZeXl1hdXRUOG86t4siO1dVVeT6y4u/v72N0dPQBay73gJtHpavWstVULyNzNb0Z67RFo1G43W7hnWLURseGPCncx+npaezv7yMSiWB1dVU64giuJH+XwWCAxWLB1dX9gOKJiQkxfmxB52EhfuP6+hpzc3Pwer0Ih8PY39/HysqKRLzz8/MiMyaTCVtbW4hEItjZ2RFA7sXFhVyDzhEHgDudTtjtdhwcHCASicBischkA4vFgvX1dZlZ6Ha7sbGxgfX1ddjtdvz4449S0qKskQdpbm4ODodDOGvi4uKg1+uRmZkJs9mM/f19WCwWuFwunJ+fY29vD3a7XUoFy8vLwpu1trYGm80Gu90Oh8OBFy9e4Pj4GCsrKyLb5KihYlpeXobT6cT19T3hLc9gMBgUxuhgMAi73f5AobDjiYrebrcjEAjA7XbD5XJJmX1sbAxut1scOtJx2O12LC8vS4Sv0+mk+4y0EMwYj4+PCzu0xWLBysoKDg4OsL+/D71ej+PjY6FI4dk7Pj7G4uIiJicnsbW1Bb1ej6amJsnWqIaA8h0bDDLCJ/hVdVpiP6M6Yp/L5jOLoA5VVxWpWppRP6eW3/+bw8UzqZYX2NVMA8euN/Vcx2YY1XuJRu85n8hDdHJyIhM+3G43TCYTLBYLLi4u0N/fD4/Hg/39ffh8Puzu7grTeTgcxs7OjlDykEWemfTNzU2hkpidncXc3JxQTpCclMGP3++XsUZ2u11Y1Hd3d7G3t4fa2lp4vV4EAgHJWl1cXIgxpCNN/REOh+Hz+SQ7d3p6KkSywWBQONNo3JmRZGcr99Tv94vjzm5xyhcz99x7dqNGo1H4fD7ZVzor0WhU7AD3/+DgQK4dDAYF+6V2C97e3spoGcqg2uykJjwmJiaEjJVnnWOfVEwf5Yj2WDX2/F4GCrwfVi9I40JbHwzed6L7fD7hSry6upIB85T9SCQi7O9ms1nK2KyO0I4xCIkdlk4nh5nNlZUV7O7uIhKJPDh3fK7YgEd9Lu4h10PtrKYOOTs7w+7urlSlwuF79nryT7J6oDpGqgMaW0pUg7bYBjVVX6hBHT/7h9gLq2kzVbkxtUsOGwINqWxubm4wNjaG9fV17O3tYXZ2VgQ3Evl3Z5zd/v8J+9KfttNk6/nP5sMd3da9me6enp6ZTnenk3QWEiUsIqAACgIMMWA2Y/Z9xyxiF4sFBhkMBrPbBrPass1mwLIhidJJj0bn/YBO3QdPRu8Hqxtifsuz1FN16tSpNdGp4gZSCW5qiS+vzSoXyinQC+aGYvpP5cAw3cVJoDI3F5HqqatpkugFwQWkDpyaKuO9OH5+vx8zMzOyQS8uLuByueTadJbUyFy9PiHj6AoadcPw+QhfkhPFd4meUxUCVseF/8ZNy4OLBoCb8UscCM6ZCiMzX88UFQn0/DeW96obJxy+IamTnxEKhW5VpPBA5TOr3B7OlYrK8p6Xl5cS4agwMBt1c7OoaSJGj1yvVF33eDyy7j5//ozu7m7k5+ejoaHh1vwx2gsEAiJVQQRYNRo0onNzcxgcHBTjSKRTNdh8T+4xrlNei9fj83MM6HxwXUVD59ybvLc6V3wnRq6UP+AhxTkKBoMiaMi1pabpTk5OsLW1hd7eXol81apI7vfff/8dR0dHtyrZeIAwtcV9QDRJXR9qmpxrkoRpGv7oT3SQwr1OLhcNvZoeVNEsHg6qoee8qIiUaoyZ0uF7cMxZ6MB34bqJRupUY8/1/uHDh1vpe65TFXn48OEDOjs7xblTnQfeR62Kpl1S0Q6+azgcFkkKCikzpcnAmtdkqs/n8+HTp0/SDYJ2nylivifXWjh8Q0P59OnTLWK06hTTnqn/Fm3Xzs/P8c9//lPWqWpXVYJ5tEPPd6GNVdPP3E9q0RHHTZWYUJ2YoaEhcTomJydFfNRgMKCyshLDw8OyttQK2+7ubjx58gQmkwmDg4P44YcfpLJQpQkYDAYcHBzcogZw33Ae1aAkEAjAaDQiLi7uVqo8EokgLS0Nd+7cQUxMDLKzs2EymfDjjz9iZmZGEK2DgwPo9Xq0t7fjl19+gd1uFxuialmpZ6WarvvXv/4lduf4+Bg5OTmCVKlFClwT6nnBKkQVHOKcXl5e4tOnT2JH+F4zMzN4+PAhsrKy0N3dLUUfxcXFt5QIogOjaAdK/TdSflSuVnR2KRo9j0Qi+EM0DKlCZzRONGxEkdSIjgt0Z2cHi4uLSE1NxdOnT2E0Gm+VPPNaFosF3d3dCIVuSPgajQbJyckoLCzE+vq6NPGlUCUbdVISwev1oqurC/39/Tg7u1GdzcjIwPDwsIgh0mCphxwNLw0Hy1V5GJFQrObGubHooHEcuBhUwjE3pc/nw8jIiECkOp0OTU1NIvLZ0dGBsrIybG5u3qpGUnkinCyVpEknhxwdp9MpGkxf4o+oRlrdzGr7HBVF4NzTSHPs1HWhOj6q9hXfn89IRzAaBVCRAV6fhiPaSPE+quPJa0WTwWkMNzc30dDQAJPJhKOjI8zOzsLhcCAjIwNNTU1YX19HdnY2WltbsbS0hKysLFgsFplL1eEeHx+HTqdDY2Mj5ubm5J2p48LDKhi86TyflJQEs9mM8vJy1NTU4OLiAg0NDUJMZeWjSkZXnX4ennwOGgL+zHE6OztDRUUFEhISsLGxIWu3sbFRJFXq6+uh0WjQ2dmJubk5aZjLNU9hSe4h7mdyuzjPqvOgRvTcA5wTPnckciN+/PbtW2i1WthsNpGFYDeCwsJCaWXj9/sxNDSEtrY2UeAmEkpDpqYIoxHdYDAoEikMatjjM5pfwcNVdSjV9UiDTS5cMBiU1jzqelSNbjTSpRrY6FQix4l7jN9hKpBzwn1Jh1m1zyrapz63GpxyPVmtVlRXV4vIcWtrK9bW1mA0GvHzzz+jsrJSGkHv7++jqakJxcXFWF1dFSIx1yjnvK2tTVI7vb29yMzMFHSDThkDNtqHvLw8tLa2Sl88OmA+nw9+v18kWjjv6nxxvTOI4+FKu6tyHulQcZ+9f/8enz59Eic3GAzi8+fP4hBwrqKJzSTnq44u54RnicqP5XOoFfmc27Ozm/ZInZ2dqKioEKV1v9+PlZUV/OlPf5L+hl1dXSJPQP4mU/zPnz/H9PQ0BgYGcHZ2disTsba2hlevXgnveWZmBrOzs2hraxNieG9vL7q6ugRBXllZgdfrRWFhoRTdcJ3u7OyIfmZjYyNaW1uRk5ODuro69PT0IBAIYGVlBV1dXbi8vMSLFy8kc6DX69HZ2Qmn04mysjJ0dHTAYrFgdHQUra2t6OjoEHoQhXwpLK3RaNDU1IStrS309fVBo9Ggvr4eeXl5WF5evgUUcK1znNX1Skee++Ds7AwWiwV6vV7aQJ2fn2N7e1voEjxj1H32nzJGqn+kfvdLqdwvOlzRv4w+FNVocGhoCIuLi2K4+X2Px4Pi4mI4nU4YjUZUVVVhcHDw32D2YDAoPaJOTk4wPDyM7OxsdHR04JdffsHW1hbMZjNcLhfi4+PhdDqxv7+PX3/9VSpumDrSaDTSmoCNqtvb21FWVia9r1QURSUl0zCpG4mGUI1+1M1JQ69GRaqBYLQaCARgNpsRDAah1+uld1NtbS06OjowMzODtrY2lJSU3Com4DipKJoKSYfDN1yElpYWqXJhP0VumGiDpUKt0XPJBcl344ZTkS0iU6rDxYOGqSWuATW6VT19zr3qoPL91Eokjqnq4BIRUaNP9RokvdLJ0+l06O7uhtFoRCh0w/cIBAIYHBzE06dPMT4+jt7eXjgcDjgcDvz000+YnJy8BbnTIbl79y4GBwcxODgIk8mEvr4+9PX1yRx6PB50dXVJk+bc3Fy0t7djZmYGRUVFYoAcDgdaW1vR0NCA1tZWaaw9NzeH2dlZ1NXVCY/l+PhYyvMPDg4wMjICo9GItrY2SbMPDg6io6MDsbGxWF1dlbHd3d3FTz/9BJvNBrvdjvj4ePj9fgwODooKd29vL3p6enB4eIi6ujpkZ2fj4OAAy8vL6O/vx/LyMjY2NtDY2Iienh4pVR8bG0NlZSV6e3sRDAalmlFFx7g+RkdHkZGRgYKCAtjtdkG4vF4vXr58CaPRiOPjY/z888+Ynp5GXl4eXC4Xfv75Z0lzqwFO9OGoOqmjo6MYHR3F9PS0EGD5LCphXY0+Oc/qvuP+vb6+hsPhwIMHD7C2toaKigrMz8/fCghUh+tL0XB0RKwiwwz4aIx/++03dHR0oK+vD93d3SgtLb0VBEVfj++jjgkPHTVIuri4aRPT0tKCrKwsuFwutLe3Y29vD16vF9988w1cLhc2NjZw7949WK1W1NbWSrU3HVK+H3+OjY1FX18fjo6OsLGxgfz8fPj9foyMjGB0dBSNjY1wuVwwmUzo6OiQlFNOTg6MRqN0AtHpdMjOzkZdXR1qa2tRXl6OjY2NW84r313NsPCZ1POJv+d3GahEO+h01mj7VG1BFSFRbTztDdcI/8u0r3oNlebBuTg+PoZGo4HVaoVWq8Xh4aFwdre3t/GnP/0J3d3dSEhIEFoHEVqeTWxr9fz5c1RWViIUCqG5uVkaj7vdbqSnp2Nubk7uQ54bzwlWDhsMBuh0OhQWFmJnZwdZWVkSOHIc2QfTaDRK79OysjJ0dXVJt5b19XUYDAYcHR2hoKAAy8vL6OjokA4WDK5SU1NRVVWFzMxMbG9vo729Xdo7sTfp2NgYZmZm0NHRgcXFRXR3d+Pg4AA5OTmYnJzE0NCQCG5zjNWMBQMyrlH1vwyIp6am0NfXh4KCAoyPj+P09BQejwelpaXCE4ve09EO1pd+Fw1wRP/9lz5/iP5j/r+ag+Qmbm9vh9VqlY3NQ5T5+K6uLty9exd//etf8fr1a/E2eY2zszNMTk7KpvX5fIiLi4PRaMSvv/4qFUzT09OIiYnBzs4Orq+vkZiYiKKiIuTl5UmFXEZGhnjzb9++xdHREex2O16/fi2G5erq/9SiOUkqOsIPoWZ1s6sQMn/md0lUVGF/deKJQrFPGVMnJF+mpqbeWkhcTBzTd+/e4bfffpNn5ySzi7vP5xNDGg6HRXE42tlSr02UhGNAo0DoWTU6jBJpYNQSbBUh4+/UVA2dL6KHKlrKe6uGkoaLhGceTBxjdf2pThYjHKJce3t7ePbsGdrb20UexGKxCNLY0tKCpKQk1NfXw+12IxgM4v79+xgZGRFdlt9++02i1bdv3+K7777Ds2fPpOpOo9FgZ2cH6enpqK+vR3NzM6qrq9Ha2orKykohyZeVlSEUCkkPz6KiImRkZKCrqwuDg4NYWVlBY2MjJiYmoNVqRUBybm4O8fHxeP36NRYWFjA4OIjk5GRMTU0hLi4OU1NT0Gg02N/fx5MnT8R5o0L8jz/+CI1Gg9TUVNy9excejwdmsxkNDQ1wOp1SQMK9WlpaCr/fL/0lWRRCMnRZWRkqKipQX18vTbfVw0U9EDnvJLVWVVXB4/FIBBuJRPD8+XP09fUhGAzixYsX6O7uhsViwZMnTyRVQpRUFSJUAwc11VlQUAC9Xo+ysjL88ssvt55LDfSiESd1rXLf0PGfmJjAH//4R4m6h4eHZQ2rHBY1SIhORagfjg/tB6UK6HhlZmaivb0d6enp0Ol08q7RDpyacqQjwSozXp/zwAiehT1erxd1dXUSwN65cwc7Ozs4PDyUXoFbW1vIysqCXq+XfXl9fS2IrtlsRk5ODrRarVQBFhQUSENip9MJg8EAp9OJtLQ0tLW1QavVYmVlBQaDAT6fD+np6ZidnUVaWhqWl5elWCohIUGQZgZ50cjT+fm5pMgoGMvfMQhTx4koKb/Dn9W1qgZ4rGwNh8P4/PmzjDHnQkVag8GgpDvVQ/jTp0+35p0SHzMzMyIYu7CwgKOjI+zu7uJ///d/4fV60dHRgaSkJITDYakC5zpg03G9Xo+YmBicn5+jsLAQ6enpiIuLw/HxsRSAOZ1ONDQ0YHd3F/n5+Tg9PUVlZSX29/fhcrmQlZWFhoaGW46aGnxQGT8rKwsbGxvC42poaMD09DTm5uawsLCAYDCIsrIyHB8fIz09HfPz82hoaJCKSwocDw4OoqysDOXl5fjw4QP6+/sxMzODiYkJKVyy2WzY2NhAf38/FhYW0NDQgHA4LMHY9vY29vb2oNPpEAqFhCPKc2FkZAQLCws4Pz+H3W6XalPyGQ8PD1FZWQmz2SzZNVIdioqKZC/zTIx2rFRgRt3X6v780udLZ3E4HP735tWqw8XNzQU5MDAg6ZXoVN35+Tk2Nzexvr6OxcVF6YnFm9NQWSwW9Pf3S/rGYDCgpqYGbW1tePToEdxuNxwOB548eQK32w2fz4fExEQ0NDSIIBzlI1iu39TUJE2jMzMzsb+/Lz2vfD6fPC9JguR/8RmYtiECdnBwIO/H/7+4uJAUHp1HlchH3k4gEMDU1BRCoRCKiopgNptxcnKC1dVVOJ1OmM1mjI2NwW634/DwUHLWqteuThydEELnJOarE6+mfr7kZbMEOxKJSA6e0D/Jk5SF2N7eFgeU3B1u/oODA5lvCiBSE2d3d1f4dpSFYCqKhNLPnz9LVQqNJ52233//XWD59+/fy1jzOcjP++233+D3+yUKDIfD0j5Jo9FgZWUFDx48EAFaRjhzc3Oorq7GV199JT3Qnj17JhuUzgSvS82o/Px8PHr0CLOzs1KaXFBQgNjYWLx69Qqpqamora1FXl4e6urqMDMzg+LiYoRCIXFkdDodysvLMTY2hvr6eiwuLkKn00Gj0WBiYkLmbmlpCc+ePcP9+/fR3d2N+fl5FBYWYnl5GX/9618xNDQEvV6PYPCmke709LSsba/Xi59++gnDw8OwWq14+PChpFX1ej329vZw//59PHv2DGtra5icnERFRQVWV1eh0WgQDAaRnJyMxcVFUYn3+XxYXV3FvXv3pILM4XBIey+m81TO5MXFBdbX11FbWwuPx4PDw0NJFz5+/Fh6Tt67dw/Dw8OiD/X999/DYrFIj0w1faOm+hmRX11dwev1Ym9vD06nE5ubm9jd3RVyrxp90o6RZ8b9rDpPXHehUEgQzK2tLZG7YMRM48tnUiNj9VpfSlEwsFEDP6bV2PJGvZ7qRETzwdRn4IHJFCXpGgsLC9Dr9YL+07bduXMHBwcHWF9fx+PHj+Hz+URoenh4GLu7uzg4OBAH+PT0ptF8c3MzEhMT4Xa7sbKyAq1Wi+PjY9y5cwf5+fkwGo3Y3d3Fq1evpOjEYrGgtLQUR0dHSE9Ph8lkkrL+mZkZKfk3GAywWq3SncRsNgtHd3FxUewzezHy8G1oaJDK8eHhYdFlYgBOPharC6+vr6XIinQSk8kEl8uF8/NzzM7Owmaz4fr6Gjs7OzCbzbi6uulLWVJSgkAggGAwKP1HLy8vsbOzI/IX5+fnmJmZEekfi8UCjUaDubk5BINBkVWyWq3ShL6goAAlJSUYGRlBR0eH2DuPxwOdToexsTFsbGygtLQUl5eXKCwsRGtrKzIzM2G321FSUgKdTicagU1NTbh79y4sFgsyMzNRW1sLt9uNpKQkZGVlITk5WRqALy8vy7pm8/pHjx6hpKQE4XAYHo8HiYmJKC0tlTUwOzsLrVYr70CR3d7eXpSUlGBwcBBarRY9PT0wmUxoaGjAwMCAOH86nQ5ZWVkoLS3F7u4uKioq8PbtW2g0GmRnZ0thmVarlcrG7777Dk6nE6Ojo3jy5IkUoD179kyqVktLS/H111/j5OQEy8vL+Mtf/iK9bHt6elBTUyOV6DabDW/evJFzhdkWBjVqsKQipl9CtKM/XyLR/5vDpaIOanTIaODy8hJLS0tS0k9jw/Tc+fm5lBpTmIwPp/I9CBPSEbBYLJibm8Pi4qJA1GdnZ2hsbJQcsl6vRyAQQGdnJ5qbmzE4OCjNjBcWFpCUlITGxkbk5eXBarXC6XQiISEBLpdLBCZXVlbQ0NAg4pdVVVVC2Nfr9dLktbOzEz09PTg/v5GCoPRBIBBAXV0dlpeXcXl5iZGREeTl5eH4+Bhutxt5eXlSrcMqxZWVFQwNDWFwcBD19fXY3NxEfn4+qqqqBDWw2+23Wjh8CQ5XSZBqtK6m+NQ0Z/S1OEYnJyfw+/3IyspCZ2cnLi4uYDQakZycLM5YXFwcVlZWcHFx08qppqZGKlUeP34saayMjAw0NzcjHA5jZmYGsbGxcsB+++23UrrLcm/ybZj+vbi4kNLnq6ubcuXS0lKpMCwqKhKYfWZmRjq7Hx0dScqOhyOdpvr6ejQ1NcFgMIjhOzw8RH5+PsrLy7Gzs4OcnBwsLS3BarUiPj4elZWVsFqtSEhIkKa1l5eXePDgAWpqatDR0QGdTgebzYbXr19jYGAAWq1WlLWHhoYwPDyMrKws5OXloaGhQZAwdjnQarUoLi5GaWmpGMu4uDhRpCea2NPTg19++QXPnz/Hs2fPUFZWhmfPnqGiogJ///vfMTIyAo1Gg/7+fsTHx6Ojo0OQEovFgh9++AEGgwEtLS14+PAhzGYzRkZG5J1fv34NnU6H/v5+2Gw2xMXFYXx8HMXFxejp6UFJSQm2traQl5cn7ako4LqxsQG32420tDSpJNbr9cK9KS0thd1uRzAYxPT0NMrKymS9jY2NYWVlBU+fPkVRURE6OjpQXV2Nzc1NJCUloa2tDYmJiRgZGcGDBw/g8/luIcs0cCrPj3skmuDOACS6VPtL6cRolCs6fcVgjPaNwVV0qpzPqko7fIkDwv3MoI3oCQMpPptKCuc7RRtxPkdxcTGMRiMCgQA2NzclTVJSUoLCwkJROG9paYHb7cbIyAiePn2KxsZGtLW1weVywel0Ij09HRkZGdBqtejo6BASM/dfcnIynE4n3rx5g/LyckxOTuLNmzeYnZ3Ff//3fyM9PR3t7e3w+Xzo6urC1NQUent7sbW1hYaGBjQ2NkrnjfT0dAwNDcFiscBgMMBgMKC0tBTNzc1ITU0VigqlAUpLS7G0tITT01OhllxdXcnz8N9aW1vR0tKCi4sbqR6idaenpyK7EgrdNCuvqakRNJ/XD4VCmJiYgNFoFEevqqpKkFudTge32w2Px4OSkhJMT0/j6upKbMz8/DxCoRDGx8eh1+vh9XrR3NyM5uZmdHR0IBAIYGJiAkdHR5iamkJ3dzc6OjqE8zs4OChI0fX1NZxOJwYGBoQasbm5iUAgIBWi09PT0lvVbDbj/PxGQX5zcxNWqxUulwuHh4dwuVwIBAJwOBzY29uTRuKUL1LT0U6nEysrK5idnRVggQHN9vY2tra24PF4sL6+LtJHNpsNPp8Pa2trwtFjFSMd1M3NTRwfH8PhcCAmJgb5+fnY3d0VDuPW1pY828jICPR6vTip6+vrQnBnWpb7fmlpSXQvHQ4HxsfHhZZAjbuzszO43W5ZJ+FwGA6HA1lZWbc6zDAg+k+cLNXpUoOq/x/axT0uDpcKlRM1IKqh5vJZ3s6bMw1F49XS0oJHjx4hJiYG7e3tt6Bpfmd8fBz9/f0yyeypxoVE4iy1ZDY2NrCzs4OLiwsR8GTZ8fn5jaid1WoVvkgwGMTMzAzKy8txenqKtbU1nJyc4OjoCHt7exK5raysSCRhs9lEk2hra0sQEL/fL1ELydHcpHa7HRMTExI1Ly0tCaHRbDZLREb4kmjAzs4Odnd34XQ6UVFRIYRZ1fjTAeZiuLy8FOInndwvOcnqguB1aMypcXJ2dobl5WWRBdjb24PD4ZD3Yp/LcDgsYoxMK1qtVpFtsNls2NnZQSQSkZJwolqDg4Pw+/348OEDVldXsba2hnA4LH0mORZut1u6yl9fX0vE+O7dO2xsbGB3dxdXV1cSjfM9yXmKRCIifhkM3ig70yBeXl4KQdXlcmFra0t0m46Pj+H1erG/v4+9vT1sbm4KUZRrdmFhARsbG/LOY2NjSE1NFfSDa8PpdOLw8FDK2mkM9/b2sL6+Dp/PJ4fa5uYmdnZ2UFtbK9yohIQEWV8MBhYXF7G6uoqNjQ2B3GngnE4n7HY7VldXYbfbBYGgHMrm5qbcj++4s7Mj0iqbm5ui72W1WgVFdjgc2NraQiQSEc0an8+HH374QXpIHh4e4u3bt7DZbHJoMDpeW1uTSuHDw0Nsb28jGAzi4OAAAwMD2N/fx/b2tjwPkTHKETidToyPjyM+Pv5Wuo7rm3aGjgsPJaJVnz9/vqV+r6pj86OmBr+0V2hkVR4Ikahoo/slTpeKPH3J4NIOqvIurNxVHUJ+X3UGv0QVCIVC6Ovrw9TUlCDLPT098Ca1HccAACAASURBVPl8uLy80TxklW5bWxt2d3flsNzf38f+/r7YLJfLJSrera2tWFxclD1GNIEEd8oE7OzsYH5+HklJSbDb7aivr5fuCbRrrJh0OBzw+/3w+/2ylmiXDw8P4fF4sLGxAYvFgtPTU3i9XiFDs5yfCB6RKpU8zSyDWnFHbqeakeFcBwIBWUdq27fj4+N/O9dIe/D7/ZLyJPJJZJQ2nDaf1yRfiI70+Pi48F9Zkcl7U9ZCRUv5vMxIHB8fS2ZGBUU4FmrlJKkhfFYGDmoFsMpVi0QigmATKaUjxjHltfk7u90uvGhy6Hh20fHl+maWaX5+Hk6nU2RDdnZ2bgUzdNaYMVLVBdS9yf3Hv2WRjYpC89yZmZmBy+WSFLTdbpdWP0S3+OHfsvBLLR6JzgD+J+70f0ox/oFOlnrg88IcWA7uxMSEePGM6lga3NbWhtHRUfT19cFqtaKmpkbSbioPZ3JyEnNzczg6OrqVhlPTCKx8OTw8lMouKrJ7vV6RjlArXnho8d+YOuB9eCDTeeB1uVCZO+ehrKbwuCH48++//y5GnZWEnHimcbjYeThT+JPEejqWNAisSmK0rnrFXEw0JnwPwsCssPwSd4Qbkg6gKqvAeVdLvlU0galk9WDjIRSt+8J7crHzvxw7liRzTfH7fDemimjQ1IIF9ZBRiaXRfBc+L7V0qBFDSRDyM2h0zs7ObhloSkbwGa+vr+H1enFxcYGamhqkpaVhZmZGNvjp6anIK6jSJuHwTbUP54iSClyDROMqKyvhdDplrFX0gqRbzh+N9PX1tRw+qkAmDTzHmIcH55T/Rh4ROUXcD+p+odE8OTmBwWDA7Owszs7OsLq6KukhSnfwXhx7/ux2u7GzswO3243Ozk7Zh2dnZ/B6vfD5fP/2tzs7O3J/rklWn9GRohHl/bm3z8/PRQpCXVdf4mSojoxqNNWCD35HRc++lFr4Ugpfvaa6P+hcRSt5Rzeg5sGqcoKiuSAqB4ljyHWprs1AIICPHz9KQ+nDw0ORZ+A+4Fpxu92yfuiw0KaqJGS2HmIa2Wazoa6uDltbW7LWGEBvbW1JFwCmgml/GTAdHBxga2sLu7u72N/fFweMmnInJyfSS5X0AY/HI44ln5fVhScnJxgZGcHh4aHISjBdu76+jomJCWnSHQ6H5dpMU66trck4kLNF4WyuP9pA2lPaKa4b/jcQCGBjYwMOh0N4pexDqdPpUFpairGxMbkGr0snbmBgABkZGVIIpAbfHz58wPz8PN6+fYvW1lZ8+vTpVubp3bt3qKioQFFREYqLiyV7pJ4lweCNbqLL5cKbN2/w9u1bxMXFiQiziujS/jNlG4nctFOjejudNDqf+/v7ePv2LdbW1mSsOaZNTU0oLS3F4OAgnj17JjqVDOhJ7+HZozqnTHVzPapnlip9Q5+hsbERubm5wk0Lh8PY2NjAmzdvxPFW0/ecX9oSjmk0uq7udzXt/5+0uSIRRfiUGzXaa1a5C319fdILST0I19fXkZKSguHh4Vvog4q+0DibzWZpl2CxWG6Rcufn55GSkoKSkhIYDAYRdVxYWJAyUZLlWWW1ubmJ4uJiIQaTxNzX1ydE0NLSUkxMTEgzYh7CtbW18Pv94iTdv38fbW1tQoouLS1Ffn6+kAfViJcflURO40SV/c3NTaSkpKCtrQ11dXUC9U5MTKC7u1vKz9UImhOqjhkd1kAggPn5eRFUJTqkVlCqBwD/nwtAJYCq86PySnjg0+Hg4UPjHo06cH5ZuRYO31YH5315cKp/w4iJsgLqBorWviGJmuuO/873OTs7Q1tbGyoqKkRrZWZmBgsLCygoKEB6ejq6urrQ19cHj8cDi8WCvr4+lJeXC6+Mc0tpgUgkgq6uLlgsFkkdsHqW76JuJjrtJpMJ33//PRwOh7yT6hjSOWIgozqYLGnnRuZ64NrjvKlOlIp0quOllk5HozI0JhxX1YlUexeqjjGf9erqSpw29dqRSET65xUXF8PhcGBnZ0eKZDIyMlBfX4+BgQH89NNPsNvt6O/vh8FgwMDAgBwCHCt1v6nGi+OxubmJ2dlZuN1u9Pf34+rqSpxKBjB87mjqRPRHHUOi4hSyVfeLmrqMThdEG+BoR0zdk5xbOhBE1lWNITWKVz/Rc0ynjXNI58HpdGJ6ehqhUAidnZ04ODjA1NQUfv75Z7S3t6O1tRULCwvY3t5GaWmpdClQdah4vUgkAqPRKGljCjufnJwgEAiImDJR7M3NTXz33Xeoq6sTWgLPE9XBDIVCaGhowMOHD9HW1oaMjAzk5OSgqakJWq0WPp8PXq9XkNiamhrs7OygtbUVtbW1tzi6dDrn5+cRExOD6elpQV255i0WCx4/foyqqiqsr6+LWLDD4cDJyQksFgvevn0Lv98Pj8cj2Q+2PaJdY4aH48Q5V2WDLi8vMTs7i4SEBExPT+P6+hpms1mc2+fPn0vje61WK39LbbtgMAir1YqUlBR0dnYiFPo/WQzuS41GA5vNhpcvX8LtdotNJXCh0+ngdDqRlJQkdosggtfrxeDgIKqrq4XgHgzeCGM3NjYKsj86OoqVlRWYzWbU1dWhublZhKRjYmJQUVGByclJTE5Ooq2tTfoVXlzcdGsxm823fAF2CGB7Kb1ej5WVFekkMzk5ib29Pek7PDs7i+3tbaEU6XS6Wz4InS0VGaRtPTk5QXt7u9CdqAHqdDql/aC6f9V0vXrWf4muEw1SEF2M1uZSz+U/fGkjRztdjBbZcZ7eLm9Ko0pHiDpCaoqM/7+4uIiBgQE5vBwOB5aXl6HRaLC5uYk3b96gt7cXRqMRb968Edg6NTUV/f39mJqawsLCgmhcTU1NYWpqCuvr69J+hFpAHo8HWVlZaGlpwfLyMuLj42G328WYPnjwAAMDA4KopaWloaWlBa9fvxauzczMzC14VZ0AIi2cGKaFqO7MSpDt7W0sLi6itrYWer0edrsddXV16O7ulmpKGmj1gFCRn48fP2Jubg4ajQZerxcZGRmijs9Npjoo0dG2mhpWFz8XgqrSHf03apkyHRzVMDNCpKPw8ePHWxtB5ZupBouHtupMqc9/cXEhqSF1vfFQohNHY56Tk4POzk7ExcWJ8fR6vbKWDg8PYTKZUFpaivr6ejgcDuTn52Nubk6elygJDVNMTAxSU1Nxfn4jOPrgwQPMz89jZWUFeXl50Ov1aGtrg9VqRVlZGSYmJrC9vY2//vWvosG2t7eHsrIyGAwGMSDV1dUYGRmRd+E7E9WIRj1UxJDf5brgvKsRqYrWcPw4P58+fbq1vji/dPBpONTqXkb8KlzOqk7e9/379xgeHsarV6+g1WphNBpxcHCAoaEhnJycoKCgAN9++y3Gx8eRmZkp7btWV1elGpSoGwMJOl3RKbzT01OkpaVheHgYJSUlePXqlXxHTQPyQFQ/qk1SkfVw+KaDhEajgdvtFsK5umZpDzlu6r6Ndsa+hH6pe/rk5AQlJSXSNoYcE84DDw01quYeVX/H91K5OOFwGKmpqaivr0ckEkFHR4eg7X/5y1/g8XiwuLiIJ0+ewOPxoL6+Hjk5ObcQM74HEbD4+Hjhi7G5t1arhclkQmFhIVwuF6qqqvDy5UssLCygrq4OGo0Ger1eVOT5zKpIdSAQQGNjo/RoTEtLw9DQEBwOB6xWK3Jzc5GdnY3a2lrpzpGSkoJff/1VAAB1T6yvrwtBn3pw3CNsWj88PIylpSUkJyejt7dXeI4ZGRn44YcfMDc3B6PRCJvNJnzDp0+f3gqKKLbL9aRmdPi79+/fo7S0VMj3TJn6fD589913Upzy7bffylpTA493795JAQ8RdAZG4XAYc3NzmJ6extOnT28pvlMMe2trCyMjIzAYDKKlR4Dg48ePKCsrg81mQ35+PiYmJuB0OlFYWIi//e1vmJqaQkFBAXp6etDZ2Snn+8HBAaanp0WtfXl5GZOTk9DpdHj79q3wnN+/fw+73Q6j0SjnxtXVFWZmZqDT6XBwcID29nZkZ2ejvb0djx49QlVVFWpra1FbW4vW1lZsb2+jpqZGNDkrKyvR19cn+5fjTyfr/fv3t8TNmT4cHh5Gbm4uRkZGcHFxo7WXnZ0t46kCFuoZ/58+XwqmvkQliP7+LdI8P/wSNwShf2pAReeBHQ4Hvv76a9y/f1+6zTOPraI/FxcXWFpaQnNzM1ZXV5GTkyNtHaanp3F0dAStVou//e1v+POf/ywyEUtLS/jhhx+kMWUkEsHy8jIWFxeh1WqRkZEBu92O8/NzPHz4EP/1X/+FZ8+ewefzQaPR4Ntvv0VsbCwePXokfBaLxYLi4mI8fPhQuASjo6NISEhAT08PfvjhB2g0GhweHsphw4mhMfr8+bOgRzwkTk9PYbFYcHR0JKROkj/J2To6OkJsbKyo99IAqUaT48/UUiRy0129sLAQBwcHMBgM2NjYkINAjfxVGFiF3Gk4mc6kAaKDoaYDVY0wblSmnWgMWJmoLnguVn5PTQHy2Wg4iBwQHud92UT13bt3+Oc//ykROw8hrkkaNKY+/H4/MjIyUFJSgqOjIwwODspcp6amSruRjIwM+Hw+tLa2IiEhQZpI83BhmnZ5eRk6nQ5//OMfsbGxgevrazx48ABWq1Uc3xcvXqCxsREvX77E3t6erMWvvvoKIyMjKCoqwsDAALq7u5GWlgadTofc3FykpqYiJSVFHFeWmquVoGziHAqFRMTx/fv30nD6+vpGMZ4GhtwL1dHl+H/8+FE4LVy/6kGhomhcB1x7nCt+n2jmxcWFpPbIs/j48SNaWloQHx+PtbU1OBwO9PX14eTkBN3d3airq8PXX3+Nn376CYFAQAQcv/nmG9knFxcX+PTpkyj7q+k3plcvLy+l+W1aWhri4uLE+VMdk+iAUkXu1TQ50xEmkwlff/01Njc38eDBA2k5wvFQ9xevH42eRUe+6ofRbyh0w0X885//jN7eXnz33XeYmpoSW6KmVlS6h+pwqQgL54N2hILQra2tiEQiaGpqknRdfHy8iI3euXMHa2trMJvN0Gg0gqDwUCenyG63IzU1FTqdDru7u/D5fEhNTYXJZMLIyAh6enpgs9mwt7eH9vZ2nJ/ftIxqaGhAV1cXSkpKbu19HoycMxauLCwsIC0tDUlJSUKqrqiogN1uh8vlkgbVk5OT0jdRDdDev38vkiYmkwmjo6PifPA8y8nJkUr5pqYmKdghslNUVITV1VUUFBQgNTUVOTk5cLvdSEhIEDtHioSaQWBAQ8oJ02CVlZWYnJzEu3fvMD8/LzScb775BkdHRxKgkWeq0iXevXuHN2/eSIcXj8cjchOkAIyMjAgSx8rxUCiEw8NDlJSU4OrqClqtFuPj4+IMcT9nZ2eLphrFTKurq6HT6bC9vY2RkRE4HA4RPS8uLsaHDx/Q2tqKs7Mz3Lt3D8vLy1K8lJWVJdI3bM7e0NAgGYSLi5semHT0vV4vfv31VywvLwtI4na70dPTg7a2NqkAHRgYQG5uLsbHx0WdYHp6GmNjY1IwMD09LTIuTB37/X5oNBoMDg5KQdXh4SHW19eh0WgETFH3s4pkq2CICmCowMSX9nk0xYfX/QMNkBolqHwclRvQ2tqK4+PjW7wXeotTU1NSZRIXFyed0GnkGDXZbDYMDw9jZWUFd+/excbGBrxer1QtZGRkoL+/H729vUhJScHa2po0G52fn8fs7CwmJydhtVql2urx48dSEdjQ0ICZmRk8efIEVqsVWVlZGB0dxf7+PrRaLZaWluBwONDS0oLm5mZ8//33GB4exuHhIQ4PDxEXF4fZ2Vk8evQI1dXVuLi4KSFdXFzE4uKilPUeHBxIdcTl5eUtoj2rFFk2a7PZ0NXVherqarhcLhQWFqKxsVG0lliZp6IU6iFDh+rq6kq0zVTuzj//+c9bB0J0KsjtdqOurk5g6oGBAayvr8Pv98NsNsNms+Hs7Aw2m02UpM/OzjA7O4uVlRWEQiH4fD6pQnr37h1cLpcIrx4dHcHlcuHy8qYJtcViuTXf3Gzn5+dYXV0VnSVWzdCwr62twePxIBQKYWVlRTgHBwcHop3FVBKNBgnroVAIOp0OCwsL+Prrr3F4eIjR0VHs7u6io6MDOTk5ODg4QEVFBQwGg0TdBQUFqK+vl0iZjvP5+Tnq6uqQkpKCu3fvitHgOtRoNGhoaEBWVhZsNhsePXqErq4utLe3w+Fw4O7duxgfH0dpaSkqKythNBpRX18vgnuJiYl48OCBqC/7fD4sLS0J3O90OoW7sLm5KdwOFj+Ew2GJiMldYe9RohxWq1UObFYMffr0CXt7e1IMcnl5KbySYDAohSq8B+ePBSvsuXh+fi5irKFQCFtbWyLM2tzcjLa2NpSVlWF/fx/d3d0IBm+EgClH8Y9//ANerxfLy8tITU2FwWCA3W6HzWa7Ve2n9hZkVEv4nrYoEAj8G9lYRaDUVKSKGEV/+Pd7e3vC66QNoz3k/uLe+k8fPrOaliASrToIbG1DQjYPdDVV/J8OgOvra7FbdCZ8Ph88Hg+Sk5MRFxeHxMREHB4eoq2tDYeHh3A4HPjv//5vrKysYHh4GGlpaTg5OUFPTw8yMzNxfn6OlZUVuN1ueXY6PV1dXUhOTpYiB51OJ+uqpqYGJpNJ1M1tNhtaWlpQXl4Ok8mElpYWoW4wCOIao91MSkrCzMwMxsbGhHPkdruRm5sr6Gd1dTXGxsYwNzeH7Oxs2O12VFZWSuXa+fk5Hjx4gOrqajx48AB9fX0wmUy4vLzE58+fsbGxgczMTBiNRrhcLhQXF2Nubg4FBQWYnZ3F0NAQkpKSsL6+jvLycjnb2B6G9zs5OZGqyPPzczQ3N2N0dBSXl5eCyrAggGrzl5c31e0s2vruu+9gsVhgNBoxMzMj5yB1HK+urrC2toY3b96grq4Oa2truHPnDpxOp4AZZrMZycnJePz4MZxOJ6qqqoQvzJTewMAAKioqYDKZEBsbK6DBhw8f0NHRgbGxMQQCAeh0OgwNDQmSeHZ2hqGhIUxMTKC1tRVTU1MwGAxSLb23t4fKyko0Njais7MTfX19GBwcFMWBSCSCsbExaditrueuri4UFhZCr9ejublZBJINBgOmpqawu7uLlpYWVFRUYGFhASkpKcjOzpZ0ptrB4sWLF9jb20N+fj7S0tJwdnYGs9mMX3/9FQcHBxgdHUVRURH0er0oKGxubgrCpZ6X0Zk+nrvRP6t78Uu8rS+hYeFw+IbD9SWOgGo8mFLo7+8XCE490LnZWQZut9uFa8RB5uZdWlqCxWIR9XWdTofa2loMDQ3BarVKD6eZmRnEx8djdnYWmZmZSElJQWFhIWJiYjA4OIjS0lKB4Xt7e6XRrl6vR0VFBTQaDcbHx5GQkICcnBwMDAzgxYsXKC0thdVqRWVlJRYWFhAXFwetVov9/X2JuPf391FZWYn5+XlcXl6ira0Nr1+/hslkkjy3xWJBTk4OAoEAPB6PyEyQZ+X1ekU6or6+HlVVVYLkpaamIj8/H+Pj44iJiZFmwYxU1fSDWrTAg476ZjwgVF6V6jhz7M1mM+7cuSOlvY8fP5bDPz09HXV1dQgGgzIXV1c3ujOJiYkiybG0tITvv/9emlnTAJ+fn8t7XlxcSITKyqa4uDjs7e3h6uoKy8vLSElJgdvtxuXlJWpra0Wewm63izry2dkZ0tPTpTk2oW3yKt6+fYulpSVcXFxgYmICzc3NIheRn5+Puro6+Hw+jI+PY21tTaDulpYWNDU1YWdnB01NTSgqKkJOTg6mp6clUmMUtrq6ivv376O1tRX37t1DUlISurq6ZM0lJSXhwYMHiImJgcViQV1dHWw2mzT2NRgM0Gq1ePPmDTY2NpCdnY2MjAzhLLx9+xaxsbEwGo3Iy8vD9PQ0nj9/LtU7SUlJOD09xcbGBhITE4VQnpWVhfX1dZycnECv12N0dBTv379HIBBASkqKNClfW1tDcnIyvF4vLi8v8fjxY4yOjuL6+qZjRGJiIjweD3Z3d/HLL7/IPJC36PV6cXh4iOfPn2NzcxNXV1fC3wgGg1haWkJKSoo099XpdDCbzVhYWEBMTAxyc3NhtVrh9Xqll1x+fj4KCwuxvb2NjIwMObSfPXuGhIQEDAwMIDY2VtBYGi4qetOJorGjMxQK/V+VlZpWVHmLRIOIGqgpW1WuQSW5q2gunS2VgxWdslRTv3SCI5GIpF5VXgi/z5/p6NPWhsPhW++qOmlM/19fX6OkpATl5eVSbZ2Xlwefzwer1SoCtufn52hpaYHH48HExAQyMzPR1NQEo9Eo64Nt1tbW1lBfX4/GxkZcXd1U43V2dkr7GL1eL2hJdnY2xsfH4ff7UVhYiObmZpyensJgMGB8fBzV1dWoq6sTHSTKHFAzj6gxUVez2SzBFbliLpcLFRUVohBOx8Hn86GiogJmsxm1tbWYnZ2V8SNS1dnZifz8fNhsNhk7SkL09fVhdXUVg4ODmJqaQk9PjwTjbDNns9lEnHdpaQkjIyOYnZ3F6Ogojo+PodVqUVdXh6urK4yMjMBkMiEcDmNvbw89PT04PT3F3t4eZmZmYLfbcXFxUzTm8/mwu7srunOswvd6vSguLpZisXD4pnn2xsYGXC4XfD6fZIV4Ruzt7Un18cHBAYaHhyUDwMwJq/8XFxdhNBoFZYxEbiqS2fmFziJBlkjkpnCCe5wFLwcHB9LbmHph5C+rvTXJz3M6nUKTUFF1SkGwAI46caQjkUQfiUTQ3t6OjIwM5OXlSa/i09NTlJWVCRd7Z2cHOzs7UnTjcDgkZX18fCwFThcXF+LIsxiJqXTV2YpGt6I5u6oT9v9zuPjdP6hwmOpE0QFQyZPt7e3Y39+/ZQxoPNQ0YzgcFrhYhdwvLi4wNzeHkZGRW2kpHrLHx8fY2dkR2FStpgmFQlLd5PV6Rb+DOXDe9+joSLQ3vF7vrb9huTErCMPhG2E3chu4yLxe7y1j3tLSAoPBIAuQ6avDw0PhTlHxm0RHVvKoVXJMzxBR3N/fx9jYmPxOrTbkYcG0B+eD6SBGwO/fvxfjrqaEVU/9/PxcFjbRCFbfcdNwkxBBu7q6knQV59Ptdsv9dnZ25O+YSuWYvXv3TiIHpohoVEli/e233+RQJV9oZ2dHUnqsUOJ7sart/fv3ODg4kCasnEumN9XKqpmZGUHIWFXDTcf0Knk7WVlZt8qtz8/PRUgzHA5L1Hh5eaPJQ6TLYDCgvLz8VhUix5LIHdc+q2kZnHi9Xnz8+BHV1dVYX1/H9va2oMp8RhoHRqXcY0RgmCLmulXT2yyf53MRPWS3BjYVdrlckm6koSNxl1XBXIvkZnz8+FEM6fX1tQh4coy5vvb399HW1iZ7JhS6qXAierm5uSlVyJOTk2htbRUxXaai+X4ql0/t1ckDhunlq6v/q/alseS/c88w9fLu3Tt5X7W4JBQK3ar4JLrMn09OTqTilXPFsXj//r3sf44jn1dFskjQvbq6EXH917/+Jfv6999/lz3MVO3Hjx/x+++/y/oJh8NwuVxYX1+XPUJ0kgc437ezs1OeifsqEonI89BWHR8fw2Qywe12y99TX4+HLe2qx+MRZ5GcNFUFnntRHaOLixthXJPJJOtZ7dNJW6Gi4vzwUIyu3uVZwmdgyu7k5AS7u7t49+6dVCtyP/BvePZxXrlOeC865LS9zECofCzVYec+4rjzuWiTu7u7ZVz+9a9/3cpsqPaJP/O5VG6fylsiHeTo6EiqD6+uroSOwPfm5/r6Gh6PR+aMZwAdTKvVeov/xGfb29uTtnUej0ccYzrlPAt4TWaBiELz3ipHiqnRs7Mzqbwkok2HSs20LS0tSfHEx48fcXp6KpqRKtWHHHJ1za2ursLj8Yi9oLAq70GHUEWk+LwqXeBLdIUvIV3qe6pnsZDmebBxIapOF7k1zc3Nor0UHeGp/AYuMhWV4cJZWFiQdio7OztSJUJNmK2tLdhsNuzv78PhcEiaieqzq6urorW0uLiIhYUF4RQEAgFsbW1JCwvqvRBKp+AbN/nBwYFEBvSKl5aWBGVYXl7G6ekplpeXxWFR350kPfWQPj09FTmCy8tLLC8vi2YTo3A1NaFeT83dqxwlLggaUjWCYDn8lxYKUxjcwCphmM+gVl/ye9yMvKff75fx4eKn4Wa0xIOKxoRrh/NPR4w/89pcrHzXSCQi/CQeTOSzqQs3FLrhEvH9OJ9Op1M2stVqFS4dD4r19XV4vV4EAgG4XC5x3jkvfFZGoWwTRUPCA8ThcKCtrQ0dHR3Y39+XdUQ9K3XcOM4qD4cHEvuHOhyOW6r+VNrneJBXxsCDES/TfdTS2tzcFH0xt9stjh3HkIaOTj6dGa4H1bFUDx01OqVzQQkNFW0lKsvgwu/3w2QyyXqkMOP29rYEFoxAd3d3pc+lw+GQqk9ek4cj1y8d9f39fayurmJ3dxdbW1viaIdCoVvNlb9kjFk+z32lGlcacF6HyCIPf2pC7ezsYGNjQ2wex4TzzICItoi2LxQKiW4Z+UAqf5YfVbdLRbS5VumEcH1yHVMCIhK5aVm0u7uL3d1dLC4uShcBogC7u7sS8KhoH+3G0dGR8KeoK6Xyy2jbePByDFXHhsEIx5vPyuBddczUs4dzQPsYiURuVRJzzKIdK9ocjhmdEK6jaE4OnV11/ZOPxTFX/5aSQBxvIrF0VHiAU3jz48ePmJiYwN7eHsbGxhAfH4+qqiq0trYKf4vX4tjMzs4iLy8Pbrdb1v3R0REuLm5kk/R6PfR6PVZXV6XpNSvltra2MDExgenpaTQ2Nt4Kfrmvu7u7YbPZ0Nraiu+//x6jo6Oyd4g4MXhyOBzQ6/VITk6WrA6DCNVOEsQIhW5aE7FxueqwRCNGfr8fk5OTMBgM8Pv9qK6uFq4xA3OeSaozyn3DtcZAhHMQCARQXV0NvV4PjUYDl8slqF9ubq5U4PL8VekMqsOl2gf14zZzcgAAIABJREFU2fkdlbqgBr3RGac/qAtbdYxUz4zfMRqNYihVrot6wKof9bDk9WdnZzE4OCgE1fT0dFRWVkKn04kq8b179zAwMIDq6mppf5CXl4fMzExotVro9Xppivr48WNJX/r9fpSUlCA3NxdTU1NS+tvf34/Xr1+Laj15Kg0NDTCZTCguLobNZsP29jaKi4tRU1Mjfe5UB1NN26lVF6pDQ9J8MBiU9BEbGff09Mi4qLyS6ENLTcGqxm93d1fEJtvb27G9vX1r0tWFoy4EFTHjnNCIqAuNc65GbGrePTrdqRqmaK4Moy+uIXWj8HuqOKXKjeG4ksOjImdEIngPzsXR0ZG0h+DGm5ubg9vtRlFRESorKyW9ODs7i87OToyMjEgbG7XUOhQKoaqqClVVVdLslc4kn09NN3m9Xrx9+xZNTU2iOk8YXOVbMGqjQ0WnxOfzwe/3i6NLw8g9pZK7I5GIcBNnZ2cFWbTZbEhOTkZFRQXGxsbw6tUrjIyMwO12Y3JyUtYd587lcmFxcVE4RHSoKWNBB5GIASVI6BTTRnA/cL5OTm5aR3V3dwvqx5RiQ0MDKisrkZ2djfj4eHE6I5GIpOIfP36M0tJSlJWV3VID57XoQPLQoR15/vw5BgcHpbRcRV2J7KpBSvTBzu9yHaiGPhy+aQ6u0WhQXFws78w0qcFgwJMnT4RHxMOWjhnvazKZ8OOPP8LhcCAjIwNWqxULCwsYGBiQe6njSbvK9UbUjT9z36iOEdeL3+9He3u7HLQjIyPwer2wWCy4e/cu+vr6MD4+jtraWmxsbKCtrQ1paWm32kXx+l6vFzqdDsPDwygvL0dTU5OgmswcsD8gidxq6kl10iis6XQ64ff7sba2JvO6trYGm82G4+NjbG9vY3d3V7ix/HD90b5Ep3BoQ9WDj3aD349OGalNqBlkUK5GTeHSnqlked77999/F/ulngmRSERsyfHxsXRw8Pv9Uihit9sRGxt7S5+MCI7L5UJiYqI49Kenp7i+vhGAZfeL6elpaLXaf0Oztre3UVdXJy3KuJ64z4+Pj/Hq1Sv4fD6srKzgyZMntwIzNq2mcPTAwADKy8uRmpqKtbU1lJaW4uPHj2hra5Metuvr69BqtaLK39vbi9XV1VvBPseGc0S0Pjk5GTqdTtoh0dZyT3KuVdkaBubRAJEaiJSUlIhyAVv77O/vS2ebaMDhS+nDL6Fc6pmnnr9cBwxEVCDjD19KIaoXVj89PT3Y2Ni4dQjzBaNfWIVjeQ86XISTJycnkZWVhcXFRdy5cwdWqxXz8/P429/+hr29PSwsLKCrq0sQotzcXBQVFWF7exurq6tCrGeEeHV1Jf2cJiYmMDMzIxo9sbGx4pCNjIygpqYGZrMZPp9PFLoDgQBqa2vR2NiIjo4OmM1m0Tbh5Kr5WEY1NBgksZIY6fV6kZeXh7W1Nfz666/o6emRxaBGZer4qE6qaoRJPqYDd+/ePfh8PpydnUkfRBXhUlEz8lfUaJuGh2kA1dhzDgnXh8Nh4aFwwfMdGDV++vRJHJLff/9d1sPnz5/FsaIDpcK06lqhICTHQ400OO5EtZhyUTXE5ufnpT8W22hQ6f/Vq1doampCe3u7cLCWlpaQnZ2NkZGRWwjj1dUVEhISoNfrMT4+jpqaGrx9+xYpKSl4/fq1VOtqtVqUlJRge3sb/f39qKmpgdvthlarld5nq6urePPmDTQaDRITEzE0NISzszMYDAa8fPkSDx8+hNFoFMejsLAQCQkJ2NjYQHt7O169eoXk5GS0tLTg7OwM09PTaG5uxvPnzzExMXErQIqLi0Nvby/cbjdiYmKkgGFsbAyfPn2SxvHkqbx48QI7Ozuoq6uT9lgTExN49uwZYmNjUV1djdjYWOTl5eHp06coLi4WHhMdCqaAVcS7paUFL1++hMfjwdHRETo7OzE3Nydl8Dz0GYnSMB0dHeGnn35CS0sLhoaG8OLFCwn0aCwXFhbw+vVr0Yyy2+3SEJkNp1lMk5OTg5KSEtTX1wu6XlBQAI1Gg7q6OkE0RkdHkZOTg9HRUczMzCApKQm1tbWoqamRFDjJ/mz4e3R0BKvVihcvXogtop5SS0sLGhsbcXZ2hvHxceh0OrF5jx49kjYxi4uLKCoqgsViQVtbmwRlw8PDwocsKiqSqjE1haEiUSqKxDkoKCjA0NAQTCYTPB4PmpubpcuGyWRCXFycEKJnZmakjRXVt4m2XFxcQK/XIz8/H5eXl1hZWUFzczPW19fx+vVrPHz4UPZBbm6u6C7FxcWhvr5e+uPFxcXB6XQiPz8fBQUFaGxsRGZmJsrKylBfXw+r1Yq8vDxotVosLy+jubkZcXFxiIuLk2bFfG86SNFpWdpS2pHPnz/j8vL/ug7QkaLtUe26CgzQZqpoNG0UqRDhcFjkVaJTyipyurm5ifLychECZyu34+NjPH/+XLpixMfHY2FhQWwZkcJIJAKNRnNL24pOVyAQEE5aR0eH3JN29vj4GEtLS7KWmZWg/d3c3IROp8P19TVsNht+/vlnhEIhQd1zcnKQlJSEubk5tLS0YHx8HCaTCRkZGdjb20NRURG8Xi8ePHiA/Px8vH79GvPz87hz5w5iYmKwv7+Pnp4e0aWkbVX9Czq09A3GxsZwcHCAwcFBfPjwQd41utKUc6wiqSoKRXT6/PwcHo8HDodDRFrJGSstLRXEm88WnSmK5mN9KZWonreqP6VmqnhuivCpmm9UvTT1Al1dXVhcXLyF0vAhVCSMEbl6sPO6NptNqiLsdjvu3buHJ0+eQKfTIRAIwGaz4e9//zuOj48xPz+P3t5eyQMXFBTcEj3r6+tDfHy8DNrJyQnGxsaQn5+P58+fY2NjAycnJ5idnUVubi5OTk5gNBqh0+mQmZmJ9fV1jI6OIjU1Fa9fv4bP50N5eTkeP36MZ8+eYW9vT9JTfJfo3D8nm9H90dGREEkDgQC0Wi0WFhbw5s0bdHd3S7qME6aOseqgcrFwk1xeXorMwMHBAYqKirC/v38rMuM1oxEu1TunY6fCr0x7MRLnRyXnq/OpGiv1AODviOIw7aLqeKkRvIqoMaJXIW9Gm3QU1SiV78Zo3+fzySHAqNtsNuPo6AjT09Oorq7GvXv3BEldWlqC3+/H48ePYbFYEAqFZBx8Ph8aGhpw584dfPXVVxgYGMDIyIg47RqNBjqdDnq9HhMTE6iurkZtbS0MBgO2trZQUVEhzWJtNht6e3vx448/YmBgQAjwKSkpIkHAdAF1v7KyslBVVQWbzSZCq99//z1sNhtSUlIQiUSQnJwsgqxEzp48eYJ79+4hIyMDf/7zn+H3+zE7O4v8/HxcX19Dr9djYGAAu7u76Orqkr6n//jHP6SR8dnZGZKSkqQPX19fH6qrq1FWVnZrDXB+mBKkkdva2sLDhw+lOu7s7AwjIyNoamrCo0ePRHG+urr6VrVzJHIjD/L06VO8evVK+ldyD01OTiItLQ2dnZ2or6/HN998I7IwXq8XcXFxmJmZweDgINLS0rC1tYXnz5/D5/NJ/8fnz59jenoahYWFUkl7dHQkROTU1FR4vV785S9/QV1dHfLz87GxsYGWlhZ0d3ejqqoKb968ubXmHj9+jDt37kiD8PT0dCwuLqK+vh4NDQ1ITU2VCiqHw4EnT57A7/ejrKwMc3NzaG9vR01NDZaWlvDNN9/AYrEgISEBHz9+RGZmJqanp3H//n1BzckRovwH97qaxjg7O8ODBw+QmJgoBRAMBo6Pj3F4eIiGhgbcv39fxEEPDw/x5s0bFBUVSVROJCYpKQlFRUWYnp7Gr7/+ir///e8YHR1FdnY2zGYzKisrUV1dLekxn8+HlJQUhEI3xRRWqxVpaWkwm80YHR1Ff38/tra2RIMsMzNThC6LioowPz8vAQelLNQCLCJP5OzRhvIMoKNE50ttn6TSQWhDVGSJyCXXuN/vl7VO7iFtliopQA4cnyscDosExYsXL/Dy5Uvs7Oxgenpa7NO9e/ekdV18fLyk746Pj4WjGgwGkZiYiNnZWWlTxhS3x+PB6uoqqqur0djYKO3EPn78iIODA1itVpSXl8PlciEmJkZakfEMslgsyMjIQCgUwtTUFO7du4eTkxMMDw9LD8i2tjbk5ubCaDTCarVidnZWKhTr6+sRDodRU1MjwqgTExOoq6tDamoqpqenMTAwIH0ZOd7qORRNZeI5QS6Xmv7kuasWjTAADAaD6OjoQFdXF66ubtrB1dbW4ujoCFtbW9KXeWpqSsCQ/Px8Qcp5bqpnp4pyqc5XtL+kOl2qv6Minvy3P3zJQYpOn/HT0tKCzc3NW5AgPVaV/6AeqqqTEgrd9OBjNcf09DRevXqFubk5/PLLL1haWoLdbr+1OI1GowxocXExcnNzxWs0Go1ISEiA3+9HT08PJicnZbGsrq7CYrFgeXkZExMTiI2NxdbWFtLS0kT8cnR0FF6vF7m5uWhra8PR0RHKy8ulQXZ3dzd6e3thNpuF30WSLxf75eVND6zl5WUhMJtMJiH1Z2dnw2KxoLy8XFKhlF6gQ/Hbb7/dQnSiJ5Ibm04c50zlHqjOlpq6e/fuHba2ttDa2iqOqclkEt7a4OCgtDtYWFjA6uqqpB8tFgvW1taEL9DR0QGv14vz83PMzc1hd3dXkDCr1SpGmrIY4XAYQ0NDktu3WCxwuVxiCKenp6Vi0ePxwGw2i0FbXV2Vg5yNV+mMuVwugZkPDg6kjH9xcVH4BSw9Pzk5gclkwtjYGPr7+/HVV18Jz0+r1UoH+fn5ecnvBwIBScm1t7dL+XZ2djbOzs6QkpICrVaLvLw8DA4Oor+/H5WVldBqtdjc3EROTg7Oz8+lAe/MzAxSUlIwPj6OxMRE7O/vIyEhAXl5eSgrKxPu38nJCZ48eYKXL1/i1atXGB8fl2o+HsZv3rzBxcUF3r59i4mJCdmzwWAQjx8/RkNDA9bX1/HLL7+IXk1RURHev38PjUYDrVaLhoYGjI2NoaqqCuPj44iLi8P6+jqSk5MRDAbx+vVrLCwswO/3w+l04v79+0K6Zmrj5OQE6+vr4iQzuOnq6sKLFy/w/fffY2RkBIFAAAMDA1hbW8N3330naaKcnBzMzs5KcQSv+fjxYwwNDWFoaAiFhYXY39/HkydPMDw8jK6uLtTX1yM9PR137txBVVUVkpKScHBwgMTERGnIHBsbK+X0gUAAVVVVWF1dRV5eHiwWixhipjJzcnJgt9vx/PlzrK2tITY2FjabDSUlJVheXkZWVhYmJyfR0dGBzMxMST1arVbo9XrMzs4iKSlJOme4XC6Mjo6itLQUMTExUqXncrnw4MEDOBwOlJWVYWVlRdLaW1tbePToEVwuFxISEuDz+ZCUlCQtoNgnlFQF7iM6RYzu9/b2EIlEEBMTg/HxcdTV1WFxcRFdXV3Ca62qqhKlbSIj3d3dyM3NRWlpKRYXF0Xm5fj4GHq9HmlpafB6vSgvL8e9e/dweHgooqLUG9TpdCgoKMDa2hoSExNF2NVisSAxMRG9vb2oq6tDbW0tVldXYTAYMD09jf/5n//B+Pg4ysvLYTAYUFdXJ1Vpp6encDqdMBqNiEQi2N3dxdramqTy+/r6JP27uLiIqakpXF1dwePxCKpDFJPI4fb2tsg5hMNh9Pf3Y3x8HMFgULqDHBwc4N27dyKuzWsYDAbhcWq1WpjNZkFhqah/dnYGvV4v3GGNRoP/R9l7/0Z5puvj+VeOVjo6v+xRtFEUraIoQFhCQtYpkIUsLYQEEKHIgDDIlsHgcQWPezdu4CZXhLFlG8u913GvcptxmZEbCJJI2evzg7/Xk9v3vsOe7w8jzMz7PvUu112e+7l16xbm5uZQU1OD6elpdHV14ejRo8jOzkZmZiZevHiBhYUFhISEmLuCqS/PnTuHxMREtLa24uTJkyY3b3V1FQEBAbh16xYyMjLMKVLK0PHxccTHxyMuLg5PnjxBUVERiouLTa7d1NQUbt68ienpaSQnJyMoKMiEHysrK03dvJCQEAwMDCApKQnp6enw9fVFfn4+7t+/by7OTklJQW5uLjo7OxETE4OEhAQMDAwgNzfXXPlEw0oCKOIFiRMIwmTeKHWldPZID+Ti4iJiY2Nx584dE4q9ffs2RkdH8ezZMwQGBsLf3x8lJSXmXuU7d+5gbGzM6EkrwCVDjPxbp9pIXSuv7dLvbWxs4B2ZCEwESaUvwZbHs3PEkydTpNdKelCYk8TwmPSYrK/vlIVobm7G+vrOtQQnT540NTOSk5MxMjKCoKAgU62alyw/f/4cZ8+exbfffmvc1j/88APOnj2LgIAAHDt2DLW1tfDz88P58+eRnJwMX19f1NbWwmazwcfHB+fOncP9+/fhcrnQ1NSE8PBw3L9/Hw8ePEB7ezsaGhpw5swZ+Pn5ITw8HNevX0dOTo45Qp+Tk4MXL15geXkZzc3N5gbzwcFB8/fs7CyqqqrMSZ7s7Gykpqaak2j5+fkoLCzclZxJtzfBKy1o5gVI64nP09KVHknmEsj4uNu9U2fpyy+/xMjICBwOBy5evIjnz59jYWHB1JNaXl5GUlISoqOjjcC6dOmSOZ1ZX1+Pv//976YeDq8sWlvbKenAXACXy4XDhw+jvr4ei4uLOH78OEpLS+FyuXDp0iU8fPgQq6urxptD5dfV1QVfX1+TIxgUFGQOV7x48QIPHjwwyZisbry5uYnS0lLk5eVhZWUF2dnZOHPmDAoKCuB2u9HU1ITZ2VkDNEZHRxETE4Ouri7Ex8fjyJEj+OGHH5CZmYkzZ84Yr9fa2houXrxoahnFx8ejoaEBN2/eRHx8POLj49HU1GToJC0tDTdv3sSZM2cQHh6O48ePo6CgAKdOnUJmZibu3buH06dP4/r16zhy5AgaGxtx9OhRnDhxwoT+eMz6+PHj8PX1xZEjR5Cfn4/vv/8egYGBpvIz68n88MMPCA8PNyGG4uJifPnllzh79qwp9hsREYHc3FycO3cO7e3tuHbtGsLCwpCVlWWueKmvr0dwcDB8fX0RGxuLwsJCHD58GMnJydje3kZraytCQ0MxMTGBoaEh3Lx5E729vWhvb8eVK1fMwZRr166hvr4eTqcTAQEBOHPmjAG8ra2tcDqdSEtLg5+fH27cuIHOzk6EhIQgJiYGHs/OaeXMzEwz/8ePH+PUqVMmNBseHo7c3FwkJCTAz88PJ0+exO3bt2G32/Ho0SNcv34d58+fx5UrV/DDDz/g6dOnuHr1KgoKCnDt2jWUlZXh3LlzuHbtGq5cuWIOxMzNzSEgIAD379/H999/bxRKUVERbty4gZiYGDQ0NODOnTu4c+cOjh49ai7bzczMxA8//IC4uDjjcaSXyGazoaGhAZGRkQgLC0NaWhrq6+vh4+ODZ8+ewc/PD7dv34afnx8uX76MnJwc+Pj4ICwsDIcPH0Zvby9++OEHnD59Gjdv3kRfX5+5ZqykpATp6enY3NxEcHCwCa8yp4e1ACMiIpCUlITp6WmUlZVhfHwcz58/N/TLeoQzMzMICgrCjz/+iPj4eOTm5iIrK8sYehMTE4iMjMS9e/cQExODe/fuGYOFxZxjY2ORkZGBe/fuobKyEpcvX4bdbse1a9dw9+5dBAYGIiYmBunp6aa0Q3BwMJKTk2Gz2VBfX4/09HQ0NTUhIyPDGDETExNobm6Gr68vPB6PqR9GD1NqaqoJ0TU0NKC0tBQvX77E7OwssrKyzCnm2tpalJeXY3NzEw6HA5mZmUZuMrGcxh3fe/36NbKzs9HZ2YnXr18b+U3DLzMzE52dndjc3ERPTw+qq6uNh6utrc0An8rKSmPU0sM1NTWF6elpTE5Omvy2iYkJ4/XjiXcefuEl78eOHTMnsufn5zE5OWnyRF+8eIGqqip4PB5jxLNO4drazj2OExMTxtvndrvx8OFDNDQ0mFPLCwsLxqjmAZG5uTlsbu5cbcY6bzykROBH2e92u82J6Pn5eeTk5Jg8Uen90bl0MreS+EOGiQnKPB6PiXbwPepAHpqjzlxcXDRjkzmzjGSEhYWZk+E84CA9WzJUaJWrJcOKBFvyhKLERPyYpHnphZIf6a3Kysoyp6dkgzpkxXeY9CZRYWdnJ2pra83i8iTVyMiICWG5XC50dHRgcnLSMP3Kyoq5DJcWMS0wj8djLr0lkTDnaH19Hd3d3WhpacHY2Niuu6g8Ho8pKUGkLN3XLpcLpaWlyM7ONl4lEhVPOrIPAiCn04mSkhKMj4+bZFKP549k1/7+fnP6SsabZbXx7e1t/Prrr5iYmDBHzDc2NnbdJk+3ON9j2I/ub5n4urm5afKx2A73Z2FhwbhmmTjNS1BlCQJ62Ej0DofDMAILn9LD19vba7ymPPbLUgQs0vjbb7+ZI7nMh2BNFFriPP5OzxnXeHFxEa9fvzaXIXMd5T1mc3NzaG1tNSURaEFJ4ud8BwYGcPfuXXR0dJgKzh6Px8T+FxYWUFZWhjt37pjqyE6nE5ubm7vKQPz666+7KnWPjIzsWjPSD61W1pqjAOVarq2tGQHIfeM6sL7M2tqaOVVGD+HQ0BAcDgfm5uYwOjpqwiGkZelJY+iUHhLW35HH2vPz8/HFF18gMDAQY2NjmJ2dhc1mMyfbWPNGlkHgIQAaDf39/aioqMDMzMyuGw3m5uZQVlaG1tZWLC0t/VsyPsfK71jKgR+OfX193azZ4uKioV163ngP6sjICPz9/TEyMoK4uDi0t7cbnme+B3maoJue2VevXplE/eHhYbOmExMTGBgYMIWEWVm7ra3N0IfH4zHFnWmJb2xs7FKkPKHN2khrazvVuH/++Wc4HA7Ex8eba3J6enoML9CzyDtZX758abyOshbTmzdvUFJSgunpabM+NK55ypi5UQQgIyMjht64tywTwdwoeTWXlPGvXr0yuZa8lYAGJPMvWQqAzzE/k/KUngYeQmIB3l9++QW//fbbrue4j1IJbm/v3FJBpc5TjTx0w1Aj+5bK9ddffzV0x+eZg8Nwojw9SvklT0hS/jENgnqqt7fXlHORITXynL7Ng3pneXkZ7e3t6OjoMB5thjKZf/avf/3L3NLBXDVduoRrRjmwvLxT8Jr0L71QXEf5PWmCeZxMt2H+mJS3NCLphCFokukjlN900lBWSVmtc5I5Fq4/5S3pne1LuUsvGT8vX740pz9luJk4Rnq9JADTqTTaOyYrDWjA5fF4dl9ebXVSkRu1sbGBnJwcEyqyShDT8VgZ+uIzAwMDaGlpMYpfMg4XjkKHYIRjkrVYSNQkOjIAN5KbzHwiEinzHNxut9lYbjwBAoHD8vKyudyawkkSDQEH5766umrc3Kwnxruuuru7TT5YU1MT2tradiXssQ3WG2ltbcXw8LAJ3XCcJByZAFlXV4eamppddVMkEzC/THrVSIRS4bAPmaejgaG0TmROF+lFMjsJUAsnCXhIM1wDCgOusczxkbk+ktbkyTImobrdbjx79gxTU1PmpoCBgQEjABYWFtDX14eZmRlTQZ1zdLvdqKmpMUBoa2sL1dXVyMjIwMDAAAYGBjA/P28OWlBAUviwBtfAwIDxAC0vL5tQgNPpRHFxsSnYSLDw4sULo1hkLRwKa5kwKuuJSSGgrUE5NplULfeIPCZBNuvo8NL19fWdmk+kM5Zp0DKCRgxBy/j4OOrq6kzR37a2NnR3d2N5eRnd3d0YHx83l0SzX4JMrrXOseF60ZCQhgaBHsNtLHfAccTFxaG0tNTwIkEurd/R0VGMjIwYQ4y/Ux5QDkjZRIOivb0d0dHRyMzMNHX9CBrI3xIMUtCTZuhhWVlZwfT0tDmI0dbWZuiYMpJ8Lg1l7iX5kp6Ily9fori42Jz0nJqaQnt7O7q7u81VbZSv9E50dXXB4XBgbGzMnCqk8UhvO+c+NzeHhoYGY6zyN56q47zl6THKAOmx53pJepYlNGhEUrZTZhAAcD1kaIdeBypqeWKRgItrR+BCGcbkc5lvqwEY15ppErL0xMbGBmZmZlBYWIju7m4T4aFDQJ4cp7yjvJRAg6VRmDRPLwtlujy5SVogv1CGyGiK9OhIjxJ1q5TV7Is0zz2SB+XIB6QHnYdMcCbv+5X7wbFJ7CA9VxwHATzbol7hHnHsXCO5n6Q59u9yuUxIkQff2CbxgvZYyaie/rBt7QmTIUW32/1HHS4ZypLZ/lKZZmdnG8Al45kaxWkgJuOtw8PD6O7utnQp8v8SXJApdeyXQkoW39SMzDHKDSRz8v9UZCRMeiwkQ3MR5UbrcJ4UzhUVFVhaWoLD4cCtW7dQUVGBJ0+eoLa2Fvn5+SbMyJAZx0ElExMTg8rKSly/fh3Dw8MIDw83Y3O5XLuu82BFdYZfR0ZGTFFCFqKkUCLzEmxJNE/LVDK6tA7kXtEa5drwBIm0EijQuG4kQnqAyBwSjHP/2BYFmxQCmiE5NqfTacoJ0MKvrq7G8PAwgoKC4O/vby4wHRoaQllZGWpqamC3203RQHpUeMqPd7X9+uuvRsgvLy/j3r175moom81mSjrwxOTa2hoyMjLMNUIpKSkml4meDwo30tL8/DxiYmIQFBRkvCAURqQ5utEJTDyeP+41ZHv0NnBt+H+uubQEmUxMwa/XlEYKhRiNFKls2BYVYWNjo8nxWFxcRHd3t0kB8Pf3R3x8PEpKShAbG4vp6WkkJSXhzJkzxlu1sbFhQvOxsbEICQkxXkIWmeR8mpubTW4ihR09YUwKTkxMxLNnz2C327G0tGS8r5Qf8mDK8vIyamtrcenSJczMzGB1ddXMk6cymYLB76gEtYHKPSGQlWETCY6l/JBpHTRGCT5JWzJ3VvZPzwBlGSvBt7S0YH19HU+ePIHD4UB3d7c5yBMYGIienp5de8/yHY8fP0ZSUhJyc3NRUVGB4uJiA9ZYFZx7Ty9cWVmZoR8W/eWBJ5liIpWX5Bmp2OgN9Xg8xqMsjQsqfRlh4PpRMb+IKyT1AAAgAElEQVR69cqcmJYgjB44ypc3b97gzZs35nd6LeQzEnARMEiwJUNPEvwxL7i0tBSbm5toamoyITZ5wpreKPISwa3cZ9IIgawGLfpEH+mRgIL7RSNO0rMsh0Fa1yBGeu82Nzd3hSY5JtI315LrJ3WHdJzQO8n+uIfcZ/Yr+YQ8SbnF9SZo0niBBoIMF87NzcHX1xd9fX278AtpjjJaGv7cAyuQJb2r2vPF3z2e/68Ol5ycDi2yI7fbbUKKHJD0dEiPlwZS0iIbHBw0ly5zkZm/xL5+//13w/xcKBImN4DhFiawSg/L1tYWfv/9d7OAJBCemJMgy+l04rfffjMAgqCMC8iFY3HPhYUFcxEwiY5Im+vU1NSEyclJTE1NmcTfmZkZcyVGSkoKIiIiTPkIAiK32436+nr8/PPPaGlpQUJCAurq6nD8+HFkZ2cjOzsbsbGxuH//Pq5cuYLh4WGkpqaivLzc5E5cunQJQUFBuHr1KmJiYozSIGiQSpd7yLlR6RGYSe+b9jByr1gnSzM6BRv3S4ILXsTM/7M9ggPSF/ecbnGOn8KX9EdhMjg4iJCQEFPYtLq6GsvLy2Z9mNBvt9tx+fJljI6O4tq1a6itrTV7Tc/Ld999Z/L4ysvLDb38/vvvSE9PR2JiIsbHx/H111+jr69vl7JzOp24fv26ORFYUVGB5ORknDp1ytSEi42NhZ+fH+Li4jA3N4fU1FTYbDacO3cOnZ2duH37tikHkJGRYcIoHKc8Gk/B8ubNG+NNIRgjX9CLQCVHJSgFFMGBLNXAcg3kUwJTeXKXsoNhhPLycsTHx2NhYcGUTHA6nbh79y4qKyuxvr6OK1euoLq6GrOzszh58qS5l1MCoGvXriEkJARxcXEIDg42oXWn04lffvkFWVlZuy6kZ3id+/jw4UPExsZieHgYOTk5GBoawmeffYb4+HjcuHEDiYmJePDgAWJiYsyp1kePHuHw4cNwOBzIyclBfX09UlJSEBcXZ2qRSe+99AzQqKEiYbh1bW3nMm7KJ+4jZQ49LlTiLPXC5/gd2+X+UDHTq0sDhgA1Li7OlAQJDw+H0+k0dwa6XC4kJiaivr7ehE0ZLr98+TKam5vR1dWFkpISXL58GVeuXEFOTg5u3bqF9vZ2nDx5EqWlpRgeHjYlAQoKCuBwOBAYGGiuj2JJB8pueujolV5fXzdeoe3tbROmpDyhfJIeB9Iw11JGO2TZG6kw+a5sh8qbsuS3334z4Ifvb25uGkCm29nY2NhlBElvEcf18uVL1NTUoKamBr/++iuys7N3OSWk14eRFRo65Ic3b97s8uJIjyblDteFtE8vFvtgCRS3+48yGbLOGOXEL7/8YtaS37Nt6vp//etfu+QJx0OdQr6g7JBGIMEwnSFsg3qC9cekF557QmeP7I9/c59kxInA3+12m7JFNOZWV1dx9+5dcwiI+yuxi8zX4trJ9kmz8qCazgPj31y7d2QD8m+riWVkZOyqzaQ9U/Iddk5FzTY7OzvNPXhyoyVKlCE+jomoVlrTbrfbnGQjuiaBSC+YZHhpgUr3tbQyNYHJ8b169cp41ij4CB5oPdTX15uq5zwWvry8jAcPHmB4eBjV1dVIS0tDRUWFqUbOd/v7+2G323H27FlcvHgRtbW1sNvtJveHd1MFBQWhsrISqampWFhYQGhoKKanp9Ha2oq7d++itLR0l9Usrz+SYV4qBalANEiSng8+yw8Fl7QKZF0T6aFkf/yOwoofCRQosCRdSCEoy0Nsbu6cVuzq6oK/v7/JneOpx7KyMkRERMDlcpnyArwo+cqVKybvhUAkLy8Pvr6+SEpKQn19vbnCiXufkpJiiowGBARgaGjI1L3hmJKTk3HixAkcP37cXOzq7++P4eFhlJWVITY2Fk+ePMHt27dRVFSErKws1NXV4cSJE1hcXERKSgqCg4Px+PFjOBwOY1lrq5pKgwBKKhJ6Gfk9lTbnSqHItZRWp7b6CHQ0j5O/6L3Z3t7G8+fP8eDBA8zNzWFkZASlpaVYW1tDQECASTomGJqYmMCxY8eMcUWhTU8MDwfk5OSYnDTmnty4cQOnT59GRUXFLmFIOq6rq8OlS5dw4cIFBAQEmMLGPT09pqRMa2srYmNjsbCwgICAANTW1uLw4cMYGxtDQkIC0tLSEBcXh+7ubszOzpr1kKFBnrCkrKPCIgCXeVM01uRc5VrT+KJ8lWE4KiGpTKiw6eGgHHI6ncjNzUVDQwM2NnaKb3Z2duLmzZvo6enB+vpObisrgnPf5+bmkJOTg+vXr8Pf3x9lZWWw2+0oKyszJ/8mJiaQn5+PqqoqhISEoKGhAcXFxSgsLMT6+ro5ZZifn/9v4IEyncBLeuakd4QgVRruMlQjvQcEKdLrIENBrFMoPY38WxocXGsCe7fbbcKwW1s7hacXFhZ28RLlGB0A5AvmMXo8HpSVlSErKwvb29vm3teNjY1dOcrLy8vm4vmtrS2TcrK9vVOkeHp62gBLXvW1urpqQDJ5kYVjt7e3TTL92toa2traTF3C5eVl5OXlmbt/q6urUVdXZ5wSvb29Rnd2dHQYI25sbAzt7e1YXV01hxRYtYAniz0ej6n19vLlS9TX1yM1NdXo9KqqKhNFYnmera0t1NTUoKCgAKurq+jr60Nubq6hzerqanNgb2ZmxiT6r63t5B8+evTIGIeUl273Tt293NxcswZFRUUm6rO+vg673W7usZSRGEln0okkQRflrzR6Je7RQIvY5R3pyZLWm0R6/I23pEtXp3SfSaQv3W3MT1hfX0dLSwtaW1uNsO/p6TH5EZWVlSYfIi0tzRyDfvz4McbGxgyTFRcXY3p6Gqurq6bwIZEs29va2kJ3dzc6OjqwsrJTH2h8fBxutxvT09PmNMP09DTa2tqM2/rp06dmowcGBlBbW2vWpaGhwZQx6OrqQmVlpXGzV1ZWGuuysLAQ8/PzqK+vNwUqMzMz8ejRIyQnJ5saPYmJieb4LMHbixcvTLHUmzdvory8HPfv30d9fb3xzmRkZODMmTN4/vw5YmJi0Nvba64tcLlcePjwIZ4/f461tTXk5+ejs7MTmZmZpkp9fn6+EboTExN49OiRYcTCwkKTQN3R0WFOVI6NjSEuLs7crZeeno729nZzurGmpgarq6soKytDTk6OoaO0tDQ8ffrUFJt79OiROZXT3d2N3t5euN079xPygld6SehFkVcl8UAFrV6Hw2HmTcC1uLho8kpIPzylaLPZkJeXh/7+fvj5+cFut6Ovr88og7GxMfz4449ob2/H2bNnzXFrCvmVlRWkpqYaJX3x4kUUFBSgqqpqV5L6jRs3UF1djbKyMly4cAGNjY0ICAgwhXgTExMRGxsLm82G/Px8FBQUoLW1FadOncLg4CDGxsbw7bfforS01BQw5VHu+vp6oxza29vNyc6JiQl0dHSYtX/+/DmmpqawubmJ3t5ejIyMGM8sa+Ftbm6ivb3dJF5zHWWuGfN8enp6zEXrq6ur5i45t9uNzs5ODA0NYXFxES0tLQgICDB3nebl5WFmZgZ3795FbGwsxsbGcP78ebS0tGBubg5HjhxBQ0OD8bg5nU5kZ2fj4cOHSEpKwk8//YT8/HwMDw/D49lJLCbt2+12BAQEmPHRgHE6ncjKykJVVRUcDgeCg4PR1taGS5cuYWRkBNXV1Th//jzKysoQHh4Oh8NhgLiPjw+GhobQ1dWFq1evoqioCC6XC/X19aYoKK9SWVpawtTUFDo7O+Hx7JwKY76O2+3G2NgYJicnzby6urqMUmW+1ubmJiYnJ81pztXVVXNLwurqKhwOB9ra2owx1NHRsUtpMZH/1atXGBgYMDI0OTkZNTU1ePnyJbKzs9HV1WXof3Z2FomJiejq6kJZWZk5SDM/P4+UlBS0tbWhpaUFkZGRCAkJwdOnT1FXVwe73Y729nakpqaiuroa9+7dQ21tLUpKSlBcXGw8/Pfv38fi4iLGxsbM6b3JyUnU1dWZ/amvrze5YX19fSguLsbm5k6+Ka/MWl/fKVfT1NRkDi9kZmYarwf58+XLlxgZGTGXsHs8Hjx+/NjwbWdnJ2JjY40HmpXQNzc3UVNTg8LCQgOq7t69a0618aS72+023sGtrZ2czpSUFAP67Ha7mf/KygqSkpLMlTjR0dFISkrC6uoqcnNzzWGfsLAwNDc3Y3NzE62trQgKCjK6y2azmdzdqqoqY7R4PB5zMpMh8KamJkMLGRkZxnipqanBxMQEXC6XqWlJj2hMTIw5vVhRUYHy8nKTitHQ0IDt7W1MT0+juLjYHB5pb29HUVER1tfXTQpEe3s7XC4XysvLTcmMkZERE13p6OgwtbEWFxeRmZlp6g52dHQgLy8PS0tLqK2tRVVVFdzuneK6qampBpS/ePECdrvdHPBJTk5GZ2cnNjY20NHRYWrjLS0tmUr1lE8Ee6urq4iKisLExIQxiNLS0sxaSQCvPVMy4ifBk3YqELjTOUAalVHEd3SD8kV2zBdSU1NN7J6uc7rU5bUJHBB/50a63Tu1Upqbm40lWFhYiOXlnTvlLl26BIfDgZmZGVy+fBk9PT3Y2NjAnTt30N7eblyUDx48MJe0NjQ0GIU+NTWFhIQEzM3N4c2bN6ipqUFraytWV1fx5MkTlJeXG+IrLCyE0+nEwMCAQfuzs7OIjo42QK+pqQmpqamYn5/H/Pw80tLSDDhra2tDVlYWPJ6d02xlZWXmyGlNTQ2cTifa2tqQl5eHwsJCc33H3NwcIiMjTU4FwRE3bXBwEBUVFUhLS0NKSgrGx8eRnZ2NJ0+emIKcjx49QmBgoKkI3NnZiZaWFoyMjJiyEz09PRgYGMDjx49RX1+PgoIC1NTUYG1tDQkJCaiursb29jaamppw9uxZY9HYbDY0NjbC4/GYStcct7+/P0ZHR7GwsICzZ8+irKwMKysrsNvtePbsGVwul6lKTcvQZrMZK2N+ft54+VZWVpCWlobq6mp4PB5UVlYiODgYU1NTGB8fR1hYmPEMBgcHY3h4GG/evMHQ0BASEhIMQM7PzzceDrvdbhTr4uIiKisr4XA4cOfOHVy8eNHUzVlcXERycjJu3bqFoKAgc2T7119/hcvlQlJSEoKCgpCcnIxvv/0WbW1txuvQ3d2Nn376CZcuXYLdbjdJzTdv3txF7zk5OUhLS0N8fLxJtj979ixSUlIwMTGB8PBwxMfH45///Cdqa2sRGRkJu91uiqXOz88jPz/f3BV6+vRptLe3o6KiAkePHjVHnn19fVFWVgaPx4P4+Hjcv3/f5GewcObW1hYiIiIQHx9vkvkvXLhgEkaDg4ORm5uL2dlZdHV1ITw83OQJHj9+3CiF3NxcREZGmnpwAQEBpkxIQkICcnNzsbKygkuXLuHGjRvo7u7G5OQkSkpK0NjYCLvdbgwNXu1SWlqKoKAgBAYGmrst6Qn//vvvkZmZiatXryIiIsIYew6HA76+vsjJyUFxcTFOnz6NlJQUXL9+3RhM6+s7NeCio6ORl5eH1NRUeDwe3Lt3D1VVVZienkZERARCQkJw9epVLC4uIiEhAZmZmfD390dTUxOWl5eRkJCAwcFBOJ1OXLlyxYSJ/fz8jAzKy8vDhQsXzLH0o0ePGm9IeHg40tPTsbW1Uz/uu+++M/eyXrhwAQUFBdjY2EBeXh58fHzMvXRfffUVHj16ZIymH3/80XgMv/nmG1P09sGDB8jNzTV0d+fOHWMAnjt3zhguiYmJGB4extTUFGJjY+Hv74/09HSsrKwgMDAQfX19JuTy4sUL5OfnIy8vD0+fPkVNTQ1u3LiB3t5eNDc3Izw8HDExMcjMzDQe+ezsbCQkJGBtbQ1dXV14+vSp4ZewsDCTjF9RUWG83Q0NDRgbGzNzZg4Y5frIyAhev36NoaEhTE1NGQ8PQc/s7Kw5kLG9vVMmoru72yhCeoloWA4MDBhPUEtLi0kD4Z2BjIL09vYaR0FjYyOWlpbw+vVrcyqXXjAZ4uUBKJlPRYDMCv9bW1vGGJWnsqmMCcyZEyo90NTTr1+/Nhe/0+PJqM/q6uouryfHuL6+buQFQT73mgYunR5SfzNsSa8pjR167qanpw3AkFEserl0hEOGO9mHPJTFyAvbk5Ejjk3eAEBjRUZUeMCGOIZRLxkpY47wkydPzIlKerikd0p7uXQ4UT4jgRV/s0q5+rdK8zImKgGX2+024QAJxmTIhwRGVzvdxwyXUVg6HI5dybZcFHnMn6iTi8O+CPY4RrlJ0pXM37kpeiwEieybCJnuU/7GtuUGcoFXVlbw22+/GQLk7319fSb0Sg8hXcByPh6PZ9elpCQyzlUeQ6bLVHoQ2T7j3rxKiKcbaelyHrQsuVckTJn8KJmHAoTuU7q+ZbiPXifuPddZhpvpVZHEKy9jZlkAKlQZomF+hTydyoRWGfIi8dMKJCiWOS28ioMMwItpmSvCHByG5zwej8lB4HsM0XG+Gxs7l0s/e/bMjI+MJw9hUKDIfihAuUa//PKLqVt14cIFZGZmGq+PPBnIeTK0IWmf42TYkCEb7ivzKSjs6aHipe4yt8btdpvwB5Ud1477wf2iIGR7zLMbHx9HUVGRWRPSshS8/Jf5eouLiyZkPzMzY4rRynA1QSX3nl4n8hPH/+bNm111zmS+J9+XtXm4L1NTU0hPTzdg0+l0Gi/g8vIyJicnd9GBvGzc7XabsNTm5qbxJHLvKEOYS0LZwnIxr169MnxKZSPvsmQZCSlbpKzhvpA23rx5g/T0dIyMjGB1ddWENSnHGP4iPzO8xvXg9V9cO1lSgZEOhq+7urpMYVKZc0fDnDKMSlOmLpDOeILvt99+23UCjjzFlALOW54ClW3LE4OvXr3Cr7/+avTCmzdvTOiN+yTDnJSZTCOQDgQZ+SE9SMXL+fCEKNt7/fq1qUko8/6k3iEPsk4XaYn0Lg8hUG5Q7sg0HrazuLiIly9fYnFx0Xj+GYqkjOWzlBXcL57cpR7hTSpyzMwjZN4sdRx5mmFL5mbK/FCuP8u8SDAo04T44RpQxnCtSVOSr1lhgPQiaZpy6MmTJ7tOwEpMI3MArVKPJLCSuk3Sn0xN4vPvSEKVbjPtUmMcmAwpBa+OeXJiMu7O/9ODIUEM+yE6pTLhQkigROIiUROoSEAkw5lkGkmMUiBTYZAYuNncSPYt+yMw5EaQIKhgGxoaMDU1ZeZC5UKGlMmwJEzOVQI6MiFDa/ybzCGP8NNikaCN7XDe3C+OQeYy8Dmuo1VugwZgXHcJAqnsNTCkdUHBzt9k0iEFE2lLA1COm/TCOejkewI1MjqtN645gbucq7SsSEdcE+4/BTfnQ+UphTDHw+f0GhK0SfczeY3CgcqdpQU0L+lj79LC4ofKTdKQBFLSGuNazM3N7TJm9Ile8gTBO9eWH7m3XBeWWiCfSeuacybNSB6X+VHkISsLlgaFzAPiXDkOftgO94hGkeZ1qWCo3Lq7u9Hf32+AG4U5x0DFSF4kX3IO0vggLVBx8cCKbIu0yH2XdCA9EORZ0jTnyOc3NnbyTktKSkx4mUqV7/FDQC77klEP7qE8KEGe5jMyL5d8KZUh5ac0Mjl/9kv5TRDKqvrcL9IZvTOUb+RHefKRhgD5n3KCbRAQSLlCAMErYKanpzEwMICRkRFMTEyYK3jGxsYwPDyMgYEBjI6OYnR0FMPDw+jv70dvby/GxsbQ2dmJgYEB9PX1weFwICYmxtSF7OrqQl1dHZqbm9He3o4XL16goqICFRUVKCgoQF5enolu5OTkICMjAwUFBSguLkZiYiIePXqER48e4fHjx8jNzUV5eTmKi4tRWlqKkpIS5Ofno6SkBDk5OcjOzjbV8Bkl4c0Mjx8/RnJyMlJSUvDo0SOkpaUhMzPTXFmWnp6O9PR0JCcnIykpCTExMYiIiEBsbCyysrJMnmNaWhpycnKQk5ODrKwsk0KTmppqrgrKzc1FTk6OabewsBCZmZlIS0tDRkYGKisrzY0EZWVlqKysxPPnz1FSUoKKigo0NTWhpqYGTU1NaGlpMbehdHZ2ore3Fz09Pejq6kJXVxf6+vowPj6Ovr4+tLW1obOzE2NjY4b2W1paTG4caU7KYx1e5O/ScaBBlwwpyjzxXYBLxyI1CKOwZaXi8vJycycWP0VFRXj8+DGys7PNvw8ePEBERARSUlJgt9sRHh6OrKwsFBUVITs7GwUFBYiKikJcXJypJk0XvN1uN7esx8XFISEhwVwdkZ6ejoSEBKSmpiI1NdWEbhITE829UklJSYiPj0d0dDSSk5MRGRlpiJT3KmVlZSE6OhohISHw8/ODr68vgoKCEBUVhaioKKSmpiI+Ph4RERGw2+2IjIxEZGQkrl+/bvJ/oqOjcePGDVy7dg1xcXG4fPmyqWZts9kQGBgIm82Ghw8fIiUlBXl5eSb3hHdD8nb1a9eumastyCQM40RERCAuLs5cBnvp0iX4+/sjJCQEgYGBuH37Nm7evImwsDCzjqwKHRYWhri4OCQlJZmwTnJysrkwNy0tDY8ePUJSUpJhwMLCQtTV1eHx48d48uSJEQSZmZkoLS1FWVkZCgsL0djYiObmZvT09JgwZl1dHbKzs/Hs2TP09vaira0NjY2NqKqqQltbG+rq6lBbW2uEmMPhMIwzODiI1tZWtLW1oaurCwMDAxgcHDQ31nd3d6OhocFc3dTY2IimpiaUlJTsYriBgQG0traipaUFLS0taGpqQldXF9rb29HW1rarjRcvXqCmpgY9PT3meqnJyUlUVVWhoaHBFF5sbW3Fixcvdr1TU1OD2tpaU2vt+fPnKC4uRlFRERobG1FTU4P8/Hw0Nzfj+fPnKCoqgsPhQE1NDaqqqlBVVWXWY3R0FNXV1WhubkZzczOamppQXV2N58+fo7u72wiZ6upqNDQ0oKmpyRTqHB8fN6Cgt7cX3d3daG9vR0tLi6l11dvbi4mJCUxPT8PlcmF4eNhcMC2vC6E1PDExgcnJSaOgWY9qYmLCVLleWFhAb28vZmZmzDVLExMTGBkZQVdXFyYmJtDT02PGMDs7i6GhIXOVksPhwMTEBAYHB82VS6xfNjo6irGxMYyMjGBhYcHk+/Aye14TNDMzY55jOwyzDw8Pm1sf5ufnMT09bWrkraysYHBwEF1dXabYrsPhMGs4OjqKwcFBk0NFGuNc2BbXaXBw0Chdh8OBzs5OU6CV5VwITsfHx01odnh42ChkreBnZmYwOjpqrmliYVsWTh0cHDS5qh0dHeju7ja1ztra2sx3JSUlCAkJQWRkJIKDg43CjI+Ph91uN7LhwYMHRm7b7XbEx8cjNjYWcXFxiIiIQGpqKkJDQ40Ms9lsePTokWk7MjISDx8+RHBwMMLDw829o/fv34efnx+Cg4MRGBgIu92O0NBQhIWFITQ0FPfv30dAQACCg4ONvIyLi0NkZOSu70NCQhAfH4979+7BZrPBZrOZmyQePnyI6OhoI9Oo2Pmd3W5HamqqmW9iYiKio6MRFRVlxhgUFITbt28jKirK5AcGBwfj7t27CAgIQGBgIG7duoU7d+6YC+0pw2/fvm2q59++fRsBAQGIjIxEVlYW4uPjcevWLVy+fBk2m82cfOX1WqWlpUhNTUVGRgYSEhIQGRmJhIQEozuTkpKQnZ2NoqIiPHv2DKWlpaisrER9fT2qq6vx9OlTQwNdXV3o6enB4OAgJicn0dHRYfiDddVI7wMDA4bmyW+sv9bf329Oq46MjBga7e/vR3t7u8k1ZeUB0h3l7MDAAIaGhtDf32/aHx0dNfTa2tpq6Ly/vx+Dg4OYnZ01sor3flK20NvGIsRM9SHwlh5xPseQLsslSecFjS8WxaUzQQIk/ZFRFWl4S6eTNIr1CcZ3pJdBehW0t4vWalxcHOLi4lBYWIji4mJUVFTg+fPnePbsGQoKCpCbm4vi4mJDBHl5eabg4ePHj5GYmGiIOT4+Hg8fPjS5MAkJCYiIiDBMFBISgrt37+L27du4desWwsLCcOPGDcO4ERERhpl45Up4eDiioqIQHx+PlJQUc/FsUVERSktLkZmZifDwcAQEBCAoKAihoaGIiIjArVu3zHVCt2/fRmpqqgF4FD4PHz5EUFAQYmJiEB0djbi4OISHhyMlJQWpqanGcmA9qLt37+L+/ftG+PDz8OFDY1FERUUZsJmYmGhybVJSUgyQTE1NNZcIJyQkIC8vz1xpw3950o1XbGRmZhpAmJCQgLCwMISFhZn5cN7R0dFGKIaHhyM0NHSXQKXwvH//Pu7fvw+bzWZA3Y0bNxAQEACbzWYEGgV2ZGSkufQ4MjISUVFRRiBzTLzy6PHjx0hLS4PdbkdMTIyhiYcPH5q2OB7OgX9TACcnJxu6io2NRVhYGPz9/WGz2XDnzh08fPgQiYmJZv8pLENCQozAvnHjBm7dugU/Pz/cuXPH5BZJoRkfH4/s7OxdQJwgNjY2FtHR0eb6EqnEwsLC8ODBA6SkpJj5BQcHIzY21sybyo/7Tzp68OABwsPDkZCQgLi4OKSmppp1p+Dmc9xzrmtERASCgoJw584d+Pv7m/29ffs2QkNDTe4YDY/IyEjDQ35+fggNDUVISIiZI+8EpUGSkZGB6Ohow7OXL182OVwXLlyAr68v/Pz8zAW+AQEBuHr1Kn788Uf4+vrC398fP//8M86ePYuff/4Zp0+fxs8//4yrV6/i8uXL5oolf39/nD17dpcRExYWhoSEBKM47XY7UlJS4O/vj7t37yIoKAhXrlwx/Hfz5k2EhoYaPs/IyMC1a9fg7+8Pu92OwMBAQws2mw1RUVGw2Wzw9/c39BAeHg5fX19cv37d8AP38+7duwgPDzftPHjwAMnJySguLkZxcbFR4JGRkYiLi8ODBw+MQr927Rr8/PwMGOF8oqOjcffuXdhsNtMfjSnOKzEx0fzOq4SCg4Nx584dJCUlIS8vz8jY5ORkZGVlITlhccMAACAASURBVCUlBZmZmSgsLEReXh4eP36MoqIiZGZmoqioCEVFRWhubobD4cDg4CCePXtmPA6FhYUoLy9Ha2sr6uvr0dzcjJqaGnNSra6uzhhMLKDKGoEMy9JbtbKyYk4ly5Pp9FC+efMG8/PzcDqdu0oysHQQFSU9oHzm9evXJt2D3/3222/mJo9Xr179W/0t9vnLL7+YUh2///67CXPSA8h32BbTOhiq5L9MVWC/VLosr8K219fXTbv0qsjra1jGYWFhYZcHkWF2psDIqBE9fMy5luvLU9zyRggZPaHHUUaPZCiYnk56k6Unmp5mfkdQIr3NnBfHJD3KMs2AOIReeA1+pPdXhnw5XhnepXed4EjmxVl5st6WxyWjXQRcMtJHmpT0yrbeYYiFG6+Tw2RYSMfdtTdMxzd1e95inlahTBkPl2FMGTqUfes+rMbA90gccm78noQkCUUSsfzear6a+LghMgzAfmRoT7sprfrlHnAzrdZJhpVk7hs3XY+XxCLdnzKnRsexrdaVloIMNch8Oh3flm3zQwHHUIxkKo5bErMMVVuNV7uF5UcW7ZQhQ45XJnXKsKJkTvmRoUqugQ4Xyme1JWS1ZwzBWllJsnaP7EvuI/ulIWVFI5pn9fpJnpTzl/3LecnwkRR0MvdFygPJX5L/6FHTZRdkeFGWQJBySYejGcKUYS8p5ElrMjTLeUmvvwzByzC35C1Js3I9eaBI0o/sQ+67TtGwCk/oPBFJJ7KCuN4TyUNybKQv/sb2yBdaPkm6kkpHr4VMR7GiO/KuDpVqeUEFKsP3Wj7KFAEta2TIX+6Zlnt6r/medEjI3DVJw3JcMpfVSj9qnpPV8HVoSsoFSZ+aTrUsknJEpu2Qz2QOlKQNTYe6TX5vNV5JQ/J9K9rluOXeSZ1ipTOs9lPiBbm3ei9lCJvP6rWy0hdWOlbTmtXc5Ue2844EOVbgRW44CcOKqLQAlYPShMe+NNNo4pXCWzIw+9cIWgsG3aY3wCWJUyNrPU6rOWhhIRG9fNZKWGiAJ0GoRtMSXMh2pCUiCUt6Kyk8qWi0sJOCztueegPWep31u/pD2pCChQROQCoBshWNaOKn0LdiPj0vjlkedmAiJoEy106OU86POX9WylmesNH0L4EQc07knPg3LXaOX66vFYi14jPNi1Y8ajVHKYylHJA8o2lRJhzL92UCreZhq/HoMRNgST5ZW1szYTrSi1xHqaQZwpPJ1xyr5m+ZZ6eTfzU4lPRmpSS1kUR5IMEfgaMcv3xWG36yXa3stcyQ71MeSGCkFabeDzkXroU2cmW78ll5mEEaRVpJSZkj5YCV4pbgXgIJj2d3fS4JYqSHQQPMtylFydPkVb7HwwEanBOQaSAgZb9VyIkfXlmjPS2StyXfyfw+2ZaUfzJpm3NkW1xfCd70vugxSPBp5b3RY9egVu/T2wxBDdo1vev2rQxGPSfZlhyLbEfug5axVnJLtu/NwJdY4R25sHJQekE0KpWCRC6AVgZvQ436I5Uix0TlIy0pEpduXxKIBkl6ntKzw/akF0cyml58CT41wck1kYBLCwM+KwWUFbPq9eTeaAtLrptea6lctDWjCUp6feRcrNbPCtTIfdMEqfvTjCDBg9V832b1yH3j/kihK/dK7h2VjqRvrqO25qTwl2ui6V1+JxUv+5aAi6cgGWZg/0xO1omXkn60YH4b7cj15f+lYpI0qQGinLeWBVLxSpqQ16jIy4z5jjf+1zTG9iXg83g8JtmZgEoKUbkXGpRowakNGbYhlZreRw0atHWslR9pRxsukj/YhzZkNa9Z7bcGxBo4y/lpZWglY6Ty44EEnljzlkyv5YQ3A5kfmVDPZyStWc1b8qr0iljJFU3bmoetQJcEBtLzJ4GWDPVpY1GuLb+XBqn8nSc7JX/I+cm11PpWAy7JZ5yDrKavAZd8T9K3pA+rdZVj0kBC85d81grQWukFLeutsImUTd50ktbLmj+tALXWE9IQsNLBVnPwpr93AS5vk5dKXbv8dDhOMrpeHNm+BkJ68aRg43vSypNEIRmLiygJURKmN/eu7ltaWP9pvN7mJS0kaYFIhcJN9QYKrQCKN+tT7p22COU78gSQXGcNmOW7emza2yL3XDOGFfHJMVkxjFWf3pjWCsDJdqVVq93jEijq2LveJykA5frwGQ1odDtWc5bWP09PaUbXOQuyTxnusfJqae+lXn85Tjk/0oX0jOq11+ssPVBvkyPerM+3fTQIkJ5peoqslATHp/dP0peUDTR6rMYgvcK6hpCmUW1Ysk/Sidv9x8X39OJajc9q/6QlT48saUTKaekR1rLCSkFZzZdz5JpLj61VZEOPlXTM760AGPlJKtGtrS0DPKSckeP2xk9W8yPNaTDi7SPBmAzlaw8I29LPyP9L+SDpUYMzHRK24ncpf6xkrAaYcmykKfYn155tS5mrdYikba1z9N7LfZDzlPxg5RiwAq/6481wlLLCigelnCMtaB7geul+pKy0Ap+yb/3R4+LHVJrXjXOg2nKSk5ZgTL6vN1cLFHlUW4du9CT0hKlwqKxkzS+2wxwQlgOwCm9qsCeJViNkCQZlqMEKgMnNJZNJ74E3gKCZ09tH9qktPCsh6s1KkoJZCzStMPm79FDI/dYK3wp8y9/kPmgvjqQhKQi1tWrFWFLIyufllQ3aEpF96LWTViDHqvdJMrT+6H400CZYYV6BftdKQVLoy3FJRrcyELwBLitBJ2lAKxuupeRXyUtvU15We6fBs/6/BtvauOG/LNXw6tUr/PLLL4ZWpSdQ8rD2zHAfJM3L9zhf7VWQclMLXkkTHLvb7TbrIfdGKlfSoTZkJf16PH+E3fVYZV+SP2U7kp6sFIk3ftbKj+P1xg9Wcu5tayTDnHxPK3wrepXjkwaWlgFW4UNNa3Id9d8acMnoh5bhkr6sdKOVXNDyTK6lll+ah7Xu0l5Vze9WOkfvgwaG7F/Kk7dFu3Q78hkt9zVg0t4mbzrb2x7KD3Xx5uamAVxyra0iXJr+9f//k56WPC37+7fCp+xUChUd/5cbIAWg9mjJDdbMqwdvRaSaySUK14JBWoaaYSTIsAKIb1OYGtGzH+0e16idxM510C5juT7Sen2by14TnfYEaWArlbHeJyoQLbStlLFk8PV169wNnQ8m19WbUKNipADTTKcFkHT9a4AlBZNmqre5itmuvIRWK0AptKze1wpI0x6f14nNfIeeDxnikQpHAwEZrrJaW2+ARn/0PDlXj8fzb/OQc5PhUfIl6V8+q4W/3kutRK1oWBoxUshzPTc2NjA2Noauri4TplpbWzMnvqxArDR+JG94Gwv/L4GlVDZajulwF/maYTmuldX8rPjOSiFJb4pcdwIQgngJiDQPsSinFUiXhhj/L/mE66W9IRwb6UR64bTy5PMyL0oDTSt+Iu3Jfq14gO3K9ZGyxkqBSpkvwYEV4KKilm1KWWrFj3KdvPGYlmdSNkh6k89LL578nvOUYEnzvhyPBEsydCqNJw3+pU7XwEsDN23AyTlpUKn1MGnj/wK85F4w/Yh9UHbI/bNyingDX/8JdGlHivy8YyVkrJSJBCfeFAotLxnWs1p0KwUoBZ62CuSCWyF7Kxe0leC0YjCreVoBBq2crAhOCgApOLnRGmxJS4woXG6YN1Qvn9EWhn7HiniktU6h9jbLj+PVypD9ess70UpVCg/tfbJaf703mi7luORv3nI3yHgaZGihJ/dE9kFFYCUspSC1opv19fVdY5HvW3n4JKiUxhCFlB6zFmYS4GjFrWlUAj95YEECLyshL9uSMkAqYakg5XHwt/GnpgMt0CTA48lWFjPUYR32JfdT8qLmEfmb9ABL+cMxa7rXCkHzoORjCUY4LtmfVlxWtCFlEMe+sbFhDEIpF6Qht76+bvKR+LxMOdBKRgJISU8ENRJsvE2eSlCllbjcM+39lnyp+UvKSimLtaLT47LyWki6/78AIypqK6+tlcGodZZ8T7elZS/XQYe1tSwl8NIePT6n98lKtmh5Ld/XwE7zsZVnXcsoDSLZ/9uAquYvK0CkZZoeg9xTCcb0fKxknVwryXve9JWmWc7hHasNsEJuejJWSJaNSibQykErJT0ROWEr4CHHIRnXatx6blIIWwkYK0bzJjx0Mj3nKUGcnM/biEN6DrQg0J4qvUdWv2uFr/dBEoK2jqhctaKQ3kvt0bKiEymotEWkmVmuk1QMGsxKGtLKVwsqK2HIuWmhJ0GPXBcrq08bDd4Aql4TTZPyO+3OfhsDS9qXoQINLqQl6k0QSHBJxSvzMfTpWbkOWkly/+QpMK0wpBfXas30OlmBBQkmqKikoSNlDNdJgl2pFKysZb3P2oiysu51396UvZYJVkam9NRzfORRbwYgx8jTl7K2kgQU8j0JZjgnuTZyTrJNCSat+Fj+bSXrtNfIykMkZaoEKVa0YrVmsg8rA0jKVW9eC92XFRCQpwt1Ksrb6FrTmOQPuXZaBmqdp/lbgzyr3/XYrPQF98WbMSo9QrotOU/pEbNaPy1P3wbOrHS0t/XVdM7/67YlWNX9637l3lFfal2h58l5ybXcdbWPlTWmB2oFiDRDaSFtRUBWFoaeoFSq3oSAFCTe5iI3hszpzaKTQsxKwMmNtBIq2sKS4/cGZNgHBawWDprh5Vy1MvQm8LQS1AJSAx+9/rI2FpW7dP1bEb2VwtcMYzUvDVQl8XtjCNmHFBh6/7jnmtne9jfHIV3sb8tJshK43sAiBai3uWlFTdrTa02aluDC6n0NfqjMJe3L/ZX8IZWF9ljxNNvr168NP8t8R63YrQSwBDda8UjALEs7aL7leugQjF576dGQz2hlRa+o1Vp6U+hWys9KPkqwJAGDvGpMhvY0jWhwynalF8CKzvR6SPAlgbYE0lYHkKzkv2xXevG2tv64eoj90VDSuaFyffm9lGdWukqCLo7LKpLy/xdwWclgua8ScGnl7e1jBeo1APAG6iV/aBkoaUO3JelZyn65PpIutedHt6uNTSudJdu3WgMt0/VaW/GQxgyaB6wwjE410nLMKhIjHUjaa2cFruQeWI2fY3/nbQO3Uopvm5gWYhogSStO96uZSiJvK2tQ19Oxak+DPGk1aqBkpSQ1IVmBRs2g3kCVlTeIv0kQowHH/xVwaaGu+9ICRH+vf5Nzl8BQgkhvgMtKaeq+NFFqptZCwZug4HfafS69L1ogUyHrGD7f4zFtClNa93Kc2pWvrTUra9KKn/Qzcs0k8+s18bbfmkbk/mhhIkEK91cqcr23WjlQabJyOCtfy/pmGsywXymMZBiU4+HfVvmj5BV5ek4WNJRtvk2GaR622hNJv1KuaeVhJXTfBvKsjBqZDyoPVGi5KXnHSh7IOUkD00peyzHxOykn5UevpZaR+jctJwgipazU9Cg/Wul5A1wacJK+vBldWgbqvdHyz0pXWIElWebBKqVByycpu7Sck7pE8zk/GrjIMeo+9fdW9KvlmpQzco4aoMiPlDlWgEl/pJyx0j9W8s5qDzVfSy+2Vc1Eq32wksF6bFaGhpXek/OVcuAdKwHh7eON0KUw0paDflcThhZyfE8TkgYNXEx+rwWSFYPJY9NWYEsvzn8Snlbz0Mrd6jSjVTtWoNLbGmoi0+DISui+bW3+EyjwJkytwKAGUnq/JXFLwpTjlYJGWmaSAQkS2K5MvGXbmlZILxrUaU+VBGEy4VIKJL4rE3PleKVA0gLbCmzI99fX100dLi0YvLVrxSsaVMn94vdWlir/b3XARD+j+ZBXjEj6Zr/aovT2YftrazsXHUtvltxTCRLkSU8rWtNC3oqHrRSHBkXSKPKmiL0pcs3fVp4oK4NLr7VcT+mZsirZwI+s0q7nqIGGlKXejEo5J+1d0gpP3uDxNqNXKzY9b0n3elyaJiSQ8bZXWq7reWp597Y2KEesAJcGDFpWWil+0geBJ40bbyFdPR8rneVNV8n1lmBKG/xWwMcbD3E9rNZAyjq3272rzqY3QPyfdJMcjzfa1DrlbWBQ6hFv3iwrnSdlnB7z1pY4peiNuaSgkUJDK39d2dwKLEjFoIWiZC5pTWlvmLdJawFmtTl6Q/Q8NXixakO25Y2wZVhAhj2tQI0mMCpcK0+hfJZrqUGilTDgmDye3QnN3gSMlTCRloFVX5qRtCtZfidpgYQpq1mTATV9SBogzUmwpi0/LZy1UCEt6LWU70tQQoD16tUr0x7Blxb+WmhIBaktKN0X18ObMGF/0njQBgXzSyRY1bk9ktY9Ho8ppUJvi64eLwGBHL8cr6Ynva7yHc03UuF7PDueM973ppW4lDP6uhK2o2UH/7U6qKH717JO872WY1YKT9KelGtSXmnFIun05cud+/oY1pa5a9xb2T95QstqKja9HxoIa56RfCH1gJZt/M5K/nPe5NXNzc1ddMS/qdjke/xbHlaRNKT7kfQtlaWWV1o+af30n/ZSKm65VtowknJL6x1+pDySBpY09vh/OUarOWjd6E2ny7WWfCN/kzrDG43r9rUx/Z8A18bGziEAXvBudQhFO3G03rHiMW8gUO+x1lnexs9nNJ94A1pWIJvPvmN1ykYqLc1sFBpUDHKjtDKxAjXcSCsvE5UChQqf1VdKSMEnCUJa21pZyw2Sc9SKSxOtbksSsxa+HItkfrYrQaQVIeiwo2Z4Ch7JBNpDoonJG3rXfct90Mwv37GyqrQg0kLKm/J9+fKlAQZU2Jzb/Pz8LkDDtnhj/ejo6C4h7XQ60dfXh4GBgV0Vz7e3t3cBN+6T2+3GwsICJicnMTU1hcXFRXOxqdvtxvz8PEZGRtDd3Y2lpaVdtMq1djqdaGxsRHt7O5qamjAwMIDu7m44nU4jJOnGdrv/uKeRim9zcxPDw8OoqqpCa2sr2tvbTRttbW2w2WwoLy/HxsYGRkZGMDIygqKiIiQnJ+Px48fo6enB4uLiLqG3vLyMpaUlTE5Omnn39PSgra0NTU1NaG5uRmdnJ/r7+9HS0oIXL16Y+be2tqK6uhptbW1G+K2srKC7uxv5+fkYHByEy+XC6Ogo6urq8PTpU1RVVaGmpgb9/f1m3isrK+aCXQnONLBeWVnB0NAQKioqkJWVhZKSEkxOTu7K+xoZGUFTUxPGx8cxNTUFp9OJ4eFhOBwOtLa2YnNzEwMDA5ifn8fCwgLm5+cxMzODyclJzMzMYHBwEKurq1hYWIDD4cCLFy9QX1+Pp0+foq6uDuXl5UhISEBra6vxpjU2NqK2thZDQ0NYW9sp5bC8vIzGxkaUlpbC6XTuAuwyeVaC3qmpKbS3t6OxsRGNjY1oa2vD/Py88Vyura2hv78fT548QVlZGVpbW7G1tWVkXWVlJWJiYhAVFWXofX19HQ6HA35+fggLC8Pw8PCu+mEzMzOYn5/H1NQUZmZm4HA4jHyrrKxEUlISkpOT0d/fb+TR+vo64uLikJGRgfn5ebhcLvT29qK1tRXNzc2mjIXk86ysLFy4cAFhYWHm8vbQ0FBERUUhKCgIUVFRmJubQ1tbG6KiohAcHGwuobfZbIiMjMTPP/+M4eFhOJ1OtLS0mIvqw8LCkJqaisHBQbMHUidYKVkJzPRVUm8zRDWYknLZymDScl/rGNmm1aEiynFZe08bY/xYpSu8zUsmZbbWqVbeHLmG8nndhwzrUubqPC7OT/ZvpU/0GlE2yntNrcLZci+5t9qolYaGNujlmKz2zZu+lACLc7eq5i/1sPxNt7m+vr5zSlETlxUQkgukF9cKIPBZK8tfT172Ie/honLURCE3WjIcLS8rK0uPQ1qvVqeVrECDN6aTG2ZlDUlQJv/21rZUypyjRvtWIFcKDG0ByvFIICkZRgNabTV4Wx9vlpTeYz7P8AaJmInW6+vrKC0tRVBQECYnJ3fNcXl5GZGRkfj888/x1VdfIT093QCatrY2HDlyBFeuXMHIyMi/WR5UcOvr61haWkJ6ejp8fX0RGhoKPz8/hISEwOFwwOVyYWNjAykpKfj888/h4+ODiooKo2S3t7fNuFtaWnD48GHs378fhw8fhs1mw9mzZ3H+/HkkJSVhamoK29vb5ui9FDYcz/Pnz3Hw4EEcOHAAx44dw9WrV3HhwgUcPnwYe/fuRXBwMObn5+Hn54dPP/0Uvr6+aGxsREZGBr777jsEBARgYGDA7E9JSQlOnz6NkydPorW1FW63G/Hx8Th06BD27t2LCxcuIDAwEAEBAfjuu+/w2WefoaGhAQsLC7h48SL279+PQ4cO4dmzZ3C5XNje3kZycjIOHTqEwsJCOJ1OpKWlYc+ePdi/fz+OHTuGO3fu4Mcff8SlS5dQWVlpFLTkYQosguzl5WUUFRXhu+++ww8//IDQ0FCcPHkSvr6+aG9vx9LSEubn5+Hv74+vv/4a3377La5evYrLly/j3Llz+Pvf/46ff/4ZXV1dOHXqFAICAnDv3j2cPHkSPj4+sNls8Pf3x9GjR9HW1obR0VGcOnUK+/fvx9GjRxEaGor79+/j22+/xb59+5CSkgKXy4W2tjb4+Pjgb3/7G06cOIEXL15geXkZTqcTNpsNX3/9NTo6Okw+Hz2d5BkCtLKyMly6dAkBAQHw9/fH3/72N3z55Zd4/PgxVlZWMDs7i/T0dJw4cQLh4eGw2Ww4fPgwEhISMDU1BbfbjdzcXOzbtw979uzBiRMnMDg4aIyRK1eu4MKFC5ienjZ9OxwOREZG4uLFizh27BgOHTqEy5cvY2xsDGtra0hISMC+ffvw9ddfG8C1vr6O5eVl2Gw2nDt3DhMTE3A4HDh9+jQ+//xzXLt2zfAT5ZDL5cJPP/2EgwcP4vDhw/joo4/w7rvv4sMPP8SZM2fg4+ODw4cPo6+vDyUlJfjoo4/w8ccfIzQ0FLm5uYiNjcXly5dx+PBhtLS0YGlpCTU1Ndi/fz/ef/99hISEIC0tDRkZGTh27BjsdjuGh4eNQURZZyXPtFOAz+kogX5Py0Nvcl6DN9K1NIqlt0u/Q3nE/3vL87LK+9KKW45Xg6q3hTHl+9pjp413KculJ1Kukze5LwGLt5xWuW/eHBtvA7xWe2M1N62frBwQVuBMj0c+oz1aOnrB+ZMmaUi9o2tvaLSuN8rKfagJ1xvokErWatIkxs3NPwrbkag1opcWA//WoU8JGvRie9tIK2LWAEZvtGYyK8La2tradZ0HkbwVkdEjIvMzrECPN7elfMcqn0NaK1rAeDyeXd5LDfKsCFq7cq2AtRWD0Yv58uVLrKysYGZmBn5+fvjb3/6GsrKyXRbV1tYW6uvrsXfvXvz1r3/Fvn37UFpaaq44uXr1Kmw22y7vpVT66+vrWFxcRFhYGL744gtERERgbGwMHR0dOHr0KL7//nv09/djeXkZcXFx+Oyzz/Dpp5+iubn53/IANjZ2vE5HjhzB+++/j8DAQExPT6OhoQEBAQH45JNP8OOPP2JxcRHLy8uG8eSc3W43+vv7ceDAAXzyySdITEzE4OAgRkdHUVVVBV9fX1y6dAmLi4u4cuUKPv30U4SHh2N2dhYzMzO4c+cODhw4gMuXL2NhYQFutxv5+fnYs2cPvvrqK/T392NtbQ25ubn45JNP8L//+7+oqanB/Pw8lpaW0N7ejqCgIGRnZ2NlZQWhoaH4y1/+gvfeew///Oc/0dnZicXFRTQ3N+Onn37C+Pg4lpaWUFBQgH379uHAgQOoqqrCxMQEuru78c033+DQoUOorq7exYeS50lTFRUVOHjwIL788ktUVVVheXkZT548wSeffIJTp05hbm4Oc3NzCAwMxIcffoivv/4aDQ0N6OvrQ3NzM8LDw+Hv74+6ujrY7XYMDg6ipqYGBw4cwMGDB413MigoCKmpqVhYWMD58+fxwQcfwG63Y2FhAXNzc+jv70dqaiqSk5OxtbWF0dFRfP/993jvvffw4Ycf4ty5cxgaGsL09DQKCgpw/vx5bG5u7krQlwai2+1GcXExfHx8EBMTYzxOCQkJOH36NPr7+7G4uIj8/Hx89tln8PPzg8vlwuzsLHx9fXHw4EHExsZifn4eXV1dBij/9a9/xU8//YS+vj5sbGwgLi4O4eHhxkCYm5vDgwcPcPr0adTV1SElJQVff/01ysrKTIi4oKAAe/fuxT/+8Q84nU7jEdjc3ERGRgbsdjuWlpYwMjKCEydO4OOPP4bNZsP6+roBOxsbG3A6nTh79iyeP3+OpqYmHDx4EB988AG+/PJLtLS0GB7o7u5GfX099uzZg3379qGjo8PcCDA9PY3q6mo4HA6sra3B4XDg008/xd69ew0Im5mZwYULF7B//34EBQVhenp6l8dIyjApk6Rn1SoKY6WvtPFs5RzQMp2yV+cLyf5lGzoaIQGOVTjqbYBAgkgrr9R/imxYGeBa12sgJ0GUlOcy4iLb4Zys6otZrbt83tsaWM2FWMEquqY9ZdqLqYGVN/0tx8jfrU6A6n2gQSY9eO9YxST1pnEC/wm0eCNcaQHI5EcrJKktFjKS7oPjsFoMOQc5BjICmVQyjtV4tBfPyp1Mjw2FrgYaUggsLS0ZrwxzHvRa8n3JfFag0Aocy/esLBsNrKxCh7S8Njd3J1XK9dbfeyNmPV4prAjs2I/T6URXVxdOnz6NvXv34saNGwZIMJzw/PlzfPPNNzhz5gz27NmDv/71rygqKsL8/DwCAgKQkJCwK3wnS39sbm6itrYW+/btwzfffIO2tjZMT09jZWUFN2/exHvvvQd/f3+srq6itLQUH3zwAQ4ePIjm5mZjnWxvb+PNmzfY3t7GyMgIPv30U/zpT39CcHCwCefV1NTAx8cHH330ERITE+Hx/FHDaGVlxbSxvr4TAvriiy+wZ88epKamYmlpCevrO1641dVVDA4OYmxsDFevXsXevXtht9sNMI2NjcXHH3+M/fv3o729HRsbGygqKsL//M//4NChQ+js7MT8/DwKCwtx8OBBfPzxx+jo6DAXPk9Pqmz8AgAAIABJREFUT6O2thbj4+NwuVwIDg7G0aNH8e677+JPf/oTjh07ho6ODvT09ODChQsYGxvD+vo68vPzsX//fuzduxcNDQ1GqN27dw8ff/wxPvvsM5N3xbyT1dVVk/Q7OTmJixcv4uOPP8bp06cxNjaG1dVVdHZ24quvvsL777+P7OxsuFwuhISE4P3338f3338Ph8OBxcVFzM/Pw+l0YnJy0ijhpaUldHd348CBAzhw4AAcDofxkk1MTGBwcBDHjx/Hn//8Z+PN2tjYwPj4OAoLC9HV1WX+f/r0afz000/47//+b/zlL3/B999/j/n5eeTm5uLq1auGJsnz8qT03Nwcrly5gi+++AJ9fX1wOp3GQzYwMICVlRXMz8/j888/x/79+1FWVobNzZ0LzAsLC7F3714cPnwYDQ0NWFlZwbfffotz587hgw8+wL59+xAcHIzFxUXk5OQgKirKyB96eM+fP4/x8XED2OT4SkpKsGfPHhw6dAizs7OGz9+8eYNHjx4hMTERc3NzGBsbw6lTp7Bnzx4EBQUZepU5fQsLC5idncXs7CxOnTqFjz76CCdPnjR7MjU1hZWVFbS2tuLjjz/Ghx9+iMrKSgMu6+vrcfHiRVN5f2RkBAcOHDA0RSPs6dOn+NOf/oT9+/ejs7MTLpfLyE15otMKcHF+WtZrAGVlZGu9JWWalv8bG3+ED/m7HJ9sV/avdZk3sKUVvgxd04DTOkLLbP2MVTRHr50GEFr/yXfYjxW41F46q/lrr5xcAytAI9dGhl8lhuDYrLCGN8ClT2ZaAbK36Vmrcb5+/dr8+8svv+AdKzRnBZqslKreAG+AR4ITEoqVO1OOReZjSWXPDZJjkGPSmyU3VxKT9lJ588r8J4uHxK+TIbnhMpYvmUSORxK0JkDN7G/zHEkCtCJ2KybWBK2Btt4nK/DnzYrzZj1xf+VeLC0tITQ0FCdOnMB7772HQ4cOoaGhYZcV29zcjCNHjqCxsRGnTp0yCqq1tRUXL15ETEzMv9Vb4cflcsFms+Hdd9/FP/7xD/T392NjYwPT09MICQnB/v374ePjA4fDgaKiInz00Ufw8fFBa2vrLg8N5zM8PIwjR45g7969CA8Px8zMDNbW1tDV1QUfHx988MEHuHz58r/d0cdwqsvl2qVooqKi0N7ejubmZjx79gzXrl3D0NAQVlZWcO3aNXz00Ue4f/8+ZmZmsLy8jKCgIOzbtw/Hjx/H1NQUVldXUV5ejg8//BDffPMNenp6sLKygqKiIuzfvx//9V//hYiICKSlpSEhIQF3797FlStXMDc3h+XlZYSFhSE5ORn+/v749NNP8e677+LcuXOoq6vDxYsXMTc3h/n5eeTn5+PAgQPYt28fmpqa4HK54HK5EB8fj7179+LPf/4zysvLdxkg5IWtrS20tbXh8OHD+OCDD/DTTz+ZvKGRkRETorp69SpcLhciIyNx8OBBHDt2DFVVVRgYGEBbWxsePHiA2tpaI5OYd7R3714cPHjQ5LCtrKxgaWkJw8PD+Oabb/Duu+/i+vXryMzMRHR0NAICAnDmzBkDRIeGhnDhwgU0NDTAZrNh7969+N///V+cP38eCQkJuHTpEjY3N02+Gvdzc3PHYz04OIhjx47h8OHDmJ+fN3MnYF9cXERLSws++eQT7Nu3zwArj8eD8vJy/OUvf8G+fftQUlKC8fFxnDx5EnV1dQgKCsKHH35oQnNJSUnGI8X8xePHj+Pdd9+Fj48Pzpw5g6tXryI8PBzt7e1YWFhATU0NPv30U/j4+GBsbOz/Vfatv1Vd1/b8J9W90q2EqiALhBCykJ8BHBsTMJAACWlCuUS5NFFTRIJ6lbYkhJBHQ8PtzbMpVCkB1AaCCEFNQAgH80hIwHYMGGzZPn4cG8sPiiD30/h9QHNnnMFY2/w+bGHO2Xvtteaac4wx51p7HwwODmYPqOzbtw9vvfUWCoUC2tvbsXr16qwaGP3n5CgE58DAAJ5++mmUlZVh7dq1aG1tzUTewMAADh48iMrKSsyYMQPLly/HCy+8gI0bN6KhoQFr1qxBV1cXisUiLl++nIn4I0eOZLj55Zdforq6GuXl5di5c2fGQ1y1d7irlR+HU45U88hYhRhjp4on3WfL/VBOcQUO5d6UyONVCh6/2yOdqu45oRZ87JYDXUEhxuqWJ+NaxWPuSx7HpuZEhY6eF22lBJu2xZyb4i8ugKiA5DHzfl1uc3JysvQ9XFquZQfVQbNh1MG5E/GdZhsuONgg8T1fw+oyBsv9ZPGlql6JnwWDezqCl5DyDhWdKrb4yRl1YnV8J/Q083DzwGLNBYpzYg4EVw51zpsHBpEh6E8/uKCJoGbx1d7ejg0bNuDvf/97tpTy6quvYnh4OHvVwJkzZ/DII4/gypUraG5uRn19PebNm4e1a9eiqakJO3bsyCqI0X484dXX14eNGzdi5syZWLFiBa5cuZJVHV999VVUV1ejrq4O586dw6effoo5c+bgwQcfREtLSwnIh53a29vR2NiIiooKvPjiixn5nT9/Hk1NTZg5cybWr1+Pnp6eEl/kJeVLly5h4cKFmDdvHpqamvDLX/4S69evx9KlS9HY2IgrV66gt7cXTz75ZLZH5p133sGWLVvQ0NCAxx9/HMeOHcuqLYcPH8bMmTOxdOlStLW1YWBgAPv3789I6+mnn8ZLL72EzZs3Y9WqVXj++edRKBRQKBTwxhtv4P3338fVq1exfft2VFdXY+bMmWhqasIjjzyC9vZ2DA4OYv/+/aipqUF5eTm+/PLL7KGCd955J1uS/Nvf/lZCOkyOZ86cwYMPPoif/exn2LRpU1axam1txYoVK3Dffffh6aefRn9/P958881s+XLdunX4+c9/jqamJsyfPx/vvPNOyTLtV199lS0pdnV1Zb5WLBbx3XffYdmyZZgxYwYefvhhvPzyy3j99dexefNmPPLIIzh9+jR6e3vR2tqK1atX46uvvsL58+fxzDPPoKKiAlVVVaivr8cTTzyRLWEreQ8PD6O1tRX19fVZlW9oaCjbtxbXffHFF5g3bx6qq6tx+vTpbM/p3r17cd9996GmpgYHDx7E1atXsXbtWpw+fRqdnZ3YvHkz5syZg6qqKixfvhyvvfZaVhHt7u7G7t27UVdXh/vvvx+VlZWYNWsWKioqMiF0/Phx1NTUYPHixZnQCXI+cOAA/ud//geFQgE9PT1Ys2YN5s6di3fffTcjd8W3sbE7S/QbN27EjBkzsGrVqmwTf1Shjh07hvLycpSVleHtt9/GoUOHcOjQIezYsQOPPvoorly5kont+vp6VFdXY9++fRkWHz9+HHPmzEFZWRnefffd7OW6Q0ND2dxzhUWTcib96DcTJ2OTViy4HSeGmJiZYLWq5TCQ75O3IsE8qP4WMcU8oQm8E1fKIcrDzA2u6uS4P+7NKz0quJyI1cSdOU5txsugjgcdJ6bEm4o01R+sLXh1LbhV50oreirG4gXR169fv/vFpyy6uCLjJkuFQVzL5TdWzdyRODfO4x8cZkEV4oidzYkObj/1tl4WjzyB/HRLHAEaTmCxvTiT0GU2zsRS2YuWd3kSOVvhihAHIl+jGRSvYzMgcNDnqX8VbKkNkNEOP1njxstj43Lv2NgY3njjDSxZsgTbtm3D8uXLMXfuXCxZsgSXLl3K9pC0tLRg+fLlWZXnxIkTeOCBBzB37lz827/9G95++2309/eXLIlGdl4sFvH73/8elZWVWLZsGVpbW0sqa9XV1WhsbMS5c+dw4MABzJgxA/X19WhubsaVK1eyqlRUBlpbW7Fq1SpMnz4dL7zwQrZ8dObMGSxatAjl5eV47LHHskpH2CPe6j4+Po6LFy9m1aK//e1v6OzsRLFYxIkTJ/D4449n4/zVr36F8vJyNDU1YeHChaiqqsKLL76IS5cuoVAoZDb87LPPMH36dCxbtgwdHR0YGBjAnj17sHDhQvz0pz/Fl19+mYHi+fPnsWfPHnR2dmJoaAh/+MMfsH37doyNjaG9vR2/+c1vMGfOHMyaNQuNjY3o7u7GtWvXsG/fPtx///2oqqrKxGihUMCf/vQnzJ49G7Nnz8aRI0cwPv5j9Sf+Hh8fx4ULF7BixQr8x3/8B5599tlM8HV2dqKxsRGzZs3Cpk2b0NPTg+3bt2POnDmZaGhra0NLSwteeOEF/P3vf89ie2hoCN999x1qa2tRW1uLy5cvlxBsW1sbVq9ejX//93/Hzp07s8rX4OAgDh8+nC1rfvvtt2hqakJzczM6Oztx+vTprDI2ffp0LFq0CCMjd16kqJWLQqGAs2fPoqGhAeXl5Thy5Ej2tO3w8DB6enpw4MABnD17FjNmzEBlZSWOHTuGQqGQ7bWrrKxEVVUVDhw4gLa2tqz6VigU0NHRkS23V1VV4bXXXsuEZWDWiRMncPz4cezbtw/PPPMMysvLsWDBAnz++edobm5GbW0t6urq0NnZme3jGh4ext69e/HWW29hcHAQnZ2dWLVqVVZ1DTtGDE5MTOD27duZHTZt2oSZM2diyZIlaG9vz/BseHgYLS0tqKysRHl5OU6dOoWuri709/fjypUraGlpQaFQyGKprq4OlZWV2Lt3b9bGxx9/jLKyMsybNw+fffYZent7s6dJOcFUweDIlZee4slnTggC31JJuhKy7sfSIzBbixERD8yRwYNuiYpxnjFWOZe5+14wXVdR1D7x2hGH47HXmgsK/ILePGHrChPuQbDUMiT/q4m/O/jpd/5cK188HxHTum+XRa8TeikRyJ9PY8dSJ2S1rhenBs1GY2HDBlbRFZs33bpvnMdOoU8TqMhSNa5VKDfpqXfiOLHFh24o56wjBFVkt1rZUYfjPureOlXqOgcuQ1Iniful2tSsSn0iBWap71LOd/36dfzwww8YGbnzMx8XL15EY2Mj1q1bh7Vr12Lt2rWora1FeXk5XnrpJUxMTGSEuGjRouxx92KxiN27d6O+vh4zZszAH/7wBxQKBQwMDNw1/tHRUezduxfz589HfX09zp07l71K4Je//CWqqqrw2GOPoa+vD4cOHUJtbS0WLFiAr776KnttRLFYxNmzZ3Hx4kVcuXIFTU1NqK6uxm9+85vsVQT//Oc/sXDhQvzsZz/DO++8g4GBgcwn+fc3r1+/jra2NtTU1GD+/Pn46KOPMDQ0lPlBf38/JiYm0N/fj2eeeQY1NTV4+eWXsW3bNpSVlWHx4sX45ptvsuWdyclJHDx4EBUVFXj44YezCteePXtQU1ODsrIynDhxIqsQxGsJTp06hb6+Prz88svYsWMHuru7MTw8jMuXL2PNmjWYNWsWFixYgEuXLqGvrw+7du1CVVUVKioq8Pnnn2fnb9iwAXPmzEF9fT1aW1uzpxWjsjsyMoJ//etfKBQK2Lp1K2pqavDoo4+itbUVxWIRR44cwfz581FRUYGjR4+iUCjgt7/9LebNm5dtXi8UCplNQkhH7J47dw41NTVYsGBB9nqQ8fE77/np6OjAypUrMXPmTGzfvh0jIyPo6elBd3c32tracPToUfT19WWC68CBA9nThEePHkVjYyNmzpyJhx56KBMJk5N3nq7lfTWxDDhr1iwsXLgQn3zyCVpaWnDs2DFs374dv/3tb9He3o7nnnsO8+bNyyq4/f392LFjB8rKyrB+/Xp8++236O7uRlNTU1ZF7O/vx5dffonGxkbMnj0bW7ZsQVdXFwYGBvDee+/h5MmT2UM5sX/tqaeeQlNTE86ePYvm5uasInvo0CH09/djdPTO3skPP/wQ77//PgYHB7OnFGfPno0333wTIyMjGBwcxNjYGE6cOIFdu3ZlVazwzZ/+9KdobGzExYsXM38sFov49ttvMWfOHJSXl+PgwYNZv77//ns0Nzfj008/zV5fUVNTg9mzZ2PXrl0YGBhAV1cXNm/enC2bX7hwAQMDA3jhhRdQX1+Pd999tyQZ5TjXBFYrEK6i5MiaOccRdCphDd7jNjjB5T5FH5TT+FzF6byK2L0k0crRLEjdOF17zJv6L3Ndqo/KUcplTkzx3Kp9UoKLeVn9Io8DWQMxv3ObqilS3Mf9KXnTPBMtV2/UIFPdzHWcK0l6vtt0rqVgrWLxuSkHU0NrSVIDzRlNxZU+9cCCiwk+jsjI9CdKtG0VXBpU2rbawokuFZ9agVNwcbZlYaylbS2xah9VtHLQR5bR19eH119/HU1NTTh37hy6urpw6dIlvPjii6ioqMDChQtx+vRpjI6OYv/+/WhsbMTZs2czf+ru7sb27dtRVVWFHTt2ZE+EcF9CZHZ0dOAXv/gF6uvrsXv3boyMjGT7XxYvXoyjR4+iWCzi4MGDmD17Nqqrq7Fr1y588cUXOHXqFP70pz9hzZo1+OMf/4iOjg4sXrwY1dXVeOyxx9DS0oKvvvoK//Vf/4Wamhps2rQpEyNREYi5iY2Up0+fzjZ679mzpyQZCeCKJ+zKy8uxZcsWtLa2YsuWLSgvL8emTZvQ1dWV+db+/fsxd+5cLFq0COfOncPw8DA++ugj1NbWYtasWfjggw/wzTff4OTJk3j77bexfv16PP/88+jp6cGWLVvw7LPPZkQagvDJJ59EQ0MD2tra0NnZiffeew9z587F3LlzsX37dhw/fhxvvPFGtlx1+PBhDAwMlFR3OUZHRkbw9ddfY9myZViwYAF27dqVvdIg9sMNDAygp6cHGzZswNy5c7Fq1SpcvHgRExMT2Xus2FbFYhEtLS2ora1FZWUlWlpasocYBgcHcfHiRSxZsgSzZ8/GunXrcODAAezZswf/+7//i3Xr1uHhhx9GX18fzpw5g6amJrz44ouZ7QcHB/HJJ5+grq4OS5cuzV4Oq1gTFaMPP/wQtbW1mDNnDiorK7Fo0SLcf//9qK+vx969ezE8PIzjx49j6dKlmaA/efIk1qxZg/vvvx+ffvophoeH8emnn6KhoQFvv/02uru7M3//4osvsHjx4uyJ1X379qGhoQE///nP8cknn+Ds2bNoaWnBzp07sWzZMnzwwQfo7+9HT08Pfv/736OqqgqPPvoo3nvvPfzjH//Ae++9h2eeeSZ7irCjowNLly7Ffffdhw0bNuDEiRM4dOgQtm7dihUrVuCRRx5BoVDA4OAg+vr6sHr1apSXl6Ouri6reEYSvXv37sxXYo/lli1b8J//+Z+or6/H1q1bce3aNRw5cgQVFRWZuP7zn/+Mbdu24dlnn8VTTz2F5uZmFItFXL16FYsWLcK8efOy5d0Q3YEt/BJch4WOK/jFsozpyglaFWK/dmQb1+i7tFwVh3FXxaJLsN1970VwxT2c+ON7ub7yi0CdGGLhpTybsr/ydOpQYa12TR2p/Vhqm5QQ5PsyTyvvsx3VlnxdyY9XawVEKzw8YSoQXIdZLGhFiO/Fg4gSoN5L+6mDdc6YmkgNFFeJcde6R0zjcy5VslNHlp2aaBUjLAT5nTJqc9eWE8BcUdFKnM4tiyj+TqtwLoBcH1KCNNopFos4cOAAHnzwweyJw+HhYbS3t2PNmjWYM2dOtkfr1KlTePXVV1FfX4/XXnsN3d3d2TuuOjs7sW7dOuzcubPEl2KvR/hUsVjEpUuXsHHjRjz44IPYvn07nnjiCSxduhRHjx7NhMIrr7yCiooKzJo1C9XV1Vi8eDFqa2tRXV2NGTNmYPfu3fjzn/+Muro6/OQnP8k22C9duhQrV67ERx99hEuXLmVjLhQKuH37diYUoi87d+7ErFmzUFZWhg0bNmB09MefYIm/r169iueeew5Lly7Fc889hytXrqC9vR3bt29HbW1ttn8s3rU0d+5cNDY2ZlWb119/HbW1tZg+fXr2brEHHngA8+fPz56kvHLlCh599FFUVVXh9OnT2VLgtWvXcPLkSTz99NP47rvv0N3dja1bt6K2thYVFRWorq7GAw88gPr6emzbtg0XL17MNvAz+MZTgfxbem1tbXjqqadQV1eHRYsWobGxEW+++SZ6e3uzJc8VK1ZkrxX4+OOP71oyicrZ4OAgtm3bhrq6OtTV1eHll1/OBMrIyAg+++wzLFmyBPPnz8eyZcuwbNkyPPTQQ1i+fDkqKirw5JNP4vr1O+++qq+vR21tbfbS26jKffDBB1i5ciXGx8dLnjYOv+/t7c3O/ctf/oKFCxdi+vTpKCsrQ01NDf7xj39k1aeBgQG0tLTgiSeewOLFi9HU1ISVK1dmL50dHBzE5s2b8Ytf/AIbN25Ef39/9s6tQqGAw4cP46233kJPTw/Wr1+PsrIylJWVob6+Hg0NDVi+fDkef/xx7N+/Hz09PZmQaG1txV/+8hesXLkyewfaf//3f6O5uTl7eOHAgQNoaGhAQ0ND5tPLly9HY2MjKisr8eyzz2Zi9Pz583jooYewcOHCTFBG4tzX14fXXnsNzz33HJ5//nm89NJLeOWVV/C73/0Ov/vd77B+/fpsTj/++GOsWbMGjz/+OB577DH8+te/xvvvv49isYhvvvkmexFvX18fXnnlFaxevTp7/UjgTMxDPAjAqwku+eTv+P1wjPWxZMYrPVM9TeiEEVevVGjpU3ZK0MoVTmwp7ucJrmhfE/mUaFOxpaIrpRWUU5zIctUrV4RwhQFe7coTXCl9kuIsV0yK/6dWtlRs6XIo971EcPGmP2eUlAhygkUHqiJhcHAw27w5Pv7jm8e5JMmDdWKI24v+qIPr5KmR2DDctu7BUmMH8Gu1iH9bL1S4BmpesKQEl86H2la/44MrSiln4OCIrFEfInBVQM2WeEyalfA4bt++jeHhYXR0dOCvf/0rdu3ahePHj6Orqwt9fX3Yv38/Dh06hAMHDuDQoUO4cOFCVv3q7e3F5OQkBgcHMTp654Wara2taGlpKRHTvLGWl62HhoZw+PBhbN26Fe+//362jymWqeK1A62trWhvb0dzczMuXLiACxcu4MMPP0RHRwcKhQJaW1tx9uxZfPvtt2htbcXly5czoXTr1q2SN80HGYyNjWV7gL7++uvsbfVff/31XUvbASbxw9AhHq9fv/Om/L/+9a/ZS1fjUf3vv/8+e1fX+Pg4+vr6cPXqVbS2tuLatWvZe7iuXr2Kjz/+GGfOnMl+fDreqh7z9n//93+YmJjI9paNjY2hr68P165dy55oiyU2FljRBj+RPDb24+shisViVj367rvvcO7cOXz//fdZdSLek/XFF1/g0KFD2TubOBZ4mebmzZvo6OjApUuX0NbWhosXL2Z7MvlnjeIt7L29vbh8+TK6urpw/vx5nDx5MquWtrW1oaurK/OtGFNfX1+2VBmxxJgQe5xi/jo6OrL3UsU18QDI6OhoZu/+/v6S15/EeT/88EPJaxDiwZGbN29mfZucvPMrC9988w2OHz+OXbt24fPPP8exY8cykRt9YtESvjkwMJDhbsTGtWvXMhuEv1y9ehXd3d04ceIETp06hd7e3sym8dqNEGzxypMQoeH3XDm9ceMGLl26lIlI/gmpwcHBrE8sFmM8IVrDvwLbAlc0Yc9LDFlExVynhIBL6PNWVBzZM8bG57rvNU9wpYjdJdmuf/Ev76tm/uLrdQk2tQeOqz9auHHFDRVXzkYpruN2tCqXOlJFAhaK2p8Ux7If8H7ovOqpzt00HlgAOmdurgNxLndAHZVJlqs/oUrjXUBBhFwdmkpcaMAw+LEQSClllw24iZ5KhXMVjQ2vGUxMvHO+PKGqTsn9cPbla9XuEdz6mCrblD/noGSbxnnshCqm43N+PFlBJ6ooTEbxL1eBQpCPj9+pLPA946klbj+WmrjKGZvd4ydn1LeD0IKceL5iL1AQ3/h46c9LsP8w0LDIYwCemJjIREWIghhzvLsqCIAFbQhCFpHFYhEXLlzA4cOH0d3dnZH2wMBA1vcgqNj3FPu34t5xXpDaDz/8kFX6oiIVY4ilmli2DSIPMo++DQwMlJBoiKIQTPxwSmy+jo23kWgwmIdPhj3DxrGXKuYxbH7r1q1sbHxu9DP6393dnf06hQJuzMfo6GjJfjS2Qwi/mCPeA8O/B9rd3V0SV/wgS9w7xhI+G/fkfX28nMr7lzhRDcERP/vEPh7+wNfE32HfiHF+eChsxD7D/h1iKIRVfD88PJztqQy7sYiMGIw4DptyLMRcKF7G9YyJHEt5VQcmYq6QpMjbJcVKsIwnHLvKXyy4xsbGsie7XTXEEXlqL9q9Ci7mbu6v62PqiDkK39CkOmKYK4PK7SoomRPzxBaLpJQuyOPUEI46XxwHLK60z8zNLLiUT1NzXyK4IvB5/VsH5YQHB7GKAlX9PGAuywd5RRAH8ER/XBmUM+gAGq5KpbIUNRJ/5tSpEzzRl+gfO0yMMxVEKj5UPTvx52zusi+3huwEUXymZVlX+WIfcM7thKn2OfqmwlR9iqs4LF40yKINnme2pxOeQY4auKkMh+eayTX+ZptEBSIEAQtDFq7aR66WBvhqVhXnhi1ShMACP0RbEHXEFYManxcxxEKfQYcJO0CbD36il5/y5URDMYQrelrd0+SPyYX7pw/nhK3DZ6JNxin3eoG4pyMmFm1xfQhKB7Dhlypo2PaaBDKhKQko8CtpRd8CL+Nz9gfG0MBe3esYfY5+xzgDW3n1IWzF880iLbA5zg+bh915T6vOk46TY13nV1ciol+Tk5Mlbzl3T09rcsw+ylgY8a7cwBjGe4V4HjlxVczgmOfzGQ9SQkvHpP6X4gHGEcYn5fnos7ML21uXXNU3GUPZH5WHVAiqDyhuOjGV+o79iitk7hoVf47LOBl0Aj2vLyWCS5WnigzOpBhMtBMqIFSwqYPG993d3dnyDn/OS4zcDhMbCzMVgG5S2LAcyCl1mjJkKHwORnZ2bYuDQLOClCOx4+vatXMWp7QVnJwQ5gzGZRqazangCv/gakXemFiEOfHDxM5BwwKDAzxAioUF+4IKcfZFlxVyxSHEKZOZA+6pxst+zfPgRDr3meMMR02EAAAgAElEQVRPSVcBk+eJSY/HowlAak4ZEDUpUODWOGcsYL9j8atxzYQbdtHXkfA4g1SVJGN8KdDkN6dz/Kmo08SDx8Y+ExgUbar9UpUQFb9KQFyt0T5oLDP+seBinIu2FK95nlischKruMr25b6w6GOBprHIWMHCV20etlG8dGNgbOCxO9zkKh/HpQoXJ8iUU/h9fz09PTY+UngefVP/dhzKfeHxOBxIcRYnA86/o9/MCyy4nD6YSmyoLbld9R/mc57rFMYwHjvuYk0TcaRYG21zTCpvRD/ZZ5kXU0u9fExLAawajp1TM0Y2lJIBEwkHMYM/O2MQAxsiBXwMlmoYJVYlayUSVeRTCa74XsnMKWRW1xokLCbVQZV82f6p/qUEGRO2gnQ4IF/jwM9lJ3quEoyKIr4m+hu2YABTkaJCx4EvZ4UMLGxjJp8AnLAX+1qMgcvPLEYdgHDfnV0ijlhMqo/r2Jn82ZdizFy6T8Wvfsc+xVUdTUiUJNycaILmyI4BPtoLu3IFQAUpx0x8p2QYgktBnO3Ndo52mHB4TtXmCsh6H65yBBjzWNk38kiB41R9ws0Fj4EFBGMF+zzHH/utw+wUjnLCzdc4H4/P2M4qWlSkptpjPGE/cMKW2+CxabzmxSiTOG8SdzEV18U5vETtVn00YVAxx39rzGsMqi2n4iz2MT3fjStVGXSiMyW0dJyMkREXimEswGK+eW+ewzWdU/Vf5VQ9P/qU0hHcLnMx+5YKLmenaamJUoPF4FRQaGlSO8fG0YDlAfEAAwgYLFwQOgJOiQENTiUF50ApJ9I+BIipIOGgU0Gkjqb9yLu/Awcmp1QFLEXALpgcITg7KQE5+zNg8FwH8UYQcF842Dnz1/8HMKkIcj6sex8YzFhwsX+EMHAiy9k6+q42ZZLk/TbhGyx+XQbrbMrLNLE870COxRUTOBM6Z2VOHHC/dB5ZQKpwdj7KwBd2YP9ge+mYVeSliJT3HzlR6QRFSkxqkhMH71/hI1X1U1/Q+Iproy96Px5z+BKTOPdX99ewD0QbitmMV+7QZUUeq2K53tNhluKk+o62xckb+zrbRX0lxW0pcaM252tdlYsrGcp5nFDrfGuMpu6n+Mn9T3GS9jUVi6kxMY5xQqP84Pie+dZhAZ97LxV8xU2dU012XSyqbmFMS3FeivOdDmE7KhYpD5UILiYRvkBBxAkuJTDunMvQgzA4cG/duoWbN29m7ylyE8uDCCBl4IjJmWqpQwmTnd8tYbhshA/+3O3f0gxGAVvvoW277F2BhM9X+6lA4coci6W8JUXnkNw3HTP7B1eLmDD1HTUqXFhghTBiW/JeJXV8FV8KdmxLti2LLX0rtT544ErTzn5hC94Pw/sfHDGlStNMElEh4CeznOCK+3F86vmOjDT+NAHi75V0NRNUIcVikOdIScjZ0pEoCyldLlIsSVVyHO6oMOPx8TUxJpfN5xEff6b9deN286JExvvowr6MBZOTPz4Yw/6p20XCZ3lPHvuSEifPjSMrR67KIzoHyiuaKLDPpvCR45P9KyWG4jvGL1fBUNER9orvlIcU7xlLtE88z84H8/DMiYTUEqqLfcW41HyyX/K2Ht00r0IxsItjn5PQSBo0oXF6JfbPOtuwgGOf0HmIPjnxxT6rtlN+1qRej5I3zbPY4GNs7MdfQNfyPGfmShpOJDGhcaDFJPEETE5OljiaOocLWAYMF2DqpCpwlOQdgbExWXzy/ZSIWciE3YaGhkp+LkYn0gWPA53Uu1EcuKsDqY1SmQIHizqiE56pKo+Cn4o9ta32iW0e41ayVEDlpW8VNTEuJUDtj8vY4hy+nsWT7gFgQmUATNk3NZfqd24e1N4M/kroTqTrPRiMleCU+GNcsdeB9ztwX7j9wAN+8kf9xQkP9hG2hQowFiPu4OuUvHQO40hVPFLzkBJQLq7ZTo5slLw4keV+81IMC66JiYnsoQEnQrk/KtZDzMV41Wed3/A8qohTUs0TTS4+XJVNMTvOdbikcxB9V7HE3BBtsl/z+Nx8sf0VIx3WsG9p/HJbvAcsD/8Zm9SXdfwc54rZLr7CL3RZm22u88k2YoEU/sZPrrr4cIJR/Vi30IRvpOLQ9UsrvOqj6mt5hZNpTB6qRMMJxsfH78pyooHoEE+uC25tm3/gWB3KEaEDmgBtnUwVGAoELvNwAsw5b5zrgknFCTuBZqWh4PlJKXWQqcg2/o6A0x+NdpOvgoCdML7XzIqBUInNBasjICVptRP7m1YcU35548aN7OWnEdgaePqQhwal8xPuq6tgKSnptW5s8Tn3g8ErtV9C7chgqwlOak40bhR8pvJ3HYuSRYwr4oKfAHSik/2M75vy/5TY4r64peQUweiybsRh6p66LOT6p/dx8cBE5IQFz2HMLwud1Bw5Mejmm5cUJyYm7mqb++rECt8vfFixJXVfjrOwQTytyLZQQk0JJI5hFvb6lD37RBQUAt80ruJ+yiEaDzxmxgH2YfUT5UMVSWo7vo/ypOM13RLgVmh4pYDb04fS2F5s77gfJ6+6/0pjRDGfP9PxcNEl2la/dnoglWDrwUvw7JsqgjWBZV/TgpPGrMaE+s40/lCdgidMDclVqpTIcJ/F51qqTIkg7R+3EVmAKyvrteyEPLFKrry8pUtG3Eclk2iH7aRihfseWWIAIFf8WNw4mzolrdmXE48pomaHHRsbKwlMBQF1agUADiZu233nQMyV7fV7fgGf/ui5+rLOkwaJmxv2PwZgR3rq/zwP7E/RH7e3hskgtZzN9+X9ZjyXbrlA/Zsz81S1j7/XfrLgZZ+J5IcJh+3K2KJ+myL2vBhQIkktIacqA+ofkY2rb+cJLv6Xl0OYZNVvom1HaFqlccJGycuRkPpy+D0TBvukkjZ/x2N2eKd+xnzBhOzaYqKP8/mXFpwIcZzAZMgxrftpnIhU4ldhoPdSnlGBzcSrNtMHCFx1XAWd9lNxWEVNnBvJt8Mll7w5/tQENs5he/MrQHQ+tE2N7bg/z0F8xr7jEmY9nIjieVFf11jmGGM8UMGlPsD8psULF4vTHDkpGHBAxoTp3hp2hFQgq5MokafI1wUXq9AAsmhX+6vk54Cbr00RC08mg4oLupQYi3ZdNq99cmTDttM5Uifg68KJXPlen9LT9vT+6kRMvByo2rYTLE5QuQDVChBnq9pP3XOgxOeOlOBy2Vmqjwxsrl+OzJ0NuE8sJHm+2OYKHtqWxm74gxNn7MO6PK/9dNk520Dtx9eqvdRmqcqGyyRTGWVKdDmfYNDUqhzHhOKPCgitXiouOR9z4KzzpmSpCZ32T8kmrtEnzVOkzXsMuRLolgH1fjwWvY/ih85t2E9tF/PjbOfwR5NQPl+TahZOTripX7FfuqTOCQAVnylh5XBfuVUFgMbkjRs3SgSX+hP7j86BjlPxjWN3bOzud/wp7vJY9R7sA3wucytvTXCVNNYsKbHncEp9ie3HbSrvq6ZRvGdccn2aFh8wuIZTMgErCAYQcMA58OFzFXTiOs103eGAKQIyMiPOLh1Bq0HYMAwMmhGnHNwJEXYWBdvoF79ZWMneCQW9v/ZBJ1VJW8mBx6kOoqDB93CC3I1HM0gGyzxwcSKIfUTBkyuWYVsOhDyfciSmgZcSVc4vU7ZSIlLxpqCmRwqA2T/4u9QYnHDh+WHyYFHCiY0br4oIBvWxsbGSR+p1n0qc755GdQTjRGKeYFEiZ79njHJiIJVcqAi7l2ummlP1NbaX++mX8C8ndJQYVLCrfZy9dJxOZKbsnLrHvdiXhZWrPLCgunnzZvYEnT5JzJifin0VJuxDrpqh8c/jUjGlAiklBtz86zxowsYCxCXHWu11eOH8XWPE4RaPPeYjYmhycjITRe76VFyzFnCcyXrCxWt8n+JNx6E8L+oT6ksOQxRndS65UKR6Yhp3WtW3BhEbiANZSZwN54RNdDgluBR4UiSoWYkjRlWz3HddFuHgcUCcWmZwhKoCLWwyMVFaoUgpf2dPBwQKFExGKgQ1cMNmbgkv7KebMTkLiSBQccM24DEFWKo40GBxJMXko1l/jCNAmMWZA1ol+TwhpmDB9kwJOg40R8A6Rp1Ptn985yqt7KthAw567o8DoDzBonHt/CplE45NJ2YVnHh52MV/xFtqyc4JHBcbTnCx/VK+lyJNJSoX9y6+FbA1Zrg9xqrATH0oyIkptbPOYerII62p4kCFhiawan/F2/iMN/o7PFH81v7kkSAnBJOTPy698TWKp04gxVzw+Xwvjp+Un3LcpqrmGodcHHG85goM3E6qCqtcpiKTx84+wis+LDjZJi6mHK5q/zgeXJLEB4+X23L7wFQTcCzqaoITpRx7qRjScWWCi4OLjaVBp9lLAKUDZg18J6SYTBRUUhOj7ehPwLDBNei1T05g5AUuk4gGE7ebum84Jzuh2iqPHJwAVHB1xO7IPdpmUZXa/8VgGnMW9xscHMTAwED2mWbhGnwMdtr3PJs6QaRVkQBP/S4luFKHLkOwDZlsXTapoosDTz+/FyJR33dBzMJBQd+BkC51M/Dy9eqH/H2esNfEKkVYaje2e1wfZO4AjwE4T0woeTJJcLupzN7hCYOxElYK/9THWahoW0ooce7ExERWzde+qm8q3qZIX/E5hUMcA7yvRsfNfu6SVyVCXTbS5SP2MbeUqYlvnrBXwaViUefcVVM1qeK45WSQ51T9N/7mSpW+c0+v4XtpDDJnuacVU6La+bT6gYspJzyYA/T1P+r/3F/uv+JNKh5UxCunhl84f3FxzzqEsS98wC2fpzhYsVS5eJpOsBNb2rg6qgMpBds8p1di1/ZUyMXBP3qbUr4OjB3I8P85gDRT4O9ZKcf17v4Bmnxu/F9FmE6uiq28QHI2YvBQAchkl8ry2DH1OnZqdbqUWOC/VWQ7cNF5UPtzW1wpudclap57FlBxvYI7L6k6wcX+ywCU9wJXB9pxb7WZ+qKCo0sm2Ad06UPJkUWVq/zwGJ2Y09jXOc3zEwZ0Tgg0PvJ+NzWFQ3woJqRECceKYmSK1JhMFE9iLFpZ1nhTHHYiRvFACV37lhK9Li6UuBiTdGlHMYoTLyU1tpHOm8M7Jx5TYkHFVirZcvGi43JkrrGm2K22czHL42Y/DsHl9maqT+nBdo5xxtgihvhcfUqTeUnH4bCS49OJfva3+H8q+WOM0I33mhRyH9WWTrdwYqLiiUWv8x/VHoov3AeHN3rw+dPcALQTCvSuMRf0TqRpJqBEyqrYGZYPDnxXKnUiJTUGFVxMgCpmNOiUiJwtOchj7Ar+4+PjJaTH40gFP9vfCUjNtrQc6oSRm0+toKRsosGRR7COcHSsKmxc0LLgimVFV8HUZU8HXk6Eat+4/25TLoOubgjnuXL94PM0bpyw0nE6gaoxoVldgCgLMSUE1z/2j1SsTU5OlpBxCkfUd5w/s+Bw1eLU0nuKqPn/HG/8MlknvFLLzUxI7G+cDMT36gMp27BfKuY6XFRxGwevAqSSC70/Y6ziGtuEBURUveMdSirQFTsUP3QZXuPXrYKon7sxOhtyX/jhAP0dWGcXTTD0c+WUFMeyT+m2gRg/447DR8WUwB6eb7YH31cLAxq7am8Wa2y3FO+5GIn7hm/pAxpuL1y0yRiteKFxEE+Du8Nhg36m+MaiPP5WPaD+qOMu+fFqJldHzPy9gkaIBVcOvtcgD+cPonKOngpUzopZYOj4UhlxykhszJSSZnLggNFsjcUkOy6PgytGPI68PmuW6io2ExN3fuerr68PQ0NDd5GwAjtfH+cpSCkpquhyDsxk57LXvHly94/PdalR+6VZry7nOIJTQaUBOjk5WSLw+NroO9uQ7cX9dsTKGauCcaoiqeNMCUqOGRUbDKZ5lSnFjBRBsV14Q6r2zcWf+rMjLr2fS/QcsEYfGCeC8PllxGqTiF8n9LhNtpcKLr6/2szhFbelZMN4zTHNMcxx7vzE2Xcq3HN9jlfdxHvNRkZG7ooH9rVU+9pu+M5Ufq2k52LdxQr7QXBYyp/V1/T/vC8rT2TEtZzUq38rRqtI0ZUFtgfbgsfJ1aTR0dESUeJEUtid54L7FXMdvOV++SLFYfo5awseD9vV4Ri3xbzMIk6TMYcJLoFhwcVP6oZ/Ky6m8CsTXKpwnTHyFKKSIE+c3jQlthSAOEt3wMkGUTHITpEaQ0p98wRMJbjYmZhYOLBSS508Dv43AN8JR3UEDSYOBCfMxsfv/JRQf39/9pZoBX92Djd+necQFApkecKJ58mROM8XXzsyMoLBwcESJ+cKAgtLbZfPV+DWwHNjTxFhjF/3iwWwaWDrtfF5EIouJ2qCwvGR8ksFYI0/l+nzhnVuLxXHSl7qw2ozN97UkRJiDsDyRFvcx8U2z0EAaYgDzmTZ98Lv9adyNENXYmBSZXJXnFXf13cP8XUO+1jExvcs9lUoMQm7WE/ZX+dCr71x487LiDnJGB8fL6kI8D2cQHaJY+rJw1RS5AiQ++NwQwWTO/J8Tgla7x2+xIKY9zxpP8N3XLznCbvJyUkMDg6WVIWCW9yeKGd/ThJUsCqWM6ey/6cq7dwOV9E1cVFxx+NVfFfBxVrEHU7opzA0hRucFDs+cX4yjY2lHVCxwgTCDsDglrohO3gKCNlhGPwdMYYB+O+YOL2eHUEzPQfU6vzunAiG+JyJMjW5+hnbV8UXg6mzvzoHi0wnzJxTqUBhB1cHyxO3fG8OFCewnOByokYJenR0FIVCIROLfD77F4OxsxO/n0YJKC9rUiHhBBdXE1RcRbu6vKbVCAY6FzMKWC5x0HPdEpgSFi93pQjfEW1q7jjOtCruKisaf86PHTnfy6Exw34TJBiiysVssVjMzo0fCmf7s5/rPj8VN258YRfXnrbFsakxrHGr8eVw2fm2imz1K3dw/zgxY2zWp9jYhny/sJduD3D9ccv6bqxOIDqyZGJXzExhLt835i61FJtKYpxPu+q2zpMKpvj36tWrmf8wL3H/eClQ+U4rb2Ej9nHVDfy3e81Lam5YHGkccOLDvKFzqPfnudM50GSe5yMPPxy/OR/Kw6xpuhyQR9h5hzOmEppWIdzBRkqJwTi47yy4nOJUp9dJTwWYAjwbPlWFSxE494MnXZcj2AZ8rgaGAsBUZMWAzKDChODsnCfeWNw6Ecb21gqKijUGawXUycnJkk2Q+sZ2FQ+pBMCJF1dlUf9wyYLbM8bZpL5mRZfX3P6v+C4qTi4TTy2v8BjUzjwmjUWON/4JL/2ZFCXWuMZlkjH+iYmJkupGKjYY+DReHVg6ouD2ndDS8d+6deuu5RytHMQYw5d5uUTBlG3CnzEpTIWhCvQs6jXGNfZ5PrTKwmOfihwcCbk+6v8jDm/fvp39oLBWHbRPOo7UMRUhOrs57tG4SfFEig/Uzxw/pMbNG8Md3mgbzC2Mr3kCLq5vbW3N7nfjxo8/VxOYFFVZxmbmH/XZaFeX51x/3Fh0zlmU9vf34+rVqygUChn+RLuB8RGbgafKEY47tV+6Qsf24zjleFLeZL3hhJqLKb6upMLlHEuDhBvQm2i1RifACS51PDZQSknHwb9OzmvHPAkOwFPt8dicsRx5a7C6MakDKlGpumfndE6hE6ukpc7GcxW2isDTgNNxxPq9EiaPM85RwcX+wvbKE1wsXNxyweTknWoXVxocQOvc5IG6A3EX1NyXyck71bJbt25ZcRR2VgHq+uOEl9qXxeStW7cyscAE4gBDiVJt68Qp+w4DkcvkHJjFEfEbezzYz5zYYj91segSCCesuI1UnLOvxWfhWwHwWlmIMUWbTIDcH7U7i2CHsRr3KnAYN7l65apx7t1ijEF5iaDDPMahlAhRknP2V8xiu7q41D4p9vD9HWY7MZK3wqI4mhqnzpP+P0+MauVRcZLHE+fp3HK1hwUIY97o6Cja2tqymAs8GhkZyfYepcSa2lqXXLVfHAuOWx2ecVvj4+PZ3uLh4eESnI+xMO6rbyqvsL3cPi5O/hyesH+4uWZtwr6u/J7SFdPCWO5RYxYHmmmmOqLOnnKy1MFAMTb2454JFYYTExMlkxwbNiOrViOkDJwSZQoiLBLckhQHmQJ/3n30ULum9p25fnIb3PdwvnBMfT+JE27hdDdu3MhI04mtEAxunJolaWBooCs5OJ+JcyNDUyBlAcMZ4r34nxNbKTKP8fHLVpkgw5fHxn7c5+b8ybXLwMZ9j8pXiDwVXJzFh0BIZZ0KgA4UnUhzZME+6bJwV21hIk9l6Yw/bjMt20vJje+hQMyVO+47xzSPzwmA8EGOLzevbDf2BQV1jT/GQW6Hl2ocXrH41URHY4UJJiUAeY5ShJcSh/Gd7ouK+UqRcgqveZ5VGKmvsR3iOt2XlIpxJ/JiHE486hh07iMhDZ5K8UL8y0vcbP9Ukq5xWiwW0dvbmwkYnkvleh1LHkaEX6qIUMGlPqKJMMdDSltofMQc5LWvPsFjDZvpAybOB/Iwjtt1gsvhEttrGmdFKfJ1AioluBg4GRjY4VNEx1lg/M3LSDohTgDxIFOO6YguFUQpQuTJZ4BOtZFymBShO8HFYorvo/ZRgRYkE7ZSO+m8x3c8V3EftcXo6GjJHCrIMmCx87KPsN00Q4p/dUmA29KADlGiIohBloOfl5VSwaMBG7ZQAFGS5etT9ma7poSgAlaIL7ffa2KidK+cEwIuHvKEoMaC9sf5AAskFR58jgNPjgF9Ksj5gMOilOBiwskDUPYnVwlkf4hsOqqabi45psIWHNscK8PDwxgaGkoKhqlwQ5MaZ18WBvxTOSmicXEZiUCIGN1mwbGj4tQlh2FXh5NORE1Olj4B6chXbafzyfig8aiih/FNEwDuJ9+T50THHNem3sHF+KsVZB53nDsxMZEVH2IMjFfKi9ovjWkVRfq3Ll+rZnCJDGM+z7PG4ejoKIaGhjA0NGSxUg/1T8UWFy8pYeW+0zZTMch+xSLt+vXrd5YUdYNfquP6nSMkBgfOVnQiXSbNE+rAQ8UeL9kw8OqkK6DrRKX6o+fwOPXvGJ8KT51o5yz/P4LLqWoFRCVOty/FOaE6282bN7N7OB+I8Ws/4t+uri709vZmoowFgSNrFwjOiXXsjtyi7yweeXO7+qGbF+cXChL6uQKlEpsGtZK7/sxNyg5BdLyHLO+pIgcUShJuXKnY4PnT5VAlx7xtCylS5HjjJQFuIxU7qVhIxbQSDo9VX6SrmMh4FVjKQiTaY5EUmMXJT3wW9+blDx73VJjiyM4RCduBRaW+WoWvcTjjfNdhDIvs+JvnUhOQ1LypaFHbMKFzUqDjSmEOt6lEG/PK5+gSVPgr4y3HP4sJFtkuTjUxuZdY4ja43ThfHxpyK0dsO030tSLFP8OUElyKK05waZzHZyy42GfcHCr/pARXiuPVJ13y52zLY1ceGh8vfV3WNAZF7qyKHCVcBT0VRNwOGzlvsOGIqr71nnGwGuZAdYZNgc29iC0VFDHGqQQXO4RmEA7A2G7qQClR5DI6vS/PCYOBI6Qgh+HhYfT399+V+avgYJuEY0X7hUIBg4OD1g/0UPDLmwNHNApczv+CDBwQ82dq1/Hxu19M6PzMgSWTmo6FBYuzS54PqkBRcud3g7l51thlMHE+l9dnPUd9REv5blxh+9ifpnbmvrolKo0t9iknwDRp4D1mLGp1rDw+tiNXSBzx/+tf/yqJkfCpGIPirBMi7P/uHIfXcV1KwCguc1ywHfJiVG3AgoL7pfimbTufUJuzyAs8U1zQedMjzndxruJKbZciWo2VVAzpfMf91a95zCq+U75yL7w3OTlZsqKV52+Kf4xxjPlcMXZ9cwJdx8dj5CTDxbryUXCtzqEWK7QSp+N1Nkyd6753fqv4N00nkBtIqdSUo7HDKzmoo7oAU4LgqpkSGN+LHZarY3qu/u3INwWwzrAcnO5ePGZ+JJqvTWUsCnBOzeu4XPAwSEWARD9SgnZychI9PT1obW3NljWcHeLeTKya8TAwcjXMzY8GsZJ0SqDx93Ev9gMGDT7X7YnSd2qlANMBGhOhE1xqc/Zf9glHmOxzCl4sJqNN3evjAC81pwqEXLnWSqHGIvfRxbTGnR5aXYl5UwDTaleKZDXWeA9MAGE8cKPzxfd1QnhsbKxENN28efOuqgXPT9w33ifHMesqGHy93luJgLFExc74+Phd5MP+FzHHtk75ucMexVBNJh3x8ficuOb5jHuGSNCYcdjr8J3n0CUNeYTKyTXbQ6s34cP8neI5z3t8rnPCWKYPQrA4Uf5Ru6kwGRkZQaFQwMDAQLb0yJjFc5USwtyeEzbqeyncVDGigpI5nbHRJU7qQyxU2WYq/POwls/TsTD25NlHdcxdLz5VAtdAdoKLO+OWBcIZU8IlJVa4D26yuC9abQoRlicSHaA5UMtT6DoRTHqOJFKHErQDOv3cZZEpYI0+8FzwdXxMTEygr68P33//fcm+BgWWvEBS59dMSP3HzaWCqSNCJ3riHlx1YAHAhz75p5vRmbQ5Q3KVEPVxvtYJGba3zl9eoqEAwD6sZKNz4s518cjVGK5yppYtFcSYTJT8Yh6c4FLbKmCzDXkuNGHSsbOfOzC8fv16SX9TFTxu9/r161lVO/7W98SxzeJg+7hYUFzh+7qDiUt9iAnbPcEYpB5Vt8Bttq8m40r47INOMLNPRFKmWOSIWv2AsceRnp6v9lOxpedqvKnPFYtFK0Q0iYr4iT19jAXcXnzOmKWk7ipbih/KaRqfjP0xf9E+7xPUtp3tFVPjOt4Dnidi1GZOTLKN+KE5rsqpuOM2eT6dEHR45TBQfTe+58+mEluqHe76aR8Nfp1kJ0IU/J140Y6yw4WDppyeDcZAwODEj3vmVQycE2hWcC9CzQVlyjYRrPzERJ6YVRHhbMn3ccvBqSxDRRg7UTw2rL8nplmFG7Obdw1ABxocXM6BU3Z357G9mOBYYPF+HCYH3VDL1S/3oIcSjG6qdpUr9Sgs76kAAATSSURBVC2OAyYZN1eOTNTf2AaOkFiUuLE4ca3zHrbiyg5n6Ryf8ZmKYf6exWoAdyrxywNbFyupmEzZ0Yl59h22KQscFh+6fKp+ohU/59dacXGxEWKNY1TJScWVe6u3+qXzA7b99evXSx5iYEEevhH7DzXmWbDxwwUx92NjYyX35u/i/46XWAyo6HZHyl/UP9jnw74xn6kYV9zlcSmmqZBWX+fP2K+csHA4q3HnRADbUAWG+pvGVvi+Vv4UM9x4Ur7NGJDCIcU1l1wxr3GMOVzUuFP943gr+sxJdyqJZR+ZpgPRE+Im+u4mLX87ElayZOfRCVXidUCpE8B/s+BiA7p7OCfK25PCVQENCgeYrMYDYJyddGxO0OSpZm4nT/BpMKWUPi+xKHjrfOfd3zmz3l/fh+KCK09kqWBigtSKgls+mJgo3RCtwjuqXrdv3y5555U+kaVLklzB0dI+Z7nOL9nPVBS78SrYuqogt+uAgJeBYl6YRN388riiXyoS1Ke5j1rp5LGoYMsTTikf4fMVuLUtFX2uuqZgzFjGmKa4yLafavmKRZxWOVNxwHF8/fqdF0imsHJ8fLxEhEWMs3gbHR29az55zEygLlZDrKQSXhXNDi/Ut7hveT7AdlKb51XENU4d4XKfWTTrsh0fzEk8frffKeXfSvoqop1vhzDkJeLUGLmv/DcL3DzRFWN0KyeOI53vqy9xBTSlBfL4kfUKV5v1cKLLVTzZxi62FSsYwx13T9NB8ElMjCy4nEHzhBGDSrQbnWVSUJJg9XgvweCcJGXwqZyJMxm1SUrlMnCqQHWToYTpbKbn5YmQvODX+zjb6eduecsBmyM3Jk2ea24/7MdEq0CUIsGoVrFgcn1SP+C/OSPWe+W1r1W0OC/O1SVL/lszbAY8FoBqU+2fy6ac8I12XfUq4iye6FRQZ/9h27Efu3GFGIhXuvAmXfaBVGLgANFVrlK+rgSkT/qxX7NtdWxsxyD+GAv/ygGLXU1oXIXMxVy0yYkOL+04wcdzODo6mv0ovbOnVnEUL7ktJYxUZcOJrpQoUlxg/w6hxlWp6AvHTwrLnfBIVbd0XKnlRbYz20qTKuYAFmPRlxs3bmBkZAQ9PT3o7u7OVjqcqHa2Y7IPkcwv81TBo3ifJziiXV59mYpjHNfpvmBOQDS+nO+HHfjHoZ1/pUS6YmC0FfGgYsnZx+kGtf9UgovjR5PQuO80DlwVN3EiA2ZKyKSymZS4CWKJ61LCQoOKlbAaTx2fz1NndhPHBtSMwBEDB6yCIGcaSpQKfk5wublgYFJQdPdg8MoDQJ0rdtxUpuHISQmbg43b1f7GvbRveYLL2Z6dPpUdsd3UlroUocvMPBaXRacOrrYpOCiY64Z056+pedaN8u5cJd3x8R83SjthxXOXImAX4+z/vNeH7etiK/V5Sog5EphKcKn/c8y52IrvYkxBCiGOdKnH4UPYV++pfXJ91PjhONK5TmGV4inPkyMQN7/RpyAzfjjGEZAbXyrR4nuy4OLYTHGPxrr661TxqnyXEkAaTywCI/4Yz8KfhoeH0dvbi4GBgRLy1jmZSnDx6oN7sEjjXMWGciaLHBVcTqA6UcLts9jSJWs3Tp4/5o7UE5lOcE3VZl6834vg0jlI6Rr2A8Vvvu//Axd1oR1+Cck9AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" 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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-syzfAM0qMDs/WLn8P7_B2mI/AAAAAAAAHfs/Kw6a-VVshFs35UTPcAb5S_MJfYWJUmS9wCLcB/s1600/Benjamin%2BCutler%2BJillson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-syzfAM0qMDs/WLn8P7_B2mI/AAAAAAAAHfs/Kw6a-VVshFs35UTPcAb5S_MJfYWJUmS9wCLcB/s320/Benjamin%2BCutler%2BJillson.jpg" width="207" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>B.C. Jillson, MD, PhD<br /> Fourth Principal Of Central High School, 1871-1880</i></span></td></tr>
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Despite an impressive new building, textbooks and qualified faculty, public education still had its opponents in Pittsburgh. Central’s administrators were soon called on the carpet to defend the school’s value for money spent, given less-than-impressive initial enrollment growth and attendance statistics. This was an era in which continuing to high school was far from normative, and graduation even less so. National statistics from 1870 show that an average of two out of every hundred 17 year olds stuck it out to receive high school diplomas. And even among those enrolled, attendance was not consistent. Students from the 1870s attended school an average of 78 days out of a typical 130 day year, amounting to 60% attendance rates. Students often left school to work. And in this era when the state of medicine and hygiene left everyone more susceptible, students routinely took time off to recuperate from illnesses and/or care for ill family members.<br />
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Members of the Board and many Pittsburgh citizens complained that the public high school was <i>"an expensive luxury."</i> Faced with pressure in 1874 from the Board to promote a two year degree to improve attrition and secure a better economic
return on the city’s educational investment, Principal Benjamin Cutler Jillson resisted. He testified that Central was more than holding its own, and needn't dumb down its academics. <i>"Everything of value costs money and our high school is no exception</i>,” he wrote in a report reprinted in the local papers, along with charts and graphs showing longitudinal Pittsburgh high school attendance, attrition statistics, and favorable comparisons with Philadelphia and Chicago high schools.<br />
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The Board continued to exercise its due diligence oversight of the school. But as Pittsburgh’s population grew and higher education became more valued in society, Central's enrollment and attrition issues stabilized.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YwJPrwg0-Ss/WLpCMm0LgnI/AAAAAAAAHkM/CNYlH2GgoB4snZOu3lA8iPPZie_ri0HigCLcB/s1600/Central%2Bcommencement%2Bticket.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YwJPrwg0-Ss/WLpCMm0LgnI/AAAAAAAAHkM/CNYlH2GgoB4snZOu3lA8iPPZie_ri0HigCLcB/s400/Central%2Bcommencement%2Bticket.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Commencements and activities were held at prestigious city locations like Pittsburgh's Lafayette Hall, Opera House, Carnegie Music Hall.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Public School Records, Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span><br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-26e9uu_h3gQ/WeTDATCCKxI/AAAAAAAAHxc/bXM2w2p2-cUFoSnCgAX5USQbm__xghsUACLcBGAs/s1600/diploma.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="1037" height="227" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-26e9uu_h3gQ/WeTDATCCKxI/AAAAAAAAHxc/bXM2w2p2-cUFoSnCgAX5USQbm__xghsUACLcBGAs/s400/diploma.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<h4>
<i><b>_________________________________________</b></i></h4>
<h4>
<i><b>Central’s students and teachers… </b></i></h4>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDmX8ElkN2rkLNgxSPAtkKcAJ8K9Szch2pxzII0hcpYEztHWuYcRRkrWRP209khS9dWUSlPQARLmlbsghRt2XWO9Q7tI7O9vacCBhXqndbymlaNd7FOXEmDw1yyUieujp18zzFcRM9IaHq/s1600/Central+classes+1913.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDmX8ElkN2rkLNgxSPAtkKcAJ8K9Szch2pxzII0hcpYEztHWuYcRRkrWRP209khS9dWUSlPQARLmlbsghRt2XWO9Q7tI7O9vacCBhXqndbymlaNd7FOXEmDw1yyUieujp18zzFcRM9IaHq/s400/Central+classes+1913.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central High classes in 1913</i></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i> </i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Edward J. Shourek Photograph Collection, </i></span>University of Pittsburgh</i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
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<br />
Central had a diverse student body...or as diverse as cultural and economic conditions in Pittsburgh allowed.<br />
<br />
Which is to say, the student body wasn't particularly racially diverse.<br />
<br />
Central did provide the first desegregated educational options for the city’s black population, whose students previously had no choice but to attend “colored” or “separate” schools. The Pittsburgh School Board funded a separate school for black students in 1838, but that school did not have a dedicated space until 1867 when the Board purchased lots on Miller Street in The Hill. Enrollment was never robust, in part because Pittsburgh’s black community was so geographically dispersed in pockets across various city neighborhoods that getting to a centralized school on The Hill was a challenge. During the Reconstruction era Pittsburgh joined in the national debate about integrating its public school systems, particularly significant since the separate Miller Street School House was not far from Central. Citing poor enrollment and expense, there was Board opposition to keeping it open.<br />
<br />
Integration, then as now, was a controversial issue -- and not merely for the predictably racist reasons. An 1872 newspaper account summarized the fractious debate at a Board meeting at which ending “separate” schools like Miller Street was discussed: <br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>A number of members held that if the colored children were admitted into the ward schools it would create great dissatisfaction among the white residents of the several wards, and that the majority of the white scholars now attending the schools would be withdrawn. It was also held that the great majority of the colored people, nineteen out of twenty, were satisfied with the present school system, and did not desire to send their children to the ward schools, as it
would be unpleasant both to their children and the white scholars. Others held that the Fourteenth amendment gave the colored people all the rights of citizenship, and that under this amendment they could claim the privilege of
sending their children to the public schools. </i></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g1nxi3NEYy0/WLn-kfTj8AI/AAAAAAAAHf4/WB_1bCLGugMfjKWGx1quQ3xUu3ArYULzwCLcB/s1600/Dr%2BGeorge%2BG%2BTurfley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g1nxi3NEYy0/WLn-kfTj8AI/AAAAAAAAHf4/WB_1bCLGugMfjKWGx1quQ3xUu3ArYULzwCLcB/s1600/Dr%2BGeorge%2BG%2BTurfley.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Dr. George G. Turfley with one of his grandchildren</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Dorsey-Turfley Family Photographs, 1880-1987</i></span><br />
<i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</span></i></td></tr>
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This debate went on for years, with the Board establishing a committee to examine the issue that included members of the black community. Several prominent black educators and ministers gave testimony at a June 1873 meeting
declaring that <i>“….the time had not yet come for the commingling of the races." </i>They stated that black schools satisfactorily met the needs of their community, were safer for their children, and that abolishing them would mean depriving black teachers of their livelihood since <i>“they would be laughed at”</i> if they dared apply to teach at local schools that admitted white students. (Pittsburgh’s Board did not hire a black teacher until 1933). However, other members of the black community disagreed. By 1875 the Miller Street “colored school” was ordered closed.<br />
<br />
There were three black students in Central’s 1872 class. Dr. George G. Turfley, who had previously attended the city's “separate schools”, was one of Central’s first black graduates in 1876. He became one of Allegheny County's first registered black doctors,
with practices in Arthursville on the Hill and elsewhere.<br />
<br />
Black students who wanted to continue schooling into their teen years
had no choice but to attend Central after 1875, but Central's enrollment
would always be dominated by white students.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-prWgx7bloqo/WambE9bz9vI/AAAAAAAAHrs/eork0-L_eRgkkplR4F_k7gEOSzhIon7zgCLcBGAs/s1600/PHS%2BClass%2Bof%2B1914.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="800" height="290" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-prWgx7bloqo/WambE9bz9vI/AAAAAAAAHrs/eork0-L_eRgkkplR4F_k7gEOSzhIon7zgCLcBGAs/s400/PHS%2BClass%2Bof%2B1914.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Central class photo from 1914. Shared by Bryan Henn, whose 2x great-aunt Clara Louisa Hilf (1900-18) is pictured next to last row, 4th from left.</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PFnT6s2IKwo/WLoxsJN8mSI/AAAAAAAAHh8/eqS6j6-5Z1stktI7s9h9pZGJ6y8uhr5LgCLcB/s1600/Students%2B1916.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="321" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PFnT6s2IKwo/WLoxsJN8mSI/AAAAAAAAHh8/eqS6j6-5Z1stktI7s9h9pZGJ6y8uhr5LgCLcB/s400/Students%2B1916.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Central High Students from 1916</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Public Schools Photographs, 1880-1982</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Central lived up to its name as the city's "central" high school by drawing students from all residential areas of the city at that time, including neighborhoods we think of today as Oakland, The Hill, Shadyside and East Liberty, Lawrenceville, and even the four boroughs that make up today's Southside.<br />
<br />
A survey of some of the 87 graduates of 1880 revealed that the class included fourteen Presbyterians, nine Methodists, three Baptists, two Catholics, one Lutheran, one Jew, and <i>"...two or three (boys) are nothing, and one is anything to suit the circumstances."</i> Irish and German girls from the upper working and middle classes attended the school in significant numbers. The “Normal School” program was particularly popular, for it provided girls with the era’s approved educational background to become teachers.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KRZFNwP0TrQ/WLoAkYh8BlI/AAAAAAAAHgI/ElHi8_zRoJ8E1OU7LVTt3358Lwp9ERtmQCLcB/s1600/Willa%2BCather.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KRZFNwP0TrQ/WLoAkYh8BlI/AAAAAAAAHgI/ElHi8_zRoJ8E1OU7LVTt3358Lwp9ERtmQCLcB/s320/Willa%2BCather.jpg" width="218" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Willa Cather during her Pittsburgh years<br />Willa Cather Foundation</i></span> </td></tr>
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Principals were referred to as Deans and college-degreed male teachers were known as Professors.<br />
<br />
There were female teachers as well, including Pulitzer Prize-winning author Willa Cather. After graduating from the University of Nebraska in 1896, the 22 year old Cather’s first job was as an editor for a new women’s magazine called<i> The Home Monthly</i> based in Shadyside. That job only lasted a year, at which point she became a writer for the evening newspaper <i>The Pittsburgh Leader</i>. Cather presumably found that newspaper work wasn’t conducive to creative writing. She became an instructor at Central in 1901, where she taught Latin, English and algebra until transferring to another local school in 1903.
One of Cather's former Central students, John O'Connor Jr., went on to become Assistant Director of Fine Arts at Carnegie Institute. He was interviewed by the <i>Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph</i> at the time of Cather's death inn 1945:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br />
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">He still cherishes a yellowed composition paper of his on which she marked "Good." She was well-liked by the pupils, he said, who found inspiration in the breezy, western way she had with people. She dressed plainly in tailored clothes, he said, and always wore her hair parted Madonna-like in the middle.</i></div>
<br />
Two of the short stories Cather wrote during this time were psychological studies that featured Central High School: “<i>The Professor’s Commencement”</i> and “<i>Paul’s Case</i>.” The latter was likely inspired by 1902 sensational newspaper accounts about two Pittsburgh teens who absconded to Chicago with money they’d stolen from a local real estate office. Cather mixed such source material with a teacher’s perspective on reaching problem students; the social claustrophobia and disappointments of academic life; and descriptions of Central’s surrounding neighborhood in all its brute physicality.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9je9KtJ5ahdcI5R5GOlJOhh6OLf_1Z-S1HIHvFiqS-yru3YhWHN9Qkl0dmKrFPpJGJJluBStvc3_MaWeCOiU4y9OANPKtQ1tCjrKlFhzOub2VYa8E8__JM2frnllOwTDLnlwdyyB72qe8/s1600/1907+Flood.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9je9KtJ5ahdcI5R5GOlJOhh6OLf_1Z-S1HIHvFiqS-yru3YhWHN9Qkl0dmKrFPpJGJJluBStvc3_MaWeCOiU4y9OANPKtQ1tCjrKlFhzOub2VYa8E8__JM2frnllOwTDLnlwdyyB72qe8/s400/1907+Flood.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Central High on the hill, 1907, looking over a flooded Allegheny River </i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>F. Theodore Wagner, Photographs, ca. 1903-1947</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
These stories also made manifest Cather’s dichotomous vision of Pittsburgh culture, which she described in an 1897 <i>Nebraska State Journal</i> article: <i>"Now all Pittsburgh is divided into two parts. Presbyteria and Bohemia, and the former is much the larger and more influential kingdom of the two."</i>
<br />
<br />
In <i>“The Professor’s Commencement”</i> Cather’s elderly English Literature teacher had only meant to teach for a short time but found <i>“….the desire had come upon him to bring some message of repose and peace to the youth of this work-drive, joyless people, to cry the name of beauty so loud that the road of the mills could not drown it.”</i> And yet, thirty years later, Cather's fictional professor found himself plagued with regret and unfulfilled dreams. He felt as if “<i>All those hundreds of thirsty young lives had drunk him dry</i>.”<br />
<br />
At his retirement dinner, the Professor looked about the room:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T5SJzdZb2Cw/WLozbcoBD_I/AAAAAAAAHiM/ZnMd5VlODXUtyUtK72MVlhhKX0eblbL_ACLcB/s1600/1880s%2Bfaculty.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T5SJzdZb2Cw/WLozbcoBD_I/AAAAAAAAHiM/ZnMd5VlODXUtyUtK72MVlhhKX0eblbL_ACLcB/s400/1880s%2Bfaculty.jpg" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><h2>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Central High faculty, 1880-90s</i></span></span></h2>
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<i>….picking out the faces of his colleagues here and there, souls that had toiled and wrought and thought with him, that simple, unworldly sect of people he loved. They were still discussing the difficulties of the third conjugation, as they had done there for twenty years. They were cases of arrested development, most of them. Always in contact with immature minds, they had kept the simplicity and many of the callow enthusiasms of youth. Those facts and formulae which interest the rest of the world for but a few years at most, were still the vital facts of life for them. They believed quite sincerely in the supreme importance of quadratic equations, and the rule for the special verbs that govern the dative was a part of their decalogue…He looked about at his comrades and wondered what they had done with their lives. Doubtless they had deceived themselves as he had done. With youth always about them, they had believed themselves of it. Like the monk in the legend they had wandered a little way into the wood to hear the bird’s song—the magical song of youth so engrossing
and so treacherous, and they had come back to their cloister to find themselves old men….</i></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cather’s Professor lived in the neighborhood near Central, and through his disenchanted eyes we see the school dominating the cityscape, set high as a fortress above the vast manufacturing wasteland below:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>The High School commanded the heart of the city, which was like that of any other manufacturing town—a scene of bleakness and naked ugliness and of that remorseless desolation which follows upon the fiercest lust of man. The beautiful valley, where long ago two limpid rivers met at the foot of wooded heights, had become a scorched and blackened waste. The river banks were lined with bellowing mills which broke the silence of the night with periodic crashed of sound, filled the valley with heavy carboniferous smoke, and sent the chilled products of their red forges to all parts of the known world—to fashion railways in Siberia, bridges in Australia, and to tear the virgin soil of Africa. To the west, across the river, rose the steep bluffs, faintly etched through the brown smoke, rising five hundred feet, almost as sheer as a precipice, traversed by cranes and inclines and checkered by winding yellow paths like sheep trails which lead to the wretched habitations clinging to the face of the cliff, the lairs of the vicious and the poor, miserable rodents of civilization. In the middle of the stream, among the tugs and barges, were the dredging boats, hoisting muck and filth from the clogged channel. It was difficult to believe that this was shining river which tumbles down the steep hills of the lumbering district, odorous of wet spruce logs and echoing the ring of axes and the song of the raftsmen, come to this black ugliness at last, with not one throb of its woodland passion and bright vehemence left.</i></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j1wgy7RvIws/WLoMgUsTKuI/AAAAAAAAHgg/dHCSAu0TU94IO6nWyd9yye1mzTFUbKm_gCLcB/s1600/Union%2BStation%2Band%2BCentral%2B1912.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-j1wgy7RvIws/WLoMgUsTKuI/AAAAAAAAHgg/dHCSAu0TU94IO6nWyd9yye1mzTFUbKm_gCLcB/s400/Union%2BStation%2Band%2BCentral%2B1912.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>A vision of Pittsburgh, circa 1917. The high school is to the right and top of the central smokestack, "commanding the heart of the city."<br />Pennsylvania Railroad Glass Plate Negative Collection, 1907-1917, University of Pittsburgh</i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cather’s descriptions of teaching are not idealized. Faced with an intractable student in <i>Paul’s Case</i>, her fictional Central faculty found itself<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>….in despair, and his drawing teacher voiced the feeling of them all when he declared there was something about the boy which none of them understood…His teachers left the building dissatisfied and unhappy; humiliated to have felt so
vindictive toward a mere boy, to have uttered this feeling in cutting terms and to have set each other on, as it were, in the gruesome game of intemperate reproach.</i></blockquote>
</div>
Cather’s own teaching experiences and attitudes are surely reflected in these stories, though dramatically augmented. Perhaps having created a cautionary tale, and wary of squandering her own vitality as her fictional Professor
had done, Willa Cather left teaching and Pittsburgh in 1906.<br />
<br />
Cather’s stories notwithstanding, life at Central wasn’t all drear and drudgery. The newspapers dutifully reported on the Academic program’s college-bound scholars; Central’s many athletic teams representing football, baseball, hockey, and girl's basketball; its orchestral, choral and stage productions; and the school’s literary and honor societies. There were clubs, too, for photography and naturalists. There was even an unnamed tech nerd group in the 1880s, described as<i> "...a group of technology enthusiasts doing wood and metal work such as laboratory apparatus, minor repairs, care of the electric lighting, and the installation of a useful telephone system which has saved the school a goodly amount of money."</i><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-octCoONZAcM/WLntHnJc8-I/AAAAAAAAHfc/nJYF241OK5oaPhW9KMNADYiSX0VJyNQ6wCEw/s1600/Band%2B1914.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-octCoONZAcM/WLntHnJc8-I/AAAAAAAAHfc/nJYF241OK5oaPhW9KMNADYiSX0VJyNQ6wCEw/s400/Band%2B1914.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central High School Band, 1914</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Public Schools Photographs, 1880-1982</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3OBQ9eMw_q0/WLobOVZdh7I/AAAAAAAAHg4/F9ocqb9dPkQh9bFWOGTWksm02ExWhz7JwCLcB/s1600/Central%2Btrophy%2Bcase%2B1913.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3OBQ9eMw_q0/WLobOVZdh7I/AAAAAAAAHg4/F9ocqb9dPkQh9bFWOGTWksm02ExWhz7JwCLcB/s640/Central%2Btrophy%2Bcase%2B1913.jpg" width="384" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>1913 Central trophy case </i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Edward J. Shourek Photograph Collection, Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ccQJTk89IDw/WLo_10psrXI/AAAAAAAAHj8/4U79QR5OB4MOxdQnnGUaiwf8FzG6hctnwCLcB/s1600/1902%2Bscholars.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ccQJTk89IDw/WLo_10psrXI/AAAAAAAAHj8/4U79QR5OB4MOxdQnnGUaiwf8FzG6hctnwCLcB/s640/1902%2Bscholars.jpg" width="552" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Weekly Gazette, 21 March 1902 </i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
Central High School students professed a strong esprit de corps. No doubt the official "yells" helped consolidate school spirit. From 1889:<br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i>Rickety-smack! The Red and the Black! </i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i>Rickety-Smack! The Red and the Black!</i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i>High School! Keep Cool!</i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i>Sis! Boom! Rah!</i></b></div>
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And this, from 1896:<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i>Hi! Yi! Yi! Sis! Rah! Boom!</i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i>Pittsburgh High School! Give us room!</i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i>Boom ter at um! Out of sight!</i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i>Pittsburgh High School! We're all right!</i></b></div>
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There was also at least one Central school song, in four-part harmony:<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KG1JYFRJjZ8/WLo7zGdseKI/AAAAAAAAHjk/BiA-fIAj9UwkwljlWbbUk15UjJXV4_bCgCEw/s1600/class%2Bsong.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KG1JYFRJjZ8/WLo7zGdseKI/AAAAAAAAHjk/BiA-fIAj9UwkwljlWbbUk15UjJXV4_bCgCEw/s320/class%2Bsong.jpg" width="218" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLFY55gEMFXdjF3hUyKid2OPB0j_X6TeZZC-MEUzR_WTVTPC2CFm3u2VXpgcjfLeI7masG6oAOFU24eP_m9t6a2LFgOCuxg7e9Ba1600GhHVdC13UgTrmL5xb74B4sOdGMK2o0-5dKDi98/s1600/class+song+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLFY55gEMFXdjF3hUyKid2OPB0j_X6TeZZC-MEUzR_WTVTPC2CFm3u2VXpgcjfLeI7masG6oAOFU24eP_m9t6a2LFgOCuxg7e9Ba1600GhHVdC13UgTrmL5xb74B4sOdGMK2o0-5dKDi98/s320/class+song+2.jpg" width="195" /></a></div>
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<br />
<br />
And of course, there were hi-jinks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Students got in trouble and were disciplined for the usual creative adolescent reasons. Take, for instance, Hartley Phelps. In 1890, Mr. Phelps received a two week suspension for roasting the faculty during an essay he presented at the
school’s Dean Literary Society. (Note to Hartley: don’t count on your Daddy
being a School Board member to keep you out of trouble. Publicly mocking the principal’s bald head isn’t exactly endearing to said principal. Plus, your Daddy Thomas was a former tax collector, so maybe not the most popular guy in
town).<br />
<br />
But fear not! T<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">here was a Team Hartley, 1890s-style. The next day, all the boys in his class wore black crepe mourning armbands, and the girls wore "black court-plaster on their cheeks" in a show of solidarity. More suspensions were handed out, parents groused about faculty who couldn't take a joke, and Pittsburgh papers had fun reporting about Hartley-Gate. </span><br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HeZW5VlejyE/WLo968AKLdI/AAAAAAAAHjw/l2vKjd5wOJEePVHdALWDMfIlovifCXR-QCLcB/s1600/Student%2BSuspension%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HeZW5VlejyE/WLo968AKLdI/AAAAAAAAHjw/l2vKjd5wOJEePVHdALWDMfIlovifCXR-QCLcB/s320/Student%2BSuspension%2B2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span>
Hartley Phelps apparently liked seeing his name in newsprint, and was too clever with words for his own good. He went on to a career as a Pittsburgh newspaperman, specializing in detailed feature stories about the city's history. He was the lead historical author of a book that historical dilettantes like me turn to quite often: <u>Palmer's Pictorial Pittsburgh and Prominent Pittsburghers Past and Present</u>, which contains profiles of this city's VIPs (no mocking of bald heads allowed). Hartley never married, and died at the age of 44 in 1915.</div>
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Photo documentation of other high school hi-jinks is sadly lacking in details. Did the fellows below, identified as "Midge, Boob, and Shrimp", ever get busted for casually posing on the school's rooftop ventilators in 1914? Perhaps we're looking at Class of 1914 Senior Pranks.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-X_x5XifmcjM/WLo01XAF4-I/AAAAAAAAHiU/gYrof1bckEQHeBHge6Jq0KbhGSUGSN6-QCLcB/s1600/Central%2Bventilator%2B1914%2BMidge%2Band%2BBooob.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-X_x5XifmcjM/WLo01XAF4-I/AAAAAAAAHiU/gYrof1bckEQHeBHge6Jq0KbhGSUGSN6-QCLcB/s640/Central%2Bventilator%2B1914%2BMidge%2Band%2BBooob.jpg" width="371" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central High School rooftop shenanigans, 1914</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Edward J. Shourek Photograph Collection</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6fI1mnG3CoM/WLo1NtGT0_I/AAAAAAAAHic/FAAqCpx6Xvseug6nOcfAYjKyTYyO2796wCLcB/s1600/Midge%2BBoob%2Band%2BShrimp%2B1914.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6fI1mnG3CoM/WLo1NtGT0_I/AAAAAAAAHic/FAAqCpx6Xvseug6nOcfAYjKyTYyO2796wCLcB/s640/Midge%2BBoob%2Band%2BShrimp%2B1914.jpg" width="372" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central High School rooftop shenanigans, 1914</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Edward J. Shourek Photograph Collection</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Central classes regularly met for reunions, and published
directories so alumni could stay in touch.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Rm-tm_HgyrD6xY80JizUAdgBFy7VZLBC3fMKuFKOwECLHNNpKldtVyYYlsSSx6qY0QxpadYrPL3wMCgpfVxGv5tQ-1jtQhtfIhRl4fW-1Kh7AxT0ki0kuAxIvtcDjZzhlqUPg3H0MWgq/s1600/Pamphlet1905_0001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Rm-tm_HgyrD6xY80JizUAdgBFy7VZLBC3fMKuFKOwECLHNNpKldtVyYYlsSSx6qY0QxpadYrPL3wMCgpfVxGv5tQ-1jtQhtfIhRl4fW-1Kh7AxT0ki0kuAxIvtcDjZzhlqUPg3H0MWgq/s320/Pamphlet1905_0001.jpg" width="240" /></a><br />
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x9h_YeIXIU0/WLr4VlfQLyI/AAAAAAAAHlU/q_qz7o21f3IqaDY0ZFfvM5PN6xs6mcmKQCLcB/s1600/alumni%2Bbook%2B1887.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-x9h_YeIXIU0/WLr4VlfQLyI/AAAAAAAAHlU/q_qz7o21f3IqaDY0ZFfvM5PN6xs6mcmKQCLcB/s320/alumni%2Bbook%2B1887.jpg" width="206" /></a><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9EMNekYKgwo/WLo1yhbEQfI/AAAAAAAAHig/jsXivGyg4ccni2IpkNMh7UqCQdMejbKjQCLcB/s1600/Class%2Bof%2B1880%2B25th%2Breunion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9EMNekYKgwo/WLo1yhbEQfI/AAAAAAAAHig/jsXivGyg4ccni2IpkNMh7UqCQdMejbKjQCLcB/s400/Class%2Bof%2B1880%2B25th%2Breunion.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Class of 1880's 25th reunion, Steamboat Liberty on the Monongahela River</i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
Clearly cherished memories were made, and lasting relationships
were forged.<br />
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______________________________________ </div>
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<i><b>No longer central….</b></i></h4>
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<i><b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FsRPVnWnoUk/XU24XGmMQuI/AAAAAAAAI6c/nwYvgcm-h_A7Txzgzz0neyxszquAp19igCLcBGAs/s1600/1893%2BArt%2Bwork%2Bof%2BPittsburg.%2Bpt.1%2BParrish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="756" height="333" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FsRPVnWnoUk/XU24XGmMQuI/AAAAAAAAI6c/nwYvgcm-h_A7Txzgzz0neyxszquAp19igCLcBGAs/s400/1893%2BArt%2Bwork%2Bof%2BPittsburg.%2Bpt.1%2BParrish.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Central in 1893, from W.H. Parrish's <u>Art Work of Pittsburg, pt. 1</u></i></span></td></tr>
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</b></i></h4>
<h4>
<i><b> </b></i></h4>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZxpNCgSZQCY/WLo28dCKiUI/AAAAAAAAHiw/32Vzfq7dsx0ONUKea7AANUrdkLdetOw2gCLcB/s1600/Franklin%2BSchool.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ZxpNCgSZQCY/WLo28dCKiUI/AAAAAAAAHiw/32Vzfq7dsx0ONUKea7AANUrdkLdetOw2gCLcB/s200/Franklin%2BSchool.jpg" width="158" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Franklin School, renovated 1890</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Public Schools Photographs,</i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
By 1878 Central had become so overcrowded that the Normal teacher training program was moved to the now-vacant former “colored school” on Miller Street.<br />
<br />
The Commercial program expanded to two years. It was particularly popular for those seeking real-world business and trade skills. By 1893 the Commercial program had been spun off and moved to the newly-renovated Franklin School at Franklin and Logan Streets in the Hill. It was favorably profiled in the paper, with profiles about faculty and students.<br />
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<tr align="center"><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rg1MvAkkW-k/WLsMbeKYKyI/AAAAAAAAHlk/GB9Soasb1lkPyqDgtZhYPicoChlmPElAwCLcB/s1600/Franklin%2BSchool%2Barticle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="396" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rg1MvAkkW-k/WLsMbeKYKyI/AAAAAAAAHlk/GB9Soasb1lkPyqDgtZhYPicoChlmPElAwCLcB/s400/Franklin%2BSchool%2Barticle.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="center"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>From The Pittsburgh Press, 5 March 1893</i></span></td></tr>
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Central remained the only Pittsburgh high school until April 1896, when Fifth Avenue High School was completed further up in The Hill to house the Normal and Commercial programs.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-w_YrMO6xbz0/W5_VUUrrSEI/AAAAAAAAIGg/Saj48qF2CUcgNKR2QOHk8iITwLzoEnLKQCLcBGAs/s1600/Central%2BPresident%2B1898.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="881" data-original-width="546" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-w_YrMO6xbz0/W5_VUUrrSEI/AAAAAAAAIGg/Saj48qF2CUcgNKR2QOHk8iITwLzoEnLKQCLcBGAs/s640/Central%2BPresident%2B1898.jpg" width="395" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Press profile of Central faculty head. 17 September 1898</i></span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-t2tnuIF6Orc/W-pkfiALkcI/AAAAAAAAIIw/qwBn0zWk_RsU26G6NiKyqDHCJWY_1V_HgCLcBGAs/s1600/Normal%2BSchool%2Bhead%2B1898.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="920" data-original-width="546" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-t2tnuIF6Orc/W-pkfiALkcI/AAAAAAAAIIw/qwBn0zWk_RsU26G6NiKyqDHCJWY_1V_HgCLcBGAs/s640/Normal%2BSchool%2Bhead%2B1898.jpg" width="377" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Press profile, 13 November 1898. <br />Students could begin teacher training in Central's Normal school after completing two years of regular high school studies.<br />In 1898 there were 487 students in this program. </i></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xdzs-cQA4AY/WLpDRBsrUGI/AAAAAAAAHkY/TuXmqjjaW-cV7W1qR9gvQZHcrlJwwRunQCLcB/s1600/1915%2BWashington%2BPark%2B3.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xdzs-cQA4AY/WLpDRBsrUGI/AAAAAAAAHkY/TuXmqjjaW-cV7W1qR9gvQZHcrlJwwRunQCLcB/s400/1915%2BWashington%2BPark%2B3.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central High School in 1915<br />Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
Central stopped operating as a traditional high school entirely when Schenley High School in Oakland opened in 1916. At that point Central became the home of the two-year Short Course Business High School, which was quite successful during its 15 year existence.<br />
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M73-O7942Vg/XHg98fltmvI/AAAAAAAAIl4/dMNEMDbF1eY6TQDkXT9XHvLcfwDhBcJ6QCLcBGAs/s1600/Central%2B1921%2BPCPC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="1600" height="156" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-M73-O7942Vg/XHg98fltmvI/AAAAAAAAIl4/dMNEMDbF1eY6TQDkXT9XHvLcfwDhBcJ6QCLcBGAs/s400/Central%2B1921%2BPCPC.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central High School in 1921<br />Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</i></span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_joSAhpFGl4/WLo6nUyP7HI/AAAAAAAAHjQ/0IV__yZO6Ik_fTlwwM1C-Q4IjxfXlepjACLcB/s1600/Short%2BTerm%2BBusiness%2BSchool%2Bprincipal%2B1928.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_joSAhpFGl4/WLo6nUyP7HI/AAAAAAAAHjQ/0IV__yZO6Ik_fTlwwM1C-Q4IjxfXlepjACLcB/s200/Short%2BTerm%2BBusiness%2BSchool%2Bprincipal%2B1928.jpg" width="129" /></a>By 1929, the business program at “old Central” had an annual enrollment of nearly 1000, with some 40 faculty under the supervision of Principal Louis B. Austin.<br />
<br />
But the 1870s-era building was by this point quite outdated. In 1929, all the local papers reported on some new classrooms going up next door to Central:<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-heQ4gtLWoS8/WLo4P_u7wkI/AAAAAAAAHjA/oXQQbXUNA5QqLqnsRwtTQrdjTLfy3xgtwCLcB/s1600/Connelley%2BTrade%2BSchool%2Bannouncement.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-heQ4gtLWoS8/WLo4P_u7wkI/AAAAAAAAHjA/oXQQbXUNA5QqLqnsRwtTQrdjTLfy3xgtwCLcB/s320/Connelley%2BTrade%2BSchool%2Bannouncement.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Press, 16 September 1928 </i></span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZoDX7x--7UU/XB2aJATvL-I/AAAAAAAAII8/PQpddHAgDosXk8SnhViXCXtrCebwzcurACLcBGAs/s1600/Central%2B1930.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="935" data-original-width="1600" height="232" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZoDX7x--7UU/XB2aJATvL-I/AAAAAAAAII8/PQpddHAgDosXk8SnhViXCXtrCebwzcurACLcBGAs/s400/Central%2B1930.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central High School in 1930, with new Connelley complex behind<br />Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, University of Pittsburgh</i></span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AtSix6gQOcM/XGMEp8v9D5I/AAAAAAAAIjc/-mjevk6OUsAlFQaJahlWaw03GzvaE8D3ACLcBGAs/s1600/blueprint.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1379" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AtSix6gQOcM/XGMEp8v9D5I/AAAAAAAAIjc/-mjevk6OUsAlFQaJahlWaw03GzvaE8D3ACLcBGAs/s400/blueprint.jpg" width="344" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>This survey done in late 1920s by Pittsburgh School Board <br />shows relationship of new and old facilities.<br /> Used with permission, courtesy of <a href="https://twitter.com/PghArchives" target="_blank">Pittsburgh City Archives</a>, City of Pittsburgh</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dPtB__0EDak/WLpGA_CChlI/AAAAAAAAHk0/5kMJoFnL10UCkgak6OGZoHD6T23h8R77gCLcB/s1600/Clifford_B._Connelley.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dPtB__0EDak/WLpGA_CChlI/AAAAAAAAHk0/5kMJoFnL10UCkgak6OGZoHD6T23h8R77gCLcB/s320/Clifford_B._Connelley.JPG" width="254" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>PA Dept. of Labor & Industry Commissioner, City Councilman,<br />technical
& industrial education advocate.</i></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Principal Austin died in 1929. His position was taken by David Daniel Lessenberry. But even with a change in leadership, the writing was on the blackboard for old Central High and the programs it sheltered.<br />
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By 1933 a completely new school drew attention at the corner of Bedford and Fullerton: the state-of-the-art Connelley Vocational High. Central's secretarial and clerical programs had expanded and shifted to the new facility.</div>
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Old Central High School was used over the next ten years to house Pittsburgh offices for the National Youth Administration Student Work (aka Work Project) Programs. These were New Deal initiatives to provide vocational training and employment for young people in construction, manufacturing, clerical and service fields.<br />
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Central was finally demolished in 1946. That was the same year that its 1870s-era contemporary, the long-abandoned Old City Hall Building on Smithfield Street, was destroyed.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g3cNFzeXk6Q/WLo65w7WtPI/AAAAAAAAHjU/XbU6Li6flXIubf9kU1iaFxv05BL3OpdhACEw/s1600/salvage%2B1946.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="68" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g3cNFzeXk6Q/WLo65w7WtPI/AAAAAAAAHjU/XbU6Li6flXIubf9kU1iaFxv05BL3OpdhACEw/s320/salvage%2B1946.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 1946</i></span></td></tr>
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It's entirely likely that bits and pieces of old Central High are scattered throughout the city. As was typical during large-scale demolitions, a local salvage firm was contracted to sell Central’s construction material for scrap. The Pittsburgh Teacher’s Bulletin claimed at the time that some of the architectural salvage was hauled to the Mount Lebanon suburbs for new construction. Stories are also told of scrap being used to construct the free-standing chapel on the grounds of Oakmont's St. Anthony School for Exceptional Children beginning in 1947. That chapel was torn down <span class=" UFICommentActorAndBody"><span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}"><span class="UFICommentBody _1n4g"> when the property was razed in 1995, but stone was set aside to be reused in the housing/senior living development at the Hulton Road site. Bits of Central may have been incorporated in that site's e</span></span></span><span class=" UFICommentActorAndBody"><span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}"><span class="UFICommentBody _1n4g"><span class=" UFICommentActorAndBody"><span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}"><span class="UFICommentBody _1n4g">ntrances, walkways, and memorial garden. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWz8IdbtQKB8zao1yTXlt15IEGP7aRFWCu7J54LS3tefhzStDI0f2hyJqvGpiBtOVrDAHIm9NVWX7GUOxjDsZITVTrqpb48Hj96KcnQgc9j1NmMsMr596kVvscdRkg2FwIruvtYtB1ULLX/s1600/stanthonyschapel+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="546" data-original-width="1093" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWz8IdbtQKB8zao1yTXlt15IEGP7aRFWCu7J54LS3tefhzStDI0f2hyJqvGpiBtOVrDAHIm9NVWX7GUOxjDsZITVTrqpb48Hj96KcnQgc9j1NmMsMr596kVvscdRkg2FwIruvtYtB1ULLX/s400/stanthonyschapel+copy.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span class=" UFICommentActorAndBody"><span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}"><span class="UFICommentBody _1n4g">Central stones? St Anthony's Chapel from Historic Pittsburgh Image Collection</span></span></span></i></span></td></tr>
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<span class=" UFICommentActorAndBody"><span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}"><span class="UFICommentBody _1n4g"><span class=" UFICommentActorAndBody"><span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}"><span class="UFICommentBody _1n4g"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CrUJwsetbzc/WdPpaf_46LI/AAAAAAAAHtk/Hej85kqELB4hptZx_BsDLInZPwnEZS16QCLcBGAs/s1600/st%2Banthony%2527s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="399" data-original-width="547" height="291" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CrUJwsetbzc/WdPpaf_46LI/AAAAAAAAHtk/Hej85kqELB4hptZx_BsDLInZPwnEZS16QCLcBGAs/s400/st%2Banthony%2527s.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class=" UFICommentActorAndBody"><span data-ft="{"tn":"K"}"><span class="UFICommentBody _1n4g"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">10-22-95 Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</span></i> </span></span></span></td></tr>
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Wherever its physical remnants may be, Pittsburgh Central has faded from living memory. The last generation of some 5000 students who walked the halls of The People’s College having mostly passed on. <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Central in 1916, when it housed the Short Course Business School Program.<br />Washington City Park below is on the site of the old Bedford Basin. <br />Pittsburgh Public Schools Photographs, Detre Library & Archives, Heinz History Center</i></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><u>Selected
Bibliography and Further Reading</u></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Archives of Pittsburgh
newspapers. <i>Please contact me for specific citations. </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bintrim, Timothy W.
and Mark J. Madigan. “From Larceny to Suicide: The Denny Case and ‘Paul’s
Case.’“ In Joseph R. Urgo and Merrill Maguire Skaggs (Editors). <u>Violence,
the Arts, and Willa Cather</u>. Madison, NJ:
Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 2007.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Class of 1880
Pittsburgh Central Catholic Academical Department. <u>Class Book 1880</u>. Murdoch, Kerr & Co.: Pittsburgh. 1905</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Fleming,
George T. <u>My High School Days.</u> Pittsburgh, PA: Wm. G. Johnston &
Co. 1904.<u> </u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Fleming,
George T. “The Old Central High School.” <i>The
Pittsburgh Gazette</i>. 13 June 1920. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hadley, S. Trevor.
“Central High School: Pittsburgh’s First.” <i>Pittsburgh
History</i>, Volume 73, Number 2, Summer 1990.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Hamilton, Heppie
Wilkins. <u>The old Central High School
(P.C.H.S.): reminiscences of the class of 1859. </u>Pittsburgh, PA: Dean Pupils
Assoc. 1915.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Oresick, Peter
(Editor). <u>The Pittsburgh Stories of
Willa Cather</u>. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University Press. 2016</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Snyder, Thomas D.
(Editor). <u>120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait</u>.
Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. 1993</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sughrue, Patty. <i>The Historic Miller School</i>. In <u>Memories
from Miller</u>. Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation.
2005. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">“The
People’s College.” <i>The Pittsburgh
Commercial</i>. 1 October 1969. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">Thompson,
Leonard. “The First Hundred Years.” <i>The
Pittsburgh Press</i>. 21 August, 1955.</span></div>
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<b>BONUS</b><br />
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<i>Just for you, for making it down this far on the page!</i><br />
<i>Here are some images over the years of Central, mostly looming large in the background of Pittsburgh/Union Station postcards. Please contact me if you have other Central images to share!</i><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PhafKIiOFH0/XfhbRBJXbDI/AAAAAAAAJAA/NDso6xw_f5w0UTyjhT8fcsvHw-DaFFzTACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/postcard%2B6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="875" height="255" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PhafKIiOFH0/XfhbRBJXbDI/AAAAAAAAJAA/NDso6xw_f5w0UTyjhT8fcsvHw-DaFFzTACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/postcard%2B6.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggQPGnW1PfJVE9yzbsKOkRHW2aFVPP69Xom4H60SnxfamBvt_lG4T47voFH9tHsNmN-qggsm-r0l1dAkojZPWq1Ia1vH2v3dnE6Yn9bItuh7FOeBeGb89FtAoG2pIfdBuy8dHVq1W5AcNl/s1600/postcard3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggQPGnW1PfJVE9yzbsKOkRHW2aFVPP69Xom4H60SnxfamBvt_lG4T47voFH9tHsNmN-qggsm-r0l1dAkojZPWq1Ia1vH2v3dnE6Yn9bItuh7FOeBeGb89FtAoG2pIfdBuy8dHVq1W5AcNl/s400/postcard3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l4KiO8SMzDk/WLszntPFH9I/AAAAAAAAHmM/TkQFbYpDd_0dkZSPtyUtO5ZmJsUhyckswCLcB/s1600/postcard5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l4KiO8SMzDk/WLszntPFH9I/AAAAAAAAHmM/TkQFbYpDd_0dkZSPtyUtO5ZmJsUhyckswCLcB/s400/postcard5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com15tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3687168964763533328.post-19217783296674756702016-12-22T00:02:00.002-05:002019-08-29T23:49:19.418-04:00Forgotten History: The Montooth House on The Hill<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Edward Alexander Montooth was a big deal back in his day. He also had a pretty nifty house in Pittsburgh's Hill District.</div>
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<u>Major Montooth and Old Pittsburgh</u></div>
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Edward Alexander Montooth was born 18 September 1837 in the third ward of Pittsburgh, which was an area defined by Eighth Avenue to the north, Diamond Street (now Forbes Avenue) to the south, Market Street to the west and Grant Street to the east. His father was a respected downtown merchant. Edward was the eldest of several children, four of whom survived to adulthood. At some point in the late 1870s the four unmarried Montooth siblings and their widowed father moved from downtown to the Hill District, which at that time was made up of a mixture of large houses like the one they lived in (above), along with smaller row houses. The Montooth home is in the center of the above photo (the wings were added later). Plat maps of the era indicate that there was a structure on this lot in the 1870s, so their home may date to that time.The house was across the street from Pittsburgh Central High School, in the area where <span class="st">Connelly Skill Learning Center is located today.<i><br /></i></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">From <u>"Flem's" Views of Old Pittsburgh</u></span></i></span></td></tr>
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Edward Montooth studied law and was admitted to the bar in December 1861, but the American Civil War inconveniently interfered with his career plans. “He forsook a fast-growing practice” and enlisted in the Union Army, enrolling as First Lieutenant in Company A, 155th Pennsylvania Infantry on 23 August 1862. Rising through the ranks over the years, Montooth distinguished himself on the fields of Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, and was brevetted major for meritorious conduct at Gettysburg. He was mustered out on 2 June 1865 and resumed his interrupted law practice in Pittsburgh. For the next 30+ years, he partnered with his brother Charles and fellow Pittsburgh Civil War veteran J.T. Buchanan at the firm of Montooth Bros. and Buchanan.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQGalu2mILFfjSqRiJ_xckmp4GBaMfwFJCgmIb2dxEh8wRhlv6zjA6yUimNTcRfPsRU1LiLUwZIP81GHybkjQ0hisnx0Lnfvu-svnMetAEA5esbat9QYjImtt68RQSzG_Tt6c_kGQmqQMv/s1600/1889.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQGalu2mILFfjSqRiJ_xckmp4GBaMfwFJCgmIb2dxEh8wRhlv6zjA6yUimNTcRfPsRU1LiLUwZIP81GHybkjQ0hisnx0Lnfvu-svnMetAEA5esbat9QYjImtt68RQSzG_Tt6c_kGQmqQMv/s400/1889.jpg" width="173" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Pittsburgh Daily Post, 19 December 1889</i></span></span></td></tr>
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It's no exaggeration to describe Edward Montooth as a pillar of post-Civil War Pittsburgh society. He served as Allegheny County District Attorney from 1874-77, and had unsuccessful runs for Pennsylvania Lieutenant Governor in 1886 and Governor in 1890. He was much esteemed for his military background and was active in the <span class="st">Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)</span>, serving as Grand Marshall for local veteran parades. He was such a recognized and venerated Pittsburgh character that a life-sized photograph of him was placed in a gallery window in 1884 to show off the “perfect likeness” reproductive quality of a local photography studio’s work.</div>
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Montooth was so well-respected in his profession that an 1887 Pittsburgh Bulletin profile proclaimed:</div>
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<i>….he has always possessed the confidence of the people in his ability as a lawyer, as shown by his having been concerned in every prominent trial –particularly for homicide—for the past seventeen years. In nearly every case he defended the accused, and only one of his clients was ever hanged….<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i></div>
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The Bulletin also glowingly described Montooth’s non-professional attributes:</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7qDs5mzkE94/Wc0TayzXSCI/AAAAAAAAHr8/eqjeFbTnbjopwRihxz4HMkhinOyyMDv2gCLcBGAs/s1600/Palmers%2BPictorial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="428" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7qDs5mzkE94/Wc0TayzXSCI/AAAAAAAAHr8/eqjeFbTnbjopwRihxz4HMkhinOyyMDv2gCLcBGAs/s400/Palmers%2BPictorial.jpg" width="270" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>From <u>Palmer's Pictorial Pittsburgh</u>, 1905</i></span></td></tr>
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<i>He paints well, has a delicate piano touch, is familiar with the best that has written by both ancient and modern writers, and is a close observer of men and things. He has always had a passion for the drama, is a discriminating Shakespeare scholar, has met most of the distinguished actors and actresses of his time, and has a library well-stocked with dramatic literature…. In appearance Major Montooth is a handsome man, with a marked military bearing and the well-bred air of a man of the world. He has traveled extensively, having visited all the principal countries of Europe and has besides breathed the terrible atmosphere of African deserts and Asiatic swamps. He tells of his experiences in a lecture that he delivers occasionally, the announcement of which always draws a large audience. With a sound mind in a sound body, Major E. A. Montooth is in the meridian of his manhood.</i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><pre><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Illustration from <u>Homestead</u> by Arthur G. Burgoyne, 1893</span></i></span></pre>
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Apparently still in his prime, and fresh from another trip to Europe in August 1892, the good Major was asked for his reflections as to how the recent Homestead Strike had played across the pond. Mind you, later that year Major Montooth would join the defense team for Sylvester Critchlow, who was the first of three Homestead strike leaders to be tried (and ultimately acquitted) in Allegheny County Criminal Court for the murder of Pinkerton guard T. J. Connors. Montooth may or may not have known he’d be involved with the Homestead trials when he was interviewed by the <i>Pittsburg Daily Post </i>about his recent travels, but he certainly downplayed European reaction to the labor strife:</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Maj. E.A. Montooth <br /><u>Fort Frick</u> by Myron R. Stowell, 1893</i></span></td></tr>
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<i>We were in Paris when the riot occurred, and the European edition of the Herald contained brief reports of the matter. There was nothing but the bald news; no comments of any kind, and what has happened since the day of the strike was chronicled in as brief space as possible. I do not believe the English people thought much about it. They were deep in their parliamentary elections and that was the absorbing topic everywhere, so that I was not able to ascertain any particularly strong sentiment against Mr. Carnegie or Mr. Phipps.</i></div>
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Meridians of manhood, larger-than-life reputations, and popular <i>“An American Abroad”</i> lectures don’t put off death, however. After suffering a progressive “<i>affection of the liver” </i>of some four years, Major E. A. Montooth died 9 February 1898.
He was buried in the family plot in Allegheny Cemetery (sec 19 lot 78). The <i>Pittsburgh Legal Journal</i> memorialized his
career and character, echoing praise heaped upon him during his lifetime:</div>
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<i>After he retired from the District Attorney’s office, he at once assumed a leading position in our profession as a natural leader, especially in criminal justice. For many years he was engaged in nearly every cause before the court and jury. He had a very valuable practice in homicide cases. As an advocate, had no superior and few equals. His thought was of the man as much as his cause. His candor and fairness won him the confidence and respect of the best class of persons. His conduct as counsel was eminently open and fair. He had no secrets from his associates. As an adversary he was formidable; his candor and fairness was really strength. Major Montooth had many minor accomplishments not generally known to the public. He was a man of artistic tastes. He loved art, and had purchased whilst abroad many things that suited his taste. He had skill as an artist. He held the brush in a modest way and portrayed his tastes. He was a musician and enjoyed the harmony of sweet sounds. His acquaintance with artists was large and generously enjoyed. We will not enter upon his social relations. He never assumed that “one tie” that too often separates from father and mother and natural relations. It was known to all the delightful brotherhood that that constituted the firm of “Montooth Bros.”</i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1889 plat map showing Montooth home</span></span></i></td></tr>
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Since he had never married (eschewing that <i>“one tie”</i>) and had no children, Montooth’s will stipulated that all his earthly goods be equally divided between his surviving siblings, sisters Mary and Margaret, whom he named as co-executrices of his estate.
His collection of “photographs, with autographs of famous theatrical people” most of whom were personal friends, went to the Pittsburg Press Club. </div>
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The Sisters Montooth decided to divest themselves of the family home on Fulton Street in the Hill District. The realty was valued at $12,000, but demand for the property made it more valuable over time.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Blackmore mansion in Hill District</span> </i></span></td></tr>
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The house was first considered for a <i>“….project of a new hospital in Pittsburg under the management of a society of Hebrew women.”</i> The newspapers didn't name the organization but it was most certainly the Hebrew Ladies' Hospital Aid Society, formed in 1898 to meet the medical and social needs of newly arriving Jewish immigrants settling in the Hill District. The society had by this point raised some $7000 for their new venture, and were said by the Daily Post in October 1900 to be interested in buying <i>“…a house which can be converted into a hospital without too much repairing.”</i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Blackmore renovated as Montefiore Hospital</span></i></span></td></tr>
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While they considered the Montooth homestead, the Hebrew Ladies' Hospital Aid Society eventually acquired the classically styled home of the late Mayor James Blackmore further back in the Hill on Center and Herron Avenues. After renovations and expansions, Pittsburgh’s new Montefiore Hospital opened in May 1908. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3687168964763533328#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a></div>
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So why didn’t the ladies get the Montooth property?<br />
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Because Henry Clay Frick bought it instead.</div>
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On 14 November 1900, the local press announced that Pittsburgh industrialist Henry Clay Frick had presented the old Montooth mansion to the Kingsley House along with <i>“permission to repair and remodel the mission at his expense to meet the
requirements of the association work.”</i></div>
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<u>Social Reform in Pittsburgh and Kingsley House </u><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Rev. George Hodges (1856 – 1919)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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Kingsley House was formed in 1893 by Reverend George Hodges as a settlement house dedicated to providing social and educational opportunities for immigrant families. As minister and rector at Calvary Episcopal Church from 1881 to 1894, Rev. Hodges quite literally preached the Social Gospel of the era to his parishioners. This Protestant reform ideology emphasized the religious motivation of the church to involve itself in the community and turn its
collective attention toward addressing the social, political, and economic causes of poverty. Doing so of necessity evoked a moral obligation for the wealthy to care for the poor, which found practical application in the growing popularity of urban settlement houses.<br />
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Rev. Hodges seemed to view his
wealthy parishioners as less toxically disinterested and
self-absorbed than they were isolated and ignorant. He wrote that they were <br />
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<i>….for the most part well-intentioned and good-hearted people, who think a great deal more about the poor than the poor
imagine, and who do a great deal more for the poor than anybody ever finds out. </i></blockquote>
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But at the same time Hodges allowed no justification for the foundation of exploitative working conditions, low wages, and substandard housing that underlay Pittsburgh’s steel empire, and determined to work within the existing
system to do something about it. He was able to prick the consciences of his wealthy parishioners by emphasizing that the debasing elements of contemporary urban life had the potential to destroy the entire social fabric of the nation. Hodges called upon Pittsburgh's industrial elite to better the community from their positions of privilege by providing resources for the worthy poor.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>First Kingsley House, 1707 Penn Avenue</i></span></span></td></tr>
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Hodges’ new social organization was named for Charles Kingsley, co-founder of the Christian Socialist movement in London's East End. Within the space of a few years, it became obvious that Kingsley House's first home in a Strip District row house on Penn Avenue could not meet the goals of the organization. Pittsburgh was at that time experiencing a population shift, and the Kingsley settlement house in the Strip was in the middle of a community that showed little evidence of residential family growth.<br />
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On the other hand, the area we now call the Hill District was expanding as new immigrants flooded the area.<br />
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In January 1901, Henry Clay Frick bankrolled the purchase of Kingsley’s new home in the area of city wards 7, 8, and 11. Maggie Montooth <i>“conveyed to the Kingsley House Association the Montooth homestead at Bedford avenue and Fulton street, Eighth ward, for $15,000.”</i></div>
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We can’t know exactly what motivated Henry Clay Frick’s generosity, as he famously did not speak to the press and was not gregariously self-explanatory (unlike his former partner and frenemy Andrew Carnegie). It is tempting to imagine Frick and his fellow Calvary Episcopal Church congregants guiltily squirming in their pews as they listened to Rev. Hodges’ sermons, or perhaps fuming as they read his weekly <i>Pittsburgh Dispatch</i> columns. After all, this period of progressive social thinking also encapsulated Pittsburgh's labor disputes and Frick’s crushing of the Homestead Strike.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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But despite these seeming contradictions of concern (or perhaps because of them), and with credit to Rev. Hodges’ gentle handling of his wealthy parishioners, Mr. Frick was lauded as a willing and generous supporter of Kingsley House from its inception. He was described in local papers as <i>“one of the most enthusiastic workers in the Kingsley House movement.”</i> Like others from Pittsburgh's capitalist elite class, he made substantial start-up donations to the endowment fund which designated his entire family as Kingsley Life Members exempt from further payment of dues.<br />
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Rev. Hodges left Pittsburgh in 1894. Frick spent more and more time away from Pittsburgh at the turn of the century, but he remained invested enough here to make this contribution of a new building. Perhaps he felt the time was exactly right in 1901 for a magnificent public gesture on behalf of Pittsburgh’s poor. He was at that point richer than he’d ever been, following the dissolution of his fractious partnership with Carnegie a few years earlier and the formal merger of Carnegie Corporation into United States Steel Company.<br />
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This was also the time when the Christopher Magee-William Flinn Republican "Ring" domination of Pittsburgh politics was coming to an end after two decades
of enriching its supporters through financial and real estate dealings, patronage, and organization of the city's immigrant population into powerful voting blocks -- the very population that Kingsley House was meant to serve. Frick had appreciated "Boss" Magee's support during the Homestead labor disputes and generally benefited from the patronage network that the Magee-Flinn Ring had created. But they'd had conflicts, too, and their relationship was largely one of convenience. Perhaps recognizing that the existing political machine's days were numbered (in part due to illness, since Magee had taken a medical leave of absence and would die later that year) and the power of the Ring was in decline prompted Frick to capitalize on an opportunity to enhance his reputation by supporting the type of people the Ring had manipulated over the years. </div>
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Whatever Frick's reasons, this was certainly a grand gesture. While no publicly archived photos exist of the Montooth mansion prior to its conversion into a settlement house, enough information can be gleaned from its subsequent Kingsley House iteration to indicate that Major Montooth and his family lived in some style there in the 1880s and 1890s. The property had comfortable frontage on both Fulton and Bedford, and the circa 1870-80s three-story structure had 21 rooms.</div>
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Henry Clay Frick financed updates, renovations and expansions, including the building of a gymnasium (seen to the left in photos of the house, with arched window) and entire new wing extension. When the Kingsley House officially opened in the old Montooth mansion, Mr. Frick was rumored to have contributed a total of nearly $30,000 for the house plus remodeling and renovation. The Pittsburg Weekly Gazette described the new wallpaper and hangings in the home and the <i>"Handsome casts of famous works of art…placed in different rooms and in the hall.” </i>Other prominent Pittsburgh families contributed to the furnishing and outfitting of the settlement
house, and were given credit for entire rooms.<br />
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Neither Henry Clay Frick nor Kingsley house
founder Rev. Hodges attended the housewarming reception on 11 November 1901. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3687168964763533328#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Excerpt from Pittsburgh Daily Post article, 12 November 1901</span></span></i></td></tr>
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The following photos were collected from various annual reports of Kingsley Association during its tenure at the Montooth mansion from 1901-1919. The reports have been digitally preserved as part of the <a href="http://historicpittsburgh.org/collection/kingsley-association-records" target="_blank">Kingsley Association Records</a> held by the <a href="http://www.library.pitt.edu/libraries/archives/archives.html" target="_new">Archives Service Center (ASC)</a> at the University of Pittsburgh, and can be accessed via <a href="http://www.historicpittsburgh.org/" target="_blank">Historic Pittsburgh Digital Research Library</a>. Click on each photo to see it in more detail.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xJJ40vRQcQ4/WFtOiAFUOPI/AAAAAAAAHSw/GTJvvHBRJqU2XncaKzVV0B1h1IeUjUQAQCLcB/s400/1906%2BGirls%2BAfternoon%2BClub%2Bholiday%2Btree%2Band%2Bgifts.jpg" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>1906 Girls Afternoon Club holiday tree and gifts</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e5cnFaeMy3o/WFtOiBZcTcI/AAAAAAAAHS8/fbZxZyJMP4Ah4-zmqG9HWjIl9RSCB5vxQCLcB/s1600/1906%2Bholiday%2Btree%2Band%2Bgifts%2Bfor%2BKindergarten.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="277" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-e5cnFaeMy3o/WFtOiBZcTcI/AAAAAAAAHS8/fbZxZyJMP4Ah4-zmqG9HWjIl9RSCB5vxQCLcB/s400/1906%2Bholiday%2Btree%2Band%2Bgifts%2Bfor%2BKindergarten.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>1906 holiday tree and gifts for Kindergarten</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Holiday portrait</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Visit from Santa</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Playing games</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Sewing ladies</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Cooking class</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MsTd59lb0X0/WFtPGH-tnvI/AAAAAAAAHTg/QjzOK4xvCwYOhVPNGx2ddWU4pSt81GpcQCLcB/s1600/gymnaisum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MsTd59lb0X0/WFtPGH-tnvI/AAAAAAAAHTg/QjzOK4xvCwYOhVPNGx2ddWU4pSt81GpcQCLcB/s400/gymnaisum.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gymnasium</span></span></i></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RYAwd65tixY/WFtTxF7s9yI/AAAAAAAAHUc/CLP1G8mQlf4P0d51hZ1RCF1K5Gm2Qv1eACLcB/s1600/KingsleyHouse1911.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RYAwd65tixY/WFtTxF7s9yI/AAAAAAAAHUc/CLP1G8mQlf4P0d51hZ1RCF1K5Gm2Qv1eACLcB/s400/KingsleyHouse1911.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Kingsley House, circa 1911</i></span></span></td></tr>
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Kingsley Association (as it was known from 1917 on) ostensibly
outgrew its well-used Montooth mansion "House on the Hill" facilities, moving to the East End in
1919. In fact, racial shifts of the population it served were what prompted this move, as
illustrated in this rather coded quote from the 1921 Kingsley Association yearbook: “<i>The
foreign immigrant question is becoming most acute in the rapid shifting of race
residence in the Hill district.” </i><br />
<br />
Service provision and support were very much racially segregated,
with the new East End facilities secured to serve primarily European immigrants and their
families.<br />
<br />
For a few years after Kingsley Association vacated the premises, the Montooth mansion housed the Morgan Community
House. This was a <i>“social settlement for colored people”</i> that was initially operated by Kingsley in
cooperation with the National Baptist Mission Society, but then turned over to that organization entirely. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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The same Fulton (by now called Fullerton) and Bedford
property was considered in 1918 as a potential location for Pennsylvania’s
only hospital for African-Americans. In 1923 it was reported that the Morgan Community
House had vacated the old Montooth property and was turning it over to the Negro
Hospital Association to equip as a hospital for Pittsburgh’s black population. The Morgan Community House continued to
operate nearby at a property purchased for $12000 by African American community leaders at 73 Fullerton Street, and it operated for many years as a
“Negro Community House.”</div>
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As for the Montooth mansion, it was demolished at some point
after 1923. A notation in a 1931 Pittsburgh Press article referencing the “House
on the Hill” states that it was<i> “….later torn down to make room for the proposed
Negro hospital.” </i>Since the Livingston Memorial Hospital Planning Committee
eventually settled into the site vacated by Montefiore Hospital further back in
the Hill in the old Blackmore estate, it is not clear if the Montooth mansion
ever served a public function after 1923.</div>
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<u>Epilogue: A Philanthropic Legacy</u></div>
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While Major Montooth certainly had an out-sized reputation in
Pittsburgh’s legal, veteran, and cultural community during his lifetime, it was not lasting and there
is no evidence that philanthropy was part of his public profile. That such a legacy is connected to his name at all today is <span class="st">vis-à-vis </span> the posthumous use of his home. The Montooth name was repeatedly referenced publicly during the 20 years that the old homestead served as a
community house for Pittsburgh’s immigrant and black communities, so the Major existed in living memory for some time after his death.<br />
<br />
But at least one of Major Montooth’s two surviving sisters had an active share in a
Montooth philanthropic legacy. After selling their family homestead, Mary and
Maggie Montooth moved to smaller digs at Halkett and Forbes in
Oakland until the end of their days. For nearly two decades, Mary managed the
Toy Mission, a holiday gifting charity for poor and orphaned children that she
helped found in 1893. The spinster sisters both passed away in the mid 1920s.<br />
<br />
Today
all we have left to remember the Montooth family is a street between Warrington
and McKinley Park in Beltzhoover, in the former Montooth Borough, which was named for the Major in the 1890s.</div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3687168964763533328#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;"> Montefiore Hospital at Herron and Center soon outgrew
its site, prompting extensive fundraising, acquisition of new property in
Oakland, and a building campaign. Today’s Montefiore Hospital was established
in Oakland in 1929.</span></div>
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</blockquote>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<blockquote>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3687168964763533328#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 107%;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 8.0pt;"> A blurb in the 3 November 1901 Pittsburgh Press indicated
that Kingsley House was “looking forward to the prospect” of Rev. Hodges and Mr.
and Mrs. Frick attending the reception. But Reverend Hodges was Dean of
Episcopal Theological School in Cambridge, Massachusetts and was unable to
attend, although he sent a telegram of congratulations to be read aloud at the
event. It is not known why the Fricks didn’t attend. It’s possible that a previous
commitment or travel plans took precedence. Perhaps the terminal illness and
death of his uncle Jacob Frick in Wooster Ohio that same week served as a social
excuse. In general, it seems that HCF did not seek the public approbation for
his good deeds with the same enthusiasm as did his former colleague Andrew
Carnegie. Also, given Frick’s focus on travel and work in NYC at the turn of the century,
the goings-on in Pittsburgh were perhaps less important than they once were.
And it is quite possible that the organization itself became less of a priority
as it shifted to a more activist reformist stance. Kingsley Association and the surrounding area served as ground zero for the scathing, widely-publicized Pittsburgh Survey, a ground-breaking sociological study of urban poverty and industry.
Although always listed as 'lifetime members’ in recognition of their initial
generosity, Frick and his family members were not listed as repeat donors in Kingsley
Association annual reports. </span></div>
</blockquote>
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__________________________</div>
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<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Please email me
at historicaldilettante@gmail.com if you have questions about specific sources consulted for this piece. For more information about
the reform era in Pittsburgh, I recommend Keith A. Zahniser’s <u>Steel City
Gospel: Protestant Laity and Reform in Progressive-Era Pittsburgh</u>.</i></span></div>
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Sue Morrishttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12306993760086557571noreply@blogger.com6